EXPERIMENT NO.

01

Name of the Experiment: Core Sample Preparation for Rock Properties Measurement

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 Experiment No-02
Determination of Porosity by a) Mercury Injection Porosimeter and b) Helium Porosimeter

Objective:

1. To determine the porosity of a rock sample by mercury injection Porosimeter.

2. To determine the porosity of a rock sample by Helium Porosimeter.

Introduction:

The reservoir engineer is concerned with the quantities of fluid contained within the rock, the
transmissibility of fluids through the rocks and other related properties. Among of these properties
porosity is the most vital measurement of the rock space available for storage of petroleum
hydrocarbon. The porosity is defined as the ratio of the void space in the rock to the bulk volume of the
pock. In the laboratory measurement of porosity it is necessary to determine only two of the three basic
parameters (bulk volume, pore volume, and grain volume). All methods of determination of bulk
volume are, in general, applied to determining both total and effective porosity

a) Mercury Injection Porosimeter:

Calculation & Result:

Correction volume factor at 700 psia = 0.36 cc

Bulk volume of the sample = 3.38 cc

Volume of mercury displaced when sample was in pycnometer at 700 psia =1.07 cc

Pore volume = (1.07-0.36) cc=0.71cc

Pore volume

Porosity =

Bulk volume

0.71

Porosity,  = 100%

3.38

=21.00591%

Result: Porosity is 21.00591%

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b) Determination of Porosity by Helium Porosimeter

Determination of porosity by the Kobe Method is based on Boyle’s Laws which states that in a gaseous
system the product of absolute pressure and volume is a constant at a given temperature. The Kobe
Method determines grain or solids volume of a porous mass. If the bulk volume is known, the porosity
is readily calculated from the grain volumes measurement, since the difference between bulk and grain
volumes is equal to the pore space. Through the application of Boyle’s Law to Porosimeter data,
equations for the calculation of grain volume are derived.

Fine
Coarse regulator
regulator

Helium Reference Sample

Source Chamber Chamber

Vacuum
gage
Relief valve

Vacuum
Source Vent

Fig: Helium Porosimeter

Data & Calculation:

Sample Bulk volume = 28.92cc

Filler volume = 49.68cc

Tray volume = 7.30cc

Here:

P1V1+P2V2= P (V1+V2) ----------------- (1)

P1= Initial Helium Pressure = 73.17 psi

P2= Final Helium Pressure = 25.41 psi

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V1= Source Chamber Volume = 32.58 cc

V2= Sample Chamber Volume =140.03 cc

At the beginning P2=0

Vg (T) = Grain volm + Tray volm + Filler volm

So Equation (1) becomes

(P1V1)+P2 (V2-Vg(T)) = P (V1+V2-Vg(T))

Vg (T) = V1+V2-(P1/P2) V1----------------- (2)

Therefore, Vg (T) = 32.58 + 140.03 – (73.17/25.41) 32.58=78.79cc

Table-1.2

Supply Pressure (psig) 120

P1(psig) 73.17

Pe(psig) 25.41

Vg(T)(cc) 78.79

Grain volume, Vg= (Vg(T) – Tray volume – Filler volume)=(78.79-7.3-49.68) = 21.81cc

(VB-VG) (28.92-21.81)

Now Porosity,  = -----------  100% = ----------------- 100% = 24.58%

VB (28.92)

The result, porosity is 24.58%

Discussion:

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 03

Name of the Experiment: Determination of Permeability by Gas Permeameter and Liquid Permeameter

Introduction:

For a Reservoir Engineer, Permeability is the key property of reservoir porous medium. It is state that
how much transmissibility of fluid from reservoir to surface. Permeability is the property of the porous
medium and is a measure of the capacity of the medium to transmit fluids. Clean dry gas is admitted
through the core sample for determining permeability of the core sample. Gas flow is depending on the
upstream pressure and permeability of core sample. This Gas Permeameter mainly consists of a triple-
range flow meter for Gas flow measurement, calibrated Bourdon tube pressure gauge for pressure
measurement, pressure regulator and sample core holder. The range of instrument is from ½ to more
than 3000md. The instrument of Liquid Permeameter have a core holder, with a built-in thermometer
and fill connection, a cutoff value, a special lid and overflow tube. A burette is supported on its lower
and by the core holder and its upper and by the discharge-fill assembly, to which the gas pressure line
from the pressure regulator connects. The upstream pressure of gas, admitted through inlet is indicated
on a Calibrated Bourdon pressure gauge, the gas is used to force the liquid in the burette through the
sample. Burette is available with volumes of 5, 10 and 50cc.

1) Determination the Permeability of a Rock Sample by gas Permeameter

Objectives:

1. To determine the permeability of a rock sample by gas Permeameter

2. To determine the permeability of a rock sample by liquid Permeameter

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Calculation and Results:

QL

The formula for calculating permeability is K =

AP

Core Dimension:

Diameter, D =.. mm= ….. cm

Length, L=….mm= …. cm

Area, A= D2/4=(3.8)2/4=…… cc

The gas used was N2 and its Viscosity, = …… cp

Room Temperature = 270C

Table:

Pressure Scale Reading (mm) Flow rate Permeability

Gradient (P)
(Q)cc/s K (Darcy)

0.25 51 (medium)

0.50 79 (medium)

1.0 38 (large)

(0.0178)(3.5)(7.5)

Sample Calculation for data set 1, K = = 0.164 D

(11.34)(0.25)

(ii)Determination the Permeability of a Rock Sample by the Liquid Permeameter

VL

The formula for calculating permeability is k= -----------

APT

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Core Dimension:

Diameter D =

Length, L=

Area, A=/4D2 = ….cm2

The liquid was distilled water and = …cp at 250C

Temperature= 250C

Pressure gradient= 1.8 atm

Time to flow=18s

Average pressure= (1.8+1.72)/2=1.76 psi

Therefore, permeability k = = Darcy

Result: liquid permeability is md

Discussion:

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 04

a) Determination of oil and water saturation by DEAN-STARK Apparatus.

b) Relationship between Capillary Pressure-fluid saturation in porous medium.

Objective:

1. To determine oil and water saturation.

2. Develop a relationship between Capillary Pressure-fluid saturation in porous medium.

Introduction:

Reservoir rocks normally will contain both petroleum hydrocarbons and water occupying the same or
adjacent pores. To determine the quantity of hydrocarbons accumulated in a porous rock formation, it is
necessary to determine the fluid saturation. Fluid saturation is the percentage of pore volume in a rock
which is occupied by formation fluid, fluid saturation is measured in percent.

Heat (1200C)

Condensation
Saturated Core in
Solvent

Oil dissolved in
solvent Water

Extracted core Dryer

Dry Core

Fig: DEAN-STARK Apparatus flow chart.

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Calculation and Results:

Weight of wet core = 54.213 gm

Weight of dry core = 50 gm

Water (stabilized) collected, WW = 2gm = 2 cc

Porosity of Sample,  = 22 %

Bulk volume of sample = 23.82

Pore volume, VP = (VB × ) = (23.82 x 0.22) = 5.24 cc

Density of oil,  = 0.8 gm/cc

Volume of water 2 cc

Water saturation, SW = = = 0.3816 = 38.16%

Pore volume 5.24

Volume of oil (Wt. of wet core – Wt. of dry core – Wt. of water)

Oil saturation, So = =

Pore volume (Pore volume x density of oil)

(54.213-50-2) gm

= ×100%

(5.24x 0.8) (cc) (gm/cc)

= 0.5279×100% = 52.79%

Gas saturation, Sg = 1-Sw –So = (1- 0.3816-0.5279) = 0.0905 =9.05%

The result, Core Sample is Contain 52.79%oil, 9.05% gas and 38.16%water.

Discussion:

b) Relationship between Capillary Pressure-fluid saturation in porous medium.

Apparatus:

1. Capillary pressure apparatus

2. Two-stage vacuum pump
3. Nitrogen gas with supply connection
4. Helium Porosimeter

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Introduction:

In petroleum reservoirs two fluids are present, and many times three fluid phases are involved. When
only one fluid exists in the pore spaces, there is only one set of forces to consider, the attraction between
the rock and the fluid. When more than one fluid phases is present, there are at least three sets of active
forces affecting capillary pressure and wetting ability. Capillary pressure depends on fluid saturation, at
lower fluid saturation becoming higher capillary pressure.

Data and Calculation:

Sample diameter D = 1.9 cm

Sample Length (L) =2.33 cm

Ф = 22%

Sample volume = П(1.92)2.33 /4= 6.606 cc

Pore volume = 6.606 × 22% =1.453 cc

Table-

Pressure Mercury With sample Actual volume Mercury saturation

displaced volume mercury displaced of mercury of pore volume
(atm)
V(cc) volume VHg cc displaced (%)
Col(3)- Col(2)
0.5 0.14 0.49 0.35 24.1
1 0.17 0.54 0.37 25.46
2 0.19 0.58 0.39 26.84
4 0.20 0.61 0.41 28.21
6 0.21 0.63 0.42 28.90
8 0.215 0.65 0.43 28.59
10 0.218 0.60 0.38 26.15
12 0.220 0.675 0.46 31.65
14 0.225 0.69 0.465 32.00
16 0.23 0.74 0.51 35.09

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 Actual volume of mercury displaced

Saturation (%) = =

Pore volume

72

71
Capillary pressure(atm)

70

69

68

67

66

65
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Mercury saturation of pore volume(%)

Fig: Relationship between Capillary Pressure-fluid saturation in porous medium.

Discussions:

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