HydrophonicProject Finial Report

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi – 590018, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2015
Certified) Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout
Bengaluru-560078
(Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA))
A Project Report on
“SMART HYDROPHONIC SYSTEM AND LEAF DISEASE
DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING AND IoT”
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
Submitted by
Student Name: USN
Badri H 1DS18EI005
Tarun Jain P N 1DS18EI028
Paidala Ravindra Reddy 1DS18EI047
Praveen Jagadeesh Hiremath 1DS19EI407
Under the Guidance of
Dr. J.S. Rajashekar
HOD, Dept. of E&IE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi-590018)
2021-2022
Smart Hydrophonic System and Leap Disease Detection Using Deep Learning And IOT (2021- 2022)

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout)
Bengaluru-560078
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

(Accredited by NBA)
CERTIFICATE
2021-22
This is to Certify that the project phase -II entitled “SMART HYDROPHONIC SYSTEM AND
LEAF DISEASE DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING AND IOT” is a bonafide work
carried out by Badri H (1DS18EI005), Tarun Jain P N (1DS18EI028), Paidala Ravindra Reddy
(1DS18EI047), Praveen Jagadeesh Hiremath (1DS19EI407) in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, of DAYANANDA SAGAR
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi during the year 2021-
2022. It is certified that all the corrections/suggestions indicated for the internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project phase – II report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect to the project phase -II work prescribed for the Bachelor of
Engineering Degree.
Internal Guide Head of Department Principal

Dr. J.S. RAJASHEKAR Dr. J.S. RAJASHEKAR Dr. C P S PRAKASH
Dept. E&IE, DSCE Dept. E&IE, DSCE DSCE, Bangalore
External Viva
Name of examiners Signature with date
1
2
Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING BANGALORE-560078
2021-2022
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

(Accredited by NBA)
DECLARATION
We, Badri H (1DS18EI005), Tarun Jain P N (1DS18EI028), Paidala Ravindra Reddy (1DS18EI047),
Praveen Jagadeesh Hiremath (1DS19EI407)declare that the project phase -II entitled “ SMART
HYDROPHONIC SYSTEM AND LEAF DISEASE DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING
AND IOT” has been successfully carried out under the guidance of Dr. J.S. Rajashekar, Department of
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in partial fulfilment of
the requirement of the degree Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering of
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Belagavi. This project phase -II is not submitted by us
to any other universities or institution for the award of any other degree.
Badri H Tarun Jain P N

(1DS18EI005) (1DS18EI028)
Paidala Ravindra Reddy Praveen Jagadeesh Hiremath

(1DS18EI047) (1DS19EI407)
Place: Bangalore

Acknowledgement
The success and final outcome of this project phase –II work required the guidance and the assistance of
many people. We would like to add a few words of appreciation to the people who have been a part of this right
from its inspection. Without their support, patience and guidance, this task would not have been completed. It is
to them we owe our greatest gratitude.
We take this opportunity to express our deep regards to Dr. C.P.S PRAKASH, Principal, Dayananda
Sagar College of Engineering for providing an opportunity to do this project as a part of our curriculum in
partial fulfilment of the degree course.
We take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. J.S RAJASHEKAR Professor and
Head, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering for his cordial support and guidance.
We owe our profound gratitude to our Dr. J.S RAJASHEKAR Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering for her constant support throughout the
period of our project.
We also feel heartiest sense of obligation to all the faculty members for their timely support and their
cooperation till the completion of our project. We also extend our heartiest thanks to all the supporting staff
who directly or indirectly helped us bringing out this project satisfactorily in the specified duration.
Badri H (1DS18EI005)
Tarun Jain P N (1DS18EI028)
Paidala Ravindra Reddy (1DS18EI047)
Praveen Jagadeesh Hiremath (1DS19EI407)

Abstract
 Hydrophonic is a technique of crop cultivation without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in
water. Recent advances in computing allow the hydrophonic system to boost efficiency and
reduce man power and increasing agriculture production.
 A complete automated system should be equipped with the tools capable of identifying plant
infections in real-time.Internet of Thing, machine learning and Deep-Learning technologies
attracted the researchers apply these in agriculture to collect the data to identify the plant disease
in real time.
 Sensing nutrient solution temperature, humidity, moisture controlling and analyze growth of the
plant.This project presents an Internet of Things based deep learning algorithm for plant leaf
disease detection using image processing technique.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO.
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 2
1.4 AIM OF THE PROJECT 2
1.5 MOTIVATION 2
1.6 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT 3
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2
3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3.1 Block Diagram 2
3.1.1 IR sensor 2
3.1.2 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity sensor 3
3.1.3 PH Sensor 3
3.1.4 Camera 3
3.1.5 Relay 3
3.1.6 LCD Display 3
3.1.7 Pump 3
3

3.2 Software Requirement 1

3.3 Hardware Requirement
3.3.1 Raspberry pi 15
3.3.2 IR sensor
3.3.3 DHT11 16
3.3.4 PH Sensor 17
3.3.5 Camera 18
3.3.6 Relay
12
3.3.7 LCD Display
12
3.3.8 Pump
12
13
13
15
16
18
19
21
4
23
24
25
5 27
METHODOLOGY
6 RESULTS 28
FUTURE SCOPE 28
REFERENCES 29
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 29
PLAGIARISM REPORT 29

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO
2.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 02

2.3.1 ARDUINO MEGA 04
2.3.6, 2.3.7 MEMORY 06
2.3.10, 2.3.11 IR SENOSR 07
2.3.12 TRANSMITTER LED 08
2.3.13 PHOTODIODE LED 08
2.3.14 INFRARD SENSOR 09
2.3.15, 2.3.16 TEMPERTURE & HUMIDITY 10
2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.5 POWER SUPPLY 12
2.4.7 LDR SENSOR 14
2.4.8, 2.4.9. 2.4.10 4X4 MATRIX KEYPAD 15
2.4.11 ACCELEROMETER 17
2.4.12, 2.4.13 GPS MODULE 20
2.4.14 MAIN CIRUIT MODEL 20

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION :
Humans require air, food, water, and shelter in order to survive. Humans are dependent
upon the optimization of land area and the preservation of biodiversity. An ever increasing value for food species is
implied, and it is estimated that food production will have to be doubled in order to compensate and provide
availability to all. The word “Hydroponic” defines as any means to grow plants via a medium that does not include
the use of soil but involves nutrients Solution or inorganic nutrients.
During traditional farming many problems are faced such as manual ploughing, weeding,
pest, climate etc. Soil based agriculture introduces some soil-based crop diseases. It also requires large use of land.
All these problems are resolved in hydroponics-based farming. Hydroponics framing grows crops speedily, healthier,
with less water, in a space saving capacity with no diseases, pests or weeds. It is similar to traditional agriculture
system therefore background needed to implement this system would remain same for most of the aspects i.e. to
maintain proper nutrient level, using proper irrigation techniques, taking care of the plant etc. Other knowledge
which are essential will be regarding for creating a proper as well as reliable network with fail-safe mechanism. As
the population of India is growing rapidly which is affecting food requirement and use of land. Traditional agriculture
system requires field and proper care of the plant. This forces farmers to invest their time and resources in order to
manage their farms. Farmers spend approximately 1/4th time of a day in water supply and in addition to this there are
other tasks that also need attention may that be ploughing, removing weeds, checking for deceases and many more
which requires physical efforts by the farmers. Technology such as IoT can help and reduces requirement for land as
well as it can also reduce human efforts.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Today Indian farmers face the following challenges

1) Drought conditions and unpredictable weather
2) Rising temperatures
3) Polluted water systems
4) Lack of irrigation
5) Poor water management
6) Under-nourished or over nourished crops
Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE Page | 1
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:
 Providing accessibility to all users who have a valid userID and password.
 Generating monthly and daily reports of the market
 User can post query. They can see answers only after they have logged in.
 Communication is provided for the user through mails.
1.4 AIM OF THE PROJECT:
Demonstrates how to properly use Hydrophonics modern agriculture in urban and drought ar eas.
1. The fundamentals of IoT for beginners will help us understand.
2. It’s going to help us appreciate the different possibilities that IoT already has to explore.
3.It should help us appreciate the need for growth and development in agriculture sector.
4.It’s going to allow us to understand IoT use in hydroponic farming and how agricultural productivity is changed.
1.5 MOTIVATION:
Crop production problems are common in India which severely effect rural farmers, agriculture
sector and the country’s economy as a whole. In Crops leaf plays an important role as it gives information about
the quantity and quality of agriculture yield in advance depending upon the condition of leaf. In this project we
proposed the system which works on preprocessing, feature extraction of leaf images from plant village dataset
followed by convolution neural network for classification of disease and recommending Pesticides using Tensor
flow technology .Agriculture is one field which has a high impact on life and economic status of human beings.
Improper management leads to loss in agricultural products. Farmers lack the knowledge of disease and hence
they produce less production. Kissan call centers are available but do not offer service 24*7 and sometimes
communication too fail. Farmers are unable to explain disease properly on call need to analysis the image of
affected area of disease. Though, images and videos of crops provide better view and agro scientists can provide a
better solution to resolve the issues related to healthy crop yet it not been informed to farmers. It is required to
note that if the productivity of the crop is not healthy, it has high risk of providing good and healthy nutrition.
Due to the improvement and development in technology where devices are smart enough to recognize and detect
plant diseases. Recognizing illness can prompt faster treatment in order to lessen the negative impacts on harvest.

1.6 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT :

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Many researchers discovered that plants are able to absorb and consume essential minerals in plain
water, but researchers found that plants were able to absorb these ions directly from solutions of water rich in
these nutrients. They found that soil wasn’t even a necessary component of plant cultivation [ ].
Automation reduces the actual time it takes to maintain plant growth requirements. Plant grows in automated
system without soil, where mix of water and nutrient solution Supplies from storage tank to grow tray and
water will regularly re-circulated.
Soil is default source for nutrients supplements. Scientists found that plants able to absorb these nutrient
supplements directly from water nutrients solutions. They found that soil wasn 't even an essential for plant
growth. Normally soil work as the supplement store for the plant. The nutrient’s in the soil dissolve into the
water contained in the soil where the plants roots absorb them. When these same nutrients are provided
artificially into a plants water source, then soil is no longer need for plants growths [ ].
Research papers give basic idea to develop automated hydroponics System, Researchers Saiful Farhan M.
Samsuri, Robiah Ahmad, Mohamed Hussein, published their research paper. This research paper describes
automatic nutrient supply system on the basis of time using the timer , System provide control of fertilizer
with predefined electrical conductivity value [ ].
A literature survey in a task report speaks to the examination done to aid the culmination of an undertaking. A writing
study likewise portrays an overview of the past existing material on a subject of the report. Exploring the writing is a
basic part when composing scholarly papers that utilization look into discoveries for thoughts and focuses they attempt
to make. It is likewise a necessity for the venture report. Writing studies give brief reviews or a synopsis of the
momentum inquire about on points. The structure composed requires to be such that it appeared to be consistent. It
needs to sequentially speak to an advancement of the thoughts in the field that is being looked into. The length of a
writing overview depends much on whether the motivation behind the undertaking report is to finish a school task or
submitting for diary production.

Sl no Title Author Journal Name Year

1 Hydroponic and aquaponic Ibtissame Ezzahoui,Rachid Ait Procedia Computer 2021
Farming : Comparative Study Abdelouagid,Khaoula Taji,and Science
Based on Internet of things Abdelaziz Marzak
Iot technologies
2 Monitoring rocket (Eruca Jolan Jamal,Sadoon Azizi,Alireza Sensing and Bio- 2021
sativa)growth parameters Abdollahpouri,Nasser Sensing Research
using the internet of things Ghaderi,Behrooz,Sarabi,Arturo
under supplemental LEDs Silva-Ordaz,and Victor
lighting M.Castano-Meneses.
3 Effect of different root Rui Suo,Wenqi Wang,Yidong Journal of Agriculture 2021
lengths for retaining Ma,Longsheng Fu,and Yongjie and Food Research
freshness of hydroponic Cui.
lettuce.
4 The internet of things at the Younes Abbassi and Habib Procedia Computer 2021
service of tomorrow’s Benahmer Science
agriculture
5 Physical and mechanical Wenqi Wang,Yidong Ma, Information Processing 2020
properties of hydroponic Longsheng Fu,and Yongjie Cui in Agriculture
lettuce for automatic and Yaqoob Majeed.
harvesting

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3.1 Block diagram
FIGURE 3.1
3.1.1 IR Sensor:
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings.
An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures
only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor.

 3.1.2 DHT11–Temperature and Humidity Sensor

The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor that comes with a dedicated
NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the values of temperature and humidity
as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated and hence easy to interface with other microcontrollers.
 3.1.3 PH Sensor:
A pH meter is an instrument used to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution - also know as
pH. The pH value of a substance is directly related to the ratio of the hydrogen ion [H+] and the
hydroxyl ion [OH-] concentrations.
 3.1.4 Camera:
The Camera Module 2 can be used to take high-definition video, as well as stills photographs. It’s
easy to use for beginners, but has plenty to offer advanced users if you’re looking to expand your knowledge.
There are lots of examples online of people using it for time-lapse, slow-motion, and other video cleverness.
 3.1.5 Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of
contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
 3.1.6 LCD Display:

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and has a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data. Command register stores various commands given to the
display. Data register stores data to be displayed.
 3.1.7 Pump:
Micro DC 3-6V Micro Submersible Pump Mini water pump For Fountain Garden Mini water circulation
System DIY project. This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor which can be operated from a 3
6V power supply.

3.2 System Software:

• OS Version: Raspberrypi OS
• Develop an application algorithm using python programming for controlling the required pa- rameter
for growth of the plant.
• Use of image processing frame work for analysis of diseases in the plant leaf dataset applied by using image
processing technics.
• Application Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) algorithm for image segmentation process to classify the set
of features.
3.3 Hardware Requirement

1. Raspberry Pi(3) ,Sensors(DHT11,PIR Motion Detector,PH sensor,Camera),Relay,Pump.
Raspberry pi (3)
Figure 2: Raspberry pi 3
Raspberry Pi 3 is tiny single board computer, introduced by Raspberry Pi Foundation, that comes with CPU,
GPU, USB ports and i/o pins and capable of doing some simple functions like regular computer.

Raspberry Pi 3 Specifications
SoC: Broadcom BCM2837

CPU: 4× ARM Cortex-A53, 1.2GHz
GPU: Broadcom VideoCore IV RAM:
1GB LPDDR2 (900 MHz)
Networking: 10/100 Ethernet, 2.4GHz 802.11n wireless Bluetooth:
Bluetooth 4.1 Classic, Bluetooth Low Energy Storage: microSD
GPIO: 40-pin header, populated
Ports: HDMI, 3.5mm analogue audio-video jack, 4× USB 2.0, Ethernet, Camera Serial Interface
(CSI), Display Serial Interface (DSI)
Connectors:
Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet socket Video Output

HDMI (rev 1.3 1.4 Composite RCA (PAL and
NTSC)
Audio Output Audio Output 3.5mm jack, HDMI USB 4
x USB 2.0 Connector
GPIO Connector 40-pin 2.54 mm (100 mil) expansion header: 2x20 strip Providing
27 GPIO pins as well as +3.3 V, +5 V and GND supply lines Camera
Connector 15-pin MIPI Camera Serial Interface (CSI-2)
Display Connector Display Serial Interface (DSI) 15 way flat flex cable connector with two data lanes and
a clock lane
Memory Card Slot Push/pull Micro SDIO
Key Benefits
• Low cost
• Consistent board format
• 10x faster processing
• Added connectivity

Key Applications
• Low cost PC/tablet/laptop • IoT applications • Media centre • Robotics • Industrial/Home automation •
Server/cloud server • Print server • Security monitoring • Web camera • Gaming • Wireless access point •
Environmental sensing/monitoring (e.g. weather station)
Power Supply

16x2 Lcd Display
Winstar 16x2 Character LCD Display WH1602W is having two pinout interfaces on upper and
bottom sides of the LCD module. This 16x2 lcd display has the outline size of 80.0 x 36.0 mm and
VA size of 66.0 x 16.0 mm and the maximum thickness is 13.2 mm. WH1602W 16x2 LCD
Displays are built-in controller ST7066 or equivalent. It is optional for + 5.0 V or + 3.0 V power
supply. The LEDs can be driven by pin 1, pin 2, or pin 15 pin 16 or A/K. This type of module can
be operating at temperatures from -20℃ to +70℃; its storage temperatures range from -30℃ to +80℃.
Figure 3: 16x2 Lcd Display
There are different interface options for WH1602W series, details as below:
WH1602W : 6800 interface (ST7066 IC)
WH1602W1: 6800 interface (ST7066 IC)
WH1602W2: SPI interface (RW1063 IC)
WH1602W3: I2C interface (RW1063 IC)

lcd pin interface
Mechanical Data
Electrical Characteristics

DHT11
Figure 4: DHT11
This DFRobot DHT11 Temperature Humidity Sensor features a temperature humidity sensor complex with
a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and
temperature humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This
sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC temperature measurement
component, and connects to a high- performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast
response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness.
Technical Specifications
1. Ultra low cost.

2. 3 to 5V power and I/O.
3. 2.5mA max current use during conversion (while requesting data)
4.Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy

5. Good for 0-50°C temperature readings ±2°C accuracy
6. No more than 1 Hz sampling rate (once every second)
7.Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm

8. 4 pins with 0.1” spacing

PIR Motion Sensor
Figure 5: PIR
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors are sensitive to a person’s skin temperature through emitted blackbody
radiation at mid-infrared wavelengths, in contrast to background objects at room temperature. No energy is
emitted from the sensor, thus the name passive infrared.[1] This distinguishes it from the electric eye for
instance (not usually considered a motion detector), in which the crossing of a person or vehicle interrupts a
visible or infrared beam. These devices can detect objects, people, or animals by picking up one’s
infrared radiation.
The HC-SR501 auto-senses light in various applications (in house, basement, outdoor, warehouse, garage,
etc,) for ventilator control, alarm, etc.
1.Infrared technology (LHI778 probe design)

2.High sensitivity — high reliability
3. Ultra-low-voltage
4. Widely used especially for battery-powered products

PIR Motion Sensor Features
1. Automatic infrared detection (LHI778 probe design).

2. Output goes high when objects enter the sensing range, and automatically returns to low when object
leaves.
3. Optional photosensitive control.
4. 4.Optional temperature compensation.
5. 5.Trigger mode jumper.
6. L: Non-repeatable / delay mode: sensor goes low after the delay, regardless of the presence of the object.
7. H: Repeatable: sensor stays high as long as any object is detected during the delay time.
8.Wide operating voltage range.
9. Micro-amp power.
10. Output high signal: easy to achieve docking with the various types of circuit.
11. 11.Infrared technology (LHI778 probe design).

12. High sensitivity — high reliability.
13. Widely used especially for battery-powered products.

Ph Sensor
Figure 6: Ph sensor
A pH meter is an instrument used to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution - also know as pH.The pH
value of a substance is directly related to the ratio of the hydrogen ion [H+] and the hydroxyl ion
[OH-] concentrations.The quantitative information provided by the pH tester expresses the degree of the
activity of an acid or base in terms of hydrogen ion activity.
Technical specifications
• Measurement range : 0 -14 pH.

• Temperature during use : 0 -80 ° C .
• Response time : ¡1 minute • Accuracy of readings : up to 0.01 (with calibration).
• Interference : ¡0.5 mV.

Camera Module
The Camera Module 2 can be used to take high-definition video, as well as stills photographs. It’s easy to use
for beginners, but has plenty to offer advanced users if you’re looking to expand your knowledge. There are
lots of examples online of people using it for time-lapse, slow-motion, and other video cleverness. You can
also use the libraries we bundle with the camera to create effects. 5 megapixel native resolution sensor-
capable of 2592 x 1944 pixel static images;Supports 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p60/90 video;Camera is
supported in the latest version of Raspbian, Raspberry Pi’s preferred operating system;For raspberry pi
zero/zero W/Zero WH kindly use a different camera cable
Figure 7: Camera Module

Relay
Figure 8: Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple
control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in
multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.The traditional form
of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but relays using other operating principles
have also been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor properties for control
without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power
systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays.

Pump
Figure 9: Motor Pump
Micro DC 3-6V Micro Submersible Pump Mini water pump For Fountain Garden Mini water circulation
System DIY project. This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor which can be operated
from a 3 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 liters per hour with very low current consumption of
220mA.
1.Cable Length: 25CM.

2.Operating Voltage : 12V.
3.Operating Current : 130 220mA.
4.Flow Rate : 80 120 L/H.
5.Maximum Lift : 40110 mm.
6.Outlet Outside Diameter: 7.35 mm.
7.Outlet Inside Diameter: 4.5 mm.

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
VISUAL MOCK-UP OF THE RASPBERRY PI :

STEP 1:
Win32 Disk Imager
Fig 4.1
Fig 4.2
Open Win32 Disk Imager and select the .
Fig 4.3
Click yes on popup dialog
 After selecting the file Click yes as in the popup shown above. Once it's completed you can now plug the SD Card out
STEP 2: Creating SSH file
Fig 4.4
STEP 3: Putty Configuration
If you don't have putty, you can download it here.
Fig 4.5
 Put you IP and you don’t need to change the port, just click on SSH as shown in above Image.
click yes on dialog
Fig 4.6
 Step 4:
 Click yes as shown in the above image.
Fig 4.7
 enter default login id and password
 Once it gets connected. Type username- "pi" and pswd- "raspberry" its
default(don't panic if you don't see the password while typing
Fig 4.8
once connected you will see above screen
type command to go into the config menu

 Step 5:
 You don't need a display just download VNC vi
Fig 4.9
 Put your IP as shown in the above image
Fig 4.10
 put default ID & password
 Put your username and password once it asks and if any popup comes just press Yes and now you're good to go.
 One more thing that you don't need to do every time, it’s a one-time setup and now you can just plug and put the
IP and access your raspberry pi easily.

 Raspbian Desktop
Fig 4.11
system software ;Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian) is a Debian-based operating system for Raspberry Pi.
Since 2013, it has been officially provided by the Raspberry Pi Foundation as the primary operating system for the
Raspberry Pi family of compact single-board computers.
Raspberry Pi OS is highly optimized for the Raspberry Pi line of compact single-board computers with ARM
CPUs. It runs on every Raspberry Pi except the Pico microcontroller. Raspberry Pi OS uses a modified LXDE as
its desktop environment with the Openbox stacking window manager, along with a unique theme. The default
distribution is shipped with a copy of the algebra program Wolfram Mathematica,[9] VLC, and a lightweight
version of the Chromium web browser.

CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
The farming pre-production subsystem incorporates every single different office, which give creation material
and administration for farming. The principle errands incorporate the production and maintenance of
homestead apparatuses and other rural offices; the creation of substance items, for example, manures what's
more, pesticides, the generation of rural development materials, and advantageous materials, and the creation
of farming transportation offices, the preparing of seeds and feed; the course, transportation, data and fund
administration.
Preproduction support involves helping farmers to make right decision of crops based on crop demand. The
data obtained from the survey Agencies are updated in the server on the cloud. The User or the farmer in this
case registers himself in the system using the Andriod Application on his phone. The users fetch the data
related to crop requirement as a whole which includes the number of acres registered by other farmers and the
demand status for various crops. He then chooses the crop that has high demand in the market and registers the
same on the server. Server updates the data and sends an acknowledgement to the user.
Budget Allocation
 Raspberry pi 3 – 4500rs
 Ph sensor – 750rs
 DS18B20 – 500rs
 Relay – 500rs
 Pump Motor – 300rs
 Miscellaneous Charges – 1000rs
 Cloud access -700rs
 Power supply - 400rs
 IR Sensor -350rs

CHAPTER 6
IMPLIMENTATION
Nutrient film technique (NFT) (Fig. 13.2) involves growing plants by maintaining a coating of
nutrient solution around the roots, without the use of a substrate. When NFT first appeared, it seemed to be
an ideal growing system because it seemed to offer optimal control over the water- ing of the roots without
the expense of a substrate (Cooper, 1979; Graves, 1983). Optimization schemes were difficult to develop so
that today NFT is used only for a few specific crops. Techni- cally most crops could be grown in an NFT
system (examples amongst others: Hortiplan, 2005; Morgan, 1985; Lataster et al., 1993; Ito et al., 1994) but
widespread adoption has not occurred probably because such systems lack the ability to buffer even the
slightest interruption in water and nutrient supply and there is a considerable risk of spreading root-borne
diseases. The system consists of a trough on a slope of ; the roots of the plant lie inside the bottom of this
trough.
Nu- trient solution is continually applied at the elevated end so that the solution flows down through
the trough at exactly the rate required to keep the roots completely wet. At the bottom end of the
trough, the solution is allowed to drain. The nutrient solution layer should be as thin as possible, almost as a
film. The width of the trough varies according to the crop; troughs of 4–8 cm are sufficient for crops such
as lettuce (Lactuca sativa spp.) and chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora), while for tomato
(Lycopersicum esculentum) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), a trough of 15 cm is needed. The length
of the trough varies from 1 to 20 m. Depending on the crop and the sizes of the troughs, various types of
materials have been used: polyethylene liner, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene, and coated metal.
Ideal water flow rates have been identified to be between 3 and 8 L/m2/h for crops such as
chrysanthemums and lettuce (Benoit and Ceustermans, 1989b; Ruijs et al., 1990a,b; Benoit and
Ceustermans, 1994). Fruiting vegetables benefit from a faster flow rate. The slowest flow rate that is
adequate to keep the roots coated with water may not be adequate in an NFT system; if the flow rate is too
low, the problem is not lack of water but lack of nutrients, especially for plants whose roots are downstream
in the trough and are exposed to water from which many other plants have already extracted some nutrients.
The last plants in the row get the least nutrients, especially potassium. Sometimes a distinction is made in
flow rates needed for a young crop (2 L/m2/h) versus a mature crop (5 L/m2/h).

In an NFT system, a very shallow stream (film) of water containing all nutrients required for plant
growth circulates between the growing channels (troughs) and the nutrient reservoir (Fig. 9.1). Plant roots
are contained in the growing channels and are in contact with the nutrient solution. The growing channels
have a slope between 1ensure uniformity and ease of handling. A properly designed NFT system should
ensure adequate supply of water, nutrients, and oxygen to the plant roots. If a channel is too long, the flow
of the nutrient solution may be affected, causing localized depressions, and resulting in inadequate oxygen
supply for the roots. The key is to provide a thin “film” of nutrient solution so that oxygen is dissolved into
the solution. As the roots grow, more are exposed to the air. An NFT system is primarily used for short-
term crops with small root systems such as lettuce, herbs, and other leafy greens. The growing channel of
an NFT system can be rectangular, square, or circular in shape and can be arranged in a vertical, horizontal,
or A-frame design, as long as light distribution across the whole system is uniform for all plants.
Figure 6.1 Nutrient Film Technique

Leaf disease detection model:

Deep-learning-based plant disease detection models can diagnose plant diseases by scanning plant leaves.
The process starts from acquisition of images for making a leaf dataset. The acquired images then passed through
image pre-processing process for color transformation in which the images. Image partition into multiple
segments is done in the segmentation process. The leaf disease that is affecting the plant on screen to ascertain
whether the plant is healthy or not, along with the type of the diseases that are affecting the plant can be
identified.
Figure 6.2 : Leaf Disease detection process

IMAGE ACQUISITION
Leaf is captured through high resolution camera. Image will be in the form of RGB(Red, Green, Blue)
form. Colour Conversion Structure for the RGB image is created. Colour Space Conversion for the colour
variation is applied to the image like HIS observation model. To improve the precision of the disease
detection and classification process, device dependent colour space is required. The procedure includes
obtaining pictures from any equipment sources or from any database. This is the initial phase in the process
of image processing. The obtained image is in RGB format.
IMAGE PREPROCESSING
Image pre-processing is to remove noise in the image. Different types of filters are used to remove noise.
Cropping of the leaf image is to get the interested image region. Image smoothening is done by using
smoothening filter. Image enhancement is applied for increasing the contrast. Apply device independent colour
space transformation, that converts the colour value in the image to colour space specified in the colour
transformation structure. RGB values will be altered as brightness and contrast. The main motive to use
image pre-processing is to improve the image data. It is used to supress unwanted distortions. Pixel
brightness transformation is used to improve the contrast of the image.
FEATURE EXTRACTION
Input image is enhanced to protect information of the protenious pixels before coloured from the
background. It is used to reduce effects of illumination and distinguish between diseased and non-diseased
leaf colour, resulting colour pixels are clustered to acquire group of colours in the image. Feature extraction is
based on specified threshold value, that is computed for corresponding pixel value. The intensity will be less
than the pre computed threshold value, when pixel value of RGB is set to zero. Feature extraction gives
more accurate disease classification and significant to reduce the processing.Contrast: The measure of
intensity is returned between the pixel and neighbour over the whole image.

Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs)

Convolutional neural network is one of the deep learning algorithms which has become prevailing in
computer vision assignments. CNN consists an input layer, an output layer, and many hidden multiple
layers in between these layers shown figure 4. The process able to differentiate the various aspects and
objects present in the image. CNN can identify patterns in images to detect the objects directly from the
images using classification without any manual feature extraction.
Figure 6.3: Feature extraction model
Figure 6.4: CNN process block model

CHAPTER 7
RESULT
We can see the results of communication between peripheral device and central device, the central device
sends request to the HTTP Server (i.e. Peripheral Device). The peripheral device recognizes the request and
starts communication. In the figure below we can observe that values are sent. we can see in Blynk app
interface. The Data of all the received values is used as a final result.
Figure 7.1: Temperature and Humidity values.
Figure 7.2: Image Selection

Leaf Disease Detection and Pesticides Recomndation
Figure 7.3: Status of Leaf

Conclusion
The modern method of plant growing technology is one of the alternative solutions in the agriculture area. One
of the most important advantages of hydroponics over soil growth is the absence weeds and pests in hydroponic
growth environments. Today’s technology IoT applications extensively used for smart agriculture using sensor
network for irrigation, prediction of disastrous events, smart farming, and precision agriculture. The data analysis
concerns the application of predictive algorithms and deep learning approaches in IoT data helps productive
solution for smart agriculture. This research implements the idea of leaf disease detection and monitoring in
the hydroponic type plant growth environment conditions. This work supports potential investor to review the
benefits of internet of things (IoT) by applying into agribusiness as a startup in this industry.

References
[1] Nikkila, R., Seilonen, I., Koskinen, K. 2010. ‘‘Software Architecture for Farm Management Information
Systems in Precision Agriculture.’’Comput. Electron. Agric. 70 (2), 328-336.
[2] Alexandros Kaloxylos, J Wolfert, Tim Verwaart, Carlos Maestre Terol, Christopher Brewster, Robbert
Robbemond and Harald Sundmaker. ‘‘The Use of Future Internet Technologies in the Agriculture and
FoodSectors: Integrating the Supply Chain’’ in 6th International Conference on Information and
Communication Technologies in Agriculture, Food and Environment. pp. 51-60.
[3] D. Singh, G. Tripathi, A.J. Jara, ‘‘A survey of Internet-of Things: Future Vision, Architecture, Challenges
and Services in Internet of Things (WFIoT), 2014.
[4] Tadele Tefera, Fred Kanampiu, Hugo De Groote, Jon Hellin, Stephen Mugo, Simon Kimenju, Yoseph
Beyene, Prasanna M. Boddupalli, Bekele Shiferaw, Marianne Banziger. ‘‘The Metal Silo: An effectivegrain
storage technology for reducing post-harvest insect and pathogenlosses in maize while improving smallholder
farmers’ food security indeveloping countries’’, The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
(CIMMYT), Volume 30, Issue 3, March 2011.
[5] Grant R. Singleton. ‘‘Impacts of rodents on rice production in Asia.’’ IRRI Discussion Paper Series No.
45, 30 pp. (International Rice Research Institute: Los Banos, Philippines.)
[6] Fan TongKe., ‘‘Smart Agriculture Based on Cloud Computing and IOT’’, Journal of Convergence
Information Technology(JCIT) Volume8, Number 2, Jan 2013.
[7] Rafiullah Khan, Sarmad Ullah Khan, R. Zaheer, S. Khan, ‘‘Future Internet: The Internet of Things
Architecture, Possible Applications and Key Challenges, in 10th International Conference on Frontiers
ofInformation Technology (FIT 2012), 2012, pp. 257-260.


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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Internal Guide Head of Department Principal

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Badri H Tarun Jain P N

Paidala Ravindra Reddy Praveen Jagadeesh Hiremath

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

3.2 Software Requirement 1

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

2.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 02

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Today Indian farmers face the following challenges

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:

1.4 AIM OF THE PROJECT:

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE Page | 2

1.6 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT :

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Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE Page | 4

Sl no Title Author Journal Name Year

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3.1 Block diagram

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 3.1.2 DHT11–Temperature and Humidity Sensor

 3.1.6 LCD Display:

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3.2 System Software:

3.3 Hardware Requirement

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SoC: Broadcom BCM2837

Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet socket Video Output

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE Page | 10

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE Page | 11

16x2 Lcd Display

Figure 3: 16x2 Lcd Display

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lcd pin interface

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1. Ultra low cost.

4.Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy

7.Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm

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PIR Motion Sensor

1.Infrared technology (LHI778 probe design)

Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, DSCE Page | 15

PIR Motion Sensor Features

1. Automatic infrared detection (LHI778 probe design).

11. 11.Infrared technology (LHI778 probe design).

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• Measurement range : 0 -14 pH.

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Figure 7: Camera Module

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Figure 9: Motor Pump