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UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic.

Bibiana Fernandez
UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Self-study Preview
Definite and indefinite articles:

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/articulos.htm(Section:
Grammar).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/articulos2.htm(Section:
Grammar).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit16/page3.htm
(Section: Grammar).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit16/page4.htm
(Section: Grammar).

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


English has two articles: “the” and “a/an”. The is used to refer
to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-
specific or non-particular nouns. We call “the” - definite article
and “a/an” - indefinite article.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


For example:
If I say, “Let's read the book.” (I mean a specific book)
If I say, "Let's read a book.," (I mean any book rather
than a specific book)

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Definite Article
The main aim of the definite article is to identify
‘something/someone specific' to the reader or listener. “The”
is used before singular and plural, feminine and masculine
nouns when the noun is specific or particular. “The” signals
that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular person,
object, place, etc. of a group.
E.g.: "I was happy to see the police officer who saved my
brother!"

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Geographical use of the
There are some specific rules for using ”the”
with geographical nouns.
Do not use the before:
names of most countries / territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia;
however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, The Philippines,
the United States.
names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Texas, New York.
names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.
names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Santander Bay except with a group
of lakes like the Great Lakes.
names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of
mountains like the Andes or the Rockies.
names of continents: Asia, Europe, America.
names of islands: Easter Island, Maui, Key West, except with island chains
like the Canary Islands, the Hawaiian Islands.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Use the before:
names of rivers, oceans and seas:
the Nile, the Pacific
points on the globe:
the Equator, the North Pole
geographical areas:
the Middle East, the West
deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas:
the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Iberian Peninsula

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Use the before:
names of musical instruments:
the guitar, the drums, the violin
in conjunction with a superlative form:
the most amazing, the cheapest
before nouns of which there is only one:
the sun, the president, the moon
before an adjective used as a noun to describe a class of people:
the English, the deaf, the French

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Indefinite Articles

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is


indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For
example:

"Somebody call a police officer!"

This refers to any police officer. We don't need a


specific police officer; we need any police officer who
is available.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


The article 'an' is used with common nouns beginning with vowel
sounds. 'A' is used for the rest of the words. So...
a + singular noun beginning with a consonant:
a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
an + singular noun beginning with a vowel:
an elephant; an egg; an apple; an umbrella; an orphan
an + singular noun beginning with a vowel sound:
An x-ray, an FBI agent
a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound:
a user; a university; a European, a one-month offer
an + noun starting with silent "h":
an hour, an honor, an heir
a + noun starting with a pronounced "h":
a horse, a hospital

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Use the indefinite article a/an…
 before phrases of time and measurements:
We have English 4 times a week.
I go on holiday twice a year.
 before phrases of jobs:
My father is a car mechanic.
 with a noun complement:
He is a good boy.
 before phrases of nationality:
Bruce Springsteen is an American.
 half/quite:
We need half a pound of sugar.
This is quite a good story.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

An abbreviation is pronounced letter-by-letter; an acronym is


pronounced as one word.
For example, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is pronounced
letter-by-letter but the acronym AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) is pronounced as one word.
Then, depending on the initial sound of their pronunciation,
appropriate articles can be used.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Example:
It would be right to say ‘a Masters in Business Administration’.
But, if you were using the abbreviation, it would be ‘an MBA’,
as it is an abbreviation.

Other examples: an EFL student, an NBC reporter, an NBA


coach, an SOS, a US senator, a UN mission.

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Exceptions for using Articles

There are exceptions in English grammar that limit or prohibit


the use of articles.
a. While mentioning countries

Example:

1. China is an important super power.


2. She has just returned from Korea.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


b. While mentioning languages
Example:
1. German is spoken in Germany.
2. English has many words of French origin.
c. While mentioning years
Example:
1. India gained independence in 1947.
2. World War II ended in 1945.
There are more categories that you will come across while
practicing consistently.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Choose ‘a’ or ‘an’ in the following examples.

• This is a / an unusual problem but there is a / an unique way


of solving it.
• This show will last for a / an hour and a / an half.
• Why are you wearing such a / an old outfit?
• Can you call a / an doctor?
• The king needed a / an heir to his throne.
• A / An MBA is a / an Master of Business Administration
degree.
• Charlie spent his entire childhood as a / an orphan.
• I have a / an $ 5.00 bill with a / an red seal on it.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Definite/Indefinite Article:

https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-
articles.php (Section: Exercise).
https://www.englishgrammar.org/definite-indefinite-articles-worksheet/
(Section: Exercise).
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/articles/article1.htm
(Section: Exercise).

UTN FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Self-study Preview
Comparative and Superlative Forms:

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit14/page2.ht
m (Section: Grammar).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/comparativosysuperlativ
os.htm (Section: Grammar).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/comparativosysuperlativ
os2.htm (Section: Grammar).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit4/page2.htm
(Sections: dialogues).

UTN FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


What are Comparative Adjectives?

Comparative adjectives compare two things, people, or places. Frequently,


the word than accompanies the comparative but not always.

Paul is taller than John.


The taller boy is Paul.
John’s t-shirt is old. He needs a newer one.
I

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Forming Comparative Adjectives
For one-syllable adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding the
suffix –er (or –r ) . Two syllable adjectives ending in y become
comparative by changing the y for an – ier suffix:

This car is older than that one.

Córdoba is prettier than Buenos Aires.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


In the case of two-syllable adjectives not ending in y or three syllable
adjectives, the words more or less precede the adjective to show
degrees of comparison:

Jane is more intelligent than her sister.

Villa María is less crowded than Córdoba.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


When we want to show a small difference when making comparisons we
can use “a little”. To show a big difference we can use “much”:

Your house is a little bigger than my house.


My new apartment is much more expensive than my old apartment.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Here is a list of some common adjectives and their comparative
forms:
anxious – more anxious
beautiful – more beautiful
broad – broader
cold – colder
friendly – friendlier
happy – happier
nervous – more nervous
perfect – more perfect
smart – smarter

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Irregular Forms
Some adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative degree,
meaning they don’t have a suffix –er nor do they need the
words more or less. The comparative forms of these adjectives
are totally different words.
good – better
little – less
bad – worse
far – farther
much – more

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Comparison of Equality

To say that two nouns are equal, the following formula is used:

As + adjective + as (tan + adjetivo + como)

She is as tall as her brother.


The Empire State is as beautiful as the Obelisk.
It’s as cold as yesterday.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Inequality: adjectives
We can show that two things are not equal using:
not + as + adjective + as
not + so + adjective + as
When we use these structures, the first thing mentioned is 'less' than the
second thing. (The order of the things you are comparing is opposite to
that used in comparisons with comparative adjectives).

This house isn't as big as the old one.


(The old one is bigger than this one.)

Paris isn't so big as Tokyo


(Tokyo is bigger than Paris.)

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Complete the sentences using the comparative form:
1. The house at the corner of the street is _________ (big +) my
house.
2. German lessons are ____________ (interesting -) English ones!
3. That park is __________(verdant +) the one that is near my
brother's school.
4. Tom is __________ (lazy +) his sister, who works a lot.
5. Peter is ______________ (combative =) his father: they never give
up.
6. The sofa we've just bought is _________ (comfortable -) the one we
had before.
7. Julie tried to do her best but unfortunately for her, things
are ___________ (bad +) before.
8. She is ____________ (hardworking -) her classmates: she's lazy so
she doesn't learn and cheats.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


 Compare and say sentences using the comparative form of adjectives.

Peugeot 308 - Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge – Samsung


Toyota Corolla Galaxy S8
2018

• expensive / cheap • expensive / cheap


• comfortable / uncomfortable • New / old
• new / old • Big / small

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


The Statue of Liberty – The Eiffel Tower

93 mts 324 mts


October 28, 1886 March 31, 1889

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Superlative Adjectives

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


A superlative adjective is used to compare three or more objects, people,
or places. Using the superlative form takes a comparison to the highest or
the lowest degree possible.
In all cases, we add “the” before the superlative form:

The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is the tallest building in the world.


This beach is the most beautiful place in the world.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


For a one-syllable word simply add the suffix –est to the word.
Often times it is necessary to double the final consonant:
Long- the longest
Big – the biggest

If the one syllable word ends with an -e you only need to add –st:
Fine- the finest

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


If a two-syllable word ends with a -y then change the -y to -i and
add –est:

Pretty – the prettiest

Words that contain two or three syllables are preceded by the


words most or least:

the most handsome


the least perfect.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Irregular Forms

There are some adjectives that have irregular forms meaning that the
superlative can’t be formed by adding the suffix -est or by using the
words most or least. Here are some examples:

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


The Amazon River
(long and wide) in
America

Atacama Desert in
Chile (dry) in America

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives:

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit14/page3.htm
(Section: Exercises).
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6009 (Section:
Exercise).
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-
adverbs/adjectives/exercises (Section: Exercise).
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-grammar-
comparatives-superlatives.php (Section: Exercise).

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Self-study Preview
Adverbs:
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/adverbios.htm (Section:
Grammar).
http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson29/04.html (Section: Grammar).
https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-
intermedio/adverbs/adverbs-form-and-function (Section: Grammar).

“too” and “enough”:


http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit4/page1.htm (Section:
Useful Tips).

UTN FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Adverbs
We use adverbs to describe a verb, an adjective or another
adverb:
She sings beautifully.
Karen is incredibly intelligent.
He drives very well.
They usually go after the verb.
Most adverbs end in –ly.
Some do not end in –ly: well, fast.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Adverbs give us information about time (when?), place
(where?), manner (how?) and frequency (how often?).

Some adverbs are phrases:

He’s arriving on Tuesday, so we’re meeting him at the station.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Adverbs of Manner
They describe how something is done.
He eats very healthily.
John writes quickly.
Old people usually drive slowly.

We usually form adverbs of manner by adding –ly to the


adjective.
bad – badly
careful – carefully

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


If the adjective ends in –e , take off the –e.
gentle – gently
simple – simply
reasonable - reasonably

If the adjective ends in –y, we usually change the –y to –i.


angry – angrily
easy – easily
happy – happily
healthy – healthily
heavy – heavily
noisy – noisily
But…shy - shyly

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


• If the adjective ends in –ic, we add –ally.
dramatic – dramatically
tragic – tragically

• Some adjectives end in –ly: friendly, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly, deadly,
lively …We don’t add –ly to make the adverb. We use: “in a (adverb)
way/manner”.
He was talking in a silly way.
They danced in a lively manner.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form: fast, hard, late,
early, daily, weekly, monthly:

Adjectives Adverbs
He caught the fast train. He ran fast to catch the train.
He caught the early train. He always arrives early.
She’s a hard worker. She works hard.
The bus is always late. I arrived home late.
My daily newspaper is 50p. I swim daily.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


EASILY CONFUSED WORDS

Hard and hardly are both adverbs but they have different
meanings. Hardly means “almost not”:
They hardly ever go on holiday. (= almost never)
There was hardly anyone at the cinema. (= almost nobody)

Late and lately are both adverbs but they have different
meanings. Lately means “recently”:
I haven’t read any good books lately.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD
1. She stepped confident/confidently onto the stage.
2. The meeting at lunchtime was a complete/completely waste of time.
3. She did good/well in the exam and she won a prize.
4. Max tried hard/hardly to make the hotel receptionist understand him,
but his Spanish wasn’t fluent/fluently enough.
5. After looking at the computer screen all day I had an awful/awfully
headache.
6. Even though Deborah did the job efficient/efficiently, they fired her
after two months.
7. The doctor couldn’t understand why Carol felt so hot because her
temperature was normal/normally.
8. The boy behaved bad/badly on a school trip.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Now relax and enjoy…

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Too means “demasiado” in Spanish, that is more than is needed or
wanted.
We generally use this expression to explain why something is
impossible.

It’s used before adjectives…

This exercise is too easy. I’m going to do a different one.


Mary is too young to get married.
The food is too hot to eat.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


...or before adverbs.

I don’t check my emails at night. I get home too late.

It was raining too heavily when the accident happened.

He was driving too quickly to avoid the accident.

Mary was doing too well in the course to give up.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


• After the adjective or adverb we need to use "to" + the
infinitive.

He's too young to drive.


It's too early to go to her house.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Enough means “lo suficientemente” in Spanish, that is sufficient.
We generally use this expression to explain why something is
possible.
It’s used after adjectives…

Ben runs fast enough, he will win the race.

He is strong enough, he can overcome the problem.

She is intelligent enough, she will pass the test.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


… after adverbs…

I arrived early enough.

After the adjective or adverb we have to use "to" + the


infinitive.
He isn't old enough to drive.

He isn't strong enough to lift it.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


… but before nouns.

She has enough money.


We didn't have enough time to visit London Bridge.
Are there enough eggs to make an omelet?
Richard has enough talent to become a singing star.
There is enough bread for lunch.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Complete with the correct option:

a) We are __________ to help you at the moment. Come back later please! (busy)

b) Is your cocktail ___________________? (cold)

c) My sister is _____________ to be a model. Perhaps when she grows up... (young)

d) Don't be silly! You are _________________ for bungee jumping. For God's sake, granddad! You're 89!
(old)

e) It’s ___________to take pictures in here. Please, turn on the lights! (dark)

f) The exam was ________________ for the students to pass it. (easy)

g) He won’t get the job because he doesn’t have __________________. (experience)

h) The restaurant was _______________ and the food wasn't very good. We won't come back there. (bad)

i) Let’s take a taxi, it’s ___________________to walk, besides I'm tired! (far)

j) Put on your coat on! It’s not __________________ to go out without one. (warm)

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Adverbs of time, place, manner and frequency:

http://www.spraz-ila.de/grammar/adv1.htm (Section: Exercise – Position of


adverbs).
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/word-order/exercises?12
(Section: Exercise – Position of adverbs).
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/word-order/exercises?10
(Section: Exercise – Adverbs of time).
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-
adverbs.php (Section: Exercise).
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-
adverbs/adverbs/exercises (Section: Exercise - Adverbs of manner).
https://www.learn-english-
today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/exercises/frequency-adverbs_quiz1.html
(Section: Exercise – Frequency adverbs).
https://www.grammar.cl/Games/Adverbs_vs_Adjectives.htm (Section:
Exercise – Adverbs vs Adjectives).

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


“too” and “enough”:

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit4/page2.htm
(Section: Dialogue).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit4/page3.htm
(Section: Exercise).
https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/239.html (Section: Exercise).
http://baladre.info/english/sedaviwebfront/tooenough.htm (Section:
Exercise).
https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/53.html (Section: Exercise).

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.

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Personal pronouns (also known as subject pronouns) are used as the
subject of the sentence.

• Examples:
I like your dress.
You are late.
He is my friend
It is raining
She is on holiday
We live in England.
They come from London.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Personal object pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, or
objects of prepositions.

• as the object of the verb:


Can you help me, please?
I can see you.
She doesn’t like him.
We saw them in the park yesterday, but they didn’t see us.

• after prepositions:
She is waiting for me.
Give it to him.
Why are you looking at her?
I’ll speak to them.
Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership or relationship.

• We can use a possessive pronoun instead of a noun phrase:


Is that John’s car? No, it’s mine.
Whose coat is this? Is it yours?
Her coat is grey, mine is brown.
• We can use possessive pronouns after of.
Susan is one of my friends.
or
Susan is a friend of mine.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Possessive adjectives modify the nouns that follow them.
Change your password please.
She is my sister, her name is Sue.
They sent their email yesterday.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Choose the right option.
The teacher always gives the students homework.
me
them
you
My father is writing a letter to John.
me
her
him
I don't know the answer.
it
him
her
Can you help my sister and me, please?
them
her
us

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Complete the sentences using a possessive adjective or pronoun.

1- 'I can't find _____ umbrella. Can I borrow _____ ?' 'Of course, take it.´

2-We live in this house. It's _______ .

3-Tom has taken ______ car to the garage to be repaired.

4-I share the bedroom with _______ sister. ______ room is very big and
cozy.

5-The teacher is angry because the students haven't done ______ homework.

6-I have my passport but Jane has lost _______ . She needs to take a new one
to go with me on holiday.
Self-study Preview
Reflexive Pronouns:
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/pronombresreflexivos.htm
(Section: Grammar).

Relative Pronouns – Relative Clauses:


http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/INTERMEDIATE/unit14/page5.htm
(Sections: Pronunciation, Useful Tips and Exercises).
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/pronombresrelativos.htm
(Section: Grammar).
UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Reflexive pronouns reflect (turn back) the action done by the subject. In
other words, the subject of the sentence is the same as the object of it:
I hurt myself with a knife while cutting vegetables.
We blame ourselves for the mistake.

Reflexive pronouns are used as objects of a preposition referring to the


subjects:
John talks to himself when he’s nervous.
The children got dressed by themselves.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Reflexive pronouns are used when you want to emphasize the
subject, in this case they have an intensive meaning. They can be
omitted from the sentence without changing its meaning:
I baked it myself. (on my own)
I know her, she will do the project herself. (no one else will help her)

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses. A relative clause tells us
which person or thing the speaker means/ refers to. The two sentences
can be linked into one.

We use a relative pronoun to substitute, for example, a common item in


two sentences and join these two sentences in one.

Sue is a doctor. She works in the local hospital.


Sue is a doctor who works in the local hospital.

The Internet is a novel tool. It helps us to do things faster.


The Internet is a novel tool which helps us to do things faster.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which,
and that. When and where can be used as relative pronouns as well.

Using Relative Pronouns


Relative pronouns are placed directly after the noun or pronoun they modify.
For example:
The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.
The children, whom we love dearly, need better education.
Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died.
I have a friend whose cat is annoying.
The book, which is now out of print, has all the information you need.
This is the book that everyone is talking about.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


The relative adverbs "when" and "where" are also used as relative
pronouns. In these cases, "when" and "where" introduce clauses that
describe time and place.

For example:
Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were popular.
I want to go to a resort where the food is free.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


• Who / that: refer to people.
The people who /that live next door have 6 children.
Emi is a student who is studying English.

• Which / that: refer to things or animals.


A turtle is an animal which / that lives in the sea.
That company is the one which makes agrochemicals.

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez
Reflexive pronouns:

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1327
(Section: Exercise).
http://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/reflexive_pronouns.htm (Section: Exercise).
http://www.adelescorner.org/grammar/reflexive_pronouns/reflexive_prono
uns1.html (Section: Exercise).
http://www.adelescorner.org/grammar/reflexive_pronouns/reflexive_prono
uns2.html (Section: Exercise).
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/pronouns/exercises?05
(Section: Exercise).

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez


Relative Pronouns. Relative Clauses:

http://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns.htm (Section: Exercise).
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?02
(Section: Exercise).
https://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns2.htm (Section: Exercise).
http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/relpronoun.php (Section: Exercise).

UTN - FRVM Lic. Evangelina Cecchel - Lic. Bibiana Fernandez

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