Grade 8 Science Remote Learning Matter

8.P.1.1
Classify matter as elements, compounds, or mixtures based on how
the atoms are packed together in arrangements.

Day 20 Use the A to Z Mixing Matter Book as your Resource text for the
lessons that follow. Quiz Passage

Day 21 An Atom Apart Reading Passage and Questions that follow.

Day 22 Complete the Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Worksheet.

8.P.1.2 Explain how the physical properties of elements and their

reactivity have been used to produce the current model of the Periodic
Table of elements.

Day 23 The Periodic Table and Elements. Read the Text Tuesday Passage
and answer the questions that fellow.
Day 24 Use the Periodic Table to complete the Who Am I? Handout

8.P.1.3 Compare physical changes such as size, shape and state to

chemical changes that are the result of a chemical reaction to include
changes in temperature, color, formation of a gas or precipitate.

Day 25 Ways Matter Can Change Worksheet

Day 26 Physical Properties & Changes Worksheet

 Grade 8 Science Remote Learning Matter

8.P.1.4 Explain how the idea of atoms and a balanced chemical

equation support the law of conservation of mass.

Day 27 The Law of Conservation of Mass Text Tuesday Reading

Passage
Day 28 Read the Conservation of Mass Flex Book as a background to
complete balancing equations.
Introduction to Balancing Equations
Mixing Matter
A Science A–Z Physical Series

Mixing
Word Count: 1,794

Matter

Written by Lance Campbell

Visit www.sciencea-z.com www.sciencea-z.com

 KEY ELEMENTS USED IN THIS BOOK
The Big Idea: Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms. These atoms

Mixing Matter combine to form molecules. Atoms and molecules can combine with other
atoms and molecules in many ways to form many different types of things.
It is important to understand how materials change when combined. Some
materials retain their own properties, while other materials form something
new. Throughout our day, we see, use, and even consume combinations
of materials. It is useful to understand how materials will react when
combined. This knowledge can even keep us safe.

Key words: atom, chemical, chemical change, chemical reaction, concentrated,

density, electron, element, gas, liquid, magnetism, mass, material, matter, mix,
mixture, molecule, neutron, nucleus, physical change, property, proton, saturated,
solid, solution, states of matter, substance, suspension, symbol, volume, weight
Key comprehension skill: Compare and contrast
Other suitable comprehension skills: Cause and effect; classify information;
main idea and details; identify facts; elements of a genre; interpret graphs, charts,
and diagrams
Key reading strategy: Visualize
Other suitable reading strategies: Ask and answer questions; summarize; connect
to prior knowledge; using a table of contents and headings; using a glossary and
boldfaced terms

Photo Credits:
Front cover: © Somos/Veer/Getty Images; back cover: © pbnj productions/Brand X Pictures/Getty
Images; title page: © iStock.com/Jim Jurica; page 3: © iStock.com/Amanda Rohde; page 4:
© iStock.com/Kristian Sekulic; page 5: © iStock.com/Milos Luzanin; page 6 (top left): © iStock.
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Wolfgang Amr; page 6 (bottom left): © iStock.com/Oleg Fokin; page 6 (bottom right): © iStock.com/
Patrick Hood; page 7 (left): © iStock.com/Freeze Frame Studio, Inc.; page 7 (top right): © The Natural
History Museum, London/Science Source; page 9 (top main): © iStock.com/Lance Bellers; page 9
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(bottom right all): © iStock.com/Alina Ivanova; page 10: © iqoncept/123RF; page 11:
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Nguyen/123RF; page 13 (bottom): © iStock.com/Tracy Tucker; page 14 (top): © iStock.com/Mikhail
Kokhanchikov; page 14 (center left): © iStock.com/Brian Brew; page 14 (center right): © iStock.com/
Sascha Burkard; page 14 (bottom): © iStock.com/Denis Larkin; page 15 (top): © iStock.com/Diane
Diederich; page 15 (bottom main): © iStock.com/Luca di Filippo; page 15 (bottom inset): © iStock.
com/Juanmonino; pages 16, 20 (bottom): Craig Frederick/© Learning A-Z; page 17 (left): © iStock.
com/Brian McEntire; page 17 (right): © iStock.com/Robyn Mackenzie; page 18 (top): © iStock.com/
Brasil2; page 18 (top center): © Irina Tischenko/123RF; page 18 (bottom center): © iStock.com/
Robyn Mackenzie; page 18 (bottom): © Paweł Szpytma/Dreamstime.com; page 20 (top left):
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Written by Lance Campbell Illustration Credits:

Pages 5 (right), 7 (bottom right), 8: Kathleen Atler/Learning A-Z

Reading Levels
Learning A–Z U
Lexile 890L
www.sciencea-z.com Mixing Matter
© Learning A–Z Correlations
Written by Lance Campbell
All rights reserved. Fountas and Pinnell* Q
www.sciencea-z.com *Correlated independent reading level
 Table of Contents

Introduction............................................................... 4

Elements..................................................................... 5
Atoms.......................................................................... 7
Combining Matter................................................... 10
Changing Matter..................................................... 12
Mixing Matter.......................................................... 16
Mixing Solids and Liquids..................................... 17
Mixing Liquids........................................................ 21
Conclusion............................................................... 22
Glossary.................................................................... 23
Index......................................................................... 24
3 4
Introduction
Look at the things around you. You probably
see things with many different properties. You
may see books, a chair, and some water. All these
things are types of matter. A balloon and the air
you blow into it are types of matter. Everything in
the universe that takes up space and has weight is
made of matter. But what exactly is matter? And
what makes the many kinds of matter different?
How can matter be mixed to create new things?
This book explores these and other questions to
help you better understand what matter is and
how it can change.
 Elements

All matter is made of simple substances called

elements. An element is a substance that cannot
be broken down into a simpler substance. There
are about 120 known elements on Earth. 2 6 8

Substances can be made of a single element.

Pure iron, gold, and silver are each made of a
He
Helium
4
C
Carbon
12.01
O
Oxygen
16
single element. They cannot be made into simpler
The number above the symbol shows how many protons are
substances. But most substances we know of are in an atom of that element. The bottom number is the average
a combination of two or more elements. Sugar is mass of a single atom of that element.

a substance made of three elements, while salt is

Each element can be identified using a symbol.
a substance made of two elements. This means
Many symbols are the first one or two letters of
that both sugar and salt can be broken down
the element’s name. For example, helium is “He,”
into the simpler elements they are made of.
carbon is “C,” and oxygen is “O.” The images above
Hydrogen show some common elements and their symbols.
1 electron

Carbon Some symbols for elements come from Latin.

1 proton
0 neutrons Fe is the symbol for the element iron.
6 electrons Fe is short for ferrum, the Latin
word for iron. Au is the symbol for
Oxygen the element gold. Au is short for
6 protons
6 neutrons aurum, the Latin word for gold.
8 electrons

8 protons
8 neutrons

Sugar is made of hydrogen,

iron ore gold
carbon, and oxygen.

5 6
 Atoms
Imagine that you had the power to look deep
inside any substance or material. If you had
this power, you would see that all matter, and
therefore all elements, are made of tiny, invisible
particles called atoms. Different elements are
made of different atoms.
Atoms are the smallest part of an element. If
you could look into a gold coin, you would see
that it is made of millions of gold atoms. If you
could see inside a balloon filled with helium,
you would see that the helium gas is made of
millions of helium atoms.
A gold coin is made of millions
of gold atoms packed together. GOLD ATOM
7 8
Let’s further imagine that you had super
powers that let you see inside an atom. You would
see that atoms are made of even smaller particles.
The structure of an atom is in some ways like the
structure of the solar system. In the solar system,
planets orbit, or go around, the Sun. In an atom,
tiny particles called electrons orbit the nucleus,
or center of the atom. The nucleus of an atom is
like the Sun around which planets revolve. The
nucleus is made of two kinds of particles—protons
and neutrons. All atoms of the same element have
the same number of protons and electrons.
As tiny as atoms are, they have mass. Most of
the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. So the more
protons and neutrons an atom has, the more mass
it has. A helium atom has 2 protons and 2 neutrons
in its nucleus. This makes helium the second-
lightest element. (The lightest is hydrogen.)
Lead, on the other hand, has 82 protons and
125 neutrons, so it is much heavier than helium.
HELIUM ATOM LEAD ATOM
82 electrons
2 electrons
nucleus:
2 protons nucleus:
2 neutrons 82 protons
125 neutrons
 The more atoms you have in a sample of an Combining Matter
element, the more it will weigh. For example,
You just learned that there are about 120
an iron skillet weighs less than an iron bridge
elements and that each is made of a unique kind
because there are billions and billions more
of atom. But how can just 120 or so elements make
atoms in the bridge than in the skillet.
up the millions of materials and substances found
on Earth? They can because atoms combine.

Sometimes when atoms get close together and

conditions are right, they start to share electrons.
Atoms that share electrons form a bond. When
atoms form or break a bond, they produce a
chemical reaction. The result of atoms forming
bonds is a new and bigger particle called a
molecule.

Molecules can be a combination of just two

The first iron bridge (above)
atoms or many more, and those atoms can be
was built in Shropshire, of the same element or different elements. For
England, in 1779.
example, a molecule of water has 3 atoms,
while a molecule of table sugar has 45 atoms.
Even though molecules can be made of dozens
of atoms, they are still too tiny to see.

A WATER MOLECULE hydrogen

In ancient Greece, people thought that matter atom
was made of just four elements: earth, air, A water molecule
fire, and water. People believed this idea for has one oxygen
thousands of years. It was not until the 1600s atom and two
hydrogen hydrogen atoms.
that people began to realize that there are many atom The hydrogen
elements. None of those elements are earth, air, atoms share their
fire, or water. electrons with the
oxygen atom.
oxygen atom
9 10
 When two or more different elements join,
they make a compound. Each compound has
its own properties. Salt has properties that are
different from sugar because it has a different
kind of molecule. A molecule is the smallest
particle of a compound.
Compounds also have properties that are
different from the elements that make them
up. Water is a compound as well as a molecule.
Oxygen and hydrogen are commonly found
in the form of gases. But when they combine
chemically, they form liquid water.
Molecules and compounds, like atoms
and elements, are identified using letters
and numbers. The letters show the elements
that make up the compound, and the numbers
represent the number of atoms of each element
in a molecule of the compound. Common
table sugar, for example, has 12 carbon atoms,
22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms.
Therefore, its formula is C12H22O11.
Rock candy is simply
colored table sugar
with large crystals.
11
Changing Matter
When substances are combined, they can
simply mix together without bonding to make
a new compound. If the substances do not form
a totally new substance, any change you observe
is called a physical change. But when a new
substance forms from the mixing of two or more
different substances, the change in substances
is a chemical change.
If matter changes from one state to another,
such as liquid water changing to solid ice, it is
a type of physical change. Evaporation, which
changes liquid water into water vapor, is also a
physical change. In each case, whether a solid,
liquid, or gas, it is still water. Breaking glass into
many pieces is another type of physical change.
In each of these examples, no new substance
is formed.
Glass breaking is
a physical change.
12
Iron oxide, or rust, is There are five main ways to tell whether
used in paint, ink, rubber,
plastic, ceramic, brick, a chemical change is happening:
paper, glues, and many
other products. 1. The substance or mix
of substances changes color.
Apples turn brown due to a
chemical reaction with the air.

2. 
Energy gets absorbed or
When sugar is mixed with water, a physical released. Many fireworks
change occurs, and you get sugar water. The make light, heat, and
sugar and water did not change to make a totally sound when they burn.
new substance with different properties. The
substance is still water—it just tastes sugary. But
when oxygen in the air combines with iron, a new
substance, called rust or ferric oxide, forms. 3. The substance changes
Rust is not at all like oxygen odor. Food smells bad
or iron. It is an entirely new when it spoils because
substance with its of chemical changes.
own properties.
The formation
of rust is a
chemical change.
4. The substance or mix
of substances produces
gases or solids. If you drop an
Unpainted iron rusts
antacid tablet into water, it will
more quickly than painted iron. create gas bubbles in the water.
13 14
 5. The change is not easy
to undo. If you bake
a cake, it would be very
difficult to separate out its
ingredients again because
they’ve undergone
chemical changes.
When you bake a cake, you might smell the
cake baking and see the batter rise and turn brown.
When the cake is done and sliced, you might see
a spongy texture created by the gas bubbles that
formed in the batter.
Mixing Matter
Now let’s take a closer look at the physical
changes that occur when matter is mixed
together. Different states of matter can be mixed
together without resulting in a chemical change.
You can mix solids with solids, solids with
liquids, liquids with liquids, gases with gases,
and liquids with gases. Remember, these are
the changes that happen when elements or
compounds simply mix together without
forming new compounds that have new and
different properties. These combinations
of substances are called mixtures.

Sometimes it is easy to see the different

materials in a mixture. At other times, different
substances mix so well that it is hard to see the
different parts that were mixed together. For
example, if you mix
sand with water in
a jar and shake it up,
you just get cloudy-
looking water. If you
let the jar sit for a
Cake batter is a simple short time, the sand
mixture. But once it is will easily separate
baked, chemical changes
happen. and settle to the
bottom of the jar.

15 16
 Mixing Solids and Liquids COMMON MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS, AND SUSPENSIONS

If you mix sugar or salt with water and shake Mixture,

Substance States of Matter Solution, or
it up, the salt or sugar dissolves and will not settle Suspension
to the bottom if you let it sit. This kind of mixture salt water solid and liquid solution
is called a solution.

Adding different amounts of a solid to a liquid

can make different strengths of solutions. For
example, to make a stronger cup of hot chocolate,
you can just add more chocolate powder. We say
soda pop liquid and gas solution
that the hot chocolate is more concentrated when
it has more chocolate powder.

tossed salad solids mixture

However, there is a limit to the amount of solid

you can add to a liquid when making a solution. gelatin solid and liquid suspension
For example, if you add too much salt to water
and shake it up, some of the salt will not dissolve
and will just settle to the bottom. If a liquid
solution cannot hold any more solid, it is called
saturated. You can add more salt to a saturated
solution of salt water by heating the solution.
17 18
 There are many ways to distinguish the
different substances in a mixture. One way
is to look at their physical properties, such Cream is a special kind of
as volume, weight, density, and magnetism. suspension. Pieces of proteins
and fat are suspended in
water. If you shake the cream
SOME PROPERTIES OF MATTER long enough, the fat droplets
Property Definition Discussion collect into a
lumpy solid
Solids, liquids, and called butter!
a measure gases all take up space.
of how It is impossible for one
Volume
much space grain of sand to occupy
something fills the same space as
another grain of sand.
Another mixture of solids and liquids is called
a suspension. In a suspension, the pieces of solid
a measure material are so tiny and light that they do not
All matter has weight.
of how
Weight
much mass
Even a gas such as air immediately settle out. You cannot see the solid
has weight.
something has particles. This is a physical change because the
solid materials do not change chemically.

Almost all rocks are If you put a spoonful of dirt into a glass of
a measure
denser than water, so water, the tiniest particles form a suspension.
of how heavy
they sink when dropped
something is
Density
compared to
into water. Most wood You do not see dirt. You
is less dense than
the volume it
water, so it floats do not see clear water.
takes up
in water. You see brown water.
If it is not disturbed,
Some matter, such the tiny particles of dirt
as iron, is easily
the ability to
magnetized. Other eventually settle to the
Magnetism be attracted
types of matter, such bottom of the glass due
by a magnet
as aluminum, wood,
and paper, are not. to the force of gravity.

19 20
 Mixing Liquids Conclusion

Liquids can mix Everything we see, touch, and smell is matter,

in different ways, too.
Sometimes when you mix
two liquids together, they stay
separate. It is easy to see the
separate liquids. If you mix
oil and water, the oil floats
on top of the water.
and all matter is made from a small group of
elements. These elements combine in many ways,
both chemically and physically, to make all the
wonderful things you see around you. Without
elements and the many combinations they make,
our world could not exist.

But in other liquid

mixtures, the liquids do not
stay separate. If you mix
food coloring and water, the
two liquids blend completely.
It is difficult to separate them.

21 22
 Glossary
atoms the smallest parts of an element
(p. 7)
bond a connection between atoms
that are joined together to
form a molecule (p. 10)
chemical change a change in the chemical makeup
of a substance (p. 12)
chemical reaction a process in which one substance
is changed to another (p. 10)
compound a combination of two or more
elements (p. 11)
concentrated how much of a substance is
present in a solution (p. 17)
electrons particles that are part of an
atom and that orbit the nucleus;
they have a negative electrical
charge (p. 8)
elements substances that cannot be
broken down into simpler
substances (p. 5)
formula numbers and letters that describe
how many atoms of each element
are included in one molecule or
compound (p. 11)
mass the measure of the amount
of matter in an object (p. 8)
matter anything that takes up space
and has weight (p. 4)
mixtures combinations of substances
in which chemical reactions
do not occur (p. 16)
23
molecule the smallest part of a substance
that can exist by itself, made of
two or more atoms (p. 10)
neutrons particles in the nucleus of an
atom that have no electrical
charge (p. 8)
nucleus the positively charged central
region of an atom, consisting
of protons and neutrons, and
containing most of the atom’s
mass (p. 8)
physical change a change in the size, shape, or
color of a substance that does
not change it into a different
substance (p. 12)
protons tiny particles that are part of the
nucleus of an atom; they have a
positive electrical charge (p. 8)
saturated being at the point at which no
more of a liquid, solid, or gas
can be absorbed by a solution
at a given temperature (p. 17)
solution a mixture in which the atoms
of a solid separate and become
invisible in a liquid (p. 17)
suspension a mixture of a liquid and a solid
in which the solid does not
dissolve (p. 20)
Index
chemical formula, 11 signs of chemical
chemical symbol, 6 change, 14, 15
rust, 13 states of matter, 12, 16, 18
24
Name: __________________________________

An Atom Apart
by Leslie Cargile

Have you ever walked through a cloud of gnats on a

hot summer, only to have them follow you? No matter
how you swat at them, or even if you run, they won’t
leave you alone. If so, then you have something in
common with an atom.

Atoms are the building blocks of molecules, which

when combined, make up everything. From the
smallest one-celled amoeba, to every person who has
ever lived, to the largest and brightest stars in the sky,
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom.
atoms are everywhere. A cloud of electrons orbits the nucleus.

Even way back in the time of ancient Greece, they

wondered about atoms. That’s where the word The negatively charged electrons are bound to the

comes from, ancient Greece. The word A’tomos, nucleus, and zap around it in a cloud. Do you

when translated into English, means: something that remember the cloud of gnats? The gnats would be

cannot be divided any further. So what’s an atom the electrons zipping around you, the nucleus.

look like? Up until very recently no one could say one

way or another. There are different ways atoms are classified. They can
be classified into elements, like oxygen, carbon, or
Technically we can’t see individual atoms, since there
hydrogen. All of the elements known to man so far
are no microscopes powerful enough. Since
can be found on the periodic table. The number of
technology improves all the time, it may not be long
protons an atom has decides the chemical element.
before we can actually see a whole atom through a
The number of electrons defines the atom's chemical
special microscope. Even though scientists cannot
properties, like its melting temperature and boiling
see atoms with microscopes, they have developed
point.
ways to detect them and learn about them.

Atoms are made up of three basic parts; protons, The study of atoms and tiny particles that are even

neutrons, and electrons. There is a core, or nucleus, smaller is called quantum mechanics. Scientists still

and an electron cloud. The nucleus is made up of have much to learn about atoms. Maybe you will

positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. The enter the study of quantum mechanics and find a

nucleus is held closely together by electromagnetic brand new element. Maybe they’ll even name it after

force. you!

Super Teacher Worksheets - www.superteacherworksheets.com

Name: __________________________________

An Atom Apart
by Leslie Cargile

1. What are atoms?

a. tiny particles that make up all matter
b. tiny particles that can only be seen with a microscope
c. tiny particles that look like gnats
d. particles that are so large they cannot be seen

2. What does the word A'tomos mean in ancient Greece?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Complete the graphic organizer.

4. What is quantum mechanics?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

5. If you wanted to find the chemical element of an atom, you would need to...
a. know how many electrons it has b. know how many protons it has
c. know its melting temperature d. see it with a microscope

6. The author begins this article by comparing a cloud of gnats to an atom. In this scenario,
what do the gnats represent? What does the person walking through the gnats represent?
_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Something to Think About: If you discovered a new element that was added to the periodic table,
what would you name it?

Super Teacher Worksheets - www.superteacherworksheets.com

Name: __________________________________

An Atom Apart
Vocabulary Crossword

Across Down
1. positively charged parts of an atom 2. protons and neutrons are found in this part of an
atom
6. negatively charged parts of an atom
3. type of force that holds the nucleus of an atom
7. atoms are the building blocks for... together

8. the number of electrons in atoms determine an 4. area of science that studies tiny particles like atoms
element's ___ properties
5. the word a'tomos comes from this language
9. neutrally charged parts of an atom

10. a chart which lists all of the known elements

Super Teacher Worksheets - www.superteacherworksheets.com

Name ______________________________ Date_____________ Block _______ Enrichment 1

Elements, Compounds & Mixtures Worksheet

Part 1: Read the following information on elements, compounds and mixtures. CIRCLE or
FILL IN the correct term for each blank where necessary.

Elements:
• A pure substance containing only one kind of ____________.
• An element is always uniform all the way through (homogeneous).
• An element can / cannot be separated into simpler materials (except during
nuclear reactions).
• Over 100 existing elements are listed and classified on the ____________________.

Compounds:
• A pure substance containing two or more kinds of _______________.
• The atoms are chemically/physically combined in some way. Often times (but not
always) they come together to form groups of atoms called molecules.
• A compound is always homogeneous (uniform).
• Compounds can / cannot be separated by physical means. Separating a
compound requires a chemical reaction.
• The properties of a compound are usually different than the properties of the
elements it contains.

Mixtures:
• Two or more ________________ or _________________ NOT chemically combined.
• No reaction between substances.
• Mixtures can be uniform (called ________________________) and are known as
solutions.
• Mixtures can also be non-uniform (called ________________________).
• Mixtures can be separated into their components by chemical or physical means.
• The properties of a mixture are similar to the properties of its components.

Part 2: Classify each of the following as elements (E), compounds (C) or Mixtures (M).
Write the letter X if it is none of these.

___Diamond (C) ___Sugar (C6H12O6) ___Milk ___Iron (Fe)

___Air ___Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) ___Gasoline ___Electricity
___Krypton (K) ___Bismuth (Bi) ___Uranium (U) ___Popcorn
___Water (H2O) ___Alcohol (CH3OH) ___Pail of Garbage ___A dog
___Ammonia (NH3) ___Salt (NaCl) ___Energy ___Gold (Au)
___Wood ___Bronze ___Ink ___Pizza
___Dry Ice (CO2) ___Baking Soda (NaHCO3) ___Titanium (Ti) ___Concrete

Modified from: http://pdfsdb.com/doc/elements-compounds-amp-mixtures-worksheet-43799787.html#

Name ______________________________ Date_____________ Block _______ Enrichment 1

Part 3: Match each diagram with its correct description. Diagrams will be used once.

A B C D E

___1. Pure Element – only one type of atom present.

___2. Mixture of two elements – two types of uncombined atoms present.

___3. Pure compound – only one type of compound present.

___4. Mixture of two compounds – two types of compounds present.

___5. Mixture of a compound and an element.

Part 4 GO THE EXTRA MILE - Try as many as these as you can. If you cannot figure it out,
don’t worry, we will cover it in class.
Column A lists a substance. In Column B, list whether the substance is an element (E), a
compound (C), a Heterogeneous Mixture (HM), or a Solution (S). (Remember a solution is
a homogeneous mixture.) In Column C, list TWO physical properties of the substance.

Column A Column B Column C

1. Summer Sausage
2. Steam
3. Salt Water
4. Pencil lead (Pb)
5. Dirt
6. Pepsi
7. Silver (Ag)
8. Toothpaste (Na2HPO4)
9. A burrito
10. Italian Dressing
11. Chicken Soup
12. Lemonade
Name Date Block Phys. & Chem. Changes HW
Directions: Use the word bank below to complete the “Ways Matter Can Change” table
Word Bank (words may be used more than once):

solid liquid gas heat flames irreversible chemically hot

Ways Matter Can Change

Physically
Adding Energy Adding heat to the matter, making it _____________

Melting The process of a __________ changing to a ______________.

Evaporating The process of a liquid changing into a vapor or _____________
Removing Energy Removing ___________ from the matter, making it colder.
Condensing The process of __________ changing to liquid. (The process by which
water vapor changes into water droplets and clouds)
Freezing The conversion of a _____________ to a _______________.
Chemically
Burning ___________ and intense heat leave behind ashes
Cooking The _______________ change takes place from one substance to another.
Reactions 2 or more elements ________________ reacting to form a new substance.

Name Date Block Phys. & Chem. Changes HW

Directions: Use the word bank below to complete the “Ways Matter Can Change” table
Word Bank (words may be used more than once):

solid liquid gas heat flames irreversible chemically hot

Ways Matter Can Change

Physically
Adding Energy Adding heat to the matter, making it _____________

Melting The process of a __________ changing to a ______________.

Evaporating The process of a liquid changing into a vapor or _____________
Removing Energy Removing ___________ from the matter, making it colder.
Condensing The process of __________ changing to liquid. (The process by which
water vapor changes into water droplets and clouds)
Freezing The conversion of a _____________ to a _______________.
Chemically
Burning ___________ and intense heat leave behind ashes
Cooking The _______________ change takes place from one substance to another.
Reactions 2 or more elements ________________ reacting to form a new substance.
Name ______________________________________Date _________________________ Block # ________

Physical Properties & Changes

Part 1 – Matching
1. Physical property a. how easily a substance dissolves in another substance
2. Solubility b. an objects attraction to another object (magnetic, electric)
3. Density c. an observable characteristic without modifying the object.
4. Physical change d. a change in state (solid, liquid, gas) of an object
5. Polarity e. how tightly of loosely atoms are packed in a substance.

Part 2 – Ways matter physically changes

(http://chemistry.about.com/od/matter/a/10-Physical-Change-Examples.htm)

Physical changes involve states of matter and energy. A state of matter can be a solid, a liquid or a gas. No new
substance is created during a physical change, although the matter takes a different form. The size, shape, and
color of matter may change. Also, physical changes occur when substances are mixed, but don't chemically react.
One way to identify a physical change is that such a changes may be reversible, especially phase changes. For
example, if you freeze an ice cube (solid), you can melt it into water again (liquid). This is a list of 10 examples of
physical changes.
1. crushing a can 2. melting an ice cube 3. boiling water 4. mixing sand and water
5. breaking a glass 6. dissolving sugar and water 7. shredding paper 8. chopping wood
9. mixing red and green marbles 10. sublimating dry ice

1. List 5 actions to physically change matter: _______________________________________________

2. True or False: Physical changes may be reversible. Circle: True False
3. True or False: A new substance is created during a physical change. Circle: True False
4. Think of 1 example (other than ice cube to water and back) that can be classified as a physical change.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Part 3 – Sentence completion

1. We tested the _________________ of sugar by observing if it could dissolve in water after 5 minutes.
2. Color, size, shape, smell and texture are all examples of ___________________________________.
3. Depending on an objects’ ________________________ that object will sink or float in water.
4. We witnessed _______________________ when the magnet attracted iron filings in our mixture lab.
5. An object undergoes a ____________________ when it is melted, burnt, mixed, crushed, boiled, etc.
Name ______________________________________Date _________________________ Block # ________

Physical Properties & Changes

Part 1 – Matching
1. Physical property a. how easily a substance dissolves in another substance
2. Solubility b. an objects attraction to another object (magnetic, electric)
3. Density c. an observable characteristic without modifying the object.
4. Physical change d. a change in state (solid, liquid, gas) of an object
5. Polarity e. how tightly of loosely atoms are packed in a substance.

Part 2 – Ways matter physically changes

(http://chemistry.about.com/od/matter/a/10-Physical-Change-Examples.htm)

Physical changes involve states of matter and energy. A state of matter can be a solid, a liquid or a gas. No new
substance is created during a physical change, although the matter takes a different form. The size, shape, and
color of matter may change. Also, physical changes occur when substances are mixed, but don't chemically react.
One way to identify a physical change is that such a changes may be reversible, especially phase changes. For
example, if you freeze an ice cube (solid), you can melt it into water again (liquid). This is a list of 10 examples of
physical changes.
2. crushing a can 2. melting an ice cube 3. boiling water 4. mixing sand and water
6. breaking a glass 6. dissolving sugar and water 7. shredding paper 8. chopping wood
10. mixing red and green marbles 10. sublimating dry ice

1. List 5 actions to physically change matter: _______________________________________________

2. True or False: Physical changes may be reversible. Circle: True False
3. True or False: A new substance is created during a physical change. Circle: True False
4. Think of 1 example (other than ice cube to water and back) that can be classified as a physical change.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Part 3 – Sentence completion

1. We tested the _________________ of sugar by observing if it could dissolve in water after 5 minutes.
2. Color, size, shape, smell and texture are all examples of ___________________________________.
3. Depending on an objects’ ________________________ that object will sink or float in water.
4. We witnessed _______________________ when the magnet attracted iron filings in our mixture lab.
5. An object undergoes a ____________________ when it is melted, burnt, mixed, crushed, boiled, etc.
 Part 4 – Real Life Application
Object Physical Properties 1 way you could physically change it?
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Part 5 – Crossword Puzzle

 Part 4 – Real Life Application
Object Physical Properties 1 way you could physically change it?
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Part 5 – Crossword Puzzle

 Text Tuesday
The Periodic Table and Elements
The Periodic Table is a way of listing the elements. Elements are listed in the table by the structure of
their atoms. This includes how many protons they have as well as how many electrons they have in
their outer shell. From left to right and top to bottom, the elements are listed in the order of their atomic
number, which is the number of protons in each atom. The periodic table arranges the chemical
elements into a pattern so that you can predict the properties of elements based on where they are
located on the table. Rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element signifies
the highest unexcited energy level for an electron in that element. The number of elements in a period
increases as you move down the periodic table because there are more sublevels per level as the
energy level of the atom increases.

Columns of elements help define element groups. Elements within a group share several common
properties.

Why is it called the Periodic Table?

It is called "periodic" because elements are lined up in cycles or periods. From left to right elements are lined up
in rows based on their atomic number (the number of protons in their nucleus). Some columns are skipped in
order for elements with the same number of valence electrons to line up on the same columns. When they are
lined up this way, elements in the columns have similar properties. Each horizontal row in the table is a period.
There are seven (or eight) total periods. The first one is short and only has two elements, hydrogen and helium.
The sixth period has 32 elements. In each period the left most element has 1 electron in its outer shell and the
right most element has a full shell.

Groups

Groups are the columns of the periodic table. There are 18 columns or groups and different groups have
different properties. One example of a group is the noble or inert gases. These elements all line up in the
eighteenth or last column of the periodic table. They all have a full outer shell of electrons, making them very
stable (they tend not to react with other elements). Another example is the alkali metals which all align on the
left-most column. They are all very similar in that they have only 1 electron in their outer shell and are very
reactive. This lining-up and grouping of similar elements helps chemists when working with elements. They can
understand and predict how an element might react or behave in a certain situation.

Element Abbreviations

Each element has its own name and abbreviation in the periodic table. Some of the abbreviations are easy to
remember, like H for hydrogen. Some are a bit harder like Fe for iron or Au for gold. For gold the "Au" comes
from the Latin word for gold "aurum".

YOUR ASSIGNMENT

On ONE sheet of paper, write the names of your group members and answer all questions on
that sheet.

1. Describe how the periodic table of elements is organized. (Knowledge RI CCRS8.1)

2. What are the rows on the periodic table of elements also known as? (Knowledge RI CCR 8.1)
3. Where are the most reactive elements on the periodic table? What makes one element more reactive
than another? (APPLICATION CCRS 8.4)
4. Why would it be important for a scientist to understand HOW an element would react with another
element (APPLICATION CCRS 8.4)
5. HOW do you think ideas like the periodic table get widely known and accepted in the scientific
community? Do you believe it is easier or hard to happen now? (SYNTHESIS-making conclusion CCRS
8.1)
 1
IA
11A
The Periodic Table of Elements 18
VIIIA
8A
1 Periodic Table of the Elements 2
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
Hydrogen IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Helium
1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003
Atomic mass increases

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.012 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.990 24.305 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 1B 2B 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

4 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K
Potassium
Ca
Calcium
Sc
Scandium
Ti
Titanium
V
Vanadium
Cr
Chromium
Mn Fe
Manganese Iron
Co
Cobalt
Ni
Nickel
Cu
Copper
Zn Zinc
Ga Ge
Gallium Germanium
As
Arsenic
Se
Selenium
Br
Bromine
Kr
Krypton
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.88 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.933 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.39 69.732 72.61 74.922 78.09 79.904 84.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
84.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 98.907 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.760 127.6 126.904 131.29
55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.905 137.327 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 [208.982] 209.987 222.018

7 87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr
Francium
Ra
Radium
Rf
Rutherfordium
Db
Dubnium
Sg
Seaborgium
Bh
Bohrium
Hs
Hassium
Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium
Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
223.020 226.025 [261] [262] [266] [264] [269] [268] [269] [272] [277] unknown [289] unknown [298] unknown unknown

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide
Series La
Lanthanum
Ce
Cerium
Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium
Tb
Terbium
Dy
Dysprosium
Ho
Holmium
Er
Erbium
Tm Yb
Thulium Ytterbium
Lu
Lutetium
138.906 140.115 140.908 144.24 144.913 150.36 151.966 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide
Series Ac
Actinium
Th
Thorium
Pa
Protactinium
U
Uranium
Np
Neptunium
Pu Am Cm Bk
Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium
Cf
Californium
Es Fm Md No
Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium
Lr
Lawrencium
227.028 232.038 231.036 238.029 237.048 244.064 243.061 247.070 247.070 251.080 [254] 257.095 258.1 259.101 [262]

© 2013 Todd Helmenstine

MOST REACTIVE Reactivity DECREASES moving left to right

chemistry.about.com
sciencenotes.org

LEAST REACTIVE
Group/Family
Group/Family
Group 1 = Alkali Metals
Group 18 = Noble Gases
 Text Tuesday
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Text modified from: http://www.helium.com/items/1672816-law-of-convervation-of-mass

The most basic and fundamental law of Science is called the law of conservation of mass. It
forms the foundation for studying chemical reactions and the properties of compounds. It is
a very simple concept that allows for scientists to study the true nature of chemical
reactions and their products. This law states "mass cannot be created or destroyed, only
transferred from state to state."

A simple way to understand it is that the reactants, or ingredients (the substances being
reacted together), in any chemical reaction must have the same mass as the products of the
reaction. An everyday example would be the burning of wood. When wood is burned, the
resulting products appear to be lesser then the original wood. This is because much of the
wood escaped into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. This
open, outdoor setting is an example of an open system because matter can escape as gas
into the atmosphere. If you were to trap these gases and measure their mass along with
the left over ashes and char, the mass would be consistent with the original wood. This type
of system that is sealed is known as a closed system.

This concept was first discussed as early 300 B.C. by Epicurus who made the realization that
"the sum total of things was always such as it is now, and such it will ever remain," The law
determines that mass simply changes form, or position in space, but never ceases to exist.
It may be released as a gas, or be shot off into the atmosphere, or even dissolve in a liquid,
but at some level it is still there. It may sometimes be difficult to trace the products of the
equation, but they were produced nonetheless.

This concept was further developed and proven by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier. He
used experimental methods to show that the products of a reaction maintain the same
mass as the reactants. He did this by containing simple reactions in a sealed container where
gas could not escape. This research was later furthered by the invention of the vacuum
pump, which removed the atmospheric buoyancy of gases and allowed them to be more
easily measured on scales.

The concept has launched us into the era of chemistry rather than the alchemy of prior
generations. Scientists are now able to measure all of the products on scales. This idea lead to
the idea of chemical elements, and the discovery of many previously unknown gases. The
conservation of mass principal has brought science to where it is today.

YOUR TASK:
Record your answers in complete sentences on YOUR OWN paper.

1. Define the Law of Conservation of Mass (via text). Now that you’ve defined this law, explain
what it means in your own words using an example.
2. Is it better to observe the law of conservation of mass in an open system of a closed
system? Explain why in 2-3 sentences.
3. Create a visual representation of the law of conservation of mass in action.
4. How does technology help scientists know more about the states of matter?
5. What is the author’s purpose for this article? Use evidence from the article to prove your
point.
6. Using the article, and citing your article for evidence, explain in 6 sentences how scientists can
use knowledge of the Law of Conservation of Mass to help them understand other things.
FINISHED? TURN IN TO MRS. BARTON + MRS. HILL-NORMAN
Law of Conservation of Mass
A teacher conducted an investigation in
class to determine if the contents of a
closed container either loses or gains mass
after a chemical reaction takes place. He
placed 40 mL of water into a bottle, added
one alka-seltzer tablet and quickly closed
the bottle with a balloon.
The data table shows observations made
before the reaction.
Once the contents of the container
completely reacted, the teacher measured
the mass of the entire system shown in
figure 2. He shared his results with the
class.

What are the reactants?

What are products?
Describe what has occurred?
How does this demonstrate the law
of conservation of mass?
Conservation of Mass in
Chemical Reactions

Jean Brainard, Ph.D.

Say Thanks to the Authors

Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks
(No sign in required)
 AUTHOR
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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Printed: April 22, 2019

www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions

C HAPTER
1 Conservation of Mass in
Chemical Reactions
Learning Objectives

• Explain why chemical equations must be balanced.

• State the law of conservation of mass.
• Describe how Lavoisier demonstrated that mass is conserved in chemical reactions.

These vividly colored maple leaves were all bright green during the summer. Every fall, leaves of maple trees change
to brilliant red, orange, and yellow colors. A change of color is a sign that a chemical change has taken place. Maple
leaves change color because of chemical reactions.

Chemical Reactions and Balanced Equations

A chemical reaction occurs when some substances change chemically to other substances. Chemical reactions are
represented by chemical equations. Consider a simple chemical reaction, the burning of methane. In this reaction,
methane (CH4 ) combines with oxygen (O2 ) in the air and produces carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water vapor (H2 O).
The reaction is represented by the following chemical equation:

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O

This equation shows that one molecule of methane combines with two molecules of oxygen to produce one molecule
of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water vapor. All chemical equations must be balanced. This means that the
same number of each type of atom must appear on both sides of the arrow.
Q: Is the chemical equation for the burning of methane balanced? Count the atoms of each type on both sides of the
arrow to find out.
A: Yes, the equation is balanced. There is one carbon atom on both sides of the arrow. There are also four hydrogen
atoms and four oxygen atoms on both sides of the arrow.

1
 www.ck12.org

Following the Law

Why must chemical equations be balanced? It’s the law! Matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
This is the law of conservation of mass. In every chemical reaction, the same mass of matter must end up in the
products as started in the reactants. Balanced chemical equations show that mass is conserved in chemical reactions.

Lavoisier and Conservation of Mass

How do scientists know that mass is always conserved in chemical reactions? Careful experiments in the 1700s by a
French chemist named Antoine Lavoisier led to this conclusion. Lavoisier carefully measured the mass of reactants
and products in many different chemical reactions. He carried out the reactions inside a sealed jar, like the one in
the Figure 1.1. In every case, the total mass of the jar and its contents was the same after the reaction as it was
before the reaction took place. This showed that matter was neither created nor destroyed in the reactions. Another
outcome of Lavoisier’s research was the discovery of oxygen.

MEDIA
Click image to the left or use the URL below.
URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/82375

FIGURE 1.1
Antoine Lavoisier.

Q: Lavoisier carried out his experiments inside a sealed glass jar. Why was sealing the jar important for his results?
What might his results have been if he hadn’t sealed the jar?
A: Sealing the jar was important so that any gases produced in the reactions were captured and could be measured. If
he hadn’t sealed the jar, gases might have escaped detection. Then his results would have shown that there was less
mass after the reactions than before. In other words, he would not have been able to conclude that mass is conserved
in chemical reactions.

Summary

• A chemical reaction occurs when some substances change chemically to other substances. Chemical reactions
are represented by chemical equations.
• All chemical equations must be balanced because matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
• Antoine Lavoisier did careful experiments to discover the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions.

2
www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions

Review

1. Why must all chemical equations be balanced?

2. How did Lavoisier demonstrate that mass is conserved in chemical reactions?

Explore More

Watch the lab demonstration below, and then answer the questions that follow.

MEDIA
Click image to the left or use the URL below.
URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/82376

1. What reaction is demonstrated in the video?

2. How can you tell that oxygen is used up in the reaction?
3. How can you tell that the product of the reaction is different from the iron that began the reaction?
4. What evidence shows that mass is conserved in the reaction?

References

1. Jacques-Louis David. Portrait of Antoine Lavoisier . Public Domain

3
 www.ck12.org

4
Name ______________________________________ Date ____________________ Block ________

Introduction to Balancing Chemical Equations

Review

1. Label the reactants and the product(s) in the following chemical reactions:
a. Na + Cl  NaCl

b. Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

2. What is a subscript? What does a subscript tell you? Come up with an example
and label the subscript. ________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
example:
3. What is a coefficient? What does a coefficient tell you? Come up with an
example and label the coefficient. ________________________________
_________________________________________________________
example:
4. Look at the following equation: Fe + Cl2  FeCl3
a. Which elements are in the above reaction? _______________________________
How many of each element on the reactant side? Fe = ______ Cl = ______
How many of each element on the product side? Fe = ______ Cl = ______
Apply!

5. Plant cells use water, carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen. This
process is called photosynthesis.
CO 2 + H 2 O + energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 +O 2
Which chemical formula(s) represents the Which chemical formula(s) represents the
reactants? products?

How many of each atom is present in the How many of each atom is present in the products?
reactants?
C – C –
H – H –
O – O –

Is this a balanced equation (yes or no)? Explain why.

Name ______________________________________ Date ____________________ Block ________

Introduction to Balancing Chemical Equations

Review

1. Label the reactants and the product(s) in the following chemical reactions:
a. Na + Cl  NaCl

b. Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

2. What is a subscript? What does a subscript tell you? Come up with an example
and label the subscript. ________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
example:
3. What is a coefficient? What does a coefficient tell you? Come up with an
example and label the coefficient. ________________________________
_________________________________________________________
example:
4. Look at the following equation: Fe + Cl2  FeCl3
a. Which elements are in the above reaction? _______________________________
How many of each element on the reactant side? Fe = ______ Cl = ______
How many of each element on the product side? Fe = ______ Cl = ______
Apply!

5. Plant cells use water, carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen. This
process is called photosynthesis.
CO 2 + H 2 O + energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 +O 2
Which chemical formula(s) represents the Which chemical formula(s) represents the
reactants? products?

How many of each atom is present in the How many of each atom is present in the products?
reactants?
C – C –
H – H –
O – O –

Is this a balanced equation (yes or no)? Explain why.

6. A silver spoon tarnishes. The silver reacts wit sulfur in the air to make silver
sulfide, the black material we call tarnish.

2Ag + S  Ag 2 S
Which chemical formula(s) represents the Which chemical formula(s) represents the
reactants? products?

How many of each atom is present in the How many of each atom is present in the products?
reactants?
Ag – Ag–

S – S –

Is this a balanced equation (yes or no)? Explain why.

7. Silicon, the second most common element in Earth’s crust, is commonly used in
semiconductors and electronics. Since it is naturally found in quartz, it is
necessary to heat the quartz with carbon to separate the silicon.
SiO 2 + 2C  Si + 2CO
Which chemical formula(s) represents the Which chemical formula(s) represents the
reactants? products?

How many of each atom is present in the How many of each atom is present in the products?
reactants?
Si – Si –
O – O –
C – C –

Is this a balanced equation (yes or no)? Explain why.

Practice Balancing Chem ical Equations:

Use your page 22 (notebook) to practice balancing the following equations:

8. Na + H2O --> NaOH + H2

9. Fe + O2 --> Fe2O3

10. Al + O2 --> Al2O3

6. A silver spoon tarnishes. The silver reacts wit sulfur in the air to make silver
sulfide, the black material we call tarnish.

2Ag + S  Ag 2 S
Which chemical formula(s) represents the Which chemical formula(s) represents the
reactants? products?

How many of each atom is present in the How many of each atom is present in the products?
reactants?
Ag – Ag–

S – S –

Is this a balanced equation (yes or no)? Explain why.

7. Silicon, the second most common element in Earth’s crust, is commonly used in
semiconductors and electronics. Since it is naturally found in quartz, it is
necessary to heat the quartz with carbon to separate the silicon.
SiO 2 + 2C  Si + 2CO
Which chemical formula(s) represents the Which chemical formula(s) represents the
reactants? products?

How many of each atom is present in the How many of each atom is present in the products?
reactants?
Si – Si –
O – O –
C – C –

Is this a balanced equation (yes or no)? Explain why.

Practice Balancing Chem ical Equations:

Use your page 22 (notebook) to practice balancing the following equations:

8. Na + H2O --> NaOH + H2

9. Fe + O2 --> Fe2O3

10. Al + O2 --> Al2O3

 Name __________________________

Atoms are not _______________ or _____________ during a chemical reaction.

Scientists know that there must be the ___________ number of atoms on each ___________ of
the ____________. To balance the chemical equation, you must add _______________ in front
of the chemical formulas in the equation. You cannot _______ or ___________ subscripts!

1) Determine number of atoms for each Mg + O2 MgO

element.
2) Pick an element that is not equal on Mg = Mg =
both sides of the equation.
3) Add a coefficient in front of the O= O=
formula with that element and adjust
your counts.
4) Continue adding coefficients to get the
same number of atoms of each element
on each side.

Try these:

Ca + O2 CaO

Ca = Ca =
O= O=

N2 + H2 NH3

N= N=
H= H=

Cu2O + C Cu + CO2

Cu = Cu =
O= O=
C= C=

H2O2 H2O + O2

H= H=
O= O=

T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

Balancing Act Practice Name ____________________________

Balance each equation. Be sure to show your lists! Remember you cannot add subscripts or
place coefficients in the middle of a chemical formula.

1. Na + MgF2 NaF + Mg

2. Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2

3. Cl2 + KI KCl + I2

4. NaCl Na + Cl2

5. Na + O2 Na2O

6. Na + HCl H2 + NaCl

7. K + Cl2 KCl

Challenge: This one is tough!

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

 Overhead Key

Atoms are not CREATED or DESTROYED during a chemical reaction.

Scientists know that there must be the SAME number of atoms on each SIDE of
the EQUATION. To balance the chemical equation, you must add
COEFFICIENTS in front of the chemical formulas in the equation. You cannot
ADD or CHANGE subscripts!

Step 1: Determine number of atoms Mg + O2 MgO

for each element.

Step 2: Pick an element that is not Mg = Mg =

equal on both sides of the equation.
O= O=
Step 3: Add a coefficient in front of
the formula with that element and
adjust your counts.

Step 4: Continue adding coefficients

to get the same number of atoms of
each element on each side.

Try these:

Ca + O2 CaO

Ca = Ca =
O= O=

N2 + H2 NH3

N= N=
H= H=

Cu2O + C Cu + CO2

Cu = Cu =
O= O=
C= C=

H2O2 H2O + O2

H= H=
O= O=

T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

Step-by-Step Example Problem:
Balancing Act
Step 1: Determine number of atoms for each element. Teacher Notes
Mg + O2 MgO

Mg = 1 Mg = 1

O=2 O=1

Step 2: Pick an element that is not equal on both sides of the equation.

Mg + O2 MgO

Mg = 1 Mg = 1
Since the O atoms are not equal,
O=2 O=1 we’ll target those first!

Step 3: Add a coefficient in front of the formula with that element and adjust your counts.

Mg + O2 2 MgO
Adding a 2 in front of MgO will
Mg = 1 Mg = 1 2 change the number of atoms on the
product side of the equation.
O=2 O=1 2

Step 4: Continue adding coefficients to get the same number of atoms of each element on each side.

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

Mg = 1 2 Mg = 1 2

O=2 O=1 2

Now we need to increase the

number of Mg atoms we have on the
reactant side. Adding a 2 in front of
Mg will give us 2 atoms of Mg and
balance the equation.

T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

Balancing Act Answer Key:

Page 1 Problems

2 Ca + O2 2 CaO

N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3

2 Cu2O + C 4 Cu + CO2

2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 Hint: Add the O atoms on the product side together when doing the counts.

Page 2 Practice Problems

1. 2 Na + MgF2 2 NaF + Mg

2. Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2

3. Cl2 + 2 KI 2 KCl + I2

4. 2 NaCl 2 Na + Cl2

5. 4 Na + O2 2 Na2O

6. 2 Na + 2 HCl H2 + 2 NaCl

7. 2 K + Cl2 2 KCl

Challenge: This one is tough!

2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/