WEEK 2

1. What is prosody?

- The rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. It is important for overall

communication.

2. What is reference? What linguistic items can be used as reference?

- Reference is the words we use to identify things are in some direct relationship
those things.
- It is an act in which a speaker, or writer uses linguistic forms to enable a
listener,or reader, to identify something.

3. What is inference?

- An inference is any additional information used by the listener to connect what is

said to what must be meant.

- For succesful reference to occur, we must also recognize the role of inference.

4. What is pragmatic ambiguity?

- Arises when the statement is not specific, and the context does not provide the
information needed to clarify the statement.

5. What is lexical ambiguity? What are the main causes?

- Homophones: same sounds but different meanings. (cell / sell)

- Homegraphs: same letters but different meanings (park,saw, well)
- Polysemy: having many different meanings. (play, hot, tough)

6. What is semantic ambugity?

- Semantic ambiguity is more like sententences or statements.

7. What is elipses?
- The omission of one or more words that are obivously understood but that must be
supplied to make a construction grammatically complete.

Begin when ready

Do as told
WEEK 2

8. Do we use ellipsis in formal or informal conversations?

- It doesn’t make a differences between formal or informal. Both possible, they

have different uses.

9. What is implicature? Why do we use it?

- An implicature is something the speaker suggets or implies with an utterance,

even though it is not literally expressed.

- Implicatures can aid in communication more efficiently than by explicitly saying

everything we want to communicate.

- A: Would you like some bacon?

B: I am Muslim. (Indirect replying)

10. What is the difference between literal and metaphorical meaning in utterances?

- Literal meaning: It tends to be associated with events or objects in the physical

world, while metaphors are more often abstract exploitations of a physical image.

- Literal: I am one of the 85 million Turkish citizens.

- Metaphorical: Traffic in Istanbul is hell.

11. What is irony? And what are its types?

- The expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the
opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

- Verbal Irony is like sarcasm

- Dramatic irony is like a secret only the audience knows.

- Situational irony is an event that mocks the circumstances.

WEEK 3

12. What is the difference between natural and non-natural meaning?

- Natural meaning: Causation.

 - Non- natural: Purpose

13. What is cooperative principle?

- How listeners and speakers act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to
be understood in a particular way.

- This is the cooperation between you and I.

- I tried understand you.
- You tried to make me understand.

14. Explain Grice’s Maxims of conversation.

- Quantity: Give enough information but not too much.

- Quality: Be truthful. Base your contribution on evidence.
- Relevance: Stay relevant to the topic
- Manner: Be clear and perspicuous. Avoid ambiguity and obscurity.

15. What are the types of implicature?

- Conventional: An example of a conventional implicature is ‘‘ Ayşe is poor but

happy’’, where the word ‘‘but’’ implicates a sense of contrast between being poor
and being happy.
- Conversational: Conversational implicature is also known as Implication: this
happens when the speaker says something that requires interpretation and is an
indirect way of saying something.
WEEK 4

16. Explain the concept of reference?

- References is concerned with complexities involved in identifying people, places,
times or ideas in a shared textual or non-textual/situational environment.
- We can use pronounce, time references and demonstratives as a reference.

17. What is the difference between the two sentences?

- I will do it tomorrow.
 - I will do it on Tuesday.
- Tuesday is a specific day, it doesn’t have a time reference. When we say
tomorrow the reference starts from now.
- Can he speak French?
- Can Ali speak French?
- He is a pronounce reference. Ali also is a contexual reference. Ali is a specific
name.
18. Explain the types of references.
- Exophoric Reference: It occurs when a word or phrase refers to something
outsite the discourse.
- Endophoric reference: Reference to people, places, times or situations within the
text or discourse (contextual)
- - Anaphoric reference: noun first / reference next) more common
- Michael went to bank. He was annoyed because it was closed.
- - Cataphoric ( reference first / noun next)
- Although I phone her every week, mom still complains I dont stay connected
often enough.

19. Explain deixis.

- The use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person
in context. (tomorrow, there, and they)
- Time reference: today, tomorrow, next year, these days.
- Place reference: here there
- Pronouns: I, you
- Demonstratives: this, that,these,those.

20. Explain the types of deixis.

- Discourse: I love Ali. He is great. (He is a discourse deixis.)
- Social: Your honour, Can I please..?
- Emphatetic: Oh, Ayşe, that girl she is nice. (that emphatetic deixis)
WEEK 5

21. Describe the linguists changing approach towards the study of politeness in the
past and now.

- Past: Politeness was something which sometimes affects what we say or do in

communication.

- Recently: All communication is more or less polite and that we sometimes

formulate things with the intention of being impolite.

22. Explain the concepts of saving face and losing face.

- Saving face means avoiding humilation.

- Losing face means feeling of humiliation.

23. What is positive face?

- Everyone wants to be respected, acknowledged, and recognized.

24. What is negative face?

- No one wants to be restricted, lose independence, or feel impeded.

25. What are face threatening acts?

- Positive face threatening: desire to be respected. (You are the worst student. You
dont deserve to be respected.)
- Negative face threatening: desire not to be impeded. (You are not the best student
in my class.) MAKE IT NEGATIVE.

26. Explain facework and the choices we have to address others’face wants.
- Facework: Addressing others’ face wants.

27. Explain positive impoliteness strategies.

- They aim to damage somebody else’s positive face wants such as ignoring their
presence, pretending not to know / recognize them, and leaving uncomfortable
silences.
 28. Explain Negative impoliteness strategies.
- They aim to damage another person’s negative face wants including space
invasion, emphazing superiority, reminding debts and so on.

WEEK 6

29. Explain speech acts.

- They are actions performed via utterance. (apology, complaint, compliment.)
- They apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance.

30. What are constatives?

- Utterances that make a point.
- I like your shoes
- This is ridiculous.
- No one can lift 400 kg.

31. What are performatives?

- Utterances for performing an action.
- I order you to drop the gun.
- I promise to pay it back before noon.

32. Explain Searle’s grouping of speech acts.

- Assertives: The speaker commits to the truth of what is asserted. We watched a
movie yesterday. Statements and claims.
- Directive: The speaker makes an attempt to get the subject to do something by
expressing his/her wish. Bring me some hot water. request
- Commissive: The speaker commits to take an action in future. I PROMİSE, I will
complete the work by tomorrow. Promises offers.
- Expressives: THE SPEAKER EXPRESSES A VARİETY OF PSYCHOLOGİCAL
STATES. I am sorry for my disrespectful behavior. apologies
- Declaritions: The speaker brings about a change in the world via words. I now
pronounce you husband and wife.
 33. Explain Felicity condition.
- For an utterance to perform a certain act, some appropiate conditions must be
fulfilled.
- If you give an order, you must be more powerful than the hearer.
- If you make promises, you must not go beyond your control and authority
- If you make an apology, you must really be sorry for what happened.
- If you make a request, you must make sure that it can be fulfilled.

34. Explain Representatives.

- Speech acts with which the speaker makes a point.
- Words represent the world.
- Statements of fact. The earth is round.
- Making assertion. The earth is flat
- Descriptions. It was sunny and warm day.

35. Explain six acts of Performance utterances.

- Phonetic act: Making meaningful sound according to the phonetic system.

- Phatic act: Creating grammatical chunks
- Rhetic: Uttering meaningful, sensible and relatable statements.
- Locutionary:The combination of the first three types.
- İllocutionary: Making utterance with force stating requesting promisin
- Perlocutionary: Acts achieving an effect on the addresse, intimidating pleasing.
- Shoot her
- He ordered me to shoot her
- He persuaded me to shoot her.

WEEK 7

36. What are the advantages of coursebooks.

- They provide structure and a syllabus for a program that helps standardize
instructions in a cost effective way.
- They maintain quality as their content has been tried and tested.
- They are based on sound learning principles
- They can train inexperienced teachers.

37. What are the disadvantages of coursebooks?

- They are expensive
 - They can deskill teachers
- They may distort content
- They may not reflect student’s need.
- They may contain inauthentic language.
-
38. What are bookish English?
- tending to rely on knowledge from books rather than practical experience.

39. What should English teachers do to adapt coursebooks for pragmatic skills.
- Familarize themselves with pragmatic norms in the l2 community and replace
exiating material with more authentic and varied examples if necessary.

WEEK 8-10

40. What are the three main aspects to create context.

- The physical context

- Where when and how
- Location mode of communication and time.

- The goal of the interaction

- Why or for what purposes

- The social context.

- Power and social distance imposition.

41. How can we ask routine formulae questions?