ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND b.

Claim statement or minor

PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES (EAPP) ➔ the stand of position on the given issue premise

c. Evidence "By observing the "Athletes possess physical

ANALYZING ARGUMENTS IN A MANIFESTO ➔ reasons or evidences that the claim is performance of a large stamina. Because Anthony
MANIFESTO reasonable and should be accepted number of athletes, you is an athlete, he must
➔ refers to a published declaration of the
could conclude that possess physical stamina"
intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an d. Refutation
athletes possess physical
individual, group, political party, or government ➔ opposing viewpoints
stamina"
➔ advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it TYPES OF SUPPORT

can also lay out a plan of action a. Reason

STRATEGIES FOR READING ARGUMENTS
➔ most often concerns art, literature, or politics ➔ general statement that support your claim
● Read ONCE for initial impression
b. Evidence ● Read the argument SEVERAL more times
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
➔ consists of facts, statistics, experience, ● Annotate as you read
➔ a kind of writing where the students establish a
comparison, and example/s that show/s ● Highlight key terms
position in a given topic and then use
why the claim is valid ● Diagram or map to analyze structure
evidence to persuade the audience to see
things from their point of view c. Emotional Appeal STEPS IN EVALUATING AN ARGUMENT
➔ ideas that are targeted toward needs or ● Evaluate the types of evidence
ARGUMENT
values that readers are likely to care about ● Personal experiences
➔ usually a main idea
● Examples
➔ expression of one’s point of view on a particular
● Statistics
subject or topic
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT VS DEDUCTIVE ● Comparison and analogies
➔ often called a “Claim” or a “Thesis Statement”
ARGUMENT ● Relevance and sufficiency of evidence
➔ presented with shreds of evidence and resources
● Definition of terms
supporting the idea which aims for the reader to
INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE ● Cause and effect relationships
either do something or believe something to be
specific - general general - specific ● Implied or stated value system
true or correct
CLAIM
PARTS OF AN ARGUMENT reaches a general begins with a major
➔ main argument of the essay which is considered
a. Issue conclusion from observed premise and moves
the most important part of an academic paper
➔ a problem or controversy about which specifics towards a more specific
people disagree
 ➔ defines your paper’s goals, directions, scope and
exigence
➔ supported by evidence, quotations, argumentation,
expert’s opinions, statistics, and telling details
TYPES OF CLAIM
a. Claim of Fact
➔ Statement asserting that something has
existed, does exist, or will exist
➔ not a fact; it only claims to be a fact;
Hence, the claim is debatable whether it is
true or false
Example: The Philippine Economy will bounce back
higher before the end of this year.
The statement is a claim of fact (future) which is to be
proven to be true or false come the end of this year
b. Claim of Value
➔ Statement asserting something to be good
or bad or that something is better
than the other one or that something
is more or less desirable
Example: The Game of Thrones is the best book series
of all time
c. Claim of Policy
➔ Statement urging that some conditions
should exist, or that something should
be or should not be done
➔ advocates the adoption of policies or Example: If you do not admit that evolution is
courses of action due to problems that not real, we will isolate you from the group
have occurred and calls for a solution
Example: Legislation should be passed mandating the
conduct of Online Voter’s Registration amid the Covid-19 4. Post Hoc
pandemic. ➔ an informal fallacy that states "Since
event A followed event B, event A
LOGICAL FALLACIES must have been caused by event B"
➔ errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument
Example: Dina saw a cat when they went home.
Along the way, they crashed into a tree. The black
COMMON TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES
cat must be the reason why they met an accident.
1. False Dilemma
➔ occurs when an arguer presents his/her
5. Appeal To Pity
argument as one of only two options
➔ occurs when the element of pity is
despite the presence of multiple
used instead of logical reasoning
possibilities
Example: Please do not fire me for being
Example: Either you fully devote yourself to the
absent all month; I have a sick mother and a
company or you quit.
special child to support
2. Slippery Slope
6. Appeal To Consequences
➔ occurs when a series of increasingly
➔ occurs when unpleasant consequences
superficial and unacceptable
of believing something are pointed
consequences is drawn
out to show that the belief is false
Example: If we ban computer shops, then
Example: You can't believe that colonialism is
students will not be able to do research. And if
bad, because if it were, then we would not be
they do not have tools for research, these
civilized
students will fail their subjects
7. Straw Man
3. Appeal To Force
➔ occurs when the position of the
➔ occurs when a threat, instead of
opposition is twisted so that it is
reasoning is used to argue
easier to refute
 11. Irrelevant Conclusion ➔ occurs when something is instantly
Example: Person A: "The school lunch budget
➔ occurs when an argument which is concluded to be true just because it
must be examined to cut waste"
supposed to prove something is not proven to be false, and vice
Person B: "This guy wants to STARVE our
concludes something else instead versa
children!!"
Example: We must support the fight for gender Example: The writer does not talk about the
equality between men and women. Women have connection between the victim’s killer and his
8. Inconsistency
suffered enough violence at home. Violence sister, so there must be none
➔ occurs when arguments contradict
against women must be stopped.
one another
12. False Analogy
Example: Frank is older than Jake, Jake is older
➔ occurs when a writer assumes that two b. Complex Question
than Noli, and Noli is older than Frank
concepts that are similar in some ➔ occurs when two or more points are
"I've got nothing against poor people,
ways are also similar in other ways rolled into one and the reader is
but I don't want them moving into my
neighborhood" expected to accept or reject both at
Example: Drugs are like massages; they make the same time, when one point may
9. Attacking The Person
you feel good. be satisfactory while the other is not
➔ occurs when someone tries to refute an
Apples, strawberries, and raspberries are Example: “Have you stopped cheating on
argument by attacking the character of
all read. They are also all fruits. Therefore, all exams?”
a person instead of attacking the
fruits are red.
ideas of the argument
c. Appeal To Authority
13. Bandwagon ➔ occurs when the argument quotes an
Example: I cannot accept your argument
➔ occurs when an argument is valid expert who’s not qualified in the
because, unlike me, you were not educated at
because it is what the majority think particular subject matter
Harvard University
Example: Most Filipinas want to have fair skin Example: Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft,
10. Hasty Generalization
because they think they look beautiful. Therefore, recommends the effective fabric softening
➔ occurs when a sample is not significant
having fair skin must be the real standard of properties of Downy fabric softener.
enough to support a generalization
beauty
about a population
d. Anonymous Authority
OTHER TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES ➔ the authority in question is not
Example: Martha, the foreigner from France is
a. Appeal To Ignorance mentioned or named
very impolite. French people are mean and rude.
 Example: Experts claim that eating peanuts Example: If you are drinking wine, you have Questions:
causes pimples. a problem. Therefore, if you have a problem, ● Is the author’s name identified?
you are drinking wine. ● Is the author’s background, education or
e. Accident
training related to the topic?
➔ occurs when a general rule is i. Denying The Antecedent
applied to a situation, even when it ➔ any argument of the form: If A is true c. Currency / Date of Publication
should be an exception then B is true; If A is not true then B ➔ In most fields, the data from the older
is not true publications may no longer be valid.
Example: Jaywalking is not allowed, so you
➔ the date of publication should be at most
should not have done that even when you Example: If you are drinking wine, you have
five years earlier.
were being chased by terrorists. a problem. Therefore, if you are not drinking
wine, you do not have a problem.
Questions:
f. Wrong Direction ● What is the date of the publication?

➔ occurs when the direction between FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY

cause and effect is reversed OF EVIDENCES / INFORMATION d. Contents / Accuracy of Information
a. Relevance of the source ➔ You do not want to use a source that is
Example: Liver damage leads to alcoholism.
➔ You can check the title, table of disputable, so make sure to verify your
g. Complex Cause contents, summary, introduction or findings with multiple sources.
➔ occurs when the explanation for an headings of the text to have a sense of its Questions:
event is reduced to one thing content ● Does the author have a lot of citations in
when there are other factors which Questions: his or her text and/or bibliography or
also contributed to the event ● How well does the source support your works cited section?
stand?
Example: We were not able to solve the e. Location of sources
problem because of limited time, even if all the b. Authority / Author’s Qualifications ➔ Avoid using blogs or personal
other groups were able to do so ➔ If the source does not have an author, homepage and wiki sites (Wikipedia,
think twice before using it. Wiktionary, Wikiquotes)
h. Affirming The Consequent
➔ Legitimate academic texts must include ➔ If the URL includes the top-level domain
➔ any argument of the form: If A is true
citations. Citations demonstrate that .edu, then that means that it has been
then B is true; If B is true therefore
the writer has thoroughly researched the published by an academic institution such
A is true
topic and is not plagiarizing the material. as university
 ➔ In academic writing, reputable sites are
those with .edu, .gov, .net and .org in
URL.
➔ Common URLs include:
◆ .gov (government)
◆ .org (organizations)
◆ .com (commercial sites)
◆ .net (network infrastructures)
Questions:
● Where was the source published? Was it
published digitally or in print?
● Is it a book, an academic journal or a
reputable news source such
www.nytimes.com
www.economist.com?
● Does it provide complete publication
information such as author/s, editor/s,
title, date of publication and publisher?
● What is the URL of the website?
PRESENTATION OF REASONABLE
ARGUMENTS AND FACTUAL EVIDENCES TO
DEFEND A STAND
C - contains a clear proposition or statement that must be
defended
A - assesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the
issue
T - takes a firm stand on the issue
L - lists arguments in an organized manner to defend the
stand
C- consider your audience/reader
1. Introduction (1 paragraph)
PIECES OF EVIDENCE TO STRENGTHEN THE
➔ identify the perspective
AUTHOR’S CLAIMS
➔ explain your understanding
1. Evidence from surveys, library research and
➔ state your position
experiments
➔ starts with a topic sentence that attracts
2. Evidence from informant interviews (those
attention and summarizes the issue
who have direct experience related to the
➔ inform the reader of your point of view
problem / issue)
➔ states your thesis
3. Evidence from expert interviews
2. Body (Counter Argument and Argument -
POSITION PAPER 3 paragraph)
➔ a type of academic writing that presents one's ➔ summarize the counterclaims
stand or viewpoint on a particular issue ➔ provide supporting information on the
as
➔ a stand supported by arguments and evidences counterclaims
or
➔ present an opinion and make a claim or stand ➔ refute the counterclaims
about an issue ➔ give evidences for the arguments
➔ use inductive reasoning which addresses both ➔ assert your point of claim (up to three) by
strengths and weaknesses. giving your opinion and providing
➔ expresses a position, conclusion, or support/evidence
recommendation concerning a contested issue or ➔ explain your reason/s to support your
undecided questions position
➔ factual, relevant, and accurate evidence to
PURPOSE / GOAL
prove your argument
● to convince the audience that your position is valid
and worth listening to 3. Conclusion (1-2 paragraph)
● to generate support on an issue ➔ summarize and restate in a forceful
manner your position
WHO DO WE WRITE POSITION PAPERS?
➔ summarize and conclude your arguments
● to convince the audience that your position is valid
➔ provide solution
● an essential tool for social change
● ranges from simple to complex formats PREP METHOD
PARTS OF POSITION PAPER
 ➔ you cannot test everyone or rating scales (such as Likert
P Position Introduction
➔ there have to be certain restrictions scale)
R Reason/s Body concerning the target audience of your
5. Design question sequence and overall layout
questionnaire
E Example/s Body ➔ Are there transitions from one question
3. Develop questions to the next?
P Position Conclusion
➔ smart questions are the cornerstone of ➔ Are follow-up questions placed correctly?
every questionnaire ➔ Are skip-rules implemented (if needed) so
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
➔ they have to be phrased in a way that that respondents can skip questions that
➔ a technique for gathering statistical information
prevents any misunderstandings or do not apply to them?
about the attributes, attitudes, or actions of a
ambiguities
population by a structured set of questions TESTING AND REVISING SURVEY
➔ it is important to consider the cognitive,
(International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, QUESTIONNAIRES
attentional, and sensory competencies of
2009) VALIDATING A SURVEY
your target group
➔ aims to obtain information suitable for statistical ➔ refers to the process of assessing the survey
➔ refrain from using jargon or technical
analysis questions for their dependability
language as the text needs to be fully
➔ an essential process that helps to ensure the
FORMS OF SURVEY understood by anyone completing the
survey is truly a dependable one
● postal survey questionnaire
● telephone interviews 1. Establish face validity
4. Choose your question type
● face-to-face interviews ➔ involves having your survey reviewed by
a. EXPLORATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE
● internet surveys two different parties
- you will find mainly open
● First group
DESIGNING SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES questions where respondents
- familiar with your topic
5 STEPS TO A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE can fill any answer
and can evaluate if your
DESIGN (Fansworth, 2019)
b. QUANTITATIVE questions successfully
1. Identify your research aims and the goal of
QUESTIONNAIRE capture your topic
your questionnaire
- primarily include closed
➔ What kind of information do you want to ● Second group
questions, which have been
gather with your questionnaire? - should come from
predefined by the researcher in
➔ What is your main objective? someone who is an expert
form of multiple choice answers
on question construction
2. Define your target respondents
 - ensures that your survey ➔ checking the correlation between Best used for:
does not contain common questions that load on the same factors ➔ Collecting rank ordered data
errors such as misleading, measure questions reliability by ensuring ➔ When all response choices are known
confusing, or double- the survey answers are consistent ➔ When quantitative statistical tool results
barreled questions are desired
6. Revise your survey
2. Run a pilot test ➔ revise your survey based on the Example: In which of the following do you live?
➔ select a subset of your intended survey information you gathered from your o A house
participants and run a pilot test of the principal component analysis and o An apartment
survey Cronbach's Alpha o A condo unit
➔ the suggested sample size vary, although ◆ If you run across a question that
OTHER FORMS OF CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONS
10 percent of the total population is a does not neatly load onto a factor,
a. Likert Scale
solid number of participants you can choose to delete it.
Best used for:
◆ If only minor changes were made
3. Clean collected data ➔ Assessing a person's opinion and feelings
to your survey, it's likely to be
➔ enter your collected data into a about something
ready after its final revision.
spreadsheet to clean the data
Example: Please circle the way you feel about the
➔ double-check minimum and maximum
following:
values for your overall dataset
TYPES OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE 1 = Disagree ; 5 = Agree
4. Use Principal Components Analysis (PCA) a. Open-Ended b. Multiple Choice
➔ identify underlying components that are Best used for: Best used for:
being measured by your survey questions ➔ Breaking the ice in an interview ➔ When there are finite number of options
➔ validates what your survey is measuring ➔ When respondent's own words are
Example: Which of the following best describes your
➔ your overall goal at this stage is to important
current civil status?
determine what factors represent by ➔ When the researcher does not know all
o Single o Widowed
seeking out common themes in questions the possible answers
o Married o Divorced
that load onto the same factors
Example: What changes do you recommend for
c. Rating Scales
5. Check Internal Consistency the school to do in order to help students
Best used for:
➔ review the internal consistency of perform better?
➔ Rate things in relation to other things
questions that load onto the same factors
b. Close-Ended
Example: How likely would you recommend the current ➔ aims to present and explain the actual experiences ➔ can also serve as a technique for verifying or
strand you are enrolled in to your friend? of a certain population nullifying information provided in face to face 6
NOT AT ALL LIKELY EXTREMELY ➔ Conducting survey is done in three (3) encounters
LIKELY steps:
LIMITATIONS OF OBSERVATIONS
◆ by email
● Change in people's behavior when they know they
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ◆ Telephone
are being observed
◆ personal interview
d. Ranking Questions ● A 'snap shot' view of a whole situation
➔ the method of data collection can be from
Best used for: ● Think Big Brother...
observation to content analysis and this can be
➔ Ordering answer choices by way of ● The researcher may miss something while they are
used in the survey
preference watching and taking notes
➔ allows you to not only understand how CHALLENGES LIMITATIONS OF A SURVEY ● The researcher may make judgments, make value
respondents feel about each answer (Criteria) statements or misunderstand what has been
option, but it also helps you understand ● appropriateness of the method observed
each one's relative popularity ● accuracy of what to observe
STRENGTHS OF OBSERVATION
● generalizability of findings
Example: Rank the following subjects in order of ● Can offer a flavor for what is happening
● administrative constraints
preference - 1 being your favorite and 5 being your least ● Can give an insight into the bigger picture
● ethical and political difficulties
favorite. ● Can demonstrate sub-groups
OBSERVATION ● Can be used to assist in the design of the rest of
➔ may take place in natural settings and involve the the research
English Social Science
researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of ● Sometimes, the researcher becomes or needs to
Math Music, Arts, PE and Health what is happening become a participant observer, where he/she is
➔ there are limits to the situations that can be taking part in the situation in order to be accepted
Filipino TLE
observed in their 'natural' settings and that the and further understand the workings of the social
Science Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao presence of the researcher may lead to problems phenomenon
with validity
TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA
SURVEY ➔ can sometimes obtain more reliable information
THROUGH OBSERVATION
➔ the researcher must understand the right mode of about certain things for example, how people
inquiry for establishing an inference whether in a actually behave a. Written Description
large group of people or from a small number of
people in a group
 ➔ The researcher makes written ➔ you will randomly select people and you need to
descriptions of the people, situations or split them into groups and they will now be your
environment control group
LIMITATIONS INCLUDE:
a. Positive Side
● Researcher might miss out on an
- the control group reduces bias
observation as they are taking
whereas in the survey and
● The researcher may be focused on
observational study, you didn't
a particular event or situation
have a control group
There is room for subjective
interpretation of what is b. Negative Side
happening - it is time consuming because
you're going to have two different
b. Video Recording
groups
➔ Allows the researcher to also record
- It is a little bit harder to keep
notes
track of who's in which group,
LIMITATIONS INCLUDE:
how you are treating each group
● People acting unnaturally towards
- always has to be concerned with
the camera or others avoiding the
ethics meaning you are not going
camera
to persuade them to behave in a
● The camera may not always see
certain way or treating them in a
everything
way that is not okay
c. Photographs and Artifacts
➔ Useful when there is a need to collect
observable information or phenomena
such as buildings, neighborhoods, dress,
and appearance
➔ Artifacts include objects of significance -
memorabilia, instruments, tools and
others

EXPERIMENT