Activities in Beneficial Organism

ABRA STATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Main Campus, Lagangilang, Abra

IRISH WILSON M. BITAO
ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDING
COMPETENCY HANDBOOK
An.Sci.11
Animal Nutrition and Feeding
AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT
This module belongs to:

Name of Student: _______________________________________
Course & Year: _________________________________________
School Year: ____________________________________________
Subject Instructor
DIGESTIVE SYTEM OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTY

Exercise No. 1
Activities in An. Sci 11 (Animal Nutrition and Feeding), Compiled by DINA BINULOC-TADEO,
Instructor-1, Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Cooperatives, Abra
State Institute of Sciences and Technology.
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Introduction
In the study of animal nutrition, it is important to have knowledge on the structure of
the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry because of its influential on the utilization of
food and nutrients. The organs and glands are specialized structure of the gastro-intestinal
tract are concerned with the procuring chewing and swallowing of food, with digesting and
absorbing nutrients with performing secretory and excretory functions.
The animals body is supplied by nutrient through digestion of the feed that is given to
them. Livestock and Poultry, monogastric and ruminants vary in the structures of their
digestive systems that’s why they differ in their digestion process.
Objectives:
1. To know the different structures and functions of the digestive system of livestock
and poultry.
2. To differentiate between monogastric or simple, to modifies simple stomach and
digestive system with 4 compartment digestive system.
Procedure:
Research on the internet or books on the different pictures of the digestive system of
livestock and poultry and study. Draw it on the space provided together with its functions.
Guide Questions:
1. What are the different structure of digestive system?
2. Do all animals have the same digestive system’?
3. What are the processes involving the digestion?
1.Draw and label the following:
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a. Digestive system of a ruminant
Parts and function
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b. Digestive system of swine
Parts and function
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c. Digestive system of Poultry
Parts and function
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d. Digestive system of Horse or Rabbit
Parts and function
2.Explain the process of digestion and absorption.
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3.What is the difference between the digestive system of herbivorous monogastric animal (eg
horse and rabbit) to the digestive system of poultry in terms of their ceca.
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4.
Name: _____________________
Date: ______________________
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IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON FEEDS FOR POULTRY

AND SWINE
Exercise No. 2
Introduction
Objectives
1. To know the different feedstuff for poultry and livestock and the nutrient composition
2. To be able to classify feedstuff
Materials

Procedures
1. Research in your community on the sources of feedstuff available. Document it and
research for its nutrient analysis and describe. Indigenous feedstuff must be
considered. Put this laboratory activity in a separate sheet following the format.
2. Collect sample of feedstuff desirable in the locality. Thoroughly dry the samples in a
bottle and store
3. Identify the feeds collected
4. Classify the feeds
Feedstuff Nutrient analysis and Documentation

brief description
1. Carbohydrates (10)
Common Name:
Scientific Name:
2. Protein (5)
Plant and animal
3. Vitamins and minerals
sources (10)
Name: _____________________
Date: ______________________
IDENTIFYING FORAGE GRASSES
Exercise No. 3
Introduction
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Forage crops and pastures provide the bedrock to sustainable agriculture. Defined as the
edible parts of plants, other than separated grain, that provide feed for grazing animals or that
can be harvested for feeding (Allen et al. 2011), forages play an important role in beef cattle
industry while also enhancing crop diversity and soil ecosystem services.
Objectives
1. Name forage grasses and their calculated analysis
2. Identify fo
Materials:
 Camera for documentation
 Notebook
 Forages
Procedure:
1. During laboratory hour, student will be group and go to an area where different
forages is available
2. Student will identify different forages found in the area
Answer the following questions:

SIMPLE FEED PREPARATION OF ROOT CROPS AS FEEDSTUFF FOR FARM
ANIMALS
Exercise No.4
Introduction
Objectives
1. Know the importance of feed preparation
2.Acquire knowledge to remember in feeds preparation
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3. Be familiarize with the advantage of feed processing

Materials:
 Root crops (sweet potato, cassava, tigi, carot, buga)
 Knife/bolo
 Chopping board
 Bottles for packing
 Camera for documentation
Procedure:
1. Collect roots crop found in the locality (sweet potato, cassava, tigi, carot, buga)
2. Washed the materials
3. Peel off the peelings
4. Chopped the materials thinly
5. Dry until good for grinding
6. Grind thoroughly the dried materials
7. Pack your output for evaluation
SILAGE MAKING
Exercise No.
Introduction:
Silage is a type of fodder made from green foliage crops which have been preserved
by acidification, achieved through fermentation. It can be fed to cattle, sheep and other such
ruminants (cud-chewing animals). The fermentation and storage process is called ensilage,
ensiling or silaging, and is usually made from grass crops, including maize, sorghum or other
cereals, using the entire green plant (not just the grain). Silage can be made from many field
crops, and special terms may be used depending on type: oatlage for oats, haylage for alfalfa
(haylage may also refer to high dry matter silage made from hay)
Silage can be made by one or more of the following methods: placing cut green vegetation in
a silo or pit; piling the vegetation in a large heap and compressing it down so as to purge as much
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oxygen as possible, then covering it with a plastic sheet; or by wrapping large round bales tightly in
plastic film.
(Wikipedia, Silage)
Objectives:
1. Know the importance of silage making
2. Enumerate different types of silo
3. Acquire knowledge in requirements in making good silage
Materials:
 Forages
 Molasses
 Knife/bolo
 Chopping board
 Packing tape
 Silo (plastic container, sack, bins)
Process:
1. Harvest fresh forages that are abundant like napier grass, para grass, corn stover and
the like.
2. Air-dry the forages to have 80% moisture content
3. Chop the forage into 1-2 inches’ long
4. Spray or sprinkle chop forage with molasses or until the forage are wet (not too wet)
5. Store now the forage on available silo like drum or any container that can be used in
storing tightly (note that in storing of silage, it should be anaerobic inside the silo, for
the presence or air inside the silo will produce molds or the silage will be unpleasant
or destroyed).
6. Silage will be ready for used after two weeks and can last up to 6 months if well
stored.
7. Pass sample of process silage stored in a bottle tightly for evaluation with
documentation.
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UREA MOLASSES MINERALIZED BLOCK (UMMB) MAKING

Exercise No.
Introduction:
What is Urea-molasses mineral blocks (UMMB)? As the name suggests, these are lick
blocks containing urea, molasses, vitamins, minerals and other multinutrients. The feeding of
the blocks is a convenient and inexpensive method of providing a range of nutrients required
by both the rumen microbes and the animal, which may be deficient in the diet. The main
justification for using the blocks depends on their convenience for packaging, storage,
transport and ease of feeding.
The ingredients are designed to provide a wide range of nutrients to cover all potential
deficiencies. In the wet tropical regions minerals are often deficient in cut and carry grass or
crop residue feeding systems. Grasses from road sides or wastelands are particularly low in
minerals as generally, no fertilizer is used and the grasses have often been cut for decades for
ruminant production, thus depleting the reserves of both soils and plants.
What is the composition of UMMB? A standard UMMB consists of molasses (30-50

%), urea (5-10 %), a cereal bran such as rice, maize bran (15-25 %), an oil seed meal such as
soybean meal, or coconut meal (10-20), salt (5-7 %), lime or cement (5-10 %), bone meal (5-
7 %) and minerals (1-2 %). The molasses being a concentrated plant juice, will provide a
range of trace minerals and a complete mixture of vitamins. Cereal brans are high in
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phosphorus, trace minerals and also a range of vitamins. In addition, they provide a slow
release amino acid source from the relatively insoluble proteins to the microbes. Oilseed
meals are a good source of phosphorus and soluble and insoluble proteins. Bone meal, salt
and lime or cement will provide much of the macro mineral requirements. Urea provides the
small amount of extra nitrogen required, for utilization of the dry matter, in addition to that
present in the forage. The multinutrient block, therefore, provides the nutrient requirements
of both the microbes and the host animal.
Manufacturing can be divided into five stages:

1. Preparation of feed ingredients. Prepare all the needed materials
2. Mixing.
3. Molding
4. Turning or cutting out (optional, based on the method adopted)
5. Drying Urea-molasses blocks may be manufactured either on a small or on a larger scale
depending on the number of uses and the expected length of the feeding period. Whatever
scale of production is applicable the method of manufacture will be the same; the difference
being the quantities of feed ingredients and the implements used in the manufacturing
process.
Objectives:
1. Know the importance of the use of UMMB
2. Develop skills and techniques of making UMMB
3. Develop awareness on means of feeding UMMB to animals.
Process:
1. Prepare all the ingredients and weigh according to kilos that must be produced.
2. Pulverized and dissolved first the urea by mixing it water and salt, then pour the
cement and mix
3. Mix now all the remaining ingredients
4. Place in molder (molder depends on the desired size)
5. Sun dry until it will become hard in texture.
6. Pass a sample of the finish product after 1-2weeks from manufacturing with
documentation.
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FEED FORMULATION FOR POULTRY AND SWINE USING PEARSON SQUARE
METHOD
Exercise No.
Supplementary Information
Methods for Feed Formulation

1. Pearson Square Method. A simple and easy method of determining the correct proportion
of two feed ingredients to obtain a desired level of nutrient. With this method, only one
major nutrient at a time is taken into consideration. In most cases, the crude protein of the
ration is the only nutrient considered. Furthermore, this method can only be used when
one ingredient has a higher nutritional value (nutrient being considered) and the other has
a lower value than the desired level.
Steps:
1.1. Determine the protein requirement of the animal to be fed with the ration.
1.2. Draw a square as shown below. Write the desired protein requirement percentage at
the center.
Example: A pork producer wants to know how much hog ration he should prepare for his
grower hogs with his available feedstuffs such as Yellow corn (8.8) and
soybean meal (45.8).
16
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1.3. Place the ingredients and their protein percentage on the lower and upper left hand
corner.
Soybean meal 45.8
16
Yellow corn 8.8
1.4. Subtract diagonally the lower from the higher value. Write the answers at the opposite
corner of the square. Then add the result.
Soybean meal 45.8 7.2 kg soybean meal
16 +
Yellow corn 8.8 29.8 kg yellow corn

37.0 kg grower ration
1.5. The mixture will be 29.8 parts yellow corn and 7.2 parts soybean meal with a total of
37.8 kg grower ration.
1.6. This can be changed into percentage.

29.8 kg
% Yellow corn = x 100 = 80.5%
37.0 kg
7.2 kg
% Soybean meal = x 100 = 19.5%
37.0 kg
1.7. The grower ration will be 80.5% yellow corn and 19.5% soybean meal.
1.8. Check the percentage if it will give the Crude Protein Requirement
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Yellow corn 80.5% x 8.8% = 7.084
Soybean meal x 19.5% x 45.5% = 8.775

Total = 15.859%
Assessment Questions: Using Pearson Square method, determine how many pounds of each
feed are needed to formulate a feed ration. Show all your formula in computation. Get 2
number after decimal form. Show also your checking for each item.
1. Formulate a 21% CP ration using a Soybean meal (44% CP) and Rice bran (11%).
How many kilo of soybean meal will be used? ___________

How many kilo of rice bran is needed? _____________
Checking:
2. Formulate a 250 kgs of a 18% CP ration using Fishmeal (65%) and Corn bran (9%).
How many kilo of Fishmeal will be used? ___________

How many kilo of corn bran is needed? _____________
Checking:
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3. Formulate 900 kilogram of a 22% CP ration using Soybean meal (46%) and Oats
(12%) CP.
How many kilo of Soymeal will be used? ___________

How many kilo of Oats is needed? _____________
Checking
FEED FORMULATION FOR POULTRY AND SWINE USING TRIAL AND ERROR
METHOD
Exercise No.
Supplementary Information
This method of feed formulation is more difficult and time consuming, however it takes into
consideration all nutrients which the raiser wants to include such as protein, energy,
calcium & etc.; and a variety of ingredients can be used.
The procedure in formulating rations using the trial and error method can be
summarized as follows.
2.1. Determine the class of animal to be fed and the nutrient requirements of the swine to be
formulated. See table __.
2.2. Determine the feed nutrients to consider in the formulation. Usually, crude protein,
energy, calcium and phosphorus are given priority in balancing rations. Crude fiber
content is also emphasized in rations for piglets.
2.3. Determine the available feedstuffs in your bodega, their nutrient content (Table ) and the
cost of feed ingredients.
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2.4. Select the suitable feed combinations to attain the nutrient requirement of the pig in
question. There is no short cut procedure. It is suggested to formulate ration by 100 or
1,000 kg for easier computation.
2.5. Compute the nutrient content of the ration using the data given in Table __. This is done
by multiplying the amount of feed ingredients by the percentage nutrient content of the feed.
Example: Presume that you have available feed ingredients such as corn bran, rice bran, fish
meal local and soybean meal. Using the table of nutrient analysis, decide how much of feed
ingredients you will use to make a breeder ration. Select any amount within the range making
sure that the total is either 100 kg or 1,000 kg for easy computation.
Supposing you want to have the following amount of feedstuffs in your breeder ration:
Feedstuffs Crude protein Amount of feedstuff Amount of crude
analysis/content (%) used (kg) Protein in ration.
Corn bran 11.0 30 3.30
Rice bran D1 12.0 60 7.5
Fish meal(local) 45.0 5 2.25
Soybean meal 44.0 5 2.22
Total 100 kg 15.27%
To get the percent crude protein content of the feed mixture, the following steps are
involved in the computation:
a. add the total parts by the weight of the feedstuffs of the ration.
b. compute for the protein content of each feedstuffs by dividing the protein content
(chemical analysis of each total pert by weight). Then multiply the result (quotient) to its
level. The product is the protein content of the feedstuff. Do the same for each feedstuff.
c. After solving the protein content of each ingredients or feedstuff in a ration, get the total.
This is the crude protein content of the feed mixture.
d. Do the same with the other nutrients such as energy, calcium & phosphorus.
Illustration:
Step a. The total part by weight of the mixture found on the table is 100kg with the
corresponding protein content by chemical analysis.
Step b & c.
11.0 %
Corn bran = x 30 kg = 3.30 %
100kg
12.5%
Rice bran = x 60 kg = 7.5%
100kg
45.0 %
Fish meal = x 5 kg = 2.25%
100 kg
44.0 %
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Soybean meal = x 5 kg = 2.22%

100 kg
15.27%
Total protein content ofFeed mixture/ration.
If you want to have higher protein content of the ration, you may make adjustments
on the levels of plant and animal protein supplements and decrease the level of corn or rice
bran. You should add 0.5 of table salt or limestone to the total parts by weight of the feed
mixture. You may supplement it also with antibiotic – vitamin- mineral premixed to the
ration if desired. Other nutrient contents can be computed following the same procedure.
Chemical/Nutrient Analysis of common feedstuffs for swine

Meth-
Crude Crude Lysi
Fat Calcium Total Avail. ME Methio- Cystin
Feed Protein Fiber ne
(%) (%) P, % P, % kcal nine, % e
(%) (%) %
%
Bone meal 12.0 1.2 1.4 26.0 13.0 13.0 615 0.9 0.2 0.40
Cassava meal 2.8 1.2 4.0 0.3 0.05 0.01 3600 - - -
Copra meal 21.0 4.5 12.3 0.17 0.55 0.20 3000 0.53 0.29 0.58
Corn, yellow 8.8 3.9 2.7 0.02 0.29 0.10 3300 0.24 0.19 0.27
Corn, white 8.6 4.0 2.2 0.04 0.27 0.10 3340 0.26 0.10 0.18
Corn bran 9.4 4.0 2.8 0.04 1.03 0.31 2800 0.18 0.21 0.38
Corn gluten
21.5 2.5 8.0 0.46 0.80 0.24 2330 0.48 0.40 0.80
feed
Corn gluten
42.0 2.0 4.0 0.16 0.40 0.12 3069 0.96 1.00 1.60
meal
Fish
50.0 5.8 0.7 7.6 3.4 3.4 2155 3.40 0.65 1.30
meal,50%
Fish
60.0 5.0 1.0 7.9 3.6 3.6 2310 4.90 1.70 1.30
meal,60%
Fat, Vegetable - 99 - - - - 7975 - - -
Ipil-ipil leaf
24.0 4.4 13.2 1.98 0.27 3.07 1400 1.75 0.10 0.20
meal
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Meat & bone

49 9.5 2.4 11.1 5.2 5.2 1815 2.5 0.60 1.15
meal
Molasses,
3.0 - - 0.75 0.08 0.02 2330 - - -
cane
Rice, Rough 8.0 1.7 9.0 0.09 0.36 0.11 2365 0.3 0.17 0.27
Rice bran, D1 13.0 13.3 12.9 0.06 1.43 0.43 3080 0.54 0.22 0.32
Rice, broken 7.8 3.4 0.75 0.03 0.16 0.05 2990 - - -
Skimmilk,
33.0 0.9 0.10 1.25 1.0 1.0 3410 2.3 0.98 1.4
dried
Sorghum 9.0 2.9 2.10 0.03 0.28 0.08 3255 0.2 0.12 0.26
Soybean meal 44.0 1.0 7.0 0.25 0.6 0.18 2960 2.84 0.65 1.32
Sweet potato 3.5 0.9 3.3 0.15 0.14 0.04 2870 0.04 0.06 0.06
Limestone - - - 38 - - - - - -
Oyster shell - - - 35 - - - - - -
Dicalcium,
- - - 22 18 18 - - - -
PO4
Tricaphos - - - 30 12 12 - - - -
Assessment Questions:

Activities in Beneficial Organism

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ABRA STATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Main Campus, Lagangilang, Abra

This module belongs to:

DIGESTIVE SYTEM OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTY

1.Draw and label the following:

a. Digestive system of a ruminant

Parts and function

b. Digestive system of swine

Parts and function

c. Digestive system of Poultry

Parts and function

d. Digestive system of Horse or Rabbit

Parts and function

2.Explain the process of digestion and absorption.

IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON FEEDS FOR POULTRY

Feedstuff Nutrient analysis and Documentation

Answer the following questions:

3. Be familiarize with the advantage of feed processing

UREA MOLASSES MINERALIZED BLOCK (UMMB) MAKING

What is the composition of UMMB? A standard UMMB consists of molasses (30-50

Manufacturing can be divided into five stages:

Answer the following questions:

Methods for Feed Formulation

Yellow corn 8.8

Soybean meal 45.8 7.2 kg soybean meal

Yellow corn 8.8 29.8 kg yellow corn

1.6. This can be changed into percentage.

Yellow corn 80.5% x 8.8% = 7.084

Soybean meal x 19.5% x 45.5% = 8.775

How many kilo of soybean meal will be used? ___________

How many kilo of Fishmeal will be used? ___________

How many kilo of Soymeal will be used? ___________

Soybean meal = x 5 kg = 2.22%

Chemical/Nutrient Analysis of common feedstuffs for swine

Meat & bone

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