NATIONAL MEDICAL ADMISSION TEST (NMAT)
OCTOBER 2023
BIOLOGY
HORMONES
• Acromegaly – too much GH = bones increase in size
• Cretinism – an untreated congenital thyroid deficiency =
severely stunted physical and mental growth
• Diabetes – insufficient production/use of insulin
• Hypopituitary Dwarfism – pituitary hormones deficiency
• ACTH – regulates cortisol and aldosterone
o Deficiency = Addison's Disease, Hypoadrenalism
o Excess = Cushing's Disease
GREEN LIGHT
• It is mostly reflected by plants (they greatly absorb all other
colors)
• Least conducive for photosynthesis
• Used by plants for structure, not photosynthesis
TURGOR PRESSURE
• The amount of water pressure in the cell pushing against the
cell wall
o Water flows in, high turgor pressure = rigid
o Water flows out, low turgor pressure = flaccid
• When leaves are touched, there is a change in concentration
gradient of potassium and chloride ions
o Water flows out of the extensor cell = flaccid
o Water flows into the flexor cell = turgid
PLANTS
• Gametophyte – sexual phase of plants
o Male gametophyte – pollen grain (found in the
anther of the flower, contains the sperm).
o Female gametophyte – embryo sac (found in the
ovules of the flower, contains the egg and the
synergids).
§ Without synergids, fertilization may or
may not happen.
• Sporophyte – asexual phase of plants
SIMULATION EXAM
1. One of the green plants is illuminated with green light and
another plant of similar size and leaf area is illuminated with
blue light. If all other conditions are identical, how will
photosynthetic rates of the plants compare?
a. Photosynthesis will occur at the same rate.
b. Neither plant will carry on with photosynthesis.
c. The plant under green light will carry on
photosynthesis at a greater rate than the plant
under blue light.
d. The plant under blue light will carry on
photosynthesis at a greater rate than the plant
under green light.
2. In plants, the synergids of female gametophytes:
a. Facilitate the entrance of the pollen tube and
release of sperm cell
b. Nourish the embryo sac to help the growth and
development of the seed endosperm
c. Develops into the seed coat
d. Promotes asexual reproduction
3. It is a process in human embryogenesis where cleavage and
segmentation of the ovum occurs developing into a solid
ball of cells.
a. Morula – structure described to be a solid ball of
cells
b. Morulation – process of forming the morula
c. Blastula – hollow ball of cells
i. Gastrula – structure with 3 germ layers
d. Blastulation
4. What is the difference between the three domains?
a. Eukarya consists of organisms with true nucleus
while Archaea and Bacteria does not. Archaea
includes organisms that can thrive in extreme
environments, in contrast to organisms under
Bacteria who cannot.
b. Only Bacteria does not have a true nucleus.
Archaea includes organisms that can thrive in
extreme environments, in contrast to organisms
under Eukarya who cannot.
c. Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria only differ in cell
size and cell arrangement.
d. Eukaryotes involves organisms with true nucleus
and membrane bound organelles, while
Prokaryotes does not have a true nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
5. Human embryogenesis is the development of the human
embryo by several processes of cell division, cell migration,
and cell differentiation. Which of the following cell stages
developed from a blastula to a multilayered structure
consisting of the three germ layers?
a. Morula
b. Neurula
c. Gastrula
d. Fetal
6. Freshwater fishes maintain osmotic balance by:
a. Drinking little water; excreting diluted urine
b. Drinking little water; excreting concentrated urine
c. Drinking ample water; excreting diluted urine
d. Drinking ample water; excreting concentrated
urine
7. Exposure to stressors throws our body off balance; the
body responds and tries to return to normal function. The
general adaptation syndrome describes three stages that
our body goes through after being exposed to stressor.
These stages, in sequence, are:
a. Resistance, Alarm, Exhaustion
b. Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
c. Perception, Activation, Deterioration
d. Activation, Perception, Deterioration