Sift þonne do on pohhan leᵹe under weofod sinᵹ niᵹon mæssan ofer do on

meolc þ duft dryp þriwa on haliᵹ wæteres sele drincan on þreo tida.
And pennyroyal, pound them, then sift them, put them in a pouch, lay the them
under altar, sing nine masses over them, put dust into milk, drip thrice some
holy water upon this.
І пенніроял, потовкти їх, потім просіяти, покласти в мішечок, покласти під
вівтар, заспівати над ними дев’ять мес, посипати пилом у молоко, тричі
капнути на це трохи святої води.
7. Compare the meaning of the Old English words with the present-day
words. What semantic or combinatorial changes do you observe: haliᵹ - holy.
Old English halig "holy, consecrated, sacred; godly; ecclesiastical," from Proto-
Germanic *hailaga- (source also of Old Norse heilagr, Danish hellig, Old
Frisian helich "holy," Old Saxon helag, Middle Dutch helich, Old High
German heilag, German heilig, Gothic hailags "holy"), from PIE *kailo- "whole,
uninjured" (see health). Adopted at conversion for Latin sanctus.

The primary (pre-Christian) meaning is not possible to determine, but probably it

was "that must be preserved whole or intact, that cannot be transgressed or violated,"
and connected with Old English hal (see health) and Old High German heil "health,
happiness, good luck" (source of the German salutation Heil). Holy water was in
Old English.

9. What is the case of the following nouns: wæteres. What ways of rendering
the former case endings' meaning are used now?
Wæteres – water. Accusative case
Old English wæter, from Proto-Germanic *watr- (source also of Old Saxon watar,
Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, Old
Norse vatn, Gothic wato "water"), from PIE *wod-or, suffixed form of
root *wed- (1) "water; wet."

To keep (one's) head above water in the figurative sense is recorded from
1742. Water cooler is recorded from 1846; water polo from 1884; water
torture from 1928. Linguists believe PIE had two root words for
water: *ap- and *wed-. The first (preserved in Sanskrit apah as well
as Punjab and julep) was "animate," referring to water as a living force; the latter
referred to it as an inanimate substance. The same probably was true of fire (n.).

6. Compare the consonants in the OE words to their equivalents in European

languages you know: þreo.
þreo num. Three
"1 more than two; the number which is one more than two; a symbol representing this
number;" Old English þreo, fem. and neuter (masc. þri, þrie), from Proto-
Germanic *thrijiz (source also of Old Saxon thria, Old Frisian thre, Middle Dutch and
Dutch drie, Old High German dri, German drei, Old Norse þrir, Danish tre), from
nominative plural of PIE root *trei- "three" (source also of Sanskrit trayas, Avestan thri,
Greek treis, Latin tres, Lithuanian trys, Old Church Slavonic trye, Irish and
Welsh tri "three").