Preparing Qualifying Exam

Created By: Capuyan

Pages for Topics:
Page (2 – 3): Problem Solving
Page (3 – 8): Types of Problem Solving
Page (6 – 8): Permutation, Combination and Probability
Page 8: Converting Percentage to Decimal and Number Series Reasoning
Page (9 – 10): Mean, Median and Mode
Page (10 – 11): Comparing Fraction
Page 12: Positive and Negative Integers
Page (12 – 13): Ratio and Proportion
Page (13 – 14): Standard Deviation and Variance
Page (14 – 15): Perimeter
Page (15 – 18): Unit of Measurements for Distance and Mass
Page (18 – 21): Area and Circumference of a Circle
Page (21 – 23): Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Page (23 – 24): Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
Page (24 – 27): Area of Triangle
Page (28 – 31): Sides and Angles of Triangle
Page (31 – 34): Surface Area and Volume of Solid Shapes
Page (34 – 36): Area of 2d Shapes

1
 Problem Solving:
4 Steps of Problem Solving (Polya 4-Steps)
1. Understand the Problem
2. Devise a Plan (Translate)
3. Carry out a Plan (Solve)
4. Look Back (Check)
Techniques for Problem Solving
1. BUCK
 Techniques to Simplify, Organized and Solve the Problem.
 B = Box the Question
U = Underline the Info Needed
C = Circle the Vocabulary
K = Knock Out Un-needed Info
Example:

Time Measurement:
 60 Seconds = 1 Minute
 60 Minutes = 1 Hour
 24 Hours = 1 Day
 7 Days = 1 Week
 365 Days = 1 Year
 12 Months = 1 Year
Operation Will Used in Solving Problem:
1. Addition
 Use addition if the problem is looking for: combined, all together, increase, sum, total
and how many more.
2. Subtraction
 Use subtraction if the problem is looking for: decrease, difference, how many left,
remain, take away and how many more than.

3. Multiplication

2
  Use multiply if the problem is looking for: per, each, times, twice, triple and total.

4. Division
 Use division if the problem is looking for: half, quarter, out of, percent, quotient and how
many each.

Types of Problems
1. Time and Work Together Problems
2. Investment Problems
3. Speed, Distance and Time Problems
4. Percentage Problems
5. Permutations and Combination Problems

1. Time and Work Together Problem Solving

 Formula for Time and Work Problems
1 1 1
= +
T AB T A T B
Where
 T = Time
A = Subject 1
B = Subject 2
1 = Work
Example:

Given:
 John = 6 hours
Sally = 3 hours
Formula:
1 1 1
= +
T JS T J T S

Where:

T JS =Time ¿ work together T s=Time of Sally T J =Time of John

Solution:

1 1 1 1 3+ 6 1 9 3
= + 1 1 1 = =
T JS T J T S = + T JS 18 T JS 18
T JS 6 3
 1
(T )
1 1 1 1 2 js
= 1= (T js ) =
T JS 2 2 1 1
2 2

1
=T js 1 ×2=T js 2=T js
1
2

2. Investment Problems
 Formula for Investment Problems
 Simple Interest Formula

I =Prt
Where:
 I = Simple Interest (Price You Pay)
P = Principal Amount (Original Amount)
r = Interest Rate (Charge)
t = Time (Years)

Example:

Given:
 P = $ 5,000
r = 7%
t=5
I=?
Formula:
I =Prt

Solution:

I =Prt I =(5000)(0.07)(5) I =$ 1,750

Total Amount=P+ I Total Amount=5000+1,750

Total Amount=$ 6,750

4
3. Speed, Distance and Time Problems
 Formula for Speed, Distance and Time Problems

D D
S= D=S × T T=
T S

Where:
S = Speed
D = Distance
T = Time

 Example:
 A plane travel about 395,000 meters in 9000 seconds. What was its speed?
Solution:
Given:
D = 395,000 m
T = 9,000 s
S=?

Formula:

D 395000
S= S= S=43.89
T 9000

4. Percentage Problems
 Formula for Percentage Problems

P=B(R)
 Where:
P = Percentage (“is”)
B = Base (“of”)
R = Rate (“%”)
Example:
 What is 35% of 200?
Given:
 P=?
B = 200
R = 35% or 0.35
Solution:

P=B(R) 5
P=200 (0.35) P=70
5. Permutation and Combination Problems
 Are two different ways of grouping elements of a set into subsets.
 Permutation
 A mathematical calculation of the number ways a particular set can be arranged.
 Combination
 A mathematical technique that determines the number of the possible arrangements in a
collection of items where the order of the selection does not matter.

Techniques in Permutation and Combinations

1. Fundamental Counting Principle
2. Permutation Formula
3. Combinations Formula
4. Probability

1. Fundamental Counting Principle

 The total number of outcomes of two or more independent events is the product of the number
of outcomes in each individual events.
 Example:
 How many ways can you arrange all the letters in the word “MATH”?
 Solution:
M, A, T, H

M A T H
Possible Letter A T H
to Arrange
T H
H
4 ×3 ×2 ×1=¿ 24

2. Permutation Formula
 Formula:

n!
nPr=
( n−r ) !

 Where:
n = Total Items in the Sets
6
 r = Items Taken for the Permutation
! = Factorial

 Example:
 How many ways can you arrange all the letters in the word “MATH”?
Solution:
n = 4 (There are 4 Letters which is M, A, T, H)
r = 4 (Four letters are going to arrange)

n! 4!
nPr= nPr=
( n−r ) ! ( 4−4 ) !

4! Use Calculator
nPr=
0! to get factorial.

24
nPr=
1

nPr=24

3. Combination Formula
 Formula:
n!
nCr=
( n−r ) ! r !
 Where:
n = Total items in the Sets
r = Items taken for the Combination
! = Factorial
 Example:
 How many teams of 4 can be produced from pool of 12 engineer?
Solution:
n = 12 (There are 12 Engineers)
r = 4 (4 team will going to produced)
n! 12 ! 12 !
nCr= nCr= nCr=
( n−r ) ! r ! ( 12−4 ) ! × 4 ! 8!× 4!

nCr=495

7
4. Probability
 Is a number that reflects the chances or likelihood that a particular event will occur
 Formula:

Number of Favorable Outcomes(n)

P( A)=
Total Number of Possible Outcomes( N )

 Example:
 What is the probability of Dice?
 Solution:
n = 1 (Only 1 face will appear on the dice)
N = 6 (There are 6 faces of Dice that possible to come out)

n 1
P(Dice)= P(Dice)= P ( Dice ) =0.17∨17 %
N 6

Converting Percentage to Decimal

 To convert a percentage to a decimal, we need to divide given percentage to 100.
Examples:
1. 120% = 120/100 = 1.2
2. 355% = 355/100 = 3.55
3. 88% = 88/100 = 0.88
4. 35% = 35/100 = 0.35
5. 510% = 510/100 = 5.1

Number Series Reasoning

1. 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, __ , 20 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 = Add by 3
2. 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, __ = 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44 = Add by 7
3. 5, 9, 13, 17, __, __, __ = 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29 = Add by 4
4. 27, 21, 15, 9, __, __, __ = 27, 21, 15, 9, 3, -3, -9 = Subtract by 6
5. 3, 6, 12, 24, __, __, __ = 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192 = Multiply by 2
6. 4, 12, 36, __, __ = 4, 12, 36, 108, 324 = Multiply by 3
7. 1, 4, 9, 16, __, __, __ = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 = Raised by 2
8. 1, 8, 27, __, __, __ = 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216 = Raised By 3

8
 Mean, Median and Mode
Data Sets
 The collection of data.
Three Properties of Data Sets
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
1. Mean
 Is the average of all the numbers.
 Formula:

Mean=
∑ of All Sets
Number of Sets

 Example: (14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2) Find the Mean?

Mean=
∑ of All Sets Mean=
56
Number of Sets 7 Mean=8

2. Median
 Is the middle number, when in order.
 Formula: If the sets are even.

Median=
∑ of Middle Two Number
2

 Example #1: (14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2) Find the Median?

Order: (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14)

Median = 8

 Example #2: (3, 17, 9, 6, 21, 13) Find the Median?

Order: (3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 21)

9+13
Median=
∑ of Middle Two Number Median=
2
2
22
Median=
2

Median=11

9
3. Mode
 Is the most common number.
 Example #1: (1, 5, 3, 5, 3, 6, 5, 7,) Find the Mode?

Order: (1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7)
Mode = 5

 Example #2: (1, 6, 6, 2, 3, 4, 4, 9, 9) Find the Mode?

Order: (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 9, 9)
Mode = 4, 6, and 9

Comparing Fraction
Two Techniques used in Comparing Fraction
1. Cross Multiplying
2. Division

1. Cross Multiplying
 Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the second fraction and the
numerator of the second fraction with the denominator of the first fraction.

Example:

1 1 4 5 28 5 28
∧4 + + +
7 7 5 7 5 35 35
1.
5
5 28 1 4
+ = <
35 35 7 5

2 2 3 20 27 20 27
∧3 + + +
9 9 10 9 10 90 90
2.
10

20 27 2 3
< = <
90 90 9 10

Note: If the Numerator is smallest number to another numerator it is “least” number and If the
Numerator is bigger than to another numerator it is greater number.

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2. Division
 Use Long Division to Convert Fraction to Decimal without Using Calculator.

Example:

0.8
4
1. 5 ⟌4 5 ⟌ 40
5
. −40
0

0.22 …
2
2. 9 ⟌2 9 ⟌ 200
9
−18
20
−18
2

0.3
3
3. 10 ⟌ 3 10 ⟌ 30
10
−30
0

2
0.14 r
1
4. 7 ⟌1 7 ⟌ 100
7
−7
30
−28
2

Least to Greater Decimal Chart

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 Positive Integers and Negative Integers
Integers
 A number that is not a fraction or a whole number
Positive Integers
 Any number that is greater than zero.
Negative Integers
 Any number that is less than zero.
Consecutive Integers
 Are those number that follows each other.

Ratio and Proportion

 Is an ordered pair of numbers A and B, written A / B. Where B does not equal 0.
Example # 1:

Given:
 Cats = 540
Dogs = 675
Solution:
Cats 540 540÷ 5 108÷ 3 36 ÷ 9 4
Dogs 675 675 ÷5 135÷ 3 45 ÷ 9 5

4
=4 :5
5

12
Example #2

Given:
 Karen: 14 Cakes in 6 Hours
Solution:

6 Hours 15 Hours 6 15
= =
14 Cakes x 14 x 6 (x)=15 (14)

6 x=210 6 x 210
=
6 6

x=35 Cakes

Standard Deviation and Variance

Standard Deviation
 Is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean.
 Formula:
s= √∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿

 Where:
x = Every Sets
x = Mean of Sets
∑ ❑= Summation
N = Number of Sets

 Example:
 Calculate the Standard Deviation of the following set of numbers: 82, 93, 98, 89 and 88.
 Solution:
 Find the Mean First:

x=
∑ of All Sets x=
82+88+89+ 93+98
5
Number of Sets
450
∑ ¿¿ x=
5
 Find the:
13

x=90
 x x (x−x ) ¿
98 90 8 64
93 90 3 9
89 90 -1 1
88 90 -2 4
82 90 -8 64
∑ ¿¿

∑ ¿¿

 Find the Standard Deviation

s= √ ∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿

Variance
s=
√ 142
5−1
s=
√ 142
4 s=5.96

 Is a measure of variability. It is calculated by taking the average of squared deviations from the
mean.
 Formula:
s =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

 Example:
 Based on Example Above. Find the Variance of the following set of numbers: 82, 93,
98, 89 and 88.
 Solution:

s =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
2 142 2 142
s= s= 2
s =35.5
5−1 4

Perimeter
Perimeter
 Is the distance around the edge of a shape.
 To find the Perimeter we need to add up all sides of a shape.
Example #1:
 Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

 Solution: 5 in

14
15 in
 P=∑ of all Sides P=5 ( 2 ) +15 (2)

P=10+ 30

P=40

Unit of Measurements (Distance)

Meter
 Is the standard unit of measuring length and the symbol is “m”.
 Formula to convert any measurements to meters:

Kilometers (km) to Meters (m) Centimeters (cm) to Meters (m)

m=km×1000 cm
m=
100

Millimeters (mm) to Meters

(m)
mm
m=
1000
Kilometer
 A metric unit of length equal to 1,000 meters. It is denoted by “km”.
 Formula to convert any measurements to kilometers:

Meters (m) to Kilometers (km) Centimeters (cm) to Kilometers (km)

m cm
km= km=
1000 100000

Millimeters (mm) to Kilometers (km)

mm
km=
1000000

Centimeter
 Is a metric unit for the measurement of length of objects and small distances. It is denoted by
“cm”.

 Formula to convert any measurements to centimeters:

15
 Kilometers (km) to Centimeters (cm) Meters (m) to Centimeters (cm)

cm=km× 100000 cm=m×100

Millimeters (mm) to Centimeters (cm) Feet (ft) to Centimeter (cm)

mm cm=ft ×30.48
cm=
10

Inches (inch) to Centimeters

(cm)
cm=inch ×2.54

Millimeters
 A metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meters.
 Formula to convert any measurements to millimeters:

Kilometers (km) to Millimeters (mm) Meters (m) to Millimeters (mm)

mm=km ×1000000 mm=m× 1000

Centimeters (cm) to Millimeters (mm) Millimeter (mm) to Inches (inch)

mm=cm ×10 mm=inch× 25.4

Feet or Foot
 Is a unit of measure the length or distance.
 Formula to convert any measurements to feet:

Inches (inch) to Feet (ft) Yards (yd) to Feet (ft)

inch ft= yd ×3
ft=
12

Centimeters (cm) to Feet (ft) Millimeters (mm) to Feet (ft)

cm mm
ft= ft=
30.48 304.8

Yards

16
  A unit of measurement equal to 3 feet’s.
 Formula to convert any measurements to yards:

Feet (ft) to Yards (yd) Inches (inch) to Yard (yd)

ft inch
yd= yd=
3 36

Centimeters (cm) to Yard (yd) Centimeters (cm) to Yard (yd)

cm mm
yd= yd=
91.44 914.4

Inches
 A unit of measurement of length equal 1/12 foot or 2.54 centimeters.
 Formula to convert any measurements to inches:

Feet (ft) to Inches (inch) Yard (yd) to Inches (inch)

inch=ft × 12 inch= yd ×36

Centimeters (cm) to Inches (inch) Millimeter (mm) to Inches (inch)

cm mm
inch= inch=
2.54 25.4

Unit of Measurement (Mass)

Grams
 A metric unit of mass equal to one thousandth of a kilogram.
 Formula to convert any measurements to grams:

Kilograms (kg) to Grams (g) Milligrams (mg) to Grams (g)

g=kg ×1000 mg
g=
1000

17
Kilograms
 A unit of mass for the metric system.
 Formula to convert any measurements to kilograms:

Grams (g) to Kilograms (kg) Milligrams (mg) to Kilograms (kg)

g mg
kg= kg=
1000 1000000

Milligrams
 A unit of mass equal to one thousandth of a gram.
 Formula to convert any measurements to milligrams:
Milligrams (mg) to Grams (g) Kilograms (kg) to Milligrams (mg)

mg=g × 1000 mg=kg ×1000000

Unit of Measurement Uses

Height Weight Distance

Feet (ft) Kilograms (kg) Feet (ft)

Inches (inch) Grams (g) Inches (inch)

Centimeters (cm) Milligrams (mg) Yard (y)

Meters (m) Pounds (p) Miles (mi)

Area and Circumference of a Circle

Parts of a Circle
1. Center 6. Secant
2. Circumference 7. Tangent
3. Diameter 8. Arc
4. Radius 9. Sector
5. Chords 10. Segment

18
1. Center
 The center point is the midpoint where
all radius intersect. It can also be
defined as the midpoint of diameter of
the circle.

2. Circumference
 Is the perimeter of a circle.

3. Diameter
 Is the length of the line through the
center that touches two points on the
edge of the circle.

4. Radius
 A straight line from the center to the
circumference of a circle.

5. Chord
 Defined as the line segment joining two
points on the circumference of the
circle.

6. Secant
 Is an extension of a chord in a circle
which is straight line segment of which
the endpoints line on the circle.
19
 7. Tangent
 Is a straight line which touches the
circle at only one point.

8. Arc
 Is defined as the part of segment of the
circumference of a circle.

9. Sector
 Is the portion of a disk enclosed by two
radius and an arc, where the smallest
area is known as the minor sector and
the larger being the major sector.

10. Segment
 Can be defined as a region bounded
by a chord and a corresponding arc
lying between the chord endpoint.

Area of a Circle
 Area of a circle is the region occupied by the circle in a two dimensional plane.
 Formula:
2
A=π r
Where:
A = Area
π = 3.14
r = Radius

20
  Example:
 Find the area of a pizza that has a radius of 15 cm.
Solution:
2
A=π r
2
A=(3.14)(15 cm)
15 cm
A=(3.14)(225 cm¿ ¿ 2)¿
2
A=706.5 c m

Circumference of a Circle
 Is the perimeter of the circle.
 Formula:

C=2 πr

 Where:
C = Circumference
π = 3.14
r = Radius

 Example:
 Find the circumference of a pizza that has a radius of 15 cm.

C=2 πr
C=2(3.14)(15 cm)
15 cm C=2(47.25 cm)
C=94.5 cm

Least Common Multiple (LCM)

 The least common multiple of two is the smallest number that is a multiple of both of them
 Example:
 Find the Least Common Multiple of 4 and 3.

21
 Solution:

4 :4 ,8 , 12 ,16 ,20 , 24
3 :3 , 6 , 9 ,12 , 15 ,18 ,21

LCM =12

 Example:
 Find the Least Common Multiple of 6 and 9.
Solution:

6 :6 , 12 ,18 ,24 ,30 , 26

9 :9 , 18 , 27 , 36 , 45 ,54

LCM =18

 Prime Factorization Techniques

 We can use this technique to find the LCM.
Prime Numbers
 Is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers.
Composite Numbers
 Is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers

22
 Yellow are Prime Numbers
Non- Yellow are Composite Numbers
 Example:
 Find the Least Common Multiple of 12, 15, and 20.

12 15 20

6 2 5 3 5 4

3 2 2 2

Write the 12 :3× 2× 2

common
15 :3 ××5 LCM =60
numbers into
one number. 20 :×2 ×2 ×5
3 ×2 ×2 ×5=60

 Example:
 Find the Least Common Multiple of 8, 10, 12 and 15.
 Solution:
8 10 12 15

4 2 5 2
4 3 5 3
2 2
2
8 :2 ×2 ×2 2
Write the
common 10 :2 ××5
numbers into LCM =120
12 :2× 2× 3
one number.
15 :×3 ×5

2 ×2 ×2 ×3 ×5=120

Greatest Common Factor (GCF)

 The greatest common factor of a set of numbers is the largest factor that all numbers share. To
find the GCF we need to use continuous division.

23
  Example:
 Find the GCF of 36, 24 and 96.

Solution:

3 ⟌ 36 , 24 , 96
Multiply All
Divisor 4 ⟌ 12 ,8 , 32
⟌3 , 2 , 8

3 × 4=12
GCF=12

 Example:
 Find the GCF of 56, 42 and 98.
Solution:
2 ⟌ 56 , 42 , 98
Multiply All
Divisor 7 ⟌ 28 , 21 , 49
⟌ 4 , 3 ,7

2 ×7=14
GCF=14

Area of Triangle
Area of Right Triangle
 Is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle.
 Formula for Area of a Right Triangle:
h
1
A= bh
2

 Where: b
b = Base
h = Height

 Example #1:
 Find the Area of a Triangle that has base of 12m and a height of 9m.

24
 Solution: 1 1
A= bh A= (12 m)(9 m)
2 2

1 2
9m A= (108 m )
2

2
12m A=54 m

 Example #2
 Find the Area of a Triangle that has hypotenuse of 15m and a height of 7m.

Solution:
2 2 2
c =a + b
Use Pythagorean
15m 2 2
15 =7 + b
2
Theorem to find the base
7m
of a Right Triangle 2 2 2
15 −7 =b
2
225−49=b
13m
√ 176= √b 2
1 1 b=13.2∨13 m
A= bh A= (13 m)(7 m)
2 2

1 2
A= (97 m )
2
2
A=48.5 m

 Example #3
 Find the Area of a Triangle that has 60° angle and 25inch hypotenuse.

Use Trigonometric adj

25in cos θ=
Function to find the base hyp
21in
of a Right Triangle
60° b
cos 60=
25
13in
b=cos 60 (25)
2 2 2 2 2 2
c =a + b 2 5 =a +1 3
2 2 2 b=12.5∨13∈¿
a =25 −13
2
a =625−169
√ a2= √ 456 25
a=21.3∨21∈¿
 1 1
A= bh A= ¿
2 2
1 2
A= (217 ¿ )
2
2
A=108.5 ¿

Area of Oblique Triangle

 Is any triangle that is not a right triangle.

 Oblique Triangle Area Formula for Case 2 (AAS):

2 2 2
A=a (sin B)¿ ¿ A=b (sin A) ¿ ¿ A=c (sin A )¿ ¿

 Oblique Triangle Area Formula for Case 3 (SAS):

1 1 1
A= bc sin A A= ac sin B A= ab sin C
2 2 2

 Oblique Triangle Area Formula for Case 4 (SSS):

1
s= (a+ b+c ) A=√ s ( s−a ) (s−b)(s−c)
2

 Example #1 (Case 2 – AAS)

 Find the Area of Triangle ABC which is A = 65° B = 70° c = 135m.

Solution:
C A+ B+C=180 C=180−( A+ B)

45° C=180−(65+70)
C=180−135

C=45
65° 70°
A B
135m 26
 2 2
A=c (sin A )¿ ¿ A=135 (sin 65)¿ ¿

2
A=10975.24 m

 Example #2 (Case 3 – SAS)

 Find the Area of Triangle ABC which is a = 85m b = 123m C = 46°.

Solution:
C 1 1
A= ab sin C A= (85)(123)sin( 46)
2 2
46°
1
123m A= (85)(123)sin( 46)
2

1
A= (7520.697613)
B 2
A 85m
2
A=3760.35 m

 Example #3 (Case 4 – SSS)

 Find the Area of Triangle ABC which is a = 25in b = 37in c = 54in
 Solution:

C 1 s−a=33
s= (a+ b+c )
2
s−b=21
1 s−c=4
37in 25in s= (25+37+ 54)
2

1
s= (116)
2
A 54in B
s=58

A=√ s ( s−a ) (s−b)(s−c) A=√ 58 (33)(21)( 4)

A=√ 160776

2
A=400.97 ¿

27
 Finding the Sides and Angles of a Triangle
Sides and Angles of Right Triangle
 Formula using to find the sides and angles of a right triangle:

Pythagorean Theorem Trigonometric Function

2
c =a + b
2 2
opp adj opp
sin θ= cos θ= tanθ=
hyp hyp adj

 Example #1:
 Complete the sides and angles of a Right Triangle with sides of a = 12 and b = 18.
Solution:

B 2 2
c =a + b
2
B=180−(C + A)
56°18’36’’
22
2
c =12 +18
2 2
B=180−(90° +33 ° 41 ' 24 ' ')
12
33°41’24’’
2
c =144 +324 B=180−123 ° 41' 24 ' '
90°
C A
√ c 2=√ 468 B=56 ° 18 ' 36 ' '
18
c=21.6∨22

opp 12
tan A= tan A=
adj 18
Reverse
tan A=0.6666666667
Tangent
A=33 ° 41' 24 ' '

Sides and Angles of Oblique Triangle

 Formula using to find the sides and angles of a right triangle:

Case 1 and Case 2: Law of Sine

a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

28
 Case 3 and Case 4: Law of Cosines

Case 3 Case 4

2 2 2 2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bc cos A b +c −a
cos A=
2 bc
2 2 2
b =a +c −2 ac cos B
2 2 2
a + c −b
2 2 2 cos B=
c =a + b −2 ab cos C 2 ac
2 2 2
a +b −c
cos C=
2 ab

 Example: Case 1 (AAS)

 Complete the sides and angles of a triangle with A = 55°, B = 64° and a = 55
Solution:
C a sin B
b= C=180 °−(A + B)
sin A
61°
C=180 °−(55° +64 °)
59 55 b=55 ¿ ¿
C=180 °−119
55° 64°
A B b=60.35∨60 C=61 °
60

a sin C 55 sin61
C= C=
sin A sin55 C=59

 Example: Case 2 (SSA)

 Complete the sides and angles of a triangle with a = 34, c = 55 and C = 78°
Solution:

C a sinC B=180 °−( A+C)

sin A=
c
78° B=180 °−(37 ° +78 °)
sin A=34 ¿ ¿
51 34
B=180 °−115 °
37° 65° sin A=0.6046730623
A B B=65 °
55
A=37 °

29
 c sin B 55 sin 65
b= b= b=50.96∨51
sin C sin78

 Example: Case 3 (SAS)

 Complete the sides and angles of a triangle with a = 68, b = 83 and C = 105°
Solution:
2 2 2
C c =(68) +(83) −2(68)(83)¿

105° √ c 2=√ 14434.54938

83 68
c=120.14∨120

33° 42°
A 120 B

b sin C a sinC
sin B= sin A=
c c

83 sin 105 68 sin 105

sin B= sin A=
120 120

sin B=0.6680986965 sin A=0.5473579682

B=42° A=33 °

 Example: Case 4 (SSS)

 Complete the sides and angles of a triangle with a = 109, b = 143 and c = 200
Solution:
C
2 2 2
b +c −a
cos A=
104° 2 bc
143 109
2 2 2
(143) +(200) −(109)
cos A=
2 ( 143 ) (200)
32° 44°
A 200 B cos A=0.8490909091

A=32°

30
 2 2 2 2 2 2
a + c −b (109) +(200) −(143)
cos B= cos B=
2 ac 2(109)(200)

cos B=0.7209174312

B=44 °

2 2 2
a +b −c (109)2 +(143)2 −(200)2
cos C= cos C=
2 ab 2 (109)(143)

cos C=−0.2460383653

C=104 °

Surface Area and Volume of Solids

1. Sphere
 A round solid figure, or its surface, with every point on its surface equidistant from its center.
Formula:
Surface Area Volume

Where:
π = 3.14
r = Radius

Example: Surface Area and Volume of Sphere

31
2. Cylinder
 A solid geometric figure with straight parallel sides and a circular or oval cross section.

r Formula: Surface Area Volume

Where:
h
π = 3.14
r = Radius
h = Height

Example: Surface and Volume of Cylinder

3. Right Circular Cone

 Is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base to a point called
the apex or vertex.

Formula: Surface Area Volume Slant Height (l)

l Where:
π = 3.14
h
r = Radius
h = Height
l = Slant
r
Height

Example: Surface and Volume of Cone

32
 4. Cuboid or Rectangular Prism
 Is a three-dimensional shape with a length, width, and a height.
 Is a hexahedron, a six-faced solid. Its faces are quadrilaterals. Cuboid means "like a cube".
l
Formula: Surface Area Volume
Where:
l = Length
h w = Width
w h = height

Example: Surface Area and Volume of Cuboid

5. Cube
 A symmetrical three-dimensional shape, either solid or hollow, contained by six equal squares.

Formula:
Surface Area Volume
Where:
a
a = Edge/Side

Example: Surface Area and Volume of Cube

6. Hemisphere
33
  A half of a Sphere.
Formula: Surface Area Volume

Where:
π = 3.14
r = Radius

Example: Surface Area and Volume of Hemisphere

Area of 2D shapes
Circle
 A round plane figure whose boundary consists of points equidistant from fixed point.
 Area Formula for Circle:
2
A=π r

 Where:
π = 3.14
r = Radius

 Example:
 Find the Area of a Circle with the Radius of 5.

2
A=π r
A=(3.14)¿
5
A=(3.14)(25)

Square A=78.5

34
  A plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles.
 Area Formula of Square:
2
A=s

 Where:
s = Sides

 Example:
 Find the Area of a Square with a Sides of 7.

2
A=s
2
7 A=(7)

A=49

Rectangle
 A plane figure with four straight sides and four right angles, which the opposite sides are equal.
 Area Formula of Rectangle:

A=l× w

 Where:
l = Length
W = Width

 Example:
 Find the Area of Rectangle that has width = 6 and length = 12.

A=l× w
6
A=6 ×12

12 A=72

Triangle
35
  A plane figure with three straight sides and three angles.
 Area Formula of Triangle:

1
A= bh
2

 Where:
b = Base
h = Height

 Example:
 Find the Area of Triangle that has height = 8 and base = 12.

1
A= bh
2

1
A= (8)(12)
2
8
1
A= (96)
2
12
A=48

Trapezoid
 A quadrilateral with only one pair of parallel sides.
 Area Formula of Trapezoid:
a+b
A= h
2

 Where:
a = Length of base 1
b = Length of base 2
h = Height

 Example:
 Find the Area of Trapezoid if the base 1 = 5, base 2 = 10 and height of 6.

5 a+b 5+10 15
A= h A= (6) A= (6)
2 2 2
6
90 A=45
A=
2
10 36