Collins - Cambridge - Further Pure Maths 2 - Worked Solutions

Cambridge International
AS & A Level Further Mathematics
Further Pure Mathematics 2

STUDENT’S BOOK: Worked solutions
Tom Andrews, Helen Ball,

Jonny Griffiths, Chris Pearce
Series Editor: Dr Adam Boddison
Pure Mathematics 1 International Students Book Title page.indd 1 14/11/17 10:46 pm

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AM
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Worked solutions
1 Hyperbolic functions
Please note: Full worked solutions are provided as an aid to learning, and represent one approach to answering the
question. In some cases, alternative methods are shown for contrast.
All sample answers have been written by the authors. Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers, which are contained in this
publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge e x + e −x
b cosh x =
2
1 a sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x −1 1
θ θ cosh−1 = e + e
Let q = 2x so x = θ and then sin q = 2 cos sin 2
2 2 2
θ θ θ x −x
b In the same way, sin = 2 cos sin
2 4 4 c tan x = sinh x = e x − e −x
cosh x e + e
θ θ
So sin q = 2 cos × 2 cos sin
θ
2 4 4 e5 − e −5
tanh 5 =
θ θ θ e5 + e −5
= 4 cos cos sin
2 4 4 2 a sinh 4 = 27.289 917 2 = 27.290 (3 d.p.).
2 cos 2θ + tan 2θ = cos2θ − sin 2θ + tan 2θ b cosh − 1 = 1.543 080 635 = 1.543 (3 d.p.).
cos2θ cos2θ
c tanh 5 = 0.999 909 204 3 = 1.000 (3 d.p.).
2
= 1 − sin 2θ + tan 2 θ e x − e −x
cos θ 3 a sinh x =
2
= 1 − tan2 q + tan2 q = 1
3 a 10 sin q + 14 cos q = r sin q cos a + r cos q sin a
ln 4
sinh(ln4) = e − e
− ln 4
=
(
4 − 14 )
= 15
2 2 8
r cos a = 10 and r sin a = 14 2
b sech x = x
r = 10 2 + 14 2 = 296 = 17.20 e + e −x
tan α =
14
= 1.4 so α = 0.951 sech(ln 2) = ln 2 2 − ln 2 = 2 1 = 4
10 e +e 2+ 2 5
b 296 sin (q + 0.951) = 15
e x + e −x 2 e x + e −x
sin (q + 0.951) = 0.872 c coth x = × x −x = x
2 e −e e − e −x
q + 0.951 = 1.059 or π – 1.059 = 2.083
q = 0.108 or 1.132 ln 3 (
− ln 3
coth(ln 3) = e ln 3 + e − ln 3 =
)
3 + 13
=5
4 a cos 2A = 2 cos2 A − 1 so cos2 2A
e −e ( )
3 − 13 4
= (2 cos2 A − 1)2 = 4 cos4 A − 4 cos2 A + 1 4 a cosh x = 1

b cos 4A = 2 cos2 2A −1 x = cosh−1 1
= 2(4 cos4 A − 4 cos2 A + 1) −1 x = 0
= 8 cos4 A − 8 cos2 A +1 b sinh x = 2
Exercise 1.1A x = sinh−1 2

x = 1.443 635 475 = 1.444 (3 d.p.).
e x − e −x c tanh x = 1
1 a sinh x = 2
2
e 4 − e −4 1
sinh 4 = x = tanh −1
2 2
x = 0.549 306 144 3 = 0.549 (3 d.p.).
1
©HarperCollinsPublishers 2018 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Further Pure Mathematics 2 9780008257781
5 2 sinh x + 10 cosh x = 10
= 18 + 6 10
 e x − e −x   e x + e −x  20 + 6 10
2  + 10   = 10
 2   2
= 0.949 (3 d.p.)
ex − e –x + 5ex + 5e−x = 10
1 1
4 8 cosech x + sech x = +
6ex + x − 10 = 0 sinh x cosh x
e
6e2x − 10ex + 4 = 0 2 2
= +
2(3ex − 2)(ex − 1) = 0 e x − e −x e x + e −x
2 2 2e x 2e x
ex
either = so x = ln = −0.405 465 108 1 = + 2x
3 3 2x
e −1 e +1
or ex = 1 so x = ln 1 = 0
=
( )
2ex e 2x + 1 + 2e x e 2x − 1 ( )
a tanh x = sinh x
6
cosh x (e 2x
−1 e )( 2x
+1 )
e x − e −x
= x 2e3x + 2e 2x + 2e3x − 2e 2x
e + e −x =
e 4x − 1
ex − 1
4e3x
= ex =
e x + 1x e 4x − 1
e
4e3x
e 2x − 1 So cosech x + sech x =
x e 4x − 1
= 2xe
e +1
Exercise 1.2A
ex
e 2x − 1 e x − e −x
= 1 The function sinh x = 2 is the mean of ex
e 2x + 1
−x
and −e . This means that to sketch the graph of
1
b coth x = sinh x you can sketch the graphs of ex and −e−x and
tanh x
e 2x + 1 then find the mean points.
coth x =
e 2x − 1
y
7 a sinh x = 3 8
f (x) = sinh x
x −x
e −e
sinh x = 6
2
4
e x − e −x
=3 f (x) = e x
2
2
1
ex − =6 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10 x
ex ––2
f (x) = −e−x
e2x – 6ex – 1 = 0 –4
e x = 6 ± 36 + 4 –6
2
–8
e x = 3 ± 10
2 y = tanh x + 1
e x = 3 + 10 not 3 − 10 as < 0
Asymptotes at y = 0 and y = 2.
( )
x = ln 3 + 10 = 1.818 ( 3 d.p.)
y
sinh x 3
b tanh x =
cosh x 2
(3 + ) 3 + 10
10 − 1 1
=
(3 + 10 ) + 1
3 + 10
–4 –3 –2 –1
–1
0
1 2 3 4 x5
(3 + )
2 –2
10 −1
=
(3 + 10 )
2 –3
+1
2
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
3 y = cosech (−x) b
Asymptotes at y = 0 and x = 0. y
3
y
3 2
2 1
1 0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
–1
–4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 x5
–1 –2
–2 –3
–3
Exercise 1.3A
4 y = 2 – sech x
Asymptote at y = 2. 1 a cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
y cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x 1
=
3 cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
1 − tanh2 x ≡ sech2 x
2
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x 1
1 b =
sinh 2 x sinh 2 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x coth2 x − 1 ≡ cosech2 x
–1
–2 2 a cosh x
–3 cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
5 a sinh x when x is large and positive e−x is small cosh2 x − 3 = 1
1 cosh x = ±2
so sinh x ≈ e x.
2 sinh x 3
b tanh x = =±
b sinh x when x is large and negative ex is cosh x 2
small so sinh x ≈ − 1 e −x. e x − e −x

2 3 sinh x =
2
c cosh x when x is large and positive e−x is
e x + e −x
1
small so cosh ≈ e x. cosh x =
2 2
d cosh x when x is large and negative ex is  e x − e −x   e x + e −x 
2 sinh x cosh x = 2    
1  2 2
small so cosh x ≈ e −x.
2 e 2x − e −2x
=
6 a If do not intersect then tanh x = cosh x has no 2
solutions. = sinh 2x
sinh x 4 a cos 2x ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 x
tanh x =
cosh x
cosh 2x ≡ 1 + 2 sinh2 x
sinh x
cosh x =
cosh x Using Osborn’s rule change sign of –sin2 x to
cosh2 x = sinh x sinh2 x.
But cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 2tan x
b tan 2x ≡
1 − tan 2 x
Substituting sinh x – sinh2 x = 1 2tanh x
tanh 2x
sinh2 x − sinh x + 1 = 0 1 + tanh 2 x
a = 1, b = −1, c = 1 Using Osborn’s rule change sign of –tan2 x to
b2 − 4ac = 1 − 4.1.1 = −3 < 0 so no solutions. tanh2 x (contains sinh2 x).
3
5 sinh( A + B) Exercise 1.4A

tanh( A + B) =
cosh( A + B)
1 y = cosech−1 x, x ≠ 0
sinh A cosh B + cosh A sinh B
tanh( A + B) = y
cosh A cosh B + sinh A sinh B
Divide each term by cosh A.
tanh A cosh B + sinh B
tanh( A + B) =
cosh B + tanh A sinh B
Divide each term by cosh B.
tanh A + tanh B
tanh( A + B) =
1 + tanh A tanh B
2tanh x
6 tanh 2x ≡
1 + tanh 2 x x
4x
e −1
tanh 2x =
e 4x + 1 2x
 
2  e 2x − 1 
2tanh x  e + 1 e 4x − 1
2 = 2 = 4x
1 + tanh x  2x  e +1
1 +  e 2x − 1 
 e + 1
7 cosh 3x ≡ cosh (2x + x)
( )
= cosh 2x cosh x + sinh 2x sinh x
2 sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1
= cosh x (cosh x cosh x + sinh x sinh x)
+ 2 sinh x cosh x sinh x
(
sinh −1 1 = ln 1 + 2 )
= cosh3 x + cosh x (cosh2 x – 1)
3 y = tanh−1 x, x < 1
+ 2 cosh x (cosh2 x – 1)
y
= cosh3 x + cosh3 x – cosh x + 2 cosh3 x – 2 cosh x
y = tanh−1 x
= 4 cosh3 x – 3 cosh x 1
cosh x sinh x y = tanh x

8 coth x − tanh x ≡ − –1 0 1 x
sinh x cosh x
−1
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x
=
sinh x cosh x
2 4 a Let y = cosh−1 x.
=
2 sinh x cosh x So x = cosh y.
2 e y + e−y
= cosh y =
sinh 2x 2
= 2 cosech 2x e y + e−y
So x = 2
Rearranging:
2x = ey + e−y
1
2x = e y + y
e
2xey = e2y + 1
e2y − 2xey + 1 = 0
Solve, using the quadratic formula with
a = 1, b = −2x and c = 1.
2x ± 4x 2 − 4
ey =
2
ey = x ± x2 − 1
So either e y = x − x 2 − 1 or e y = x + x 2 − 1 .
4
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
( )
So cosh −1 x = ln x + x 2 − 1 as cosh−1 x is a
ey =
1 ± 1 − x2
x
one-to-one function.
( )
 1 + 1 − x2 
−1 y = ln   where 0 x < 1.
2
b cosh x = ln x + x − 1 x
 
cosh −1 3 = ln 3 + 8 ( ) 8 Let y = cosech–1 x.
5 a y= sech−1 x, 0 < x 1. So x = cosech y.
y 1
cosech y ≡
sinh y
2 .
So x =
e y − e−y
0
1 x
So x  e y − y  = 2.
1
 e 
xe2y – 2ey – x = 0
b y = sech−1 x + 2, 0 < x 1.
y 2 ± 4 − (4)(x)(−x)
ey =
2x
2
ey = 1 ± 1 + x
x
 1 + 1 + x2 
0 x y = ln 
1
x  where x ≠ 0
 
1 + 1 + 1
6 a Let y = tanh−1 x. cosech −11 = ln   = ln(1 + 2).
 1
So x = tanh y.
e 2y − 1 Exam-style questions
x=
e 2y + 1
1+ x 1 a
e 2y =
1− x y
( )
ln e 2y = ln
1+ x
1− x
3
y = ln (
1− x)
2
1 1+ x
.
2 1
x=1
y = ln (
1− x)
1 1+ x –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
b 2 x = –1
–1
–2
 3
1 1
tanh −1 = ln  2  –3
2 2  1
 2
b sech x = tanh x
1 1
tanh −1 = ln(3) x −x
2 2 2 = e −e
e x + e −x e x + e −x
7 Let y = sech–1 x.
2 = ex – e–x
So x = sech y.
2ex = e2x – 1
1
sech y ≡ 0 = e2x – 2ex – 1
cosh y
2 2 ± 22 − 4(1)(−1) 2 ± 8 2 ± 2 2
So x = . ex = = = =1± 2
e y + e−y 2 2 2
ex > 0 ⇒ e x = 1 + 2 (Also the graphs
So x  e y + y  = 2.
1 only intersect once.)
 e 
xe2y – 2ey + x = 0
(
x = ln 1 + 2 )
2 ± 4 − (4)(x)(x)
sech x < tanh x ⇒ (
x > ln 1 + 2 )
ey =
2x
5
2 a Asymptotes at y = 1 and y = −1 and x = 0.

y (
y = ln x ± x 2 + 1 )
3
2
x ± x2 + 1 > 0 ⇒ (
y = ln x + x 2 + 1 )
( )
y=1
1 sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1
x=0
–4 –3 –2 –1
–1
0
1 2 3 4 x sinh −1
3 = ln ( 3 + 4 = ln ) ( 3+2 )
( )
y = –1
–2 Note: ln 3 − 2 not a real solution.
–3 1
5 a cosech x =
sinh x
b Three solutions because the curves intersect 2
cosech x = x
three times. e − e −x
 x −x  2  x −x  2
3 a cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x ≡  e + e  −  e − e  cosech x = 2x
2
 2   2  e −1
1
cosh2 x − sinh2 x ≡ (e2x + 2 + e−2x − e2x + 2 − e−2x ) ex
4
≡1 2e x
cosech x = 2x
b cosh2 x − 1 = 1 e −1
cosh x = 2
2e x
b y = cosech x = 2x
sinh x e −1
tanh x = = 1
cosh x 2
dy
=
( )
e 2x − 1 2e x − 2e x 2e 2x 3x x( )
= 2e − 2e − 24e
3x
dx
( ) ( )
2
4 a y e 2x − 1 e 2x − 1
6
5
y = sinh x 3x
= −2e − 2e2 =
x −2e e + 1 x
( 2x
)
( ) ( )
2
4
e 2x − 1 e 2x − 1
3 x 2x
= − 22xe × e 2x + 1 = −cosech x coth x
y=x dy
c
2 dx e −1 e −1
1
y = sinh−1 x  x −x   x −x 
6 a 19 e − e  − 11 e + e 
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x  2   2 
–1
= 19 e x − 19 e −xx − 11 e x − 11 e −x
–2 2 2 2 2
–3 = 4e x − 15e −x
line of b 4ex – 15e–x = 4
–4
reflection
–5 4e2x – 15 = 4ex
–6 4e2x – 4ex – 15 = 0
(2ex + 3)(2ex – 5) = 0
x −x
e −e
b Let f ( x ) = sinh x = . e x = − 3 ⇒ No solutions.
2 2
y −y
To find the inverse: x = e − e ∴e =5 x
⇒ e −x = 2
2 2 5
2x = ey – e–y 5−2
x −x
2xey = e2y – 1 tanh x = e x − e −x = 2 5 = 25 − 4 = 21
e +e 5 + 2 24 + 4 29
0 = e2y – 2xey – 1 2 5
Using the quadratic formula:
2x ± 4x 2 − 4(1)(−1) 2x ± 4x 2 + 4
ey = = = x ± x2 +1
2 2
2
= 2x ± 4x + 4 = x ± x 2 + 1
)
2
6
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
7 cosh x = 2(cosh2 x – 1) – 26 10 a y = sech−1 x, 0 < x 1.

cosh x = 2 cosh2 x – 2 – 26 y
2 cosh2 x – cosh x – 28 = 0
(2 cosh x + 7)(cosh x – 4) = 0
coshx = − 7 ⇒ No solutions (since cosh x 1). 0 x

2 1
cosh x = 4
e x + e −x = 4
2
b Let y = sech−1 x.
ex + e–x = 8
So x = sech y.
e2x + 1 = 8ex
2
e2x – 8ex + 1 = 0 sech y = y
e + e−y
8 ± 64 − 4(1)(1) 8 ± 60 2
ex = = = 4 ± 15 So x =
2 2 e y + e−y
( )
x = ln 4 + 15 or x = ln 4 − 15 ( ) xe2y − 2ey + x = 0
Solve, using the quadratic formula with
8 a
y a = x, b = −2 and c = x.
10 2
8 e y = 2 ± 4 − 4x
y = 3 +cosh x 2x
6
1 ± 1 − x2
4 ey =
x
2 y = 2 sech x  2
So sech −1 x = ln  1 + 1 − x  as sech−1 x is
0 x  x 
–3 –2.5 –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
a one-to-one function.
b No solutions because the curves do not
 2
c sech −1 x = ln  1 + 1 − x 
intersect.
 x 
9 a sinh A cosh B + cosh A sinh B
1   3 
 A −A   B −B   A −A   B −B  sech −1 = ln  2  1 +
≡ e −e e +e  +e +e e −e  2   4  
 2  2   2  2 
A+B
+ e A − B − e B − A − e−( A + B) + e A + B − e A − B + e B − A − e−( A + B) 11 a coth x = cosh x
≡e sinh x
4
2e A+B
− 2 e −( A + B)
e x + e −x
≡ =
4 e x − e −x
A+B
≡e − e −( A + B)
e x + 1x
2 e
=
≡ sinh(A + B) e x − 1−x
e
b sinh (x + ln 3) = cosh x e 2x + 1
sinh x cosh (ln 3) + cosh x sinh (ln 3) = cosh x x
= 2xe
tanh x cosh (ln 3) + sinh (ln 3) = 1 e −1
ex
 ln3 −ln3 
1−  e − e  e 2x + 1
1 − sinh(ln3)  2 =
tanh x = = − e 2x − 1
cosh(ln3) ln
e +e3 ln3
2 b coth x = 5
 ln3−1 
1−  3− e
x = 0.202 732 554 1 = 0.203 (3 d.p.).

 2  2 − 3 + 1
= = 3 = −1
−1
3 + e ln3 3+ 1 5
3
2
7
15 a cosech−1 (x) undefined for x = 0.

12 a tanh( A − B) = sinh( A − B)
cosh( A − B) y = cosech−1 x, x ≠ 0
= sinh A cosh B − cosh A sinh B
cosh A cosh B sinh A sinh B y
= tanh A − tanh B
1 − tanh A tanh B
b 2 tanh (13x) – 2 tanh (12x)
= 1 – tanh (13x) tanh (12x)
2(tanh (13x) – tanh (12x))
= 1 – tanh (13x) tanh (12x)
tanh (13x ) − tanh (12x ) 1 x
=
1 − tanh (13x ) tanh(12x) 2
tanh x = 1
2
e x − e −x = 1
e x + e −x 2
2ex – 2e–x = ex + e–x
ex – 3e–x = 0
e2x – 3 = 0 b Let y = cosech−1 x.
e2x = 3 So x = cosech y.
2x = ln 3 2
cosech y = y
x = 1 ln 3 e − e−y
2
2
So x = y .
13 Let y = coth−1 x. e − e−y
So x = coth y. xe2y − 2ey − x = 0
e 2y + 1 Solve, using the quadratic formula with a = x,
coth y = b = −2 and c = −x.
e 2y − 1
x +1 2 ± 4 + 4x 2
e 2y = ey =
x −1 4x
( )
ln e 2y = ln( xx +− 11 ) ey =
1 ± 1 + x2
x
y = ln (
x − 1 ), x < −1 or x > 1
1 x +1  1 + 1 + x2 
2 So cosech −1 x = ln   , x ≠ 0.
 x 
14 7 cosh x + 2 sinh x = 9
Mathematics in life and work
 e x + e −x   e x − e −x 
7 + 2 =9 e −3 + e3
 2   2  1 cosh −3 = = 10.067 662 = 10.068 (3 d.p.)
2
7ex + 7e−x + 2ex − 2e−x = 18
e3 + e −3
9e2x − 18ex + 5 = 0 cosh 3 = = 10.067 662 = 10.068 (3 d.p.)
2
a = 9, b = −18, c = 5 2 y = −cosh x
y
18 ± 18 2 − 4.9.5
ex = 20
18
5 1 15
e x = or
3 3 10
x = 0.510 825 623 8 or −1.098 612 289 5
= 0.511 or –1.099 (3 d.p.)
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–5
–10
3 f(x) = −cosh x + 10
f(0) = −cosh 0 + 10 = 9 so the arch will be
9 metres tall.
8
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 Matrices
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers, which are contained in
this publication.
Prerequisite knowledge 4 Let the given points be A, B and C.

 3  −2
1 a For first line, let t = a, for second line let t = b.    
AB = 4 , AC = 1
3 + 2a = 1 – b    
 2  0
4–a=6+b
 n1 
–1 + 2a = 1 + b
The normal vector, n =  n2  but as the size
 
Adding first two equations gives 7 + a = 7, so a = 0.  n3 
Substitute in to second gives b = –2. does not matter let n1 = 1.
i = 3, j = 4, k = –1 so (3, 4, –1)  3  1   −2  1 
b t1 = −8 + 3t2  4 ⋅  n  = 0 and  1  ⋅  n  = 0
   2    2
1+2t1 = –3 + 2t2  2  n   0   n 
3 3
3t1 = t2 this gives 6t1 = 3t2, substituting into the Which gives –2 + n2 = 0 so n2 = 2.
second equation gives 11
And 3 + 4n2 + 2n3 = 0, so n3 = − = −5.5.
1 + 2t1 = –3 + 6t1 giving t1 = 1 and t2 = 3. 2
So the equation of the plane is x + 2y – 5.5z = d.
So the point of intersection is (1, 3, 3).
Substitute a point of the plane to find d, e.g A(1, 1, 3).
2 2(3 – 3t) + 3(1) – 2(2t) = 39 1 + 2 – 16.5 = –13.5, so d = –13.5.
9 – 10t = 39 So x + 2y – 5.5z = –13.5 or 2x + 4y – 11z + 27 = 0.
t = –3
 1 −6
 3  −3  12  5 a det M = 2– –18 = 20, so M–1 = 1
20  3 2 
 1  − 3 0  =  1 
       −16 −15 19 
 0  2   −6
b adj M =  −10 5 9 
 
 2 −1 −11
Point of intersection is (12, 1, –6).
 1 det M = –46
3 Normal to plane is  7  .  16 15 −19
 
 4 1  10 −5 −9 
thus M–1 =
46  
 −2 1 11 
 5
Parallel to the line is  1  .  3 3  x  =  x  gives 3x + 3y = x and
  6 a
 −3  2 4  y   y 
 1  5 
 7   1  = 5 + 7 – 12 = 0. So the line and plane are 2
2x + 4y = y both → y = − x or (3λ, −2λ).
   3
 4  −3
parallel, the line is parallel to all lines that are on b  3 2   x  =  x  gives 3x + 2y = x and
the plane.  −2 −1  y   y 
–2x – y = y both → y = –x or (λ, −λ).
9
2 Matrices
 4 1  x   1 1 −1  3  2
c =  x  gives 4x + y = x and
 2 2  y   y  b  −1 1 1  ×  4 =  6 
     
2x + 2y = y, which are not equivalent, so (0, 0) is  1 −1 1   5  4
the only invariant point. c Hence x = 1, y = 3, z = 2.
Exercise 2.1A d z = 3 – x, and y = 4 – x so y + z = 5 becomes
(4 – x) + (3 – x) = 5 or 7 – 2x = 5, giving 2 = 2x,
1 a det A = 28 – 10 = 18
x = 1. Same as in part c.
1  7 −2
A–1 = a The red line has gradient of 0.5 = 0.5 and
18  −5 4  5
1
y-intercept of 0.5, so y = 0.5x + 0.5 or 2y = x + 1
 7 − 2  9  1 7 × 9 − 2 × 8 
b, c 1  × = or 2y – x = 1.
18  −5 4   8 18  −5 × 9 + 4 × 8
The blue line has gradient of –1 and y-intercept
1  47  of 5, so y = 5 – x, or y + x = 5.
=
18  −13 Intersection of 2y = x + 1 and y = 5 – x gives
13 2(5 – x) = x + 1
So x = 47 ÷ 18 =− 47 , y = −13 ÷ 18 = −
18 18 10 – 2x = x + 1
and z = 1.
2 det M = (2 × (2 – 4)) – 0 + 1 × (4 – 1) = –4 – 0 + 3 = –1 9 = 3x
 2 −2 1  x = 3, so y = 2
hence M–1 =  2 −3 2  , A is (3, 2).
 
 −3 4 −2
b iii gives x – 2y = –1 and x + y = 5, so is the
same as the lines in the graph.
 x  2 −2 1   1   4
so y = 2 −3 2 2 =  8 
       x
        1 −2 1    2
 z   −3 4 2  6  −7 c  y =
 1 1 1    8
 z
3 a detM = 2(7k – 20) – 5(3k + 4) + 3(15 + 7)
detM = 6 – k
 10 −5 −5
M is singular when detM = 0 ⇒ k = 6.
6 Inverse = 1  −2 −1 7 
b det M = 1. 20  
 6 3 −1
 15 −10 −1
adj M =  −19 13 1   10 −5 −5  60   5
 
 22 −15 −1 So 1  −2 −1 7   20 =  21
20      
 6 3 −1  80   17 
 15 −10 −1
Hence M–1 =  −19 13 1  So x = 5, y = 21, z = 17.
 
 22 −15 −1  −8 10 14 
 2 5 3  x   20 7 Inverse = 1  2 −5 −1
20  
 8 0 −4
c  3 7 4  y  =  29
    
 −1 5 5  z   7 
 −8 10 14   10   21
 x   15 −10 −1  20  3  So 1  2 −5 −1  15  =  −4
20     
d  y  =  −19 13 1   29 =  4   −8 0 −4  25  −1
       
 z   22 −15 −1  7   −2
So x = 21, y = –4, z = –1.
x = 3, y = 4, z = –2.
 6 −1 −1
 1 0 1   1 1 −1
8 Given M =  7 −2 −2 , det M = 5,
4 a B × B−1 = 1  1 1 0  −1 1 1   
 2 1 0 
2  
 0 1 1   1 −1 1 
 2 −1 0 
 1 0 0 M–1 =  −4 2 5 
1
5 
=  0 1 0  11 −8 −5
 
 0 0 1 
10
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 2 −1 0   15  5 So x = t, y = 17 and z = –7 – 2t giving the vector

1  −4 2 5  ×  5  =  0  equation as required.
5     
b Because y is always 17, the line is always
 11 −8 −5  10  15
parallel to the x–z plane, regardless of the
giving P = (5, 0, 15) value of t.
9 a 3 gerbils c Substituting the line into the plane gives:
–(t) + 4(17) – (–7 – 2t) = 5
b 4 mice
which simplifies to –t + 75 = 5, giving t = –70.
c 1 rat
Substituting t = –70 into the line gives
d m = 104 – 34 – 23 = 47
P = (–70, 17, 133).
e
n = 3 × 4 – 2 × 5 = 2, det M = 54,
d Along the line is the only place where the first
 3 −9 21   34   3 two planes meet, and the line and the third
so M–1 = 1  11 3 −13  47 =  4 plane only meet at one point.
54     
 −10 12 2   23  5
6 a 3 coincident planes, so solution is 3x + 4y − z = 4
so 3, 4 and 5 people in the families. or (λ, μ, 3λ + 4μ – 4).
b All 3 parallel, 2 coincident, so no solution.
Exercise 2.2A c Two coinciding one different, so intersection is
1 If k = 9 then the two lines are equivalent. along the line:
4x + 3y − z = −20 so 4x + 3y + 20 = z
2 x=λ
Substituting into first: 3x + 2y − z = −14
y = –1
gives 3x + 2y − (4x + 3y + 20) = −14.
z = –1 + 2λ
3x + 2y − 4x − 3y − 20 = −14
For π1: 2 × λ – 3 × (– 1) – (– 1 + 2λ) = 4
−x −y = 6
π2: 4 × λ – 1 – 2 × (– 1 + 2λ) = 1
x = −y − 6
π3: 2λ – (– 1 + 2λ) = 1
y=y
As all of these give the correct constant it shows
that the line is indeed a solution to the intersection so substituting into z = 4x + 3y + 20 = 4(−y − 6) +
of the three planes. 3y + 20 = −y − 4
 2 x = −y − 6
3 For the plane, the normal vector is  4 . y=y
 
 4 z = −y − 4
 2  −4  −6  1   −6  −1
Finding the angle between  4 and  3  gives 0, so r =  0  + t  −1 or  0  + t  1 
           
 4  −1  −4  1   −4  −1
showing they are perpendicular. d None are parallel, but det M = 0. Triangle of
planes.
Thus the plane and the line are parallel.  5 −2 1 
As the line passes through (1, 1, 1) substituting this e det M = –12, so M–1 = 1  −2 −4 2 giving
into the plane gives 2 × 1 + 4 × 1 + 4 × 1 = 10 ≠ 9, so 12  
 −9 6 3
they are not coincident. (4.5, –3, –2.5).
4 a a=2
7 a 2 × (12 – 20) – 2 × (4 – 6) – 3 × (–40 + 36) = 0
b a=1
b The three planes form a triangular prism
c Triangular prism
regardless of the value of n.
5 a 2t + y + z =10, 4t + y + 2z = 3, so y = 10 – z – 2t and
8 Substitute (3.2, 0, 1.4) into π1 gives a = 10
a
y = 3 – 2z – 4t
Substitute (3.2, 0, 1.4) into π2 gives b = 12
giving 10 – z – 2t = 3 – 2z – 4t so z = –7 – 2t.
Let the relationship between the planes be
y = 10 – z – 2t becomes y = 10 + 7 + 2t – 2t = 17.
nπ1 + mπ2 = π3.
11
2 Matrices
Then 10n + 12m = 34 and 4n + 2m = 8.

b  1 2 has eigenvalues of − 6 + 1 and 6 + 1
This gives n = 1 and m = 2.  3 1 
 2  2
From the coefficients of y : 3 × 1 – 3 × 2 = –3 −
with eigenvectors of  3  and  3  (or
so c = –3.  1   1 
From the coefficients of z: –2 × 1 + 4 × 2 = 6 equivalent).
so d = 6.
b The three planes now form a prismatic This means that the lines y = − 2 x and
3
intersection.
c The three planes now have a unique point of y = 2 x are invariant lines for the transformation.
3
intersection.
5 a It is a property of eigenvalues that Me = λe;
pre-multiplying by k gives kMe = kλe so kλ is an
Exercise 2.3A eigenvalue of kM.
1 a (2 − λ)(1 − λ) − 12 = 0 gives (λ − 5)(λ + 2) = 0 so b Me = λe; pre-multiplying by M gives MMe =
λ = 5 or −2. Mλe, which is written as M2e = λ(Me) =
λ(λe) = λ2e so λ2 is an eigenvalue of M2.
 1  3
Eigenvectors: and
 1  −4 c Me = λe; pre-multiplying by M–1 gives
M–1 Me = M–1λe, which is written as
b λ + λ − 30 = 0 so λ = −6 or 5.
2
e = λ(M−1e). Dividing both sides by λ gives
 2  3 λ−1e = M–1e, so λ−1 is an eigenvalue of M–1.
Eigenvectors:   and  
1   −4
 −12 −308 −84  −7  −28
6  −8 −186 −51  −4 =  −16
a
2 a Eigenvalues are 3, 2, 1 with eigenvectors:     
 32 748 205   16   64 
 1   0  0
 0 ,  1  ,  0  −7
     
 0  0  1  = 4  −4 so λ = 4.
 
 16 
b Eigenvalues are 4, –2, 2 with eigenvectors:
 1   −−11  −−11   −12 −308 −84  −2  −4  −2
 2 ,    ,     −8 −186 −51  −1 =  −2 = 2 −1
   00  −−22        
 0         32 748 205   4   8   4 
 22  11 
c Eigenvalues are 3, 2 and 1 with eigenvectors: So λ = 2.
 1   0  0 b 748 × (–3) + 205m = m gives m = 11.
 −8 ,  1  ,  2
       14 2 −4  1  12  1
 2   0  1   −2 10 4   1 =  12 = 12 1 so λ = 12.
7
      
 −5 −1 18   1  12  1
3 a Eigenvalues are 3, 2, 0 with eigenvectors:
Characteristic equation is −λ3 + 42 × λ2 − 560 × λ +
 000 111 −−3− 33  2400 = 0.
 111, −−1− 11 ,111 
             Given λ = 12, (λ – 12) is a factor so it factorises to
 000 111 333 
(λ – 12) (λ – 10) (20 – λ) = 0 so λ = 12, 10 and 20.
b Because one of the values is 0 it means that  1  2
det M = 0 and thus M–1 does not exist. So λ = 12 gives  1 , λ = 10 gives  −2 and λ = 20
   
 1  1 
 0 1
4 a
 1 0 has eigenvalues of 1 and –1, and vectors  −1
gives  1  .
 1  −1  
 2 
 1 and  1  . This means that the line y = x and
8 0 =(3 – λ) ((– 4 – λ) (3 – λ) – 12) – 1(– 6(3 – λ) – 12)
the line y = –x are both invariant lines.
+ 1(– 24 – 4( 4 – λ ))
12
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Should read: 0 = (3 – λ) ((– 4 – λ) (3 – λ) + 12) +  3 3 2  2  14  2

1(6(3 – λ) – 12) + 1(– 24 – 4(– 4 – λ)).
9 a 2 4 2 2 = 14 = 7  2 so eigenvalue = 7.
     
      
The following line has negative number errors  1 0 5  1   7   1 
when expanding the bracket, which fortunately
cancel out the errors from first line. 3−λ 3 2
0 = (λ – 1)2 (λ – 2) is therefore incorrect. b det ( M − λ I ) = 2 4−λ 2 =0
It should factorise to 0 =(λ + 1) (λ – 1) (λ – 2). 1 0 5−λ
So λ = 1, – 1 or 2. (3 – λ)((4 – λ)(5 – λ)) – 3(2(5 – λ) – 2)
For λ = 1, + 2(0 – ((4 – λ)) = 0
if y = 0 and z = – 2x. λ3 – 12λ2 + 39λ – 28 = 0
 k   1  (λ – 7) is a factor of this, giving:

Then this gives  0  ⇒  0  when k = 1. (λ – 7)(λ – 4)(λ – 1) = 0.
   
 −2k   −2  λ = 7 has been evaluated in part a.
λ=4
For λ = 2,
the matrix has errors:  −1 3 2  x   0
 2 0 2  y  =  0 
 1 −1 1     
 1 0 1   z   0
 4 −6 3
 
 2 −4 1 –x + 3y + 2z = 0 1
2x + 2z = 0 2
 1 −1 1  x   0
x+z=0 3
and should read:  6 −6 3  y  =  0
     So x = –z.
 4 −4 1  z   0
Substituting into 1 –x + 3y – 2x = 0 ⇒ y = x.
x – y + z = 0 1
So the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 4 is
6x – 6y + 3z = 0 2
4x – 4y + z = 0 3 k 1
 k  ⇒  1  when k = 1.
So 4 1 – 3 ⇒ 3z = 0 ⇒ z = 0.    
 −k   −1
Substituting into 1 : x = y  k
So the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 2 is  k  λ=1
 
 0 
 1
 2 3 2  x   0 
⇒  1  when k = 1.  2 3 2  y  =  0 
 
 0     
 1 0 4  z   0
For λ = –1, 1
2x + 3y + 2z = 0
 4 −1 1   x   0  2x + 3y + 2z = 0 2
 6 −3 3  y  =  0
     x + 4z = 0 3
 4 −4 4  z   0
So –8z + 3y + 2z = 0
4x – y + z = 0 1 –6z + 3y = 0
6x – 3y + 3z = 0 2 y = 2z
4x – 4y + 4z = 0 3 x + 2y = 0 so x = –2y
So 1 – 3 ⇒ 3y – 3z = 0 ⇒ y = z. So the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 1 is
3 3 – 2 2 ⇒ –6y + 6z = 0 ⇒ y = z.  −4k   −4
Substituting into 1 gives x = 0.  2k  ⇒  2  when k = 1.
 0    
So the eigenvector corresponding to λ = – 1 is  k   k   1 
 
 0  k 
⇒  1  when k = 1.
 
 1 
13
2 Matrices
 −33 −24 16   −2  −6   −2  −1 1 0   x   0

10 a  42 33 −18  1  =  3  = 3 1   1 −1 1   y  =  0
           
 9 9 m   −3  −3m − 9  −3  0 0 −1  z   0
The eigenvalue is 3.  1
which gives an eigenvector of  1  .
So –3m – 9 = –9 so m = 0.  
 0
b Characteristic equation is λ3 – 63λ + 162 = 0.
(λ – 3) is a factor, which gives 1−λ a b
(λ – 3)(λ – 6)(λ + 9) = 0. 12 det ( M − λ I ) = 6 7−λ −2 =0
1 0 2−λ
So the matrix has eigenvalues of λ = 3, 6, –9.
 −2 (1 – λ)((7 – λ)(2 – λ)) – a(6(2 – λ) + 2) + b(0 – (7 – λ)) = 0
This gives eigenvectors of  1  (as above) –λ3 + 10λ2 – 23λ + 14 – 12a + 6aλ – 2a – 7b + bλ = 0
 
 −3 –λ3 + 10λ2 + (6a + b – 23)λ + 14 – 14a – 7b = 0
 0
and  2 for an eigenvalue of 6 Compare to λ3 + cλ2 + 4λ + 7 = 0.
 
 3 This means that c = –10 (coefficients of λ2).
6a + b – 23 = –4 ⇒ 6a + b = 19.
 −1 
14 – 14a – 7b = –7 ⇒ 2 – 2a – b = –1 ⇒ 2a + b = 3.
and  1  for an eigenvalue of –9.
  Solving gives a = 4 and b = –5.
 0
So a = 4, b = –5 and c = –10.
2−λ 1 0
Exercise 2.4A
11 det ( M − λ I ) = 1 2−λ 1 =0
p 0 r−λ 1 λ2 – 4λ – 12 = 0 gives λ = 6 and –2 giving
a
(2 – λ)((2 – λ)(r – λ)) – 1(1(r – λ) – p) + 0 = 0  5  −1
eigenvectors of   and   .
If λ = 2:  3 1
0 – (r – 2) + p = 0 ⇒ –r + 2 + p = 0 ⇒ r = p + 2.  −1 5 −2 0
So Q =  ,D=  and
If λ = 1:  1 3  0 6
(1)(1)(r – 1) – (r – 1) + p = 0 ⇒ p = 0.  −3 5
Q–1 = 1 .
So r = 2: 8  1 1
 2 1 0
This gives  1 2 1   −1 5  −2 0  −3 5
  M= 1
 0 0 2 8  1 3  0 6  1 1
If λ = 1:
 1 1 0  x   0 b λ
2 – 10λ + 16 = 0 gives λ = 2 and 8 giving
 1 1 1   y  =  0  1  −1
     eigenvectors of and .
 0 0 1   z   0  2  1 
 −1  1 −1  2 0
So Q =  ,D=
which gives an eigenvector of  1  .  and
   2 1   0 8
 0 
If λ = 2:  1 1
Q–1 = 1
 0 1 0  x   0 3  −2 1
 1 0 1   y  =  0
      1 −1  2 0 1  1 1
 0 0 0  z   0 M=
 2 1   0 8 3  −2 1
 −1
which gives an eigenvector of  0  . c λ2 – 0.5λ – 0.06 = 0 gives λ = 0.6 and –0.1 giving
 
 1 
If λ = 3:  1  −0.75
eigenvectors of   and  .
 1  1 
14
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 − 0.75  0.6 0  2  −2

So Q =   ,D=   and 3 a λ = 1 or −1 eigenvectors =   or   .
1 1   0 − 0.1  
1 1
 4 3  2 −2  1 0  –1 1  1 2
Q–1 = 1  . Q=  ,D=  ,Q = 
7  −4 4 1 1   0 −1 4  −1 2
6
   2 −2  1 0   1 2
2 −0.6  0.8 0.6  b M6 = 1 
10  2  0.6 0   4  1 1   0 −1  −1 2
M=    × 
7 2 2  0 0.1  − 2 2
0.8  2 2   2 −2  1 0  1 2  1 0
 2 = 1 =
4  1 1   0 1   −1 2  0 1 
d λ2 – 0.09 = 0 gives λ = 0.3 and –0.3 giving  0 2
c M6 × M = M = 
 5
eigenvectors of   and   .
 −1  0.5 0
 1 1
d Mn = M if n is odd,
 5 −1  0.3 0  Mn = I if n is even.
So Q =   ,D= and
1 1   0 −0.3
 1 0
4 a 
 1 1  0 1 
Q−1 = 1  .
6  −1 5
 1 0 
b 26  
 5 −1  0.3 0   1 1  0 1 
M = 1
6  1 1   0 −0.3  −1 5
 1 0 
c 2n  
2 a λ2 – 2λ – 10 = 0 is the characteristic equation.  0 1 
So M2 – 2M – 10I = 0 needs to be shown. −1

 4 3  0.4 −0.6
 18 4 5 a  = so correct.
M2 =  1 2  −0.2 0.8 
 2 6 
−1 − 1 3
 18 4
 4 2  −  10 0   −2 3  20 20 
 2 6  − 2 1 −2  0 10 b  = so correct.
 6 1 
6 2

20 20
 0 0
= as required.
 0 0 −1
 8 − 4  1 2
c  = one change needed.
b –λ3 + 5 × λ2 – 13 × λ + 17 = 0  −3.5 2   1.75 4
5 4 2 
 6 −1 
−1  0.5 − 1  1  3 −1 two
M2 =  3 1 −5 d 6  or 6 
=
 
 6 12 −7
 12 −3  2 − 1   12 −6
 16 20 −3  changes needed.
M3 =  2 −17 1 
  −1 1 7
 17 8 −18 4 7   8  one change needed.
e  =4
 0 −2  0

− 1 
 16 20 −3  5 4 2  2 0 1  2
− 2 −17 1 + 5 3 1 −5 − 13 1 3 −2
   
       64 −63
 17 8 −18  6 12 −7  1 4 0 6
 a
 0 1 
20 −3  5 4 2  2 0 1   1 0 0
b 
1 0  or  1 0 
−17 1  + 5 3 1 −5 − 13 1 3 −2 +17  0 1 0 = 0  16 777 215 167 772 16  24 
        2 − 1 224 
8 −18  6 12 −7  1 4 0   0 0 1 
 235 −306
c
 204 235 
15
2 Matrices
7 a (6 − λ)(2 − λ) − 4 = 0 3
9 4 5   9 4 5   89 50 30   901 466 225
12 − 6λ − 2λ + λ2 −4=0  2 1 −5 =  2 1 −5  20 −1 0  =  178 79 105 
      
λ2 − 8λ + 8 = 0 as required.  0 2 1   0 2 1   4 4 −9  44 2 −9 
 40 32
M2 = Substituting into the characteristic equation gives:
 8 8 
 901 466 225  89 50 30   9 4 5   11 11 0
 40 32  6 4  1 0  178 79 105  − 11 20 −1 0  + 21 2 1 −5 −  0 111
b  − 8 + 8 =0       
 8 8   1 2  0 1   44 2 −9   4 4 −9  0 2 1   0 0
c M − 8I + 8M−1 = 0
−1 −1 1 0 
901
6−1 44661 225 2  −4  89 50 30  9 4 5   1111 0 0 
So M − 8I +M8M =  = 0 gives − 1M = I −= M     + 21 2 1
 8
 0 1   1 2 
178 79 8 105 − 11
 −1  6   20 −1 0 −5 −  0 111 0 
    
 44   4 4 −9  0 2 1   0 0 111
−1  1 0  1  6 4  1  2 2 − 4 −9 
So M = 
−1 − =
 0 1  8  1 2 8  −1 6 
 901 466 225  −979 −550 −330  189 84 105  
d λ2 − 8λ = 0 =  178 79 105  +  −220 11 0  +  42 21 −105 − 
      
M2 – 8M = 0  44 2 −9   −44 −44 99   0 42 21  
Pre-multiplying by M gives –1
 −979 −550 −330  189 84 105   111 0 0 

M – 8I = 0.
 −220 11 0  +  42 21 −105 − 0 111 0 
 
e There is no M–1 term, because det M = 0, so     
 −44 −44 99   0 42 21   0 0 111
M–1 does not exist.
 0 0 0
8 a (2 − λ)(4 − λ) + 1 = 0
=  0 0 0 as required.
8 − 6 λ + λ2 + 1 = 0  
 0 0 0
λ2 − 6λ + 9 = 0
b M2 − 6M + 9I = 0 c M3 – 11M2 + 21M – 111I = 0
M2 = 6M − 9I Pre-multiplying by M–1gives:
c M4 = (6M − 9I)2 = (6M − 9I) × (6M − 9I) M2 – 11M + 21I – 111M–1 = 0.

= 36M2 − 108M + 81I So 111M–1 = M2 – 11M + 21I.
d M4 = 36M2–108M + 81I = 36(6M – 9I) – 108M + 81I 1
M −1 = (M 2 − 11M + 21I)
= 216M – 324I – 108M + 81I = 108M –243I 111
e M8 =
(108M − 243I)2   89 50 30  9 4 5 
= 11 664M2 − 52 488M + 59 049I M −1 = 1   20 −1 0  −11  2 1 −5 
= 11 664(6M − 9I) − 52 488M + 59 049I 111    
  4 4 −9  0 2 1 
= 17 496M − 45 927I
9−λ 4 5  1 0 0 
9 a det ( M − λ I ) = 2 1−λ −5 = 0 +21  0 1 0 
 
0 2 1−λ  0 0 1  
(9 – λ)((1 – λ)(1 – λ) + 10) – 4(2(1 – λ)) + 5(4) = 0  11 6 −25

λ3 – 11λ2 + 21λ – 111 = 0 M −1 = 1  −2 9 55 
111  
2
 4 −18 1 
9 4 5   89 50 30 
b  2 1 −5 =  20 −1 0  10 a Characteristic equation in λ is: λ3 – 37λ = 0.
   
 0 2 1   4 4 −9
 4 2 0 20
20 14
14 −−88   148
148 7474 0 0 
  22   3 3    
3 b A =  2 3 −4 ,, A
A =
A = 34 9
34 9 16 , A =
16 , A =  74 111
74 111 −148
−148 
9 4 5   9 4 5   89 50 30   901 466 225
 
1 −7 
17 −14 
45 
45 −185 37 −259  
 2 1 −5 =  2 1 −5  20 −1 0  =  178 79 105  −5 17 −14  −185 37 −259 
      
 0 2 1   0 2 1   4 4 −9  44 2 −9 
16
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 20 14 −8   148 74 0  2 0 2
    2  
A 2 =  34 9 16 , AA33 =  74 111 −148  12 a matrix B = 0 4 0
17 −14 45  −185 37 −259  2 0 2
    
 148 74 0   4 2 0   0 0 0 4 0 4
 
 74 111 −148 − 37  2 3 −4 =  0 0 0 matrix B3 =  0 8 0
      4
 −185 37 −259  −5 1 −7  0 0 0  0 4 
c A3 – 37A = 0  2n −1 0 2n −1 
 
A2 – 37I = 0 b matrix Bn =  0 2n 0 
 n −1 
So the A–1 term does not exist. 2 0 2n −1 
4−λ 1 6 By observation, but algebraically it can be shown
11 a det ( M − λ I ) = 2 −1 − λ 0 =0 that:
1 3 7−λ  2n −1 0 2n −1   1 0 1   2n 0 2n 
   
λ3 – 10λ2 + 9λ = 0 so eigenvalues λ = 9, 1 or 0  0 2n 0   0 2 0 =  0 2n +1 0
 
This leads to eigenvectors of:  n −1    
2 0 2n −1   1 0 1   2n 0 2n 
1
λ= 0⇒  2 which shows that it follows the pattern.
 
 −1  −1 1 −1
13 a Q−1 =  2 −1 1 
 3  
 2 −2 1 
λ=1⇒  3
 
 −2 b For example:
 1 1 0   1 0 0   −1 1 −1
 5
M =  0 1 −1  0 3 0   2 −1 1 
λ = 9 ⇒  1     
 −2 0 −1  0 0 4  2 −2 1 
 4
 5 −2 2 
 1 3 5  0 0 0
=  −2 5 −1
Q = 2 3 1 and D =  0 1 0
b Q    
 −6 6 −2
   
 −1 −2 4  0 0 9
1
 −14 22 12
1  c Which has eigenvalue of 1 with eigenvector of  0 
c QQ−–11 = 9 − 9 − 9  
 −2
18  
 1 1 3
 1
 1 3 5  0 0 0  −14 22 12 
1  2 3 1   0 1 0  9 −9 −9 and eigenvalue of 3 with eigenvector of  1 
d R=  
18      0
 −1 −2 4  0 0 9  1 1 3 
 0
 4 1 6
and eigenvalue of 4 with eigenvector of  −1
=  2 −1 0  
   −1
 1 3 7
 3 −10 37 
1 3 5   0 0 0   −14 22 12 
  14 a Q–1 =  −7 23 −84
1   0 1 0   9 −9 −9
e R10 1   
= 2 3  1
18     −3 11 
 −1 − 2 4  0 0 910   1 1 3 
b M = QDQ–1
 968551224 968551221 2905653666 Pre-multiply by Q –1 gives:
=  193710 246 193710 243 581130732 
  Q–1 M = DQ–1
 77 480977 774840979 2324522935 
Post-multiply by Q gives:
Q–1 MQ = D
17
2 Matrices
 3 −10 37   24 −72 262   −1 1 11  3

c D =  −7 23 −84  154 −506 1862  7 4 7 

 1
   (4 (−1) n
2 3 × 2  −7
n
  )
−3 11   40 −132 486   2 1 1   1
  24 −72 262   −1 1 11

  154 −506 1862×  7 4 7  (
= 12 × ( −1) − 14 + 3 × 2n
n
)
   So a = 12 × (–1)n – 14 + 3 × 2n.
  40 −132 486   2 1 1 
 12 −40 148  −1 1 11 Exam-style questions

=  14 −46 18   7 4 7 
   1 a He = λe so H2e = Hλe = λHe = λ(λe) = λ2e
 2 −6 22   2 1 1 
The eigenvector is still e.
 4 0 0 b (H4 + 2H3 – 4H2 + 4H)e = H4e + 2H3e – 4H2 e + 4He
=  0 −2 0 = λ4e + 2λ3e − 4λ2e + 4λe
 
 0 0 2 = (44 + 2 × 43 − 4 × 42 + 4 × 4)e
= 336e
 −1  5
For M, λ = 4, –2 and 2 with e =  7  , So eigenvalue is 336 and e =  
   −1
 2 
 0 1 −1
 1  11 2 P = 1 2 0 
 
 4 and  7   1 2 1 
   
 1 1 Therefore, det P = – 1(1 – 0) – 1(2 – 2) = – 1.
 2 −3 2 
−20 − λ 50 8
P −1 = 1  −1 1 −1
15 a −11 27 − λ 4 =0 −1  
 0 1 −1
20 −46 −5 − λ
⇒ λ3 – 2λ2 – λ + 2 = 0  −2 3 −2
⇒ (λ – 2)(λ – 1)(λ + 1) = 0 P −1 =  1 −1 1 
 
⇒ λ = –1, 1, 2  0 −1 1 
with eigenvectors of  1 0 0
4 2  3 D =  0 −1 0 
 
 2  ,  1  and  1   0 0 2
     
 −3  −1  2
P–1 AP = D ⇒ A = PDP–1
 4 2 3  ( −1)
n
0 0  0 1 −1  1 0 0   −2 3 −2
 
b Q =  2 1 1  and D =  0 1 0 A =  1 2 0   0 −1 0   1 −1 1 
     
 −3 −1 2    1 2 1   0 0 −2  0 −1 1 
 0 0 2n 
 3 −7 −1  0 −1 2   −2 3 −2
c Q–1 =  −7 17 2  A =  1 −2 0   1 −1 1 
    
 1 −2 0   1 −2 −2  0 −1 1 
 4 2 3  ( −1) 0 0   3 −7 −1  −1 −1 1 
n
  A =  −4 5 −4
d Bn =  2 1 1   0 1 0  ×  −7 17 2   
   
 −3 −1 2      −4 7 −6
 0 0 2n   1 −2 0 
o, multiplying out the relevant parts of the first
S 3 a A3 + 4A2 − 5A + 3I = 0
two matrices, you can see that:
Pre-multiplying by A–1 gives:
A2 + 4A − 5I + 3A−1 = 0 so A−1 = − 1 (A2 + 4A − 5I).
3
18
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b Pre-multiplying by A gives:  1 0  1 0
b Q=  Q–1 = 
A4 + 4A3 − 5A2 + 3A = 0 so A4 = −4A3 + 5A2 − 3A  10 1   −10 1 
= −4(−4A2 + 5A − 3I) + 5A2 −3A = 21A2 − 23A + 12I.
 1 0  1 0   1 0
Pre-multiplying by A: A5 = A(21A2 − 23A + 12I) M= 
= 21A3 − 23A2 + 12A  10 1   0 0.5  −10 1 
= 21(−4A2 + 5A − 3I) − 23A2 + 12A  1 0  1 0   1 0

4
= −107A2 + 117A − 63I. c M4 =

 10 1   0 0.5  −10 1 
c All cubics must have at least one real
solution, as they are unbounded.  1 0  1 0   1 0
=   

 10 1   0 0.54   −10 1 
4 a The first two planes are coincident when a = 4.
b 8(1) + 2(2) + 3(0) = 12 and 2(1) + 1(2) + 1(0) =  1 0 
= 
4 both true.  9.9375 0.0625
c An equation of line passing (1, 2, 0) and  1 0  1 0   1 0
d M10 =   
 0  1 
 10 1   0 0.510   −10 1 
(0, 0, 4) is r = 0 + t  2  .
 
    1 0
 4  −4 =  
 9.99902 0.0625
5 a (4 − λ)(1 − λ) + 2 = 0 gives λ2− 5λ + 6 = 0 e As n tends to infinity, 0.5n tends to 0.
so (λ − 2)(λ − 3). So Mn is approximately
λ = 2 or 3.
 1 0  1 0  1 0 =  1 0 .
 2 −1  x   0  10 1   0 0  −10 1   10 0
b λ = 2 gives     =  
 2 −1  y   0
7 a Characteristic equation is (p − λ)(q − λ)(r − λ) = 0
 1 so λ = p or q or r.
so 2x – y = 0, y = 2x so   .
 2
 p 0 0  1   1  1
 1 −1  x   0  0 q 0  0 = p  0 so  0 is an eigenvector

λ = 3 gives  =         
 2 −2  y   0  0 0 r   0  0  0
 1 with eigenvalue of p.
so x – y = 0, y = x so   . Similarly, with q and r.
 1
b (3 – λ) (1 – λ) (2 – λ) with eigenvectors
c λ2 – 5λ + 6 = 0, M2 − 5M + 6I = 0
 11  1 00  0 −− kk−k 
 14 −5  00  0
M2 =  , 11  1 ,000  .
 10 −1            
 00  0 222 
 0 00
 14 −5  4 −1  1 0
 10 −1 − 5 2 1  + 6  0 1  = 0  3 2 3  x 
8 a  4 5 6  y 
  
d M2 − 5M + 6I = 0 pre-multiply by M,  7 8 9  z 
M3 − 5M2 + 6M = 0
 3 2 3
M3 = 5M2 − 6M = 5(5M − 6I) − 6M = 19M − 30I det  4 5 6 = –6 and thus an inverse exists.
 
M4 = M(19M − 30I) = 19M2 − 30M = 19(5M − 6I)  7 8 9
− 30M = 65M − 114I
 3 −6 3 
6 a λ2 − 1.5λ + 0.5 = 0 gives λ = 1 or 0.5, so b M–1 = 1  −6 −6 6 
6 
 1  0  3 10 −7
eigenvectors are and .
 10  1 
 3 −6 3   42   −42
so 1  −6 −6 6   126 =  −42
6    
 3 10 −7  126  84 
so (–42, –42, 84).
19
2 Matrices
 3 −6 3   42  So λ = 1 + 3 .
c 1  −6 −6 6   k 
6    2
 3 10 −7  126  
e =  3
   1 
 
 84 − k 
 
(
=  84 − k  so 84 – k, 84 – k, – 126 +
 −126 + 10k 
10k
6
. ) 1 2
d P = 0 − 3
2 
3 

 6   1 1 1 
9 a B = QPDP–1Q–1 = QPD(QP)–1 so R = QP
1 0 0 
 30 9 −3  
D = 0 1− 3 0  or equivalent.
b QP =  48 6 33 
  0 1 + 3 
 −22 −10 1   0
 30   15  12 a k = 1
So eigenvectors are 48 or  24 
 
b r = (0, 2, 10) + (1, –2, –5)t
   
 −22  −11
This forms a sheaf of planes.
 9   −3 c It will form a prism of planes.

with 6  and  33  .
     5 1 0  1   1 
 −10  1 
13 a  0 3 −1   − 1  = λ  −1 
    
10 a Eigenvalue = 27  1 −1 2   1   1 
b 9 + 11 + 4 = 27 + a + b  4 1
det M = 54 = 27ab  −4 = λ  −1 ⇒ l =4
   
So a = –2, b = –1 i.e. λ = −2 or −1  4   1 
 34   −13  b det (A – lI) = 0

 
So e =  24 and e =  −8  .
   1  5−λ 1 0
5 =0
0 3−λ −1
11 a (1 − λ)((1 − λ)(1 − λ) + 3) − 3(2(1 − λ)) + 0 = 0 1 −1 2 − λ
(1 − λ)(1 − 2λ + λ2 + 3) − 3(2 − 2λ) = 0 (5 – l)((3 – l)(2 – l) – 1) – 1(0 + 1) + 0 = 0
−2λ + λ2 + 4 − 4λ + 2λ2 − λ3 − 6 + 6λ = 0 (5 – l)(6 – 5l + l2 – 1) – 1 = 0
−λ3 + 3λ2 −2=0 l3 – 10l2 + 30l – 24 = 0
λ3 − 3λ2 + 2 = 0 as required. (l – 4)(l2 – 6l + 6) = 0
( )(
b (λ − 1) λ − 1 + 3 λ − 1 − 3 = 0 ) l=4
or
So λ = 1, 1 − 3 or 1 + 3.
6 ± 36 − 4(1)(6) 6 ± 12 6 ± 2 3
c For λ = 1
λ= 2
=
2
=
2
=3± 3
 1  6 2 1  1  1
e =  0 
c  −4 0 −1   − 1 = λ  −1
     
 1   −1 −4 2   1   1 
So λ = 1 − 3 .  5 1
 −5 = λ  −1 ⇒ l=5
 2     
   5   1 
e =  − 3
 1  ABe = A(Be) = A(5e) = 5(Ae) = 5(4e) = 20e
 
(AB)e = 20e ⇒ e is an eigenvector of AB with
eigenvalue 20.
20
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
14 a (1 − λ)(−λ) − 1 = 0 3 6x – 2z – 3y = 12
so λ2 −λ−1=0 3y – 3x – z = 18
λ = 1 + 5 and 1 − 5 as required. 2z – y = 10
2 2  6 −3 −2
j  j  4 Giving  −3 3 −1 with inverse:
These give eigenvectors of  1  and  2  as  
required. 1 1  0 −1 2 
j j   j1 0  5 8 9 
b P =  1 2 D =  0 j  1  6 12 12 det = 6
1 1 2 6 
 3 6 9 
P–1 = 1  1 − j 2
j 1 − j 2  − 1 j 1   12  49
   
M–1 18
  =  68 so x = 49, y = 68, z = 39.
c 1 = 1 = 2  10  39
j1 − j 2 1+ 5 − 1− 5
2 2
1+ 5 − 1− 5 ( )
2 2 1
= = =
1+ 5 −1+ 5 2 5 5
2−λ 1 1
15 a 15 1 − λ 0 =0
0 −1 −λ
(2 – l)((1 – l)(– l) – 0) – 1(–15l – 0) + 1(–15 – 0) = 0

(2 – l)(–l + l2) + 15l – 15 = 0
–2l + 2l2 + l2 – l3 + 15l – 15 = 0
l3 – 3l2 – 13l + 15 = 0
(l – 1)(l2 – 2l – 15) = 0
(l – 1)(l – 5)(l + 3) = 0
l = 1, 5, –3
B3 – 3B2 + 4I ⇒ the eigenvalues can be found
b
by using the equation l3 – 3l2 + 4.
l=1 ⇒ 13 – 3 × 12 + 4 = 2
l=5 ⇒ 53 – 3 × 52 + 4 = 54
l = –3 ⇒ (–3)3 – 3 × (–3)2 + 4 = –50
The eigenvalues of B3 – 3B2 + 4I are 2, 54 and –50.
1 a=x
b= z
3
c= y
2
y
2 x=2+ z +
3 2
y=6+x+ z
3
z=5+ y
2
21
3 DIFFERENTIATION
3 Differentiation
this publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specifi ed in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge 5 The graphs of y = cosh x and y = cosh–1 x are

reflections of each other in y = x, and look like this:
e x + e −x x −x
1 cosh x = , sinh x = e − e .
2 2 y
2x −2x 2x −2x 3
So cosh2 x = e + 2 + e , sinh2 x = e −2+e ,
4 4 2
and cosh2 x – sinh2 x = 1.
1
2 2 2
2 1 – tanh2 x = 1 − sinh 2 x = cosh x − 2sinh x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
cosh x cosh x
= 1 = sech 2 x. Point on red curve closest to y = x is the point

cosh 2 x
where the gradient of the tangent is 1.
x −x x −x
3 cosh x – sinh x = e + e − e − e = e −x > 0 for all x. Point on blue curve closest to y = x is the point
2 2
where the gradient of the tangent is 1.
Exercise 3.1A Joining these points gives a line segment
perpendicular to y = x, and so this is the shortest
1 a The only function that differentiates to itself is ex.
distance between the two curves.
b If y = cosh x + sinh x, then y′ = sinh x + cosh x,
The gradient of y = cosh x is given by sinh x.
and so the function differentiates to itself.
The equation sinh x = 1 gives ex – e–x = 2, or
x −x x −x
c cosh x + sinh x = e + e + e − e = e x . (ex)2 – 2(ex) –1 = 0. This solves to give ex = 1 + 2,
2 2
( )
and so x = ln 1 + 2 , y = 2 . The corresponding
2
d 2 cosh x = 2 sinh x, d sinh x = cosh x.
dx dx
(
point on y = cosh–1 x is y = ln 1 + 2 , x = 2 , )
and so the distance between them is
The equation 2 sinh x = cosh x is 2ex – 2e–x = ex + e–x,
( ( )) = 2 ( 2 − ln(1 + 2 ))
2
or e2x = 3, so x = 0.549 (3 s.f.) is the one value of x 2 2 − ln 1 + 2
where the gradients are equal.
= 2−2 ln (1 + 2 ) = 0.754 (3 s.f.).
3 The error is this: the argument claims that
d(e x − e −x ) d cosech = d 1 = sinh x × 0 − 1 × cosh x = −
= e x − e −x. 6 x cosh x cosech 2
dx dx dx sinh x sinh 2 x
x −x d d d 1 sinh x × 0 − 1 × cosh x
In fact d(e − e ) = d edxx−cosech e −x x= =e xd− −e −xx) ==e x + e −x.sinh 2 x
(sinh = − cosh x cosech 2 x.
dx dx dx x
d(e x − e −x ) d x d −x 7 y′ = −5 cosh x + 2cosh x sinh x = 5 , and so
= e − e = e − (−e ) = e x + e −x.
x −x 6 6
dx dx dx 6sinh (2x) – 5cosh x = 5.
4 y = sin–1 x – cos–1 x ⇒ y′ = 1 −1 2 Putting z = ex, you have 6z2 – 6z–2– 5z – 5z–1 = 10,
− =
1 − x2 1− x 2 1 − x 2
and so 6z4 – 5z3 – 10z2 – 5z – 6 = 0.
2 Using the factor theorem, x + 1, and x – 2 are
Thus if 3 = , then x = ± 5 . factors, so this factorises to
1 − x2 9
22
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
(z + 1)(z – 2)(6z2 + z + 3). The quadratic bracket y = tanh −1 x can have any gradient in the range
has negative discriminant, so the only real
solutions are z = –1, z = 2. But z = ex, so ex = 2 or 1 y ′ < ∞.
x = ln 2 is the only possible solution. The gradients of all three functions are always
2
 2− 1   2+ 1  positive.
When x = ln 2, y = −5  2 + 2  = 0.938 (3 s.ff.).
6 2   2  dy a b 5a 25b 5a 25b
    13 = + ⇒1= + ,1 = +
dx 2 1 − x2 4 16 3 9
1− x
1 −2
8 y′ = + = 0 at the minimum point. 7 12
1 − x2 1 + (1 − x)2 Solving simultaneously, a = ,b = − .
5 25
y′ = 0 ⇒ 2(1 – x2) = 1 + (1 − x)2 . Squaring and Exercise 3.2A
rearranging gives 4x 4 – 9x2 + 2x + 2 = 0, and so the
dx dy dy sinh t
x-coordinate of the minimum point is 0.690 35. 1 = − sin t , = sinh t ⇒ =−
dt dt dx sin t
The y-coordinate (the minimum value) is d  dy  sin t cosh t − cos t sinh t , and so
=−
(using a calculator) 1.458 (4 s.f.). dt  dx  sin 2 t
d d 1 sinh 2 x × 0 − 1 × 2sinh x cosh x d 2 y cosh x
9 cosech 2 x = = . t −3cos t sinh t
= −22= sin3t cosh
dx dx sinh 2 x sinh 4 x dx sinh x sin t
d 1 sinh 2 x × 0 − 1 × 2sinh x cosh x cosh x 2 a Differentiating implicitly, y + x dy = 0, and so
sech 2 x = = = −2 . dy − y dx
dx sinh x
2
sinh 4 x sinh 3 x = .
dx x
10 a ln (ex + e−x) ≠ ln (ex) + ln (e−x)
Differentiating this using the quotient rule,
d 1
b ln(cosh x) = sinh x = tanh x ,
x  −  − (− y) × 1 y + x y
dx cosh x dy
d 2y  dx  x = 2y
d 1 you have 2 = =
cosh(ln x) = sinh(ln x) . d x x 2
x 2
x2
dx x
x  −  − (− y) × 1 y + x y
dy
 dx  x = 2y
()
 x −x  =
y = ln(cosh x) = ln  e + e  → ln 1 +
2 2
c x
x x2 .
 2  2
ln(e x ) = x − ln(2) as x → ∞. d 2y
b y = x–1, so dy = –x–2, and = 2x–3.
( 12 ) + ln(e
dx dx 2
−x
OR: → ln ) = −x − ln(2) as x → ∞. c Putting y = x–1 into the results for part a
shows that the methods agree.
1
e ln x + e − ln x x + x x dy 3
y = cosh(ln x) = = → 3
dx
= − sin t , = 4t 3 − 1, and so dy = 1 − 4t .
2 2 2 dt dt dx sin t
as x → ∞, y → ∞ as x → 0.
This is zero when 4t3 = 1, or when t = 3 0.25
So y = ln (cosh x) has the asymptotes
= 0.629 96..., so you have one stationary point at
y = ±x – ln (2), and y = cosh(ln x) has the
(0.808, –0.472).
asymptotes y = 0 and y = x .
2 d  dy  = sin t(−12t 2 ) − cos t(1 − 4t 3 ) =
 
11 y = tanh x + tanh (a–x) ⇒ y′ = sech2 x – sech2 (a – x). dt  dx  (sin t )2
y′ = 0 ⇒ sech2 x = sech2 (a – x) ⇒ x = a – x ⇒ 3 2
= 4t cost − 12t 2 sin t − cos t , which means
x= a. sin t
2
So 1 = 2tanh
a
2 ()⇒ a = 1.099 (4 s.f.). that
d 2 y −4t 3 cos t + 12t 2 sin t + cos t
dx 2
=
sin 3 t
= 13.7…
Thus the maximum point is (0.5493, 1) (4 s.f.). when t = 0.629 96…, and so there is a minimum
at the above point.
12 y = sinh −1 x can have any gradient in the range
dx dy dy
0 < y ′ 1. 4 = cosh t , = sech 2 t ⇒ = sech 3 t .
dt dt dx
y = cosh −1 x can have any gradient in the range d  dy 
= −3sech 3 t tanh t (using the chain rule).
dt  dx 
0 < y ′ ∞.
23
3 Differentiation
d  dy  d 2y
d 2 y dt  dx  dx 2
is positive (a minimum),
= = −3sech 4 t tanh t . When t = 0.5,
dx 2 dx
dt and when x is − 108 and y is 2 108 ,
19 3 19
this is –0.857 (3 s.f.). d 2y
is negative (a maximum).
5 Differentiating implicitly, you find dx 2
−18x − 3y
18x + 3y + 3x dy – 8y dy = 0, so dy = , 8
dy
If x = sin t, y = sin–1 t, dt =
1 , dx = cos t
dx dx dx 3x − 8y
1 − t 2 dt
which is zero at (1,–6), which you can check is on −1
dy 1
the curve. Using the quotient rule to differentiate = = sec t(1 − t 2) 2 .
dx cost 1 − t 2
again, you find
Using the product rule,
(3x − 8y) −18 − 3  − (−18x − 3y) −3 − 8 
dy dy
d 2y  dx   dx  1 3
d  dy  = sect tan t(1 − t 2)− 2 + sec t  − 1  (1 − t 2)− 2×
= .
dx 2 (3x − 8y)2 dt  dx   2 
You know that dy is zero at (1, –6), so substituting
dx
this in you find the value of
d 2y
at x = 1 is
(−2t ) =
sec t
3 ((1 − t )tan t + t )
2
(1 − t 2)2
dx 2
(3 + 48)(−18) − (−18 + 18)(−3) , which is d  dy 
(3 + 48)2 d 2 y dt  dx  (1 − t 2)tan t + t
Thus = = .
negative, so you have a maximum. dx 2 dx 2 2 2
3
dt cos t(1 − t )
dx = 3t 2 − 2t , dy = 1 − t −2 ⇒ dy = 1 − t −2 9 Mapping a has no symmetry, while the others do
6 a
dt dt dx 3t 2 − 2t (b in the y-axis, c about the origin.)
= t2 −1 . Mapping b is many-to-many, while a and c are
3t 4 − 2t 3 one-to-many.
d  dy  = (3t 4 − 2t 3 )(2t ) − (t 2 − 1)(12t 3 − 6t 2 ) Mapping c is unbounded in the x-direction, while
 
dt  dx  (3t − 2)2t 6 mappings a and b are bounded in the x-direction.
3 2
= −6t + 2t +212 t −6.
(3t − 2) t 4 Exercise 3.3A
2 3 2
d y −6t + 2t + 12t − 6
So = . 1 If y = sinh–1 x, then y′= (1+x2)–0.5, y′′ = –x(1 + x2)–1.5,
dx 2 (3t − 2)3t 5
and y′′′ = (2x2 – 1)(1 + x2)–2.5.
dy 3 3 ,
b (t = 2) = = So y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 1, y′′(0) = 0, y′′′(0) = –1,
dx 3 × 16 − 2 × 8 32
2 x3
d y − + + − − so sinh–1 x = x − +
(t = 2) = 48 83 524 6 = 22 . 6
dx 2 42 1024
2 a if y = e + e , then y′ = 3e3x + 2e2x and
3x 2x
7 Differentiating implicitly, 2x + 3y + 3x dy
dx y′′= 9e3x + 4e2x and y′′′= 27e3x + 8e2x.
+ 14y dy = 0. So y(0) = 2, y′(0) = 5, y′′(0) = 13, y′′′′(0) = 35,
dx
−2x − 3y 2 3
So dy = = 0 when –2x – 3y = 0 or y = − 2x . and e3x + e2x = 2 + 5x + 13x + 35x + …
dx 3x + 14y 3 1! 2! 3!
Substituting this back into the equation
3x 9x 2 27x 3
4 108 b e3x = 1 + + + + and
gives x 2 − 2x 2 + 7 × x 2 = 12 ⇒ x = ± . 1! 2! 3!
9 19
2x 4x 2 8x 3
Differentiating 2x + 3y + 3x dy + 14y dy = 0, e 2x = 1 + + + +
dx dx 1! 2! 3!
2
d 2y  dy  d 2y
2
Adding, you have e3x + e2x = 2 + 5x + 13x +
2 + 3 dy + 3x 2 + 3 dy + 14   + 14y 2 = 0, 1! 2!
dx dx dx  dx  dx 35x 3
2 2 + as for part a.
d y d y 3!
so when dy = 0, 2 + 3x 2 + 14y 2 = 0 and
dx dx dx c This expansion is valid for all x.
d 2y −2
. d d d
= (f(x) + g(x)) = f(x) +
dx 2 3x + 14y d Since
dx dx dx
g(x) the
108
So when x is 19 and y is − 2 108 , Maclaurin expansion for p(x) will be the sum
3 19 of the Maclaurin expansions for f(x) and g(x).
24
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
0.13 0.15 df(x) = 1 + 2 + 4 + = 1 = 1

3 a tan–1 (0.1) ≈ 0.1 − + = 0.099 668 666… 9 x x
3 5 dx 1 − x 2 (1 − x)(1 + x)
7
0.1
b The next term is
7
< 0.17 = 1 + 1
2(1 − x) 2(1 + x)
so your approximation is correct to at least Integrating this gives
seven decimal places = 0.099 668 7. 1 1+ x
f(x) = ( − ln(1 − x) + ln(1 + x)) = ln .
c Using a calculator, tan–1 (0.1) = 0.099 668 652 5…. 2 1− x
x2 x4 Exam-style questions
4 a cos x ≈ 1 − , so cos2 x ≈ 1 – x2 + .
2 4
x3 4
x6 a tanh y = x, so sech2 yy′ = 1, and
b sin x ≈ x − , so sin2 x ≈ x2 – x + . 1
6 3 36 1 1
y′= = = 1 .
x4 x4 x6 sech 2 y 1 − tanh 2 y 1 − x 2
c cos2 x + sin2 x ≈ 1 – x2 + + x2 – +
4 3 36
b If y′ = 3, then 1 2 = 3 ⇒ 1 = 3 − 3x 2 ⇒ x = ± 2 .
x 6 − 3x 4 1− x 3
=1+ 36 .
You find that the x2 term cancels. Thus for 2 a y = tanh x ⇒ y′ = sech2 x ⇒ y′ = 1–y 2.
small x, your approximation for cos2x + sin2x b Differentiating again, y′′ = –2yy′ = –2y(1–y 2)
is close to 1. = –2y +2y 3.
d In fact, cos2x + sin2x is exactly 1 for all x. Your Differentiating again, y′′′ = –2y′ +6y 2y′
approximation is best when x is close to 0. = –2(1–y 2) +6y 2(1–y 2) = –2+8y 2–6y 4.
x2 x3 x4 …
5 a ln (1 + x) = x –
2
+ − + . c When x = 0, y = 0, y′=1, y′′ = 0, y′′′ = –2.
3 4
b Valid for |x| < 1. x 3 = x − x 3
tanh x = x – 2
6 3
2 0.23 0.24 …
c ln (1.2) ≈ 0.2 – 0.2 + − +
2 3 4
= 0.182 (3 s.f.). dx = 0.5 cosht , dy = sinht
3 a ,
dt dt
d % error = –0.03%. dy
so = sinht = 2 tanht .
dx 0.5 cosht
6 a sin x = ax − a x 3 + …, bx cos x = bx − 3b x 3 + … So you need to solve tanh t = 1 or 1 – e2t
6 6 2
1
= (1 + e2t ), so e2t = 3 ⇒ t = 0.549 (3 s.f.).
⇒ a sin x + bx cos x = (a + b)x + − a − 3b x 3 + , 2
6 Thus the gradient on the curve is 1 at
⇒ a + b = 1, a + 3b = – 6 ⇒ a = 4.5, b = – 3.5. (0.289, 1.15) (3 s.f.).
p 8q
7 p + 2q = 1, + = 1 ⇒ p + 8q = 6 2
d  dy  = 2 sech 2t ⇒ d y = 2 sech 2t
6 6 b
5 2 dt  dx  dx 2 0.5 co
osht
⇒ 6q = 5 ⇒ q = , p = − .
6 3 4
= = 2.60 at your point.
d cosh 3 t
8 tanh x = sech2 x = 1 – tanh2 x.
dx Alternative method; you can eliminate t to
d 2 tanh x = – 2tanh x sech2 x = – 2tanh x + 2tanh3 x.
find the curve is y 2 – 4x 2 = 1.
dx 2 Thus differentiating implicitly,
4x
2yy′ – 8x = 0, and y′= .
d 3 tanh x = – 2(1 – tanh2 x) + 6tanh2 x(1 – tanh2 x)
y
dx 3
If this is 1, then y = 4x. Substituting back in,
= – 6tanh4 x + 8tanh2 x – 2.
12x 2 = 1, so x = 0.288… as before. You know
d 4 tanh x = – 24tanh3 x(1 – tanh2 x)
that y′ = 4xy –1, and so y ′′ = 4y –1 – 4xy –2y′, and
dx 4 substituting in your values for x and y gives
+ 16tanh x(1 – tanh2 x)
you the value for y′′ at your point.
= 24tanh5 x – 40tanh3 x + 16tanh x.
3
Therefore the Maclaurin expansion of tanh x starts 4 a (3, 2) is on the curve since 2 = (3 – 2)3 + .
3
3 b Differentiating implicitly, you have
tanh x = x − x + . 1
3 y′ = 3(x–y)2(1–y′)+ , which tells you that
3
25
3 Differentiation
3(x − y)2 + 1 9(x − y)2 + 1 − 1 cos t

y′= 3 = . d 2y 5
sin t sin t = − coss t = – 1 cot4 t cos t.
1 + 3(x − y)2 3 + 9(x − y)2 2
= 2 3
dx 3 sin 2t 12 3 sin 4 t
9+1 5 cos t cos t
y′ at (3, 2)= = .
9+3 6 π d 2y
When t = , you have
6 = − 1 3 9 = −3 3 .
5 1 dx 2 3 2 2
c The tangent at P is y = x− .
6 2
9 Differentiating implicitly, 3x2 + 3y2y′ = 7y + 7xy′, so
d Since 9(x − y)2 + 1 is never zero, there are no
stationary points. 7y − 3x 2 3x 2
y′ = = 0 when y = .
2
3y − 7x 7
5 a You need to solve cosh x = 8 sech2 x, or cosh3 x = 8, Substituting back into the starting equation,
or cosh x = 2. 6
x3 + 27x = 3x3 ⇒ x = 0, y = 0, or
( ) − 4e
x −x 343
Here e + e
2
= 2 ⇒ ex x
+1 = 0 ⇒ 1 2
2 686 7 × 23 7 × 23
x3 = , so x = ,y= ; these are the
⇒ e x = 4 ± 16 − 4 ⇒ x = ln 2 ± 3
2 ( ) 27 3
only stationary points.
3
= 1.32, –1.32 (3 s.f.). Now differentiating 3x2 + 3y2y′ = 7y + 7xy′, you

have 6x + 6y(y′)2 + 3y2y′′ = 7y′ + 7y′ + 7xy′′.
( )
b For x = ln 2 + 3 , the gradient is 2 for both
So when y′ = 0 you have 6x + 3y2y′′ = 7xy′′, or
curves, for x = ln ( 2 − 3 ) , the gradient is also 6x
y′′= .
2 for both curves. 7x − 3y 2
1 2
3 5
x + x −
This is negative at x = 7 × 2 , y = 7 × 2 ; so you
3 3
6 sin x has the Maclaurin expansion x − ,
6 120 3 3
–1
while (1 + ax) has the Maclaurin expansion have a maximum here.
1 – ax + a2x 2 – a3x 3 + a4x 4 – a5x 5 …
10 The Maclaurin expansion of the given function is
So the coefficient of x5 in the Maclaurin 2  −a 3 9a  3
1 a + 2ax + −a + 9a x2 +  + x
expansion of sin x +(1 + ax)–1 is − a 5 = 5, 2  6 2
120
and so a = –1.38 (3 s.f.). −a 3 9a
2 Thus + = 0 ⇒ a = 3 3.
7 y′ = sinh x + sech2 x = sinh x cosh x + 1 . This is zero 6 2
cosh 2 x
 e x − e −x   e x + e −x 
when   
2
 = −1. Putting z = e
x
11 ln ( ) ( )
x + 1 = ln 1 + 1
x x
 2 2
2 3 4
and multiplying out, you get ln (1 + x ) = x − x + x + x + …, x < 1
2 3 4
z6 + z 4 + 8z3 – z2 – 1 = 0, and given that ex is real
and positive, the only solution is ⇒ ln  1 + 1  = 1 − 1 2 + 1 3 + …,
 x  x 2x 3x
x = ln (0.528 28…) = – 0.638 (3 s.f.).
Differentiating again, a 1
< 1 ⇒ x > 1.
x
y′′ = cosh x – 2 sech2 x tanh x, which is positive
at x = –0.638…, so a minimum.
dy
b ln 4 − ln 3 = ln
4
3 ( )
= ln 1 +
1
3
1 1
≈ − +
1
=
47
3 18 81 162
.
8 a dx = 3 tan 2t sec2t , = 3 sec2t × sect tan t .
dt dt c ln 4 ≈ ln 3 + 47 :
dy 3 tan t sec3t 162
Thus = = sect = cosec t.
dx 3 sec2t tan 2t tan t ln 3 + 47 − ln 4
⇒ %error = 162 × 100 = 0.18%
π ln 4
b If cosec t = 2, then sin t = 0.5, and t = .
6
x
 1 8  12 a since cosh −1 is the inverse function to
So the point you need is  , . a
 3 3 3 
a cosh x, they will touch on y = x, say at (p, p).
d  dy  So p = a cosh p. The gradient of both curves at
c = –cosec t cot t, so
dt  dx 
(p, p) will be 1.
26
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Differentiating a cosh x gives a sinh x, and so 16 Differentiating implicitly, you have 2sin x cos x
1 dy 1
1 = a sinh p, and sinh p = . –sin y + = 0.
a dx 2
Thus p2 = a2 cosh2 p = a2 1 + 12  = a2+1. Thus
dy 2sin x cos x + 0.5
= = 0 if 2sin xcos x = –0.5,
 a  dx sin y
You now need to solve 1 = a sinh a 2 + 1 , or sin 2x = –0.5.
which tells you a = 0.662 74… = 0.663 (3 s.f.). So 2x = − π + 2nπ or 7π + 2nπ , and x = − π + nπ or
6 6 12
7π + nπ .
b Thus p = 1.20 (3 s.f.), and the curves touch
12
at (1.20, 1.20). Solutions in the square given are x = 7π , 11π , giving
12 12
dx dy dy 4t 3 + 4
13 a = 4t 3 + 3, = 4t 3 + 4 ⇒ =
dt dt dx 4t 3 + 3 the stationary points  7π , 2.59 , 11π , 2.10 where
 12   12 
d  dy  −12t 2
⇒ =
dt  dx  the y-values are given to 3 s.f.
( )
2
4t 3 + 3 dy 1
You know 2 sin x cos x – sin y + = 0,
d  dy  dx 2
so differentiating again,
d 2 y dt  dx  −12t 2
2 = d x
=
d 2y dy dy
dx (4t 3 + 3)3 2 cos (2x) – sin y – cos y = 0. At the
dt dx 2 dx dx
dy d 2y dy d 2 y 2cos(2x)
b = 0 ⇒ 4t 3 + 4 = 0 ⇒ t = −1 ⇒ = 12. stationary points = 0, so =
dx dx 2 dx dx 2 sin y
Thus the curve has one stationary point 7π
which is negative for x = (a maximum) and
12
(a minimum) at (−2, −3) when t = −1.
c y − x = t, so the Cartesian version of the curve positive for x = 11π (a minimum).
12
is x = (y − x)4 + 3 (y − x).
d Differentiating, 1 = 4(y − x)3 (y' − 1) + 3y' − 3,
4 + 4( y − x)3 V
which means y' = .
3 + 4( y − x)3
( )
0 t 100
x−a 
14 ln  a 1 + = ln (a + x − a) = ln x
 a 
1 This is V = 100 sinh–1 t + 100 cosh–1 (t + 1) – 10t.
a ln 5.5 = ln  5 (1 +
5 )
x−5  dV = 100 + 100
when x = 5.5. 2 − 10 .
 dt t2 +1 (t + 1)2 − 1
( ) ( )
3 When t = 20,
x−5  x−5
ln  5 1 + = ln 5 + ln 1 +
 5  5 dV = 100 + 100 − 10 ≈ 200 − 10 = 0.
dt 401 440 400
( )
2
x−5 1 x−5 x−5
= ln 5 + –2 5 + … if 5 < 1 .
5 d 2V
4 = −100t(t 2 + 1)−1.5 − 100(t + 1)((t + 1)2 − 1)−1.5 .
Putting x = 5.5, you have ln (5.5) ≈ ln 5 + dt 2
0.1 – 0.005 = 1.704 (to 3 d.p.).
This is clearly negative when t = 20, so the
b This is an underestimate by about 0.04%. stationary point for V close to t = 20 is a
x 6 + x 10 − maximum.
15 a sin (x2) = x 2 − , 5 The value of V at t = 20 is 542.66 = 543 cm3
6 120
4 6 (3 s.f.).
(sin (x))2 = x 2 − x + 2x −
3 45
6 The value of V at t = 19.5 is 542.72, and so 19.5 is a
1 2 32 better value for the time at which the maximum
(sin1)2 1 − 3 + 45 45 = 256 .
b So sin 1 ≈ ≈ = value of V occurs.
sin(12) 1 − 1 + 1 101 303
6 120 120
256 − sin1
c Percentage error = 303 × 100% ≈ 0.4%.
sin1
27
4 INTEGRATION
4 Integration
publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specifi ed in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge 3 Let x = 3 sinh u, so dx = 3 cosh u du

0
⌠ 1 dx = 1
1 Using integration by parts, 
⌡−2 9 + x 2
∫ 9 + 9sinh 2u 3coshu du = u 
dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx where u and v are 0
functions of x. h −1 x  = − sinh −1  − 2 
= sinh
 3  −2  3
dv
a Taking u = ln x, = x , you find
dx = 0.625 (3 s..f.).
1
x2 x2 1 ⌠ 9 − x2 + 9 + x2
∫ ln x × x dx = ln x × 2 − ∫ 2 × x dx 4  dx
2 2
⌡−1 81 − x 4
x x
=
ln x − +c ⌠ 
1

2 4 9 − x2 9 + x2
=  +  dx
dv   9 + x2 9 − x2 2 2
9+ x 9− x 
b Taking u = ln x, = 1, you find ⌡−1
dx
1
1 ⌠  1  dx = sinh −1 x + sin −1 x 
1
∫ ln x × 1dx = ln x × x − ∫ x × x dx = x ln x − x + c . = 
1 + 
⌡−1 9 + x
2
9 − x2   3 3 −1
2 dx = sec2 u du. So
1 1 = 1.33 (3 s.f.).
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ 1 + tan 2 u sec u du
2
3 3
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1
= ∫ 1 du = u + c = tan x + c. −1
5  dx =  dx
⌡2 x 2 + 6x ⌡2 (x + 3)2 − 9
3 y 3
3 = cosh −1 x + 3  = 0.218 (3 s.f .).

 3 
2
2
2 2
⌠ 1 1 ⌠ 1
1 6  dx =  dx
⌡1 ax 2 + 4ax a ⌡1 x 2 + 4x
0
1 2 x 2
1 ⌠ 1
=  dx
1 1 a ⌡1 (x + 2)2 − 4
∫0 πy ∫0 π(−x + 2)
2 2
a Volume = dx = dx
2
 1 x + 2
x 3
 7π
1
= cosh −1 =1
= π  − 2x 2 + 4x  = .  a 2 
3 0 3 1
2
b Volume = large cone – small cone cosh −1 x + 2  = a ⇒ 0.35453...
 2 
= 1 (4π) × 2 − 1 (π) × 1 = 7π . 1
3 3 3
= a ⇒ a = 0.126 (3 s.f..).
Exercise 4.1A 3
⌠
3
1 ⌠ 1
1 You should notice that (–4)2 is 42, not –42. 7  dx =  dx
⌡2 2
x + 7x ⌡2 ( x + 72 )2 − 494
2 Let x = 4 sin u, so dx = 4 cos u du, so 3
2 ⌠ 1
⌠ 1 1 = dx

⌡1 16 − x 2
dx = ∫ 16 − 16sin u 2
4 cosu du = u 
⌡2 7
2
4
49 ( x + 72 )2 − 1
2 3
= sin −1 x  = 0.271 (3 s.f.). 2⌠ 1
4 1 =  dx.
 7
⌡2 ( 72 x + 1)2 − 1
28
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2x c The two answers agree.

Let cosh θ = + 1, so dx = 7 sinh θ dθ . Substituting,
7 2
( ) ∫1 ((ln x) )
3 3 e e
⌠ ∫1 (ln x)
1 n n

dx = θ = arcosh 2x + 1  3 In = dx = × 1 dx
  7 
⌡2 2
x + 7x  2 e 1
= [x(ln x)n]1e − ∫ xn(ln x)n −1 dx = e − nI n −1.
= arcosh
13
7 ( )
– arcosh
11
7 ( ) 1
e
x
e 1
∫1 ln x dx = [x ln x]1 − ∫1 x x dx = 1.
e
= 0.206 (3 s.f.). Note first that I1 =
2 ⌠
2 Thus I5 = e – 5I4 = e – 5(e – 4I3) = –4e + 20I3
⌠ 1 1  1 = –4e + 20(e – 3I2) = 16e – 60I2
8  dx = dx
⌡1 px 2 + x p
(x + )
2
⌡1 1 − 1 = 16e – 60(e – 2I1)
2p 4p 2
2
= –44e + 120I1 = 0.396 (3 s.f.).
1 ⌠ 1 π π
=  ∫0sin xe xdx = [e x sin n x]0π − ∫ e x(n sin n −1 x cos x)dx
dx n
4 In =
p
( )
2 0
⌡1 1
2p 4p x + 2 1
2p −1 π
2
= 0 − e x(n sin n −1 x cos x)
0
⌠ 1
= 2 p dx. πx n−2 n −1
+ ∫ e (n(n −1)sin x cos x +e n sin x(− sin x))dx
2 x
⌡1 (2px + 1)2 − 1 0
1 π x n−2 2 x n π
Let cosh θ = 2px + 1, so 2p sinh θ dθ = dx. = ∫ e n(n − 1)sin x(1 − sin x)dx − ∫ e n sin xdx
0 0
Substituting gives
⌠
2 = n(n − 1)I n − 2 − n(n − 1)I n − nI n ⇒ I n = n(n2 − 1) I n − 2
1
 dx = 1 [arcosh(2px + 1)]12 n +1
⌡1 px 2 + x p π π

∫02 cos ∫02 cos
n n −1
5 In = x dx = x cos x dx
1
= [arcosh (4p+1) – arcosh (2p+1)]
p π π
= sin x cosn −1 x  2 − 2 sin x(n − 1)cosn − 2 x(− sin x) dx
∫
 0
( ) ( )
0
1 1
9 sinh −1 3a − sinh −1 3 = sinh −1(1.5) − sinh −1(0.5) π
3 3 = ∫
0 + 2 (n − 1)cosn − 2 x (1 − cos2 x)dx
( ) ( )
0
1 1
sinh −1 3a − sinh −1 3 = sinh −1(1.5) − sinh −1(0.5) = (n − 1)I n − 2 − (n − 1)I n ⇒ I n =
n −1
I
3 3 n n−2
This gives sinh −1 ( )
3a = 2.55286... and so Thus I 6 =
5
I =
53
I =
531
I . I = π , so I6 = 5π .
6 4 64 2 642 0 0 2 32
a = 3.69 (3 s.f.). ln 2
6 Let In = ∫ tanh n x dx .
0
Exercise 4.2A
d tanh n x = n tanh n −1 x sech 2 x
1 1 x
dx
x 1
∫0 x e dx =  xe  − ∫
x
1 a e dx = e – (e – 1) = 1. = n tanh n −1 x(1 − tanh 2 x)
0 0
1 n x 1 = n tanh n −1 x − n tanh n +1 x.
b Let I n = ∫
0
x e dx = [x ne x ]10 − ∫ nx n −1e x dx
0 Integrating this now between 0 and ln 2:
( 35 )
= e − nI n −1. ln 2 n
tanh n x  =
So the reduction formula required is  0
In = e − nIn − 1 for n  1. ln 2 ln 2
= n∫ tanh n −1 x dx − n∫ tanh n +1 x dx
0 0
c So I4 = e – 4I3 = e – 4(e – 3I2) = –3e + 12I2 = nI n −1 − nI n +1 .
= –3e +12(e – 2I1) = 9e – 24 = 0.465 (3 s.f.).
()
n
1 3
So the reduction formula is I n +1 = I n −1 − .
 x n +1 
1 n 5
1 n 1
2 a In = ∫0 x dx =   = n + 1.
 n + 1 0 ln 2
1
7 In = ∫0 cosh n x dx = [cosh n −1 x sinh x]0ln 2
1  x2  1 2
x
dx =  x n −1  − ⌠
ln 2
∫0 x.x
n −1
b In =  (n − 1)x n − 2 dx −∫ sinh x(n − 1)cosh n − 2 x sinh x dx
 2 0 ⌡0 2 0
1 = [cosh n −1 x sinh x]0ln 2

1 n −1 2 1
= − In ⇒ In = =
( )
. ln 2
n +1 −∫ (n − 1)cosh n − 2x (cosh 2 x − 1)dx
1+ n −1
2 2 0
2
= [cosh n −1 x sinh x]0ln 2 − (n − 1)I n + (n − 1)I n − 2
29
4 INTEGRATION
3 a y = tan–1x ⇒ tan y = x ⇒ sec2y y = 1 ⇒ y

Now cosh (ln 2) = 5 , sinh (ln 2) = 3 so
4 4 1 1 1
()
n −1 = = = .
n −1 ln 2
[cosh x sinh x]0 = 5 3 . sec2 y 1 + tan 2 y 1 + x 2
4 4 1
1 π
b ⌠
1
()
n −1 3 5
n −1  dx = tan −1 x  = .
Thus I n = I + . ⌡0 1 + x 2 0 4
n n − 2 4n 4
π π π Area of 8 rectangles under the curve is
∫ 0 ∫0
n −1
8 In = 4
tan n xe x d x =  e x
tan n
x  4
− 4 x
e n tan x(1 + tan 2
x )d x
 1  1 1 
0
+ + + 1 2  = 0.7535…
π π
8  1 + 0.1252 1 + 0.252 1+1 
e x tan n x  4 − ∫ 4 e xn tan n −1 x(1 + tan 2 x)dx
0 0 So 0.7535 < π ⇒ 3.014 < π ⇒ 3 < π.
π 4
= e 4 − nI n −1 − nI n +1
4 y
Exercise 4.3A
1 y = ax + b
y
0
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 x
Area of rectangles is
 
1 1 + 1 ++ 1 
0 1 2 x
( ) ( ) ( 2 + 1010 )
n–2 n–1 n
10  2 + 1 3 2 + 2 3 3

 10 10
Un = b + (a + b) + (2a + b)+ ... +((n – 1)a + b)
 
= nb + (1 + 2 + ... + (n – 1))a = 100  1 3 + 1 3 + + 1 3  .
 (21) (22) (30) 
n(n − 1)
= nb + a You also have that
2
( ) ( )
3
On = (a + b) + (2a + b) + ... + (na + b) 3 −2
⌠ 1 dx =  x  = − 1 − − 1 = 0.0694...
  
⌡2 x  −2  2 18 8
3
n(n + 1)
= nb + a.
2 30
1
U n + On 2 Therefore 0.000694 < ∑ 3
= nb + n a = ∫ (ax + b)dx
n n
n = 21
2 2 0 2
1 1 1 ⌠ 1
5 a = − ⇒ dx
U n + On (x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2 ⌡1 (x + 1)(x + 2)
So is always equal to the area.
2 = [ ln(x + 1) − ln(x + 2)]1
2
1 9
∫0 cos x dx = [sin x ]0 = sin1. = 2 ln 3 − 3 ln 2 = ln
1
2 8
b y
y
y = cos x 0.2
1
0.1
0
2 x
0 x
Area of rectangles below curve Diagram shows n = 5. In the general case,

area of these over-estimate rectangles is
= 0.2(cos 0.2) + 0.2(cos 0.4) + … + 0.2 cos(1)
= 0.792 69… > 0.7. n−1 n−1
Similarly, area of rectangles above curve ∑ (2 + k )1(3 + k ) n1 = ∑ (2n + k)(n3n + k) .

0 n n 0
= 0.2(cos 0) + 0.2(cos 0.2) +…+ 0.2 cos (0.8) n−1
= 0.8846…< 0.9. Thus ∑ (2n + k)(n3n + k) ln 89 .
Thus 0.7 < sin 1 < 0.9. k =0
30
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
6 8 If A is the true area, then

y 4
∫0 (sin x + 2)dx = [ − cos x + 2x ]0 = 9.65364...
4
A=
If B is the estimated area, then

y = ax + b
B = 0.4((sin 0 + 2) + (sin 0.4 + 2) + ... + sin(3.6 + 2))
(10, 10a + b)
= 8 + 0.4(sin 0 + sin 0.4 + ... + sin3.6)
(0, b) = 9.782 89...
Thus the percentage error is
x B − A × 100% = 1.3% (2 s.f.).
A
Exact area of the trapezium is
1
10(b + 10a + b) = 10b + 50a. Exercise 4.4A
2
Area of (red) rectangles under curve 1
⌠ 2
You have that = s =  1 +   dx
dy
1
= 1 × (b) + 1 × (a + b) + 1 × (2a + b) + … 1 × (a + 9b) ⌡0  dx 
9
= 10b + ∑ ka .
1
1  ln(x + x 2 + 1) x x 2 + 1 
∫0 1 + ( x ) dx = 
2
+ 
0
 2 2 0
Area of (green) rectangles above the curve
= 1×(a + b) + 1×(2a + b) + 1×(3a + b) ln(1 + 2) 2
= +
+ … 1 × (10a + b) 2 2
10 = 1.15 (3 s.f.).
= 10b + ∑ ka . π
⌠2
( ddxt ) +  ddyt 
1 2 2
9 10 2 s= dt
Thus 10b + ∑ ka  10b + 50a  10b + ∑ ka which ⌡0
0 1 π
∫0
2
9 10 = 2
(3cos2 t(− sin t ))2 + (3sin 2 t(cost ))2 dx
gives us that ∑ ka  50a  ∑ ka, and on dividing
π
0 1
9 10 = 3∫ 2 cos4 t sin 2 t + sin 4 t cos2 t dx
0
by a, you have ∑ k  50  ∑ k . π
0 1 = 3∫ 2
sin t cost cos2 t + sin 2 t dx
0
7 y (1, 2) π π
= 3∫ 2 sin(2t )dx = 3  − cos(2t )  = 3 (1 − (−1)) = 3
2 1 2
0 2 2  2 0 4 2
n = 10
( ) dθ here.
θ
1 ⌠2 2 dr
2
3 a You need the formula s =  r +
⌡θ1 dθ
π
dr
0
0.5 1 x
dθ
= secθ tan θ , so s = ∫π43 sec2 θ + (secθ tan θ )2 dθ
The above diagram shows the overestimate case On π
∫4π3 sec θ dθ
2
for n = 10. =
1  1 1  2 4  3 9  n − 1 (n − 1)2   π
Un = 0 + + + + + + + ... +  +
n  n n 2   n n 2   n n 2   n n 2 = [tan
 θ ] π3 = 3 − 1.
 4
2 4  3 9  n − 1 (n − 1)   2
b The curve r = sec θ looks like this:
+ + + + ... +  +
n n2   n n2   n n 2   y
3
n −1 n −1
1  
= n ∑ r + ∑ r2 2
n3  1 1  r
1
q
1  2
n n
3  n∑ r + ∑ r 
On = 0 1 x
n  1 1  –1
n −1 n −1 n n
∫0 ( x + x ) dx = 6 ⇒ n∑1 r + ∑1 r < 6
3
1 5 5n π π
2 2
< n∑ r + ∑ r 2 So the arc length from θ = to θ = is
4 3
π
tan π – tan 4 = 3 − 1.
1 1
3
31
4 INTEGRATION
1
ds c Pappus says C = (2π)(2π × 2)
4 You need the formula A = ⌠ 2πy dx .
⌡0 dx = 8π2 – results agree.
y e x + e –x
7 a cosh x =
2
δS e 2x + e –2x + 2
θ cosh2 x =
4
δX  2x
1 e +e
–2x
 1
1 =  + 1 = ( cosh 2x + 1)
2 2  2
π
0 x
∫0 (3 + θ )2 + 1 dθ
2
b s=
2
So δ s ≈ 1 +  
dy Let θ + 3 = sinh u ⇒ dθ = cosh udu
δx  dx 
cosh 2u + 1
du = 
sinh 2u u 
Thus s = ∫ cosh 2 u du = ∫ +
= 1 + sinh 2 x = cosh x 2  4 2 
cosh 2u + 1
du = 
sinh 2u u 
1
s = ∫ cosh 2 u du = ∫ +
So A = ∫0 2π cosh x cosh x dx 2  4 2 
You have cosh2x = cosh 2x + 1 , so

2
θ = 0 ⇒ u = sinh −1 3 = 1.818466..., θ = π ⇒ u = sinh −1 3 + π = 2
2 2 ( )
1
−1 1 π
θ = 0 ⇒ u = sinh 3 = 1.818466..., θ = ⇒ u = sinh 3 +
A = π ∫ (cosh 2x + 1 ) dx = π  sinh 2x + x  = π  sinh 2 + 1 2
−1
( )π
2
= 2.224591...
0  2 0  2 
So 11.805 45... – 5.652 835... = 6.15 (3 s.f.).
= 8.84 (3 s.f.) .
8 Let’s take the top half of the circle first.
5 dx = −3 cos2t sin t , dy = 3 sin 2t cos t , which means
1 1
dt dt ⌠ x2 ⌠ 4π
AT =  2π (2 + 1 − x 2 ) 1 + 2 dx =  + 2π dx
( ) ( )
2 2 2
d s dx  dy  4 2 4 ⌡ 1 − x ⌡ 1 − x2
that = +   = 9 cos t sin t + 9 sin t −1 −1
dt dt  dt 
1 1
⌠ x2 ⌠ 4π
2 2
cos t = 9 cos t sin t. 2
AT =  2π (2 + 1 − x 2 ) 1 + 2 dx =  + 2π dx
⌡ −1 1 − x ⌡ −1 1 − x
2
π
ds
A = ∫ 2πy dt = ∫ 2 2π sin 3 t(3 cos t sin t ) dt 1
dt 0 =  4π sin −1 x + 2πx  = 4π 2 + 4π.
π π −1
⌠2 4  sin 5 t  2 6π
= 6π sin t cost dt = 6π   = 5 . Taking the bottom half of the circle gives
  5 0
⌡0 AB = 4π2 – 4π
and so the total surface area of revolution is 8π2.
6 a x = cos t, y = 2 + sin t, x2 + (y – 2)2 = 1
Circle centre (0, 2) radius 1. 9 a Let the arc length be s, and the area be A.
2
y 2  dy  2 2 2
s=∫ 1 +   dx = ∫ 1 + sinh 2 x dx = ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x 1 = 2
3 1  dx  1 1
2
2  dy  2 2 2
s=∫ 1 +   dx = ∫ 1 + sinh 2 x dx = ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x 1 = 2.45 (3s.f.).
2 1  dx  1 1
2 2
A = ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x 1 = 2.45 (3 s.f.).
1
1
b This generalises straightforwardly:

b
0 x ⌠ 2
s =  1 +   dx =
–2 –1 1 dy b b
⌡a  dx  ∫a 1 + sinh 2 x dx = ∫a cosh x dx = A
2π 2π b
ds
b C = ∫ 2πy dt = ∫ s2π=(2⌠+ sin
2 2π
t )dtd=y 4πt − 2π cos
b t
 = 8π 2
2 . b
0 dt 0  1 +  dx  dx = ∫a 1 +0sinh x dx = ∫a cosh x dx = A
2π
⌡a
π(2 + sin t )dt =  4πt − 2π cos t 0 = 8π 2.
32
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Exam-style questions 4 The formula needed is
( ddθr ) dθ = ∫
2π
1 a The formula needed is ⌠ 2 2π
s= r2 + e 2θ + e 2θ dθ
0
⌠
2 2 ⌡0
 dy  2 2
s =  1 +   dx = ∫ 1 + sinh 2 x dx = ∫ cosh x dx 2π 2π
  
dx 1 1 = 2 ∫ eθ dθ = 2 eθ  = 2(e 2π − 1).
⌡1 0 0
2
= sinh x 1 = sinh 2 − sinh1 = 2.45 (3 s.f.). 0
∫−1 x
n
5 a In = x + 1 dx
dy 0
b y = cosh x ⇒ = sinh x  3  0 3
dx 1 2
=  (x + 1)2 x n  − ⌠ (x + 1)2 nx n −1 dx
2 3  ⌡−1 3
Area = ∫1 2π cosh x 1 + sinh 2x dx 2  −1
2 1
= 2π ∫ cosh 2x dx 2n 0 2n 2n
1 =− ∫
3 −1
(1 + x)(x + 1)2 x n −1 dx = − I n −1 −
3
I
3 n
= π ∫ ( cosh2x − 1) dx
2
2n
1 So I n = − I .
2n + 3 n −1
2 9
= π  1 sinh 2x − x  b I 5 = −10 × −8 × −6 × −4 × −2 I 0 = − 2
2 1 13 11 9 7 5 9009
= −0.056 (3 s.f .).
2
 2x −2x 
= πe − e − x 6 The formula you need is
 4 1
2 2
 dy 
 4 −4   2 −2   A = ∫ 2π y  dx  +   dt = ∫ 2π8t 64t 2 + 64 dt
= π  e − e − 2 −  e − e − 1   dt   dt 
  4   4 
0.5
 2 3
= 128π ∫ t t + 1 dt = 128 π (t 3 + 1) 
2
 4 −4 2 −2 
= πe − e − 8 − e + e + 4 
2
= 53. 3 (3 s.f.).
4  2×2 
   0
π 4 d 1 2
Area = e − e −4 − e 2 + e −2 − 4  7 a 2tan −1(e x ) = 2 e x = −x = sech x
4 dx 1 + e 2x e + ex
2 You can tackle the two integrals separately. b y

5 5 1
⌠ 1 x 5 4
 dx = cosh −1  = cosh −1 − cosh −1
⌡4 x −92  3  4 3 3 0.5
5 5 0
2 4 x
⌠ 1 x 5 4
 dx = sinh −1  = sinh −1 − sinh −1
⌡4 x2 + 9  3  4 3 3
1 1 π
∫0 sech x dx =  2tan
−1
So the sum of the two integrals is 0.488 (3 s.f.). c (e x ) = 2tan −1 e −
0 2
3 y = 0.866 (3 s.f.).
1
d y
1
n=7
0.5
0.5
0 x
2 4
∞
0
0.5 1 x
Area of rectangles = 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + < ∫ x −3 dx
2 3 4 5 0
If you draw n rectangles under the curve
t
t  x −2  1 1 1 y = sech x between 0 and 1, you find
∫0 x dx =  −2  = 2 − 2(t + 1)2 → 2 as t → ∞.
−3
0 1 sech 1 + 1 sech 2 + + 1 sech n < 2tan −1 e − π

n n n n n n 2
∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ < ⇒ ∑ 3 < 1.5 .
n
So + + + sech nk
23 3 3 4 3 5 3 2
r =1 r
and so ∑ n
< 0.9 for all n.
k =1
33
4 INTEGRATION
4 4 When n = 3
⌠ 1 1 ⌠ 1
8  dx = dx
⌡3 3x 2 − 9x + 7 3
⌡3
4
x 2 − 3x + 7
3
4
 3 
I 5 = 1  2 2 + 3I 3  = 1  2 2 + 3
 4 2 ( 2 + ln ( ))
2 + 1 

1 ⌠
( ))
1
=
3
⌡3 (x − 3 / 2)2 + 1
12
dx
I5 =
1
4
2 2+
3
2
3
2 + ln
2 ( 2 +1
4
Thus ⌠

4
1  
dx =  1 sinh −1 x − 1.5 
I5 =
2
2 3
+
8
3
2 + ln
8 ( 2 +1 )
⌡3 3x − 9x + 7
2  3 12 
1
3
= 0.292 (3 s.f.).
I5 =
7
8
3
2 + ln
8 ( 2 +1 )
t
2 2 2 t  x −1  1
∫1 x
e dx = e x x −n  − ∫ e x(−n)x −n −1 dx ∫1 x
−n x −2
9 a In = 11 a dx =   = 1 − t → 1 as t → ∞.
1 1
 −1 1
1
⇒ I n = e 2 − e + nI n +1 ⇒ I n +1 = (I n + e − e 22−n)
2 −n
n 1 1 1
b + + +
1 1 4 9 16
b I4 = (I 3 + e − e 22−3), I3 = (I 2 + e − e 22−2) ,
3 2
1 c 1+ 1 + 1 + 1 +
I2 = (I1 + e − e 22−1) 4 9 16
1
d Take the sum of the averages of the
So I4 = 1.09 (3 s.f.). overestimates and the underestimates.
π π You can see that this will be an overestimate
10 a I n = ⌠
1 2 sin x
dx = ⌠
2 for the integral (from the trapezia below)
 π dx
⌡ sin x
π n ⌡ sin n +1 x which is 1.
4 4
π
− cos x 2 y
=  n +1  1
 sin x  π
4 0.8
π
−∫ π (− cos x )(−n
2
− 1)sin −n − 2
x cos x dx 0.6
4 0.4
n π
= 22 −∫ 2
π (1 − sin 2 x)(n + 1)sin −n − 2 x dx 0.2
4
n 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
= 2 2 − (n + 1)I n + 2 + (n + 1)I n
This gives you that
1  n2 
⇒ In+2 = 2 + nI n  . 1+1 1+ 1 1 + 1
n + 1   1+ 1
4 + 4 9 + 9 16 + 16 25 + > 1.
2 2 2 2
π π
b I1 = ⌠
2 1 ∞
π
⌡ sin x
dx = ∫π2 cosecx dx 1
Hence by adding 1 to both sides, ∑ 2 > 1.5.
4 4 2 r =1 r
π
I1 =  −ln cosec x + cot x  π2 12 2x2 + 3x = 2(x2 + 1.5x) = 2((x + 0.75)2 −0.752)
4 = 2(x + 0.75)2 − 1.125
2 2
I 1 =  −ln 1 + 0  −  −ln 2 + 1  ⌠ 1 ⌠ 1
   dx =  dx
⌡1 2x 2 + 3x ⌡1 2(x + 0.75)2 − 1.125
I 1 = ln ( 2 +1 ) =
1⌠
2
1
2
dx
⌡1 ((x + 0.75)2 − 0.752)0.5
 n 
c I n + 2 = 1  2 2 + nI n 
n + 1 1 x
 You know that ∫ x 2 − a2
dx = cosh −1 + c
a
When n = 1
 1   1
( 
)
2 2
So ⌠
I 3 = 1  2 2 + I 1  = 1  2 2 + ln 1  1 x + 0.75 
2 +1   dx =  cosh −1
2  2  ⌡1 2x 2 + 3x  2 0.75 1
= 0.341 (3 s.f.).
34
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
π π π
∫ ⌠2 x
2 x
13 a I 1 = e cos x dx 5 6e 2 − 9
0 ∴  e cos x dx = 26
⌡0
Integration by parts:
π π 14 y
I1 = e x sin x  2 − ∫ 2 e x sin x dx 2
0 0
1.5
Integration by parts again: H
π π 1
I1 = e x sin x + e x cos x 2
0 −∫ 2 x
e cos x dx 0.5
0
π 0 x
0.5 1 1.5 2
I1 = e x sin x + e x cos x  2 − I1 –1
0
π
2I1 = e x sin x + e x cos x  2 The formula needed is A = ∫ 2πy ds dx.
0 dx
π
1 x For the part of the curve needed, y = x 2 − 1 , and
I1 = e (sin x + cos x)  2
2 0
dy 1 2 x
1   π2   so = (x − 1)−0.52x =
I1 = e (1 + 0 )  − [1(0 + 1)] dx 2 x −1 2
2    
2
ds  dy 
1 π  You know that = 1+ 
I1 =  e 2 − 1 dx  dx 
2 
π x2 2x 2 − 1
= 1+ = .
∫
2 x
b In = e (cos x)n dx 2
x −1 x2 − 1
0
π π
=  0 ∫
e x cosn x  2 − 2 e xn cosn −1 x(− sin x)dx
2x 2 − 1 2
A = ∫ 2π x 2 − 1 dx = 2π∫ 2x 2 − 1 dx
0
π
x2 − 1 1
=
0 ∫
−1 + 2 ne x cosn −1 x sin x dx
Using integration by parts on this integral. Using the substitution 2x = cosh u, so

π π 2dx = sinh udu.
∫ ne x cosn −1 x sin x dx = ne x cosn −1 x sin x  2
2
0 0
cosh 2u − 1
π Note that sinh 2 u = .
2
∫
− 2 ne x(cosn x + (n − 1)cosn − 2 x(− sin x)sin x)dx
0
2 sinh 2 u
= −∫ ne x(cosn x + (n − 1)cosn − 2 x(−1 + cos2 x))dx ∫1 2x 2 − 1 dx = ∫ 2
du
π π cosh −1 2 2
1  sinh 2u
= −∫ 2 ne x(cosn x)dx +∫ 2 n(n − 1)e x cosn − 2 x dx = − u = 1.8563...
0
π
0 2 2  2 
cosh −1 2
−∫ 2
ne x(n n
− 1)cos x dx
0 So on multiplying by 2π, A = 11.7 (3 s.f.).
= −nI n + n(n − 1)I n − 2 − n(n − 1)I n
4
n(n − 1)I n −2 − 1 15 x = t 4, y = t − t7
Thus I n = . 7
n2 + 1
( ) ( )
2 2 2
 π  ds =  dy  dx 4 7t 6 4 7t 6
3  e 2 − 1 − 1  dt  + dt = 16t 6 + − = +
dt 7 7
6I − 1  
c n = 3 ⇒ I3 = 1 =
( )( )
10 10 1 1
9π
SA = ⌠ 2πy dt = ⌠
ds 4 4
  π   2π 7 t − t 7 7 + 7t 6 dt = 49
 ⌡0 dt ⌡0
2 3 e2
  − 1 − 1 − 1
 
n = 5 ⇒ I 5 = 20I 3 − 1 =
26 26
 π 
6  e 2 − 1 − 3 π
  6e 2 − 9
= =
26 26
35
4 INTEGRATION
1 y
1
–2 –1
0
1 x
–1
1
2 You need to use the arc length formula for polar

coordinates:
( ddθr ) dθ = ∫
2π
⌠ 2 2π
s= r2 + (1 − cosθ )2 + (sin θ )2 dθ
0
⌡0
2π
= ∫0 1 − 2cosθ + 1 dθ
(θ2 ) dθ
2π
2π ⌠
= 2∫ 1 − cosθ dθ = 2 2sin 2
0 ⌡0
2π θ
= 2∫ sin dθ
0 2
2π
θ
= 4  − cos  = 4(1 − (−1)) = 8.
 2 0
Thus you can say that exactly 8 centimetres of wire

are required.
3 This would multiply the length of the wire by a.
36
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
5 Complex numbers
this publication.
Prerequisite knowledge b z −n = (cos q + i sin q)−n = cos (−nq) + i sin (−nq)

2 2
= cos nq − i sin nq
1 r = z = 5.1 + 6.8 = 8.5 = (cos nq + i sin nq )* = (zn)*
−6.8
tan q = 5.1 and so q = tan−1 (−1.333) Also (z*)n = (cos q − i sin q)n
Since the number is in the fourth quadrant, = cos (nq) − i sin (nq) = (zn)*
q = 0.9273 + π = 4.069 to 3 s.f.
4 z5 = (cos 1.8π + i sin 1.8π)5 = cos 9π + i sin 9π =
a
  2π   2π  
2 a v 2 = 4 2  cos  2 ×  + i sin  2 ×   cos π + i sin π = 1 (Here 8π has been subtracted
  3  3 
from the argument.)
= 16  cos 4π + i sin 4π  b 12 = z−2 = (cos 1.8π + i sin 1.8π)−2 = cos 3.6π −
 3 3
z
  2π + π  + i sin  2π + π   i sin 3.6π = cos 1.6π − i sin 1.6π (subtracting
b vw = 4 × 5 cos
  3 4   3 4  
2π from the argument). This could also be
 11π 11π  written as cos 0.4π + i sin 0.4π.
= 20  cos 12 + i sin 12 
5 a (cos q − i sin q)n = (cos (−q) + i sin (−q ))n which,
 
c v = 4  cos 2π − π  + i sin  2π − π   by de Moivre’s theorem,
w 5  3 4  3 4
= cos (−nq) + i sin (−nq) = cos nq − i sin nq
= 0.8  cos 5π + i sin 5π  3
 12 
b  cos π − i sin π  = cos 3π − i sin 3π
12
 6 6 6 6
3 a If z = x + iy then z* = x − iy and z + z* = 2x, which
π π
is a real number. = cos − i sin = 0 − i = −i
2
2 2
b zz* = (x + iy)(x − iy) = x2 + y2 = z n
2  3π 3π  3nπ + i sin 3nπ
z* z z* 6 a 1 = zn =  cos + i sin  = cos
Hence z × 2 = 2 = 1 and so 2 = z −1 .  4 4 4 4
z z z 3n
Hence 3nπ must be a multiple of 2π; so 4 is
 5 5 × 4 4
4 The coefficient of x2 is   = 2 = 10 . a multiple of 2; the smallest value is n = 8.
 2
3nπ + i sin 3nπ
b In this case i = cos .
Exercise 5.1A 4 4
3 Hence 3nπ must be π plus a multiple of
4 4
1 a z3 =  cos 2π + i sin 2π  = cos 6π + i sin 6π 2π; in this case n = 3.
 5 5 5 5
−4
b
1
= z −4 =  cos 2π + i sin 2π  7 a 1 = z−1 = cos q − i sin q ; hence z + 1 = cos q +
z4  5 5 z z
i sin q + cos q − i sin q = 2 cos q which is a real
−8π + i sin −8π 8π 8π
= cos = cos − i sin number.
5 5 5 5
2 a (cos 0.75 + i sin 0.75)5 = cos 3.75 + i sin 3.75 b z − 1 = cos q + i sin q − (cos q − i sin q )
z
b 16 = z−6 = (cos 0.75 + i sin 0.75)−6 = 2i sin q
z
( )
2
= cos (−3) + i sin (−3) = cos 3 − i sin 3
Hence z − 1 = (2i sin q )2 = 4i2 sin2 q
3 z−1 = (cos q + i sin q )−1 = cos (−q ) + i sin (−q )
a z
= −4 sin2 q which is a real number.
= cos q − i sin q = z*
37
5 Complex numbers
8 a z2 = (3cos 0.75π + 3i sin 0.75π)2

The four distinct values of q are 0, π , π, 3π .
= 32 (cos 0.75π + i sin 0.75π)2 2 2
π π
= 9(cos 1.5π + i sin 1.5π) = 9(0 − i) The fourth roots are 1, cos + i sin , cos π +
2 2
= −9i
3π
i sin π and cos + i sin 3 π .
b z−3 = (3cos 0.75π + 3i sin 0.75π)−3 2 2
= 3−3 (cos 0.75π + i sin 0.75π)−3 These are 1, i , –1 and –i.
= 1 (cos (−2.25π) + i sin (−2.25)π) b If z = r(cos q + i sin q ) then r4 = 81 and

27 cos 4q + i sin 4q = 1.
= 1 (cos (−0.25)π + i sin (−0.25)π)
27 r = 3 and the fourth roots of 1 are 1, i , –1 and –i.
= 1 (cos 0.25π − i sin 0.25π) So z = 3, 3i , –3 or –3i.
27
5
9 a z5 =  cos π + i sin π  = cos 5π + i sin 5π 6
 3 3 3 3  π π  π  π
2 a  cos 3 + i sin 3  = cos 6 × 3  + i sin  6 × 3 
 π  π
= cos −  + i sin  −  = z−1 = cos 2π + i sin 2π = 1
 3  3
b z + z2 = cos π + i sin π + cos 2π + i sin 2π b The other roots are ω2, ω3 = −1, ω4, ω5, and ω6 = 1.
3 3 3 3
c Sum of roots = 1 + ω + ω 2 + ω 3 + ω 4 + ω 5
= 1+i 3 −1+i 3 =i 3 (
1 ω6 −1 )
2 2 2 2 1−1
= ω − 1 = ω − 1 = 0.
( )
2
Hence (z + z2)2 = i 3 = 3i2 = −3
π π
3 a i = cos + i sin so one cube root is
10 a If 1 + 3i ≡ r cos q + ir sin q then r cos q = 1 and 2 2
r sin θ = 3 . cos π + i sin π .
6 6
sin θ = 3
Hence r 2 = 1 + 3 and r = 2; tan θ =
cosθ The three cube roots of i are equally spaced
so θ = π . round a unit circle.
3
 π π
So 1 + 3i = 2 cos + i sin  .
3 3 i
(1 + 3i ) = 2  cos π3 + i sin π3 

9 9
9
b
= 29 (cos 3π + i sin 3π) = – 29 = −512

6
11 a 1 + 1 i = cos π + isin π so  1 + 1 i 
 
2 2 4 4 2 2  30º 30º
( )
6
= cos π + isin π = cos 3π + isin 3π = −i
4 4 2 2
 
b 1–i= 2  1 − 1 i
 2 2 
= { ( )
2 cos − π + isin − π
4 4 ( )}
π π 3 + 1 i = w;
( 2) They are cos + i sin =
12
Hence (1 – i)12 = {cos(−3π) + i sin(−3π)} 6 6 2 2
= 26 × (–1) = −64. cos 5π + i sin 5π = − 3 + 1 i = y ;

6 6 2 2
Exercise 5.2A cos 3π + i sin 3π = − i.
2 2
1 a If z = cos q + i sin q and z4 = 1 then (cos q + i sin q)4 = 1 So w and y are cube roots of i.
cos 4q + i sin 4q = 1 ; 4q = 0, ±2π, ±4π, …
38
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
3π 3π b
b cos 2 + i sin 2 = − i. so one cube root is cos π + i sin π
3 3
cos π + i sin π = i .
2 2
The three cube roots of −i are shown in this
diagram:
−1
i
cos 5π + i sin 5π
3 3
The three roots divide the unit circle into

30º 30º
thirds.
6 a If z = r(cos q + i sin q ) then r4 = 16 and r = 2.
cos 4q + i sin 4q = i = cos π + i sin π
2 2
4q = π or 5π or 9π or 13π or …
2 2 2 2
The four distinct values are π , 5π ,
9π
and 13π
8 8 8 8
They are 3 − 1 i, − 3 − 1 i and i; so w and z
2 2 2 2  4r + 1 4r + 1 
solutions are z = 2 cos π + i sin π
 8 8 
are cube roots of −i. r = 0, 1, 2, 3.
4 a If z = r(cos q + i sin q) then r3 = 1000 and r = 10 b
The cube roots of unity are 1, cos 2 π + i sin 2 π
3 3
4 4 arg z = 5π
and cos π + i sin π . 8
3 3
So the solutions are z = 10  cos 2r π + i sin 2r π 
 3 3 
r = 0, 1, 2.
1 1 arg z = π
b z3 = 8 so if z = r (cos q + i sin q ) then r3 = 8 8
1
and r = 2 .
1 2r 2r  2
So the solutions are z =  cos π + i sin π 
2 3 3  arg z = 9π
r = 0, 1, 2. 8
5 a z6 + 2z3 + 1 = 0 can be factorised as (z3 + 1)2 = 0

Hence z3 + 1 = 0 or z3 = −1
If z = cos q + i sin q then z3 = cos 3q + i sin 3q = −1 arg z = 13π
8
= cos π + i sin π.
The four points form a square with a diameter of 4.
So 3q = π or 3π or 5π or 7π or …
The three distinct values are q = π or π or 5π .
( )
1 −n 1
3 3 7 a = ω−1 ; 1 = ω−n = (ωn)−1 = 1−1 = 1 so is
ω ω ω
π π
The solutions are = cos + i sin , –1 and an nth root of unity.
3 3
5 π
cos + i sin 5π b If ω is the root with the smallest positive
.
3 3 argument, then the roots are 1, ω, ω 2, … , ωn−1.
39
5 Complex numbers
The sum 1, + ω, + ω 2, + … , + ωn−1 is a geometric −4

−4  3 3 
series. n Now ω =  cos π + i sin π  = cos (–3π)
ω −1 1−1 4 4
Sum = ω − 1 = ω − 1 = 0.
+ i sin (– 3π) = – 1 so the statement is false.
8 a cos q − i sin q = (cos q + i sin q )−1 24π + i sin 24π = 1
11 a z12 = 1; cos
cosθ + i sinθ cosθ + i sinθ n n
Hence cosθ − i sinθ =
(cosθ + i sinθ )−1 24π is a multiple of 2π; 12 is an integer;
So
= (cos q + i sin q )2 = cos 2q + i sin 2q n n
cosnθ + i sin nθ (cosθ + i sinθ )n n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 12.
b cosθ − i sinθ =
(cosθ + i sinθ )−1 2π 2π
b One cube root is cos + i sin .
= (cos q + i sin q )n + 1 = cos (n + 1)q + i sin (n + 1)q 3n 3n
c Multiply by the denominator: The other two are
cos nq + i sin nq = (cos (n + 1)q + i sin (n + 1)q ) cos 2π + 2π  + i sin  2π + 2π  and
 3n 3   3n 3 
(cos q − i sin q )
= cos (n + 1)q cos q − i cos (n + 1)q sin q + cos 2π + 4π  + i sin  2π + 4π  .
 3n 3   3n 3 
i sin (n + 1)q cos q + sin (n + 1)q sin q
Equate the real parts on each side: 2π 2π
c If cos + i sin is a 12th root of unity then
cos nq = cos (n + 1)q cos q + sin (n + 1)q sin q 3n 3n
2π × 12 = 8π is a multiple 2π;
9 a (ω 2)5 = ω 10 = (ω 5)2 = 12 = 1 so ω 2 is a fifth root of 3n n
unity.
4 is an integer; n = 1, 2 or 4.
b 1 + ω 2 + ω 4 is a geometric series with a n
common ratio of ω 2.
 2π + 2π  + i sin  2π + 2π 
(ω ) − 1 = ω
3
If cos
3n 3   3n 3  is a 12th root
2
6
−1
So 1 + ω 2 + ω 4 =
=
ω 2 −1
ω −1
ω 2 −1
1
of unity then ( 32nπ + 23π ) × 12 = 8nπ + 8π is a
(ω − 1)(ω + 1) = ω + 1 4 + 4 is an integer; as before,
multiple 2π;
n
= cos − 3 π  + i sin  − 3 π  = cos π − i sin π
−1 3 3
10 a ω  4   4  4 4 n = 1, 2 or 4.
The third root gives the same values of n.
−1 3 3 3
So ω + ω = cos π + i sin π + cos π
4 4 4 12 (2z – 1)2 = 4z2 – 4z + 1
−i sin 3 π = 2cos 3 π which is a real number. = 4(cos q + i sin q )2 – 4(cos q + i sin q ) + 1
4 4
= 4 cos 2q + 4i sin 2q – 4 cos q – 4i sin q + 1
The statement is true.
The imaginary part is 4 sin 2q – 4 sin q .
b ω + ω3 + ω5 + ω 7 is a geometric series with r = ω2.
If (2z – 1)2 is an real number then
So ω + ω 3 + ω 5 + ω 7 =
(
ω ω8 −1 ). 4 sin 2q – 4 sin q = 0; 8 sin q cos q – 4 sin q = 0;
ω2 −1 2 sin q cos q – sin q = 0; sin q (2 cos q – 1) = 0; sin q = 0
8
8  3 3  or cosθ = 1 .
But ω =  cos π + i sin π  = cos 6π + i sin 6π 2
4 4
= 1 so ω 8 – 1 = 0 and the statement is true. Hence q = 0, π or 5π .

3 3
c ω – ω3 + ω5 – ω7 is a geometric series with r = ω2.
Exercise 5.3A
ω – ω3 + ω5 – ω7 =
(
ω ω8 −1 ) = 0 because 1 If z = cos q + i sin q then z2 = cos 2q + i sin 2q =
a
−ω 2 − 1
(cos q + i sin q )2.
(– ω2)4 = ω8 so the statement is true.
Hence cos 2q + i sin 2q = cos2 q +
d If ω–2 is a square root of i then (ω–2)2 = ω–4 = i. 2i sin q cos q − sin2 q
Equate the real parts: cos 2q = cos2 q − sin2 q .
40
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b Equate the imaginary parts: sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q . Divide the numerator and the denominator
3
sin 2θ 2sin θ cosθ by cos4 q : tan 4q ≡ 4tan θ 2− 4tan θ4 .
c tan 2q = cos 2θ = 1 − 6tan θ + tan θ
cos2 θ − sin 2 θ
Divide the numerator and the denominator 5 a If z = cos q + i sin q then z5 = cos 5q + i sin 5q and
by cos2 q :
cos 5q + i sin 5q = cos5 q + 5i cos4 q sin q −
2 sin θ 2tan θ 10 cos3 q sin2 q − 10i cos2 q sin3 q +
cosθ
tan 2q = 2 = 5 cos q sin4 q + i sin5 q .
1− sin θ 1 − tan 2 θ
cos2 θ Equate the real parts:
2 a If z = cos q + i sin q then z3 = cos 3q + i sin 3q = cos 5q ≡ cos5 q − 10 cos3 q sin2 q + 5 cos q sin4 q
(cos q + i sin q )3. b Make the substitution sin2 q = 1 − cos2 q .
cos 3q + i sin 3q = cos3 q + 3i cos2 q sin q − cos 5q ≡ cos5 q − 10 cos3 q(1 − cos2 q) +
3 cos q sin2 q − i sin3 q 5 cos q(1 − cos2 q)2
Equate the imaginary parts: cos 5q ≡ cos5 q − 10 cos3 q + 10 cos5 q +
sin 3q ≡ 3 cos2 q sin q − sin3 q. 5 cos q(1 − 2 cos2 q + cos4 q )
b Equate the real parts: cos 5q ≡ 16 cos5 q − 20 cos3 q + 5 cos q .
cos 3q ≡ cos3 q − 3 cos q sin2 q . c If 32x5 − 40x3 + 10x − 1 = 0 then 16x5 − 20x3 +
2 3
3cos θ sin θ − sin θ 5x = 0.5.
c tan 3q =
cos3θ − 3cosθ sin 2θ Comparing this with part b, if cos 5q = 0.5
Divide the numerator and the denominator then x = cos q is a solution.
π
by cos3 q . 5q = π gives θ = and x = cos π
3 15 15
3tan θ − tan 3 θ
tan 3q = . = 0.978 (3 s.f.)
1 − 3tan 2 θ
Four other solutions are possible: 5q = 5π
3 a If z = cos q + i sin q then z3 = cos 3q + i sin 3q and 3
π π
gives q = 3 and x = cos 3 = 0.5
cos 3q + i sin 3q = cos3 q + 3i cos2 q sin q −
3 cos q sin2 q − i sin3 q . 5q = 7π gives x = 0.105; 5q = 11π gives
3 3
Equate the imaginary parts: 13π
sin 3q ≡ 3 cos2 q sin q − sin3 q x = –0.669; 5q = gives x = –0.914.
3
Substitute cos2 q = 1 − sin2 q : 6 a cos 6q + i sin 6q = (cos 2q + i sin 2q )3
sin 3q ≡ 3(1 − sin2 q )sin q − sin3 q
= 3 sin q − Equating the real parts,
3 sin3 q − sin3 q = 3 sin q − 4 sin3 q cos 6q = cos3 2q – 3 cos 2q sin2 2q
b If sin 3q = 2 sin q then 3 sin q − 4 sin3 q = 2 = cos3 2q – 3 cos 2q (1 – cos2 2q )
sin q ; 4 sin3 q − sin q = 0. = cos3 2q – 3 cos 2q + 3 cos3 2q
sin q(4 sin2 q − 1) = 0; either sin q = 0 or = 4 cos3 2q – 3 cos 2q .
1 1
4 sin2 q = 1 so sin2 q = 4 so sin q = ± 2 . b cos 2q = 2 cos2 q – 1 so writing c for cos q,
cos 6q = 4(2c2 – 1)3 – 3(2c2 – 1)
π 5π 7π 11π
Solutions are q = 0, π , , , , . = 4(8c6 – 12c4 + 6c2 – 1) – 6c2 + 3
6 6 6 6
= 32c6 – 48c4 + 18c2 – 1.
4 a If z = cos q + i sin q then z4 = cos 4q + i sin 4q and
cos 4q + i sin 4q = cos4 q + 4i cos3 q sin q − So cos 6q = 32 cos6 q – 48 cos4 q + 18 cos2 q – 1.
6 cos2 q sin2 q −4i cos q sin3 q + sin4 q . 7 a cos 5q + i sin 5q = (cos q + i sin q )5
Equate the imaginary parts:
= cos5 q + 5i cos4 q sin q – 10 cos3 q sin2 q –
sin 4q ≡ 4 cos3 q sin q − 4 cos q sin3 q .
10i cos2 q sin3 q + 5 cos q sin4 q + i sin5 q
b Equate the real parts: Equate the imaginary parts:
cos 4q ≡ cos4 q − 6 cos2 q sin2 q + sin4 q . sin 5q = 5 cos4 q sin q – 10 cos2 q sin3 q + sin5 q
sin 4θ 3
θ sin θ − 4cosθ sin 3θ
c tan 4q = = 4cos
cos 4θ cos θ − 6cos2θ sin 2θ + sin 4 θ
4
41
5 Complex numbers
b Use the substitution 1 – sin2 q = cos2 q : 16i4 sin4 q ≡ z4 + z−4− 4(z2 + z−2) + 6
sin 5q = 5(1 – sin2 q )2
sin q – 10(1 – sin2 q ) 16 sin4 q = 2 cos 4q − 8 cos 2q + 6
sin3 q + sin5 q b If cos 4q − 4 cos 2q = 3 then 2 cos 4q − 8 cos 2q =
sin 5q = 5(1 – 2 sin2 q + sin4 q ) sin q – 10 sin3 q 6 and 2 cos 4q − 8 cos 2q + 6 = 12.
+ 10 sin5 q + sin5 q Hence 16 sin4 q = 12; sin4 q = 0.75; sin q =
sin 5q = 5 sin q – 10 sin3 q + 5 sin5 q – 10 sin3 q� ± 0.9306.
+ 10 sin5 q + sin5 q Only the positive value gives solutions in the
sin 5q = 16 sin5 q – 20 sin3 q + 5 sin q . interval 0 < q < π;
c The equation can be written as q = 1.196 or π − 1.196 = 1.95 (to 3 s.f.)
16x5 – 20x3 + 5x = 0.5.
4 a z = cos q + i sin q and 2 cos q = z + z−1
Substitute x = sin q to get 16 sin5 q – 20 sin3 q
(2 cos q )4 ≡ (z + z−1)4
+ 5 sin q = sin 5q = 0.5.
= z4 + 4z3z−1 + 6z2z−2 + 4zz−3 + z−4
π
One solution to sin 5q = 0.5 is 5θ = and = z4 + 4z2 + 6 + 4z−2 + z−4
6
then θ = π . 16 cos4 q ≡ z4 + z−4 + 4 (z2 + z−2) + 6
30
π 16 cos4 q ≡ 2 cos 4q + 8 cos 2q + 6 hence cos4 q ≡
x = sin = 0.1045 (to 4 d.p.)
30 1 1 3
8 cos 4q + 2 cos 2q + 8 .
Exercise 5.4A
π π
∫02 πy dx = ∫02 πcos xdx

2 4
1 b The volume is
1 a z = z* = cos q − i sin q
π
1 1 3
Hence z + 1 = cos q + i sin q + cos q − i sin q�
z
= ∫02 π  8 cos 4x + 2 cos 2x + 8  dx
= 2 cos q.
( )
2 π
1   1 1 3  2
b Square the terms: (2 cos q )2 = z + .
z =  π  32 sin 4x + 4 sin 2x + 8 x  
0
So 4 cos q = z + 2 + z = z + z + 2 = 2 cos 2q + 2.
2 2 −2 2 −2
 2 
3π  3π 2
1 1 =  0 + 0 +   −  ( 0 + 0 + 0 )  =
Hence cos2 q = (2 cos 2q + 2) = (cos 2q + 1).  16   16
4 2
1 5 a z = cos q + i sin q and 2 cos q = z + z−1
c z − z = cos q + i sin q − (cos q − i sin q )
= cos q + i sin q − cos q + i sin q = 2i sin q (2 cos q )5 ≡ (z + z−1)5
( 1z ) ; −4 sin q = z + z = z5 + 5z4z−1 + 10z3z−2 + 10z2z−3 + 5zz−4 + z−5

2
So (2i sin q )2 = z − 2 2 −2 −2
= z5 + 5z3 + 10z + 10z−1 + 5z−3 + z−5
= 2 cos 2q − 2.
32 cos5q ≡ z5 + z−5 + 5(z3 + z−3) + 10(z + z−1)
1 1
ence sin2 q
H = − (2 cos 2q − 2) = (1 − cos 2q). 32 cos5q = 2 cos 5q + 10 cos 3q + 20 cos q
4 2
2 z = cos q + i sin q and 2 cos q = z + z−1 and
a and so, dividing by 2 and reordering,
2 cos nq = zn + z−n 16 cos5q = 10 cos q + 5 cos 3q + cos 5q .
(2 cos q)3 ≡ (z + z−1)3 = z3 + 3z2z−1 + 3zz−2 + z−3 b If 10 cos q + 5 cos 3q + cos 5q = 11 then
= z3 + 3z + 3z−1 + z−3 11
16 cos5q = 11 and cos q = 5 16 = 0.9278.
8 cos3 q ≡ z3 + z−3 + 3(z + z−1) Hence q = cos−1 0.9278= 0.3823 or 2π – 0.3823 =
= 2 cos 3q + 6 cos q 5.9009 = 5.90 (to 3 s.f.)
1 3
Divide by 8: cos3 q ≡ 4 cos 3q + 4 cos q
6 z = cos q + i sin q and 2i sin q = z−z−1 and 2i sin n q
a
1 3
b ∫ cos3 θ dθ = ∫ cos3θ + cosθ dθ = zn−z−n
4 4
(2i sin q)5 ≡ (z − z−1)5
= 1 sin 3θ + 3 sin θ + c
12 4 = z5 − 5z4z−1 + 10z3z−2 − 10z2z−3 + 5zz−4 − z−5
3 z = cos q + i sin q and 2i sin q = z − z−1 and
a = z5 − 5z3 + 10z − 10z−1 + 5z−3−z−5
2i sin nq = zn − z−n
32i5sin5q ≡ z5 − z−5 − 5(z3 − z−3) + 10(z − z−1)
(2i sin q )4 ≡ (z − z−1)4
32i sin5 q = 2i sin 5q − 10i sin 3q + 20i sin q
= z4 − 4z3z−1 + 6z2z−2 − 4zz−3 + z−4 1 5 5
Hence sin5q = 16 sin 5q − sin 3q + 8 sin q .
= z4 − 4z2 + 6 − 4z−2 + z−4 16
42
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
c If θ = π then cos2θ = cos π = 1 and

π 1 5 5
b Area = ∫0 16 sin 5x − 16 sin3x + 8 sin x dx 8 4 2
π
 1 
cos4θ = cos π = 0 .
5 5
=  − 80 cos5x + 48 cos3x − 8 cos x  2
 0
1 5 5  1 5 5
=  80 − 48 + 8  −  − 80 + 48 − 8  Hence 8cos4 θ = 4 + 3 = 3 + 2 2 ; hence
    2
8  8
=  15  −  − 15  cos4 θ = 3 + 2 2 = 6 + 4 2 .
8 16
16
= 15
6+4 2 = 14
Hence cosθ = 4 6+4 2 .
7 a If z = cos x + i sin x then 2i sin x = z – z–1 and 16 2
(2i sin x)3 = (z – z–1)3; – 8i sin3 x = z3 – 3z + 3z–1 – z–3 Exercise 5.5A
= z3 – z–3 – 3(z – z–1).
So –8i sin3x = 2i sin 3x – 6i sin x. 1 a (1 + z)2 = (1 + cos q + i sin q )2
1 3 Use the double-angle formulae, cos q =

Divide by –8i: sin 3 x = − sin 3x + sin x θ
2 cos2 2 −1 and sin q = 2 sin θ cos θ .
4 4
2 2
Hence ∫ sin
3
x dx =⌠ ( 1 3
 − 4 sin 3x + 4 sin x dx
⌡ ) Substitute these:
( ) . Take out
2
(1 + z)2 = 2cos2
θ + 2isin θ cos θ
= 1 cos3x − 3 cos x + c . 2 2 2
12 4
θ
2 cos 2 as a factor:
b Let I = ∫ x cos x sin 2 x dx ; use integration by
( )
2
(1 + z)2 = 22cos2 θ cos θ + isin θ
dv = cos x sin 2 x 2 2 2
( )
parts. Let u = x and . θ θ θ
dx = 4 cos2 cos2 × + isin 2 ×
2 2 2
du = 1 and v = 1 sin3 x;
Then θ θ
dx 3 = 4 cos2 (cos q + i sin q) = 4 cos2 z.
2 2
1 2 3 2
b z + 2z + z = z(1 + 2z + z ) = z(1 + z)2
3∫
hence I = x sin 3 x − sin 3 x dx
c If C = cos q + 2 cos 2q + cos 3q then C is the
3 1 3 real parts of C + iS = z + 2z2 + z3.
= x sin x − cos3x + cos x + c.
36 12
From parts a and b,
8 By de Moivre’s theorem, zn = (cos q + i sin q )n
a θ θ
C + iS = z(1 + z)2 = z × 4 cos2 z = 4 cos2 z2
= cos nq + i sin nq 2 2
θ θ
= 4 cos2 (cos q + i sin q )2 = 4 cos2 (cos 2q +
and
zn
( )
1 = z −n = cosθ + i sinθ −n 2 2
i sin 2q).
= cos (–nq ) + i sin (–nq ) = cos nq – i sin nq θ
The real part is C = 4 cos2 cos 2q .
2
Add the two equations: z n + 1n = 2cos nθ . d The imaginary part S = sin q + 2 sin 2q +
z θ
sin 3q = 4 cos2 sin 2q .
2
( ) { ( )}
4
b cosθ = 1 z + 1 and so cos4 θ = 1 z + 1 2 a (1 − z)3 = (1 − cos q − i sin q)3
2 z 2 z
θ
Substitute 1 − cos q = 2 sin2 and sin q =
=
16 {
1 z 4 + 4z 2 + 6 + 4 + 1
z2 z4 } 2 sin θ cos θ :
2 2
2
( )
3
θ θ θ
1 2cos4θ + 8cos2θ + 6 . (1 − z) = 2sin 2 − 2isin cos
3
16 ( )
So cos4 θ = 2 2 2
( )( )
3 3
= −2isin
θ cos θ + isin θ
Hence 8 cos4 q = cos 4q + 4 cos 2q + 3; a = 1, 2 2 2
b = 4 and c = 3. 3
 1 3
= 8i sin3 θ  z 2  = 8iz 2 sin 3 θ
2  2
43
5 Complex numbers
b The series C is the real part of 1 − 3z + 3z2 − z3

= (1 − z)3. From part a, z − z2 + z3 =
(
z z3 + 1 )
( )
3
θ θ 3θ 3θ z +1
(1 − z)3 = 8iz 2 sin 3 = 8isin 3 cos + isin z + 1 = cos q + i sin q + 1
2 2 2 2
θ
Substitute cos q = 2 cos2 − 1 and sin q =
= 8isin 3 θ cos 3θ − 8sin 3 θ sin 3θ θ
2
2 2 2 2 2 sin cos θ :
2 2
θ θ θ
So C = −8sin3 θ sin 3θ . then z + 1 = 2 cos2 + 2i sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
( )
1
c S is the imaginary part of (1 − z)3 = 1 − 3z + θ θ
= 2cos cos + isin θ θ
= 2 cos z 2
3z2 − z3. 2 2 2 2
Hence S = −3 sin q + 3 sin 2q − sin 3q z3 + 1 = cos 3q + i sin 3q + 1.
3θ
= 8 sin 3 θ cos 3θ . Substitute cos 3q = 2 cos2 2 −1 and sin 3q =
2 2
2 sin 3θ cos 3θ :
Hence 3 sin q − 3 sin 2q + sin 3q = −8 sin 3 θ cos 3θ . 2 2
2 2
3 a Let z = cos q + i sin q and then zn = cos nq + then z3 + 1 = 2 cos2 3θ + 2i sin 3θ cos 3θ
2 2 2
i sin nq .
( )
3
3θ 3θ θ
Write C + iS = 1 + 4z + 6z2 + 4z3 + z4. = 2 cos 3θ cos + isin = 2 cos z 2 .
2 2 2 2
Then C = 1 + 4 cos q + 6 cos 2q + 4 cos 3q + cos 4q .
C + iS = (1 + z)4 = (1 + cos q + sin q )4.
Hence z z 3 + 1 ( =
)
z × 2cos 32θ z 2
=
3
θ z +1 1
Substitute cos q = 2 cos2 2 − 1 and sin q 2cos θ2 z 2
cos 32θ 2 cos 32θ
= 2 sin θ cos θ : = z = (cos 2q + i sin 2q ).
2 2 cos θ2 cos θ2
( )
4
2θ θ θ cos 32θ
(1 + z) = 2cos 2 + 2isin 2 cos 2
4
The imaginary part S = sin 2q .
cos θ2
= ( 2cos ) ( cos + isin )
4 4
θ θ θ c If sin q + sin 3q = sin 2q then
2 2 2
sin q − sin 2q + sin 3q = 0.
θ
= 16 cos4 2 (cos 2q + i sin 2q). cos 32θ
So sin 2q = 0 and either sin 2q = 0 or
θ cos θ2
So C = 16 cos4 cos 2q .
2 3θ
θ
b The equation means 16 cos4 cos 2q = 0. cos = 0.
θ 2 2
Either cos 2 = 0 or cos 2q = 0. If sin 2q = 0 then 2q = 0 or π or 2π or … and q = 0
θ is the only value in the interval.
If cos = 0 then θ = π or 3π or …
2 2 2 2 If cos 3θ = 0 then 3θ = π or 3π or 5π or …
The only solution in the given interval is q = π. 2 2 2 2 2
π
If cos 2q = 0 then 2q = π or 3π or … and q = .
3
2 2 π 3π
The solutions in the given interval are q = or . The solutions in the given interval are
4 4
The three solutions are π, π and 3π . q = 0, π or π .
2 3
4 4
5 a 1 + z = 1 + cos q + i sin q
4 z − z2 + z3 is a geometric series with 3 terms, first
a
term = z, common multiple = –z. Now cosθ = 2cos2 θ − 1 and
2
Hence z − z2 + z3 =
(
z ( −z ) − 1
3
) = z ( − z − 1)3
sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ .
2 2
( −z ) − 1 −z − 1
=
(
z z3 + 1 ) 2θ θ θ
Hence 1 + z = 1 + 2cos − 1 + 2i sin cos . =
2 2 2
z +1
2cos θ  cos θ + i sin θ  = 2z 2 cos θ .
1
b Let z = cos q + isin q and then zn = cos nq + isin nq .
2 2 2 2
sin q − sin 2q + sin 3q is the imaginary part of
C + iS = z − z2 + z3. b (1 + z)4 = 1 + 4z + 6z2 + 4z3 + z4
= 1 + cosq + i sin q + 4 cos 2q + 4i sin 2q + ...
44
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
The imaginary part is 4 sin q + 6 sin 2q + Then (1 + z)n = (1 + cos q + i sin q)n
( )
n
4  4 θ
= 2cos2 + 2isin cos
θ θ .
4 sin 3q + sin 4q = ∑r =1   sin rθ . 2 2 2
r
= ( 2cos 2 ) ( cos 2 + isin 2 )

4 n n
 1 θ θ θ θ
c (1 + z)4 =  2z 2 cos 2  = 16z 2 cos4 θ
  2
= 2 cos ( cos + isin ) .

θ n θ n nθ nθ
= 16( cos 2θ + i sin 2θ )cos4 2 2 2
2
 4 The sum of the series is C = 2n cosn θ cos nθ .
∑r =1  r  sin rθ = 16sin 2θ cos4 θ .
4
So 2 2
2
8 a zn – 1 = cos nq + i sin nq – 1
2θ nθ and
Now 2cos = 1 + cosθ and sin 2q = 2 sinq cosq Now cos nθ = 1 − 2sin 2
2 2
 4
so ∑r =1  r  sin rθ = 16 × 2sin θ cosθ
4
sin nθ = 2sin nθ cos nθ .
2 2
nθ nθ nθ
× 1 (1 + cosθ ) = 8 sin q cos q (1 + cos q )2. So z n − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 + 2isin cos −1
2
4 2 2 2
6 ∑r =1
6
cos (2r − 1) = cos q + cos 3q + cos 5q … + = 2sin
nθ
2 (
− sin
nθ
2
+ icos )
nθ
2
= 2isin ( isin + cos ) = 2isin

n
cos 11q nθ nθ nθ nθ
z 2 .
2 2 2 2
Let z = cos q + i sin q and then zn = cos nq + i sin nq .
The series is the real part of C + iS = z + z3 + z5 +
∑r =1sin rθ = sin θ + sin 2θ + ... sin10θ
10
b is the
z7 + z9 + z11.
imaginary part of z + + ... + z2 which is z10
This is a geometric series with 6 terms, first
a geometric progression with first term = z
term = z, common multiple = z2.
and ratio = z.
 6
( ) (
z z 10 − 1 )
The sum is
z  z 2 − 1 z z 12 − 1
 
=
( .
) So z + z2 + ... + z10 =
( z − 1)
z2 −1 z2 −1 5 +1 − 1
z × 2isin 5θ z 5 sin 5θ z 2 sin 5θ z 5.5
z2 − 1 = cos 2q + i sin 2q − 1 = −2 sin2 q −2i sin q cos q = = =
sin θ sin 0.5θ
1
θ
2isin z 2
= −2i sin q (cos q + i sin q ) = 2iz sin q 2 2
z12 − 1 = cos 12q + i sin 12q − 1 sin 5θ ( cos5.5θ + isin 5.5θ )
= .
= − 2 sin2 6q − 2i sin 6q cos 6q sin 0.5θ
= −2i sin 6q (cos 6q + i sin 6q ) = −2iz6 sin 6q The imaginary part is
Hence
(
z z 12 − 1 ) = z × −2iz 6
sin 6θ
=
5θ sin 5.5θ .
∑r =1sin rθ = sinsin
10
0.5θ
z2 − 1 −2iz sin θ
sin 6θ z 6 = sin 6θ (cos 6q + i sin 6q ) Exam-style questions
sin θ sin θ
Then C = sin 6θ cos 6θ .

( ) ( ) ( )
4
π π π π
sin θ 1 a z4 = cos + isin = cos 4 × + isin 4 ×
4 4 4 4
sin 12θ = cos π + i sin π = −1
Now sin 12q = 2 sin 6q cos 6q and so C = .
2 sin θ so z4 + 1 = 0.
7 Let z = cos q + i sin q and then = cos nq + i sin nq .
zn b cos 4q + i sin 4q = −1 so 4q = π or 3π or 5π or
n n  7π or …
Then ∑r =0  cos rq is the real part of π 3π 5π 7π
r  Hence q = or or or .
4 4 4 4
n   n rπ rπ
∑r =0 r  zr = 1 + nz +  r 
n
The other solutions are z = cos + sin
z2 + … + zn = (1 + z)n. 4 4
  where r = 3, 5, 7.
45
5 Complex numbers
c 2π 2π
i b If z = cos + i sin then the cube roots are 10,
3 3
θ = 3π
4 10z and 10z2.
θ= π
4 The sum is 10 + 10z + 10z2 This is a
geometric series with 3 terms. The first term
10 and the common ratio is z.
The sum is
(
10 z 3 − 1
=
)10 (1 − 1)
= 0.
−1 1 z −1 z −1
2π 2π
c If z = cos + i sin then the nth roots of
n n
1000 are 10zr where r = 0, 1, 2, … , n – 1.
The sum is 10 + 10z + 10z2 + ... + zn−1 =
θ = 5π θ = 7π
4 4 (
10 z n − 1 )
=
10 (1 − 1)
=0.
−i z −1 z −1
1 5 a zn + 1 = (cos q + i sin q )n + 1 = cos nq +
2 a z = cos q + i sin q and = z−1 = (cos q + i sin q )−1
z 2 nθ nθ nθ
= cos (−q ) + i sin (−q ) i sin nq + 1 = 2cos 2 + 2sin 2 cos 2
= cos q − i sin q n
= 2cos nθ  cos nθ + i sin nθ  = 2 cos nθ × z 2
1 2  2 2 2
So z + = cos q + i sin q + cos q − i sin q = 2 cos q .
z
n
1
b z2 + 2 = z2 + z−2 = 2 cos 2q nθ .
= 2z 2 cos
z 2
3
If 2 cos 2q = 3 then cos 2q = . b If n = 6 then z6 + 1 = 2z3 cos 3q .
2
π 11π 13π 23π 1
Hence 2q = or or or or … If z6 + 1 = z3 then 2 cos 3q = 1 and cos 3q = .
6 6 6 6 2
π 11π 3q = π or 5π or π + 2π or 5π + 2π …
The four distinct values for q are or or 3 3 3 3
12 12
13π 23π π 5π 7π 11π 13π 17π
or . θ = or or or or or
12 12 9 9 9 9 9 9
r π r π
3 a If 3 + i = r(cos q + i sin q) then r = 3 +1 = 2 The six solutions are z = cos + i sin
9 9
and q = tan−1 1 = π . where r = 1, 5, 7, 11, 13 or 17.
3 6
6 a zn + z−n = (cos q + i sin q )n + (cos q + i sin q )−n
So z = 2  cos π + i sin π  and
 6 6 = cos nq + i sin nq + cos nq − i sin nq = 2 cos nq
b If n = 1 then 2 cos q = z + z−1.
z9 = 29  cos 3π + i sin 3π  = –512i.
 2 2 Hence (2 cos q )3 = (z + z−1)3
 nπ + i sin nπ  8 cos3 q = z3 + 3z + 3z−1 + z−3 = (z3 + z−3) + 3 (z + z−1).
b zn = 2n  cos and this is a positive
 6 6 
Hence 8 cos3 q = 2 cos 3q +3 × 2 cos q .
nπ 1 3 3
real number if is a multiple of 2π. Hence cos3 q = 4 cos 3q + 4 cos q ; a =
6 4
The smallest positive value is when nπ = 2π and b = .
1
6 4
and so n = 12.
1 7
c cos q =
3 cos q + 3 cos q ; cos3 q = 8 cos q
4 a If 3
1000 = r ( cosθ + i sinθ ) then r3(cos 3q + 8 4 7
cos q is positive so cos2θ = and cos θ = 0.875 .
i sin 3q) = 1000. 8
q = cos−1 0.875 = 0.361 (3 s.f.)
Hence r = 1000 = 10 and 3q = 0, 2π or 4π so
2π 4π 7 a cos 3q + i sin 3q = (cos q + i sin q )3
q = 0, or .
3 3 = cos3 q + 3i cos2 q sin q + 3i2 cos q sin2 q + i3 sin3 q
The cube roots of 1000 are 10,
So cos 3q + i sin 3q = cos3 q + 3i cos2 q sin q −
2π 2π  4π 4π 
10  cos + i sin  and 10  cos + i sin  . 3 cos q sin2 q − i sin3 q .
 3 3  3 3
Equate the imaginary parts:
sin 3q ≡ 3 cos2 q sin q − sin3 q .
46
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b 1 − 2 cos q + cos 2q is the real part of 1 − 2z + z2.

b tan 3q = sin 3θ
cos 3θ θ
Equating the real parts in part a gives 1 − 2z + z2 = (1 − z)2 = −4 sin2 z = (1 − z)2
2
cos 3q ≡ cos3 q − 3 cos q sin2 q θ
= −4 sin 2 (cos q + i sin q)
3 cos2θ sinθ − sin 3θ 2
tan 3q = . θ
cos3θ − 3 cos θ sin 2θ The real part is −4 sin2 2 cos q .
Divide the numerator and the denominator by
c sin2 θ cos q = − (1 − 2 cos q + cos 2q ) = f(q)
cos3 q : 1
3 tan θ − tan 3θ 2 4
tan 3q = . Differentiate to find the stationary point.
1 − 3 tan 2θ
8 a cos 4q + i sin 4q = (cos q + i sin q )4 f ′(q) = − 1 (2 sin q − 2 sin 2q)
4
= cos4 q + 4i cos3 q sin q − 6 cos2 q sin2 q − At a stationary point − 1 (2 sin q − 2 sin 2q ) = 0
4
i cos q sin3 q + sin4 q so sin 2q = sin q .
Equate the real parts: Hence 2 sin q cos q = sin q .
cos 4q ≡ cos4 q − 6 cos2 q sin2 q + sin4 q. At the maximum point sin q ≠ 0 and so
1 π
b Substitute sin2 q = 1 − cos2 q : 2 cos q = 1; cos q = q= .
2 3
cos 4q ≡ cos4 q − 6 cos2 q(1 − cos2 q) + (1 − cos2 q)2  π  2π
f   = sin cos = π 1 × 1 × 1 = 1 and this is
 3 6 3 2 2 2 8
= cos4 q − 6 cos2 q + 6 cos4 q + 1 − 2 cos2 q + cos4 q
the maximum value.
= 8 cos4 q − 8 cos2 q + 1.
θ θ θ
9 a zn – z–n = (cos q + isin q )n – (cos q + isin q )–n 11 a z − 1 = cos q + i sin q − 1= −2 sin2 2 + 2i sin 2 cos 2
( )
= cos nq + isin nq – cos (–nq ) – sin (–nq ) θ
1
= cos nq + isin nq – cos nq + sin nq = 2i sin θ cos θ + i sin θ = 2i sin z 2

2 2 2 2
= 2i sin nq b If C + iS = z3 + z4 + z5 + z6 then S is the series
b z− z−1 = 2i sin q required.
Hence (2i sin q)6 = (z − z−1)6 = z6 − 6z4 + z3 + z4 + z5 + z6 is a geometric progression
 6 2  6  6  −2 −4 −6
with 4 terms, first term z3, common ratio z.
 2 z −  3 +  4 z − 6z + z
z3 + z4 + z5 + z6 =
(
z3 z4 − 1 )
64i6 sin6 q = z6 + z−6 − 6z4 − 6z−4 + 15z2 + 15z−2 − 20 z −1
z4 − 1 = cos 4q + i sin 4q − 1
−64 sin6 q = (z6 + z−6) −6 (z4 + z−4) + 15 (z2 + z−2) −20 = −2 sin2 2q + 2i sin 2q cos 2q
−64 sin6 q = 2 cos 6q − 12 cos 4q + 30 cos 2q − 20. = 2i sin 2q (cos 2q + i sin 2q ) = 2i sin 2q z2
Hence
1 3 15 5 So
(
z3 z4 − 1 )=z 3
× 2i sin 2θ z 2 = sin 2θ z
4.5
sin6 q ≡ − cos6θ + cos 4θ − cos 2θ + . z −1 1 sin θ

32 16 32 16 2i sin θ2 z 2 2
π π
∫0 πy ∫0 π32sin
2 6
c The volume = dθ = θ dθ sin 2θ (sin 4.5θ + i sin 4.5θ )
= .
π sin θ2
= ∫0 π(− cos6θ + 6cos 4θ − 15cos 2θ + 10) dθ sin 2θ sin 4.5θ
π Then S = .
  1 3 15  sin 0.5θ
=  π  − 6 sin 6θ + 2 sin 4θ − 2 sin 2θ + 10θ  
 0
12 a If z = cos q + i sin q and C + iS = 1 + 4z + 6z2 + 4z3 + z4
= [π(0 + 0 − 0 + 10π)] − [π(0 + 0 − 0 + 0)] = 10π2 . then the series required is the imaginary part S.
10 a (1 − z)2 = (1 − cos q − i sin q)2 1 + 4z + 6z2 + 4z3 + z4 = (1 + z)4
2 4
 θ θ θ  θ θ θ
(1 + cos q + i sin q)4 =  2cos2 + 2i sin cos 
=  2sin 2 − 2i sin cos 
 2 2 2  2 2 2
2
  4 4
=  −2i sin  cos + i sin θ  
2θ  θ  θ  θ θ
=  2cos   cos + i sin 
 2 2 2  2 2 2
2 2
 θ  θ θ θ
=  −2i sin   cos + i sin  = 16 cos4 (cos 2q + i sin 2q )
 2  2 2 2
θ θ
= 4i2 sin2 2 ( cosθ + i sinθ ) So S = 16 cos4 sin 2q .
2
θ
= −4 sin2 2 z
47
5 Complex numbers
b sin q + 4 sin 2q + 6 sin 3q + 4sin 4q + sin 5q is The four values of c are the four different
the imaginary part of z + 4z2 + 6z3 + 4z4 + z5 + possible values of cosq so that
= z(1 + 4z + 6z2 + 4z3 + z4) = z(1 + z)4
cos π =
2+ 2 3π = 2− 2
θ θ , cos ,
= z × 16 cos4 (cos 2q + i sin 2q ) = z × 16 cos4 z2 8 2 8 2
2 2
cos 5π = −
4 θ 3 2− 2 7π = − 2 + 2 .
= 16 cos z and cos
2 8 2 8 2
θ
= 16 cos4 (cos 3q + i sin 3q ).
2 15 a tan 3θ = sin 3θ
cos3θ
So the sum required is the imaginary part, Now cos 3q + i sin 3q = (cosq + i sinq )3
which is 16 cos4 θ sin 3q . = cos3q + 3i cos2q sinq – 3 cosq sin2q – i sin3q
2
13 a If z = cos q + i sin q then z3 = cos 3q + i sin 3q Equate the real and imaginary parts:
= (cosq + i sinq )3 cos 3q = cos3q – 3 cosq sin2q
= cos3q + 3i cos2q sinq – 3 cosq sin2q – i sin3q and sin 3q = 3 cos2q sinq – sin3q .
Equate the real parts: cos 3q = cos3q – Hence tan 3θ = sin 3θ
cos3θ
3 cosq sin2q = cos3q – 3 cosq (1 – cos2q )
So cos3q = 4 cos3q – 3 cosq . 3cos2 θ sin θ − sin 3 θ ; divide the numerator
=
cos3 θ − 3cosθ sin 2 θ
b 4cos3q = cos 3q + 3 cosq . and the denominator by cos3 q and use the fact
π π
1 t 3 − 3t
Hence ∫ cos3 θ dθ = ∫ 4 (cos3θ + 3cosθ ) dθ that tan θ = sin θ to get tan 3θ = 2
2 2
.
0 0 cosθ 3t − 1
π
= 1  1 sin 3θ + 3sin θ 
2
= 1  − 1 + 3 − 1 [0] 2tan θ ; if θ = π then
b tan 2θ =
4  3  0 4  3  4 1 − tan 2 θ 8
= 1×8 = 2. 2tan π
4 3 3 8 = tan π = 1 ; 2tan π = 1 − tan 2 π ;
14 a If z = cosq + i sinq then z4 = cos 4q + i sin 4q 1 − tan 2 π 4 8 8
8
= (cosq + i sinq )4
π π
= cos4q + 4i cos3q sinq – 6 cos2q sin2q – tan 2 + 2tan − 1 = 0 ; this is a quadratic
8 8
4i cos q sin3q + sin4q .
π
equation in tan .
Equate the real parts: 8
cos 4q = cos4q – 6 cos2q sin2q + sin4q π −2 ± 4 + 4 −2 ± 8 =
Hence tan 8 = 2
=
2
= cos4q – 6 cos2q (1 – cos2q ) + (1 – cos2q )2
= cos4q – 6 cos2q + 6 cos4q + 1 – 2 cos2q −2 ± 2 2 = −1 ± 2 ; since tan π is positive
2 8
+ cos4q = 8 cos4q – 8 cos2q + 1.
you want the positive root and hence
π 3π , 5π , 7π , … π
b If cos 4q = 0 then 4θ = , tan = 2 − 1 .
2 2 2 2 8
π 3π , 5π , 7π , … etc. 3π t 3 − 3t
Hence θ = , π
8 8 8 8 c If t = tan then tan 8 = 2
8 3t − 1
If 8 cos4q – 8 cos2q + 1 = 0, write cosq = c so
( ) ( 2 − 1)
3
8c 4 – 8c 2 + 1 = 0. 2 −1 − 3
=
3 ( 2 − 1) − 1
2
This is a quadratic in c 2 so using the
quadratic formula gives c 2 = 8 ± 64 − 32 = 2 2 − 6 + 3 2 − 1 − 3 2 + 3 = −4 + 2 2

16 (
3 2− 2 2 +1 −1 )
8−6 2
8 ± 32
= −2 + 2 = 2
=
16 − 2 .
4−3 2 3 2−4
= 8 ± 4 2 = 2 ± 2 ; hence c = 2± 2 16 a zn = (cosq + i sinq )n = cos nq + i sin nq

16 4 4
z–n = (cosq + i sinq )–n = cos (–nq )
= ± 2± 2 . + i sin (–nq ) = cos nq – i sin nq
2
Add the two to get zn + z– n = 2 cos nq .
48
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS

b
n −1
∑r = 0 ( −1)r cos rθ = 1 ∑r = 0 ( −1) z n + z −n
2
n −1 r
( )
1 z − z−1 = cos q + i sin q − (cos q − i sin q )
1 n −1 −1 r z n + 1 n −1 −1 r z −n
2 ∑r = 0 ( ) 2 ∑r = 0 ( )
= = cos q + i sin q − cos q + i sin q = 2i sin q
n −1
2 (2i sin q )4 = (z − z−1)4 = z4 − 4z2 + 6z − 4z−2 + z−4
Now ∑r = 0 ( −1)r z n = 1 – z + z2 – z3 + …
16 sin4 q = z4 + z−4 − 4(z2 + z−2) + 6
n terms, is a GP with a = 1 and ratio –z so the = 2 cos 4q − 8 cos 2q + 6
Hence sin4q = 1 cos 4q − 1 cos 2q + 3 .
n n n
sum is 1 − (−z) = 1 − (−1) z . 8 2 8
1+ z 1+ z
n −1 2π
And ∑r = 0 ( −1)r z −n = 1 – z–1 + z–2 – z–3 + … ∫0 (f(t ))2 dθ
3 The rms value = 2π
n terms, is a GP with a = 1 and ratio – z–1 so
2π 2π
−1 n −n −n
the sum is 1 − (−z −1) = 1 − (−1) −1z ∫0 (f(t ))2 dθ = ∫0 400sin 4 θ dθ
1+ z 1+ z
400  1 cos 4θ − 1 cos 2θ + 3  dq
2π
n −n
= ∫0 8 2 8
= 1 − (−1) −1z
2π
1+ z
because (–1)–n = (–1)n . = ∫0 (50cos4θ − 200cos2θ + 150 ) dθ
2π
n n n −n = 12.5sin 4θ − 100sin 2θ + 150θ 0
So 2∑r = 0 ( −1) cos rθ = 1 − (−1) z + 1 − (−1) −1z
n −1r
1+ z 1+ z = [0 − 0 + 300π] − [0 − 0 + 0] = 300π
=
(1 + z )(1 − (−1) z ) + (1 + z )(1 − (−1) z ) =
−1 n n n −n So the rms value = 150 or 12.3 (to 3 s.f.).
(1 + z )(1 + z ) −1
1 + z −1 − ( −1) z n − ( −1) z n −1 + 1 + z − ( −1) z −n − (−1)n z −n +1

n n n
2 + z + z −1
=
2 + z + z −1 − ( −1) z + z
n n −n
(
− ( −1) z
n n −1
)
+ z −(n −1) ( )
−1
2+ z + z
= 2 + 2cosθ − ( −1) × 2cos nθ − ( −1) × 2cos(n − 1)θ

n n
2 + 2cosθ
n −1
Hence ∑r = 0 ( −1)r cosrθ =
1 + cosθ − ( −1) cos nθ − ( −1) cos(n − 1)θ

n n
.
2 + 2cosθ
49
6 Differential equations
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge Exercise 6.1A

1 3 1 dy
3 ∫ 3x − 2
1 a dx = ln (3x − 2) + c, valid for all x ∈R 1 a =1−y
3 dx
a a ()
b 1 tan−1 x + c, valid for all x ∈R
1
∫ 1 − y d y = ∫ 1dx
c 1 5e5x −1 dx = 1 e5x −1 + c, valid for all x ∈R –ln (1–y) = x + c
5∫ 5 1–y = Ae(–x)
1
d – ln (cos 4x) + c, valid for all x ∈R y = 1– Ae(–x)
4
∫ 5y d y = ∫ x b R(x) = ex
2
2 a dx
dy
5 2 1 3+c
y = x ex + exy = ex
2 3 dx
y = 1x ∫ e x dx
∫e d y = ∫ e x dx
−y
b e
−e−y = ex + c′ y = 1x (ex + c) = 1 + cx = 1 + ce−x
e e
e−y = −ex + c
1
a R(x) = e ∫ x = eln (x) = x
dx
y = −ln −e x + c 2
y = 1 ∫ 4x dx = 1 (2x2 + c') = 2x + c
c ∫ 1d y = ∫ (4x + 5)dx x x x
y = 2x2 + 5x + c b R(x) = e3x
( )
2x
d ∫ d y = ∫ 1 dx y = 13x ∫ e5x dx = 13x 1 e5x + c = e + c3x
4x + 5 e e 5 5 e
1
y = ln (4x + 5) + c ∫
4 dx
4 c R(x) = e x = x4
3 a x = –3 or 1
b x = –1 – 2i or x = –1 + 2i
y=
1
x
6
x
1 3 7
( 3x 3
)
c
4 ∫ 3x d x = 4 7 x + c = 7 + 4
x
d R(x) = e ∫
−4x dx 2
c x = i or – i = e −2x
( )
3 3
y = 1 2 ∫ e −2x x dx = e 2x − 1 e −2x + c
2 2 2
3
d x = – or 0 −2x 4
4 e
( 4x + 3)( 20x + 67 )
( ) = − 1 + ce 2x
2
d 4x + 3) x + 4 =
dx (
2
4 a 4
2 x+4
( ))
9 dx
e R(x) = e ∫ x
(
d cos 3x 2 + 1
( ) = x9
2
b = −6x sin 3x 2 + 1
( )
dx
y = 19 ∫ x 9 dx = 19 1 x 10 + c = x + c9
)) = x(( x )
5 2x 5 − 9 x 10 10 x
dx ( (
c d ln x 10 − 9x 5 5
− 9)
x
8 dx
f R(x) = e∫ x
= x8
dy y 9
+ 8 =1 + 2,
dx x x
50
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
dy d(uv) dy
x8 + 8x 7 y = x 8 + 9x 6 So = 2xy 3 + x 23y 2 as required.
dx dx dx
d
dx ( )
x 8 y = x 8 + 9x 6 dy
b 2xy 3 + 3x 2 y 2 = 4x2
9 7
dx
x 8 y = x + 9x + c Can be written as:
9 7
x 9 c d(x 2 y 3)
y = + + = 4x2
9 7x x 8 dx
3 a y = 4 (ln (x) + c) So x 2 y 3 = ∫ 4x 2 dx = 4 x 3 + c.
x 3
4 c
0 = 4 ((ln 3) + c) so c = −(ln 3) So y = x + 2 .
3
3
3 x
4
y = ((ln (x) − (ln 3))
x 7 a 4exy let u = 4ex and v = y
du dv dy
2x = 4e x and =
b y = e + c3x dx dx dx
5 e
dy
So d(uv) = 4e x y + 4e x
2
e c as required.
0= + dx dx
5 e3
e 5 dy
0= +c b i 8e x + 8exy = cos x
5 dx
e 5  dy 
c=− 2  4e x + 4e x y  = cos x
5  dx 
2 d(4e y)  = cos x
2x 5 x
y = e + −e
5 5e x
3  dx 
3
c y = 3x + c d(4e x y) 1
7 x4 = cos x
dx 2
3
3= +c
7 4exy = ∫ 1 cos x dx = 1 sin x + c
3 2 2
c= 21 – = 18 1 sin x + c
7 7 7
3x 3 18 y= 2
y= + 4 4e x
7 7x
ii 5  4e x 
dy
4 dy k + 4e x y  = 3x
+ y = x3 2 dx 
dx x
k dx x dy x 6x
4e + 4e y =
R(x) = e ∫ x = xk dx 5
( )
x
d(4e y) 6x
y = 1k ∫ x k + 3 dx = 1k 1 x k + 4 + c =
x x k+4 dx 5
6x 3x 2
at x = 1, y = 1 4exy = ∫
5
dx =
5
+c
4
( )
2
1 1
=
1 k +4
1 +c =
1
+c y = 3x x + c x
4 1k k + 4 k+4 20e 4e
dy 3x
iii + y=
c= 1 − 1 dx 10e x
4 k+4
1 1
So y = k k + 4 x
x (
k +4 1
+ −
1
4 k+4 . ) R(x) = ex
e 10
 2
So y = 1x ∫ 3x dx = 1x  3x + c 
e  20


1 2
∫ tan x 3 x c
5 R(x) = e = e ln(sin x ) = sin x = + which is equivalent.
20e x e x
1
sin x ∫
y= sin x cos x dx dv
8 a (6 +2t) + 6v = (6 +2t)g
dt
y=
1 1
( c 1
)
− cos2 x + c or sin x − 2 cos x cot x
sin x 2
dv
+
6v = g
dt (6 + 2t )
6 2
R(t) = e ∫ 6 + 2t = e ∫ 6 + 2t = e3ln (6 + 2t) = (6+2t)3
dt 3 dt
6 a x2y3 let u = x2 and v = y3
1
(6 + 2t )3 ∫
du dv dy v = (6 + 2t )3 g dt
= 2x and = 3y 2
( )
dx dx dx
1 (6 + 2t )g
v = × 1 (6 + 2t )4 g + c = + c
(6 + 2t )3 8 8 (6 + 2t )3
51
6 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
8 )
1 (6 + 2t )4 g + c = (6 + 2t )g +
8
c
(6 + 2t )3 3y=e 2
− 3x + c
At t = 0, v = 0. 1 − 3x + c − 3x
y = e 2 = Ae 2
(6)g c 3
0= + 3
8 (6) b 2r + 3 = 0
3 − 3x
−6 × (6)3 g r = − so y = Ae 2 .
c= = –162g 2
8
( )
4 a r2 + 5r + 4 = 0
v = 1 × 1 (6 + 2t )4 g + c
(6 + 2t )3 8 r = –1 or –4 so y = Ae−1x + Be−4x.
(6 + 2t )g 162g (3 + t )g 162g b r2 − 36 = 0
= − = −
8 (6 + 2t )3 4 (6 + 2t )3 r = 6 or –6 so y = Ae6x + Be−6x.
b v c r2 + 4r + 4 = 0
24 r = –2 (repeated root)
22 y = Ae−2x + Bxe−2x
20 d 4r2 + 25 = 0
18 r = 2.5i y = A cos (2.5x) + B sin (2.5x)
16
5 a y = Ae−1x + Be−4x
14 dy
= − Ae −1x − 4Be −4x
12 dx
10 6=A+B
8 −18 = −A − 4B
6 So A = 2 and B = 4.
4 y = 2e−1x + 4e−4x
2 b y = Ae6x + Be−6x
dy
–1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t = 6Ae6x − 6Be−6x
dx
−1 = A + B
c At t =120, v ≈ 300 m s−1.
42 = 6A − 6B
This is too high, as it does not take into
So A = 3 and B = –4.
account air resistance.
y = 3e6x − 4e−6x
Exercise 6.2A c y = Ae−2x + Bxe−2x
dy
1 2e5ix = 2 cos (5x)+2 sin (5ix) = −2Ae−2x − 2Bxe−2x + Be−2x
dx
2e–5ix = 2 cos (–5x) + 2 sin (–5ix) = 2 cos (5x) – 2 sin (5ix) 10 = A
(1 − 2e5ix) (1 − 2e−5ix) = 1 − 2e5ix − 2e−5ix +4
−19 = −2A + B
= 5 – 2(e5ix + e−5ix)
= 5 − 2(cos 5x + sin 5ix + So A =10 and B = 1.
(cos 5x – sin 5ix)) y = 10e−2x + xe−2x
= 5 – 2(2 cos 5x) = 5 – 4 cos 2x d y = A cos (2.5x) + B sin (2.5x)
2 e(1+5i)x + e(1–5i)x so y = ex(A cos 5x + B sin 5x). dy
= −2.5A sin (2.5x) + 2.5B cos (2.5x)
So the curve is bounded by ± ex. dx
dy –5 = A
3 a 2 = –3y
dx –5 = 2.5B
2 So A = –5 and B = –2.
∫ − 3y d y = ∫ d x
y = −5 cos (2.5x) − 2 sin (2.5x)
2
− ln (3y) = x + c 6 a r2 + 2r + 4 = 0
3
ln (3y) = − 3x + c r=
−2 ± 12i
= −1 ± 3i
2 2
52
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
(
So y = e−x A cos ( )
3x + B sin ( 3x )) . Exercise 6.3A
b 2r2 + 9r + 9 = 0 1 y = A sin 4x + B cos 4x + 0.5x2 − 0.0625

r = − 3 and –3 y = Ae−1.5x + Be−3x dy
= 4A cos 4x – 4B sin 4x + x
2 dx
c 0.5r2 + r + 25 = 0
d 2y
= –16A sin 4x – 16B cos 4x + 1
r = −1 ± 49i = −1 ± 7i dx 2
1
y = e−x (A cos (7x) + B sin (7x)) –16A sin 4x – 16B cos 4x + 1 + 16(A sin 4x
+ B cos 4x + 0.5x2 − 0.0625) = 8x2 as required.
d − 20r2 + −r + 1 = 0
r = –0.25 and 0.2 so y = Ae−0.25x + Be0.2x. 2 a a sin x + b cos x
7 a –P + Q = ma b x(a sin x + b cos x)

2 c ax2ex
−20x − 4dx = 10 d x2
dt dt d axex
dx d 2x
–10x – 2 =5 2 3 a r2 − r − 20 = 0
dt dt
d 2x dx r = 5 or –4
5 +2 + 10x = 0 as required.
dt 2 dt y = Ae5x + Be−4x (CF)
b 5r2 + 2r +10 = 0 PI is y = a sin x + b cos x.
r = –0.2 ± 1.4i dy
So = a cos x − b sin x
dx
So x = e(–0.2t)(A cos1.4t + B sin1.4t).
d 2y
= −a sin x − b cos x
d 2θ dθ dx 2
8 a +4 + 8θ = 0
dt 2 dt
−a sin x − b cos x − (a cos x − b sin x)
λ2 + 4λ + 8 = 0 − 20(a sin x + b cos x) = cos x
2 −a sin x − b cos x − a cos x + b sin x − 20a sin x
λ = −4 ± 4 − 4 × 1 × 8 − 20b cos x = cos x
2
λ = – 2 ± 2i –a + b – 20a = 0 ⇒ –21a + b = 0
So θ = e–2t (Acos (2t) + Bsin(2t)). 1 –b – a – 20b = 1 ⇒ –21b – a = 1
⇒
dθ
= – 2e–2t (Acos (2t) + Bsin(2t)) a = − 1 b = − 21
dt 442 442
1 21
+ e–2t (– 2Asin (2t) + 2Bcos(2t)) 2 y = Ae + Be −
5x −4x sin x − cos x
442 442
From 1 t = 0, θ = 0.4 ⇒ 0.4 = Acos (0)
b 4r2 + 25 = 0
⇒ A = 0.4
r = ± 2.5i
dθ
From 2 t = 0, = 0 ⇒ 0 = – 2Acos (0) + 2Bcos (0)
dt y = A sin 2.5x + B cos 2.5x (CF)
⇒ 0 = –2A + 2B ⇒ 0 = –0.8 + 2B ⇒ B = 0.4. PI: y = ax + b
So θ = e–2t (0.4cos (2t) + 0.4sin (2t)) dy
=a
= 0.4e–2t (cos (2t) + sin (2t)). dx
25(ax + b) = 100x + 50
b Plot of θ = 0.4e–2t (cos (2t) + sin(2t))
t So a = 4 and b = 2.
1.5 y = A sin 2.5x + B cos 2.5x + 4x + 2
1
c CF: 4r2 − 4r + 17 = 0
0.5
r = 4 ± 256i = 1 ± 4i = 1 ± 2i
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 q 8 2 2
−0.5
y = e0.5 (A sin 2x + B cos 2x)
−1
PI: y = ae3x
−1.5
dy
−2 = 3ae3x
dx
53
d 2y
= 9ae3x At x = 0, y = − 3 ,
16
dx 2
y=− 3 =A+B− 7 ⇒ 1 =A+B
4(9ae3x) − 4(3ae3x) + 17(ae3x) = e3x 16 16 4
41 ae3x = e3x 8 = −2A + 4B − 2 ⇒ –A + 2B = 1
−
1 5 5
a=
41
1
1 3x A= B= 3
y= e 10 20
41
1 3x 1 −2x 3 4x 7
So y = e0.5(A sin 2x + B cos 2x) + e . y= e + e − 2x −
41 10 20 16
d CF: −3r2 − 12 = 0 5 CF: r2 +9 = 0
r = ± 2i So r = ± 3i
So y = (A sin 2x + B cos 2x). y = A sin 3x + B cos 3x
PI: y = x(a sin 2x + b cos 2x) PI: y = (ax + b)ex
dy dy
= x(2a cos 2x − 2b sin 2x) + a sin 2x + b cos 2x = (ax + b)ex + aex
dx dx
d 2y d 2y
= 2x(−2a sin 2x − 2b cos 2x) + 2(a cos 2x = (ax + b)ex + aex + aex
dx 2 dx 2
− b sin 2x) + 2a cos 2x − 2b sin 2x (ax + b)ex + aex + aex + 9(ax + b)ex = 10xex
Let s = sin 2x and c = cos 2x. ax + b + 2a + 9ax + 9b = 10x
–3(2x(−2as − 2bc) + 2(ac − bs) + 2ac − 2bs) So a + 9a = 10, a = 1
− 12x(as + bc) = c b + 2a + 9b = 0, 10b + 2 = 0, b = –0.2
–3(−4xas − 4xbc + 2ac − 2bs + 2ac − 2bs)
− 12xas − 12xbc = c ( 15 )e
y= x − x
12xas + 12xbc − 6ac + 6bs − 6ac + 6bs –12xas y = A sin 3x + B cos 3x + x − ( 15 )e x
– 12xbc = c
6 a CF: a2r2 + c2 = 0
−6ac + 6bc − 6ac + 6bs = c
c
r= i
−12ac + 6bc + 6bs = c a
1
So b = 0 and a = – .
12
So y = A sin ( ac x ) + B cos( ac x ).
x PI: y = bex
y = A sin 2x + B cos 2x − sin 2x
12
dy
4 2r2 − 4r − 16 = 0 = bex
dx
r = –2 or 4
d 2y
PI: y = Ae−2x + Be4x = bex
dx 2
CF: y = ax + b So a2bex + c2bex = ex.
dy a2b + c2b = 1
=a
dx
1
2(0) – 4(a) –16(ax + b) = 32x +15 b= 2
a + c2
–4a – 16ax – 16b = 32x + 15
–16ax – 4a – 16b = 32x + 15
c
Soyy == A sin
a ( )
x + B cos
c
a
x + 2
ex
a + c2( )
.
So –16a = 32, a = –2. b if b2 − 4ac < 0

–4a – 16b = 15 7 a r2 + 25 = 0
7 r = ± 5i
8 – 16b = 15 , b = –
16
7
General solution: y = Ae−2x + Be4x − 2x − . y = A sin (5x) + B cos (5x)
16
dy PI: a
= −2Ae−2x + 4Be4x − 2
dx 25a = 25 so a = 1
54
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
So general solution is y = A sin (5x) + B cos (5x) + 1. Substituting the points given:
dy 3 = Acos (0) + Bsin (0) + 5 × 0 × sin (0) ⇒ 3 = A
= 5A cos 5x − 5B sin 5x
dx
dy 2 = – Asin (0) + Bcos (0) + 5 sin (0) + 5 × 0 × cos (0)
at x = 0, y = 2 =5
dx ⇒2=B
2 = B + 1 so B =1 So particular solution: y = 3cos (x) + 2sin (x) + 5xsin (x)
5 = 5A so A = 1
d 2y
Particular solution: y = sin(5x) + cos(5x) + 1 9 − 4y = 0
dx 2
b y λ2 – 4 = 0 ⇒ λ = ± 2
3
CF: y = Ae2x + Be–2x
2
PI: y = (ax + b)(mcos x + nsin x)
1
dy
0 x = (a) (mcos x + nsin x) + (ax + b)
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 dx
–1
× (– msin x + ncos x)
–2
= amcos x + ansin x + (ax + b)(– msin x + ncos x)
2
d y
c As x tends to infinity the value of y continues = – amsin x + ancos x + a(– msin x + ncos x)
dx 2
to oscillate. + (ax + b)(– mcos x – nsin x)
dy
d At x = 0, y = 1 =0 = – amsin x + ancos x – amsin x + ancos x
dx
– (ax + b)(mcos x + nsin x)
1 = B + 1 so B = 0
= – 2 amsin x + 2ancos x – (ax + b)
0 = 5A so A = 0.
× (mcos x + nsin x)
So y = 1 is the particular solution. This is
Substituting into the original equation gives:
because it starts at y = 1 and as the gradient
is zero it does not move on from this value. = – 2amsin x + 2ancos x – (ax + b)x
(mcos x + nsin x) – 4(ax + b)(mcos x + nsin x)
d 2y = 15xcos x
8 + y = 10cos x
dx 2
= – 2amsin x + 2ancos x – 5(ax + b)x
λ2 + 1 = 0 (mcos x + nsin x) = 15xcos x
λ=±i – 2amsin x + 2ancos x – 5ax(mcos x + nsin x)
CF: y = Acos (x) + Bsin (x) – 5b(mcos x + nsin x) = 15xcos x
PI of the form: y = x(asin (x) + bcos (x)) – 2amsin x + 2ancos x – 5axmcos x – 5anxsin x
– 5bmcos x – 5bnsin x = 15xcos x.
Which gives
dy By comparing coefficients:
= asin ( x ) + bcos ( x ) + x ( acos ( x ) − bsin ( x ))
dx sinx: –2am – 5bn = 0 1
d 2y xsinx: –5an = 0 2
2 = acos ( x ) − bsin ( x ) + acos ( x ) − bsin ( x ) + x(−asin ( x ) − bcosx:
cos ( x ))
2an – 5bm = 0 3
dx
n ( x ) + acos ( x ) − bsin ( x ) + x(−asin ( x ) − bcos ( x )) xcosx: –5am = 15 ⇒ am = –3 4
= 2acos (x) – 2bsin (x) + x(– asin (x) – bcos (x)) Substitute 4 into 1 gives 6 – 5bn = 0
6
Substituting into the original equation gives: so bn =+ .sin x
5
2acos (x) – 2bsin (x) + x(– asin (x) – bcos (x)) + Subsitute 2 into 3 gives 0 – 5bm = 0 so bm = 0.
x(asin (x) + bcos(x)) = 10cos (x) The PI can be written as y = (ax + b)(mcos x + nsin x)
2acos (x) – 2bsin (x) = 10cos (x) = amxcos x + anxsin x + bmcos x + bnsin x.
So 2a = 10 ⇒ a = 5 6
So y = −3xcos x + sin x .
5
And 2b = 0 ⇒ b = 0 This gives a general solution of:
General solution: 6
y = Ae2x + Be–2x – 3xcos x + sin x .
y = Acos (x) + Bsin (x) + 5xsin (x) 5
dy
= − Asin ( x ) + Bcos ( x ) + 5sin ( x ) + 5xcos(x)
dx
55
Exercise 6.4A y = Aet + Be2t

PI: y = atet + bt2 + ct + d
d 2y dy dy
1 a +2 +y=0 = aet + atet + 2bt +c
dt 2 dt dt
r = –1 repeated.
d 2y
= 2aet + atet + 2b
y = Ae−t + Bte−t dt 2
A B ln x
t = ln x so y = + 2aet + atet + 2b − 3(aet + atet + 2bt +c)
x x
d 2y + 2(atet + bt2 + ct + d) = et + t2
b + 9y = 0
dx 2 2aet + atet + 2b − 3aet − 3atet − 6bt − 3c + 2atet
r = ± −9 = ±3i + 2bt2 + 2ct + 2d) = et + t2
y = A sin 3t + B cos 3t Coefficients of et:
y = A sin (3ln x) + B cos (3ln x)
2a + at – 3a – 3at + 2at = 1
d 2 y dy
c − − 6y = 0 –a = 1 so a = –1
dt 2 dt
r = 3 or –2 Coefficients of t2:
y = Ae3t + Bte−2t 2b = 1 so b = 0.5
y = Ae3 ln x + Bte−2ln x Coefficients of t:
 
= Ae
( ) + Bte
ln x 3 ln  1 
 x2 
= Ax 3 +
B –6b + 2c = 0
x2
–3 + 2c = 0
d2y dy
d + 2 + 3y = 0 c = 1.5
dt 2 dt
−2 ± 8i Constants:
r= = −1 ± 2i
2 2b–3c +2d = 0
(
y = e−t A sin 2t + B cos 2t ) 1 – 4.5 + 2d = 0
y= e−ln x ( A sin ( )
2 ln x + B cos ( 2 ln x )) 2d = 3.5
(
y = 1 A sin
x ( )
2 ln x + B cos ( 2 ln x )) d = 1.75
t 2 3t 7
y = −tet + + +
d 2y dy 2 2 4
2 +3 + 2y = e −t t 2 3t 7
dt 2 dt So y = Aet + Be2t − tet + + +
2 2 4
CF: r = –1 or –2
y = Ae−t + Be−2t y = Aeln x + Be2lnx − ln x × eln x +
( ln x )2 + 3 ln x + 7
2 2 4
PI: y = ate−t
dy y = Ax + Bx2 − xlnx +
( ln x ) 2
+
3 ln x 7
+
= ae −t − ate −t 2 2 4
dt
dy
d 2y 4 v= so
= −2ae −t + ate −t dx
dt 2
dv = d 2 y
−2ae−t + ate−t + 3(ae−t − ate−t) + 2ate−t = e−t dx dx 2
–2a + at + 3a – 3at + 2at = 1
x dv − v = 3x2
a=1 dx
dv − v = 3x
So y = Ae−t + Be−2t + te−t. dx x
− 1 dx
y = Ae−ln x + Be−2ln x + ln xe−ln x Use R(x) = e ∫ x .
A B ln x
y= + 2 +
x x x
R(x) = e− ln x = e ( )=1
ln 1
x
x
d 2y dy v = x ∫ 3 dx
3 −3 +2y = et + t2
dt 2 dt
v = x × (3x + c′) = 3x2 + c′x
CF: r = 1 or 2
56
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
dy 2
x
dx
= 3x2 + c′x = − cos x + c or cot x cos + c cosec x
2sin x sin x 2
∫ (3x )
2
y = + c′x dx y = 1 when x = π
3 6
c′ 2 1 = – + 2c
y = x3 + x +d 4
2
y = x3 + cx2 + d 2c = 7
4
1
5 v=
y c= 7
8
dv dy So y = – 1 cot x cos x + 7 cosec x.
= − y −2 2 8
dx dx
2 a CF: r2 – 4r + 5 = 0
dy dv
So = −y 2 4 ± 4i 4 ± 2i
dx dx r= = =2±i
2 2
−xy2 dv + y = y2lnx 2x
so y = e (A sin (x) + B cos (x)).
dx
dv − 1 = − 1 ln x PI: y = a sin (2x) + b cos (2x)
dx xy x dy
= 2a cos 2x − 2b sin 2x
dx
R(x) =
− 1 dx
e ∫x = e− ln x = e
ln 1
x( )=1 2
d y
x = −4a sin 2x − 4b cos 2x
( )
1 ln x + 1 dx 2
v = x ∫ − 2 ln x dx = x × +c
x x −4a sin 2x − 4b cos 2x − 4(2a cos 2x − 2b sin 2x)
v = ln x + 1 + cx + 5(a sin (2x) + b cos (2x)) = 65 cos 2x
1 sin 2x:
So y = .
ln x + 1 + cx –4a + 8b + 5a = 0 so a + 8b = 0
dy cos2x:
6 a v=
dx –4b – 8a + 5b = 65 so –8a + b = 65
2
dv = d y a = –8, b =1
dx dx 2
3
y = e2x(A sin (x) + B cos (x)) − 8 sin (2x) + cos (2x)
d 2v d y
2 = dy
dx dx 3 = e2x(A cos (x) − B sin (x)) + 2e2x(A sin (x)
dx
2
So d v2 + v = 0. + B cos (x)) − 16 cos (2x) − 2 sin (2x)
dx dy
x = 0, y = 0 and =0
b r=± i dx
0 = B + 1 so B = –1
So v = A sin (x) + B cos (x).
dy 0 = A + 2B – 16
c = A sin (x) + B cos (x)
dx 0 = A – 2 – 16
y = –A cos (x) + B sin (x) so A = 18
d 2y
d = A cos (x) – B sin (x) y = e2x(18 sin (x) − cos (x)) − 8 sin (2x) + cos (2x)
dx 2
d3y b at x = 10 y = –4 343 833 659 ≈ −4 × 109
= −A sin (x) − B cos (x) 3
dx 3 c Neither: its upper and low bound tend to
So −A sin (x) − B cos (x) + A sin (x) + B cos (x) = 0, ± infinity, but the curve will oscillate. It is
as required. unbounded.
3 a 2r2 + r – 1 = 0
Exam-style questions
so r = 0.5 or –1
R(x) = e ∫
cot x dx
1 = e(ln (sin x)) = sin x so y = Ae0.5x + Be−x
1 b PI: y = axex + bex
sin x ∫
y= sin x cos(x)dx
dy
1 −1
(
= sin x × 2 cos2 x + c ) dx
= axex + aex + bex
57
d 2y CF: r = 2r2 + 10r + 8 = 0

= axex + aex + aex + bex = axex + 2aex + bex
dx 2 r2 + 5r + 4 = 0
2(axex + 2aex + bex) + axex + aex + bex r = –1, –4
− (axex + bex) = xex So y = Ae−x + Be−4x.
So 2ax + 4a + 2b + ax + a + b – ax – b = x PI: y = ae2x
2ax = x so a = 1 dy = 2ae2x
2 dx
and 5a + 2b = 0 d 2y
5 = 4ae2x
b=− dx 2
4
1 x 5 x 8ae2x + 20ae2x + 8ae2x = e2x
y = xe − e
2 4 8a + 20a + 8a = 1
1 5
So = Ae0.5x + Be−x + xe x − e x . 36a = 1
2 4
4 a y = x cos x a= 1
36
dy
= cos x − x sin x y = 1 e2x
dx 36
d ( y cos x ) y = Ae−x + Be−4x + 1 e2x
b = e3x 36
dx
y=
cos x 3(
1 1 3x
e +c ) 7
dy y sin x
dx
−
cos x
= k cos x
− sin x dx
5 a (r – 2)2 = 0, R(x) = e ∫ cos x = cos x
r = 2 (repeated)
y = 1 ∫ k cos x dx
So y = Ae2x + Bxe2x. cos x
b Because Ae2x is a term in the complementary k sin x c

y= + = k tan x + c
function. It will have the form ax2e2x cos x cos x cos x
c y = ax2 e2x 8 a r2 + 4r +13 = 0

dy −4 ± 36i −4 ± 6i
= 2ax2e2x + 2axe2x r= = = −2 ± 3i
dx 2 2
d 2y So I = e−2t(A sin (3t) + B cos (3t)).
= 4ax2e2x + 4axe2x + 2ae2x + 4axe2x
dx 2 PI: I = ae−0.4t
2(4ax2e2x + 4axe2x
+ 2ae2x
+ 4axe2x) dI = −0.4ae−0.4t
+ (2ax2e2x + 2axe2x – 4ax2e2x) = 8e2x dt
Constants: 4ae2x = 8e2x d 2I = 0.16ae−0.4t
So a = 2. dt 2
y = Ae2x + Bxe2x + 2x2e2x 0.16ae−0.4t + 4(−0.4ae−0.4t) + 13(ae−0.4t) = e−0.4t
0.16a − 1.6a + 13a = 1
6 a 2r2 + br + 8 = 0
289 a = 1
Will need the roots r = 2 repeated. 25
2(r – 2)2 = 0 25
a=
289
2(r – 2)(r – 2) = 0
25 −0.4t
I = e−2t(A sin (3t) + B cos (3t)) + e
2r2 – 8r + 8 = 0, so b = –8 289
b b2 – 4ac < 0 As dI = −2e−2t(A sin (3t) + B cos (3t))
dt
b2 – 4 × 2 × 8 <0
+ e−2t (3A cos (3t) − 3B sin (3t))
b2 < 64
10
− 289 e−0.4t
–8 < b < 8
d 2y dy 2x I = 0 and dI = 0 at t = 0
c 2 2 + 10 dx + 8 y = e
dt
dx
58
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
0 = B + 25 so B = – 25 d 2y dy dy
289 289 4 − 4 − 5 − 9y = e3t
dt 2 dt dt
0 = –2(B) + (3A) – 10
289
d 2y dy
50 4 −9 − 9y = e3t .
0=– + 3A – 10 dt 2 dt
289 289
b CF: 4r2 – 9r – 9 = 0
So A = 20 .
289 r = 3 or − 3 so y = Ae3t + Be−0.75t
4
289 (
So I = e −2t 20 sin(3t ) − 25 cos(3t ) + 25 e −0.4t
289 289 ) PI: y = ate3t
−2t
( 289 289 ) 289
20 sin(3t ) − 25 cos(3t ) + 25 e −0.4t
.
dy
dt
= 3ate3t + ae3t
The limit of I as t tends to infinity is 0. d2y

= 9ate3t + 3ae3t + 3ae3t
dt 2
d 2I 4(9ate3t + 3ae3t + 3ae3t) − 9(3ate3t + ae3t)
b + 13I = e−0.4t
dt 2
− 9(ate3t) = e3t
r2+13 = 0
36at +12a + 12a –27at – 9a – 9at = 1
r = ± 13i
15a = 1
So I = A sin ( 13t + B cos) ( )
13t .
a= 1
PI: I = ae−0.4t 15
1 3t
dI = −0.4ae−0.4t So y = Ae3t + Be−0.75t + te .
15
dt
dy 131
d 2I c At x = 1, y = –2 and =–
= 0.16ae−0.4t dx 60
dt 2 1 3
y = Ax3 + Bx−0.75 + x ln x
0.16ae−0.4t + 13(ae−0.4t) = e−0.4t 15
dy
0.16a +13a = 1 = 3Ax3 − 0.75 Bx−0.75 + 1 x2 ln x + 1 x2
dx 5 15
329
a=1 –2 = A + B
25
131
a = 25 – = 3A – 0.75B + 1
329 60 15
I = A sin ( ) ( 13t ) + 329
13t + B cos 25 e −0.4t So A = B = –1.
So y = −x3 − x−0.75 + 1 x3 ln x.
15
As dI = 13 A cos ( 13t ) − 13B sin ( 13t ) − 10 e −0.4t
dt 289 10 a z = x2
A cos ( )
13t − 13B sin ( )
13t − 10 e −0.4t
289
dz = 2x
dx
I = 0 and dI = 0 at t = 0 dy dz dy
= = 2x
dy
= 2z 0.5
dy
dt dx dx dz dz dz
25 25
0=B+ so B = − d 2y  dy   dy   dy 
329 329 = d   = d   dz = d  2z 0.5  dz
dx 2 dx  dx  dz  dx  dx dz  dz  dx
0 = 13 A – 10 so A = 10
329 329 13  d 2y dy 
=  2z 0.5 2 + z −0.5  dz
 dz dz  dx
So I = 10 sin
329 13
( )
13t − 25 cos
329 ( )
13t +
25 e −0.4t
329
 d 2y dy 
=  2z 0.5 2 + z −0.5  2x
3
sin ( )
13t − 25 cos
329 ( )
13t + 25 e −0.4t.
329  dz dz 
 d 2y dy  d 2y dy
2 =  2x 2 + 1  2x = 4x 2 2 + 2
d y dy  dz x dz  dz dz
9 a 4x 2 − 5x − 9y = x 3
dx 2 dx
Substitute x = et d 2y 2
2d y dy
2 = 4x +2
dx dz 2 dz
 d 2y dy   dy 
4e 2t  2 e −2t − e −2t  − 5et  e −t  − 9y = e3t d 2y dy
 dt dt   dt  So x −
dx 2 dx
( )
− 8x 3y = 12x 3 sin x 2 becomes:
59
 d 2y dy  dy
x  4x 2 2 + 2  − 2x
 dz dz 
dy
dz
− 8x 3 y = 12x 3 sin x 2 ( ) c
dx
= tan x + c
2 ∫ d y = ∫ (tan x + c ) dx
4x 3dy
dz 2
+ 2x
dy
dz
− 2x
dy
dz
− 8x 3y = 12x 3 sin x 2 ( ) y = –ln (cos x) + cx + d
d 2y
4x 3
dz 2
( )
− 8x 3 y = 12x 3 sin x 2
13 4r2 +kr + 9 = 0 has root 1.5 so factor (2r – 3).
(2r – 3)(2r – 3) = 0
2
d y 4r2 – 12r + 9 = 0
− 2y = 3sin(z)
dz 2 So k = –12.
b CF: r2 – 2=0 So PI will take the form ax2e1.5x.
r=± 2 d 2y dy 1.5x
4 2 − 12 dx + 9y = e
y = Ae 2z
+ Be 2z dx
PI: y = a sin z + b cos z CF: y = Ae1.5x + Bxe1.5x
dy PI: y = ax2e1.5x
= a cos z − b sin z
dz dy
= 2axe1.5x + 1.5 ax2e1.5x
2
d y dx
= −a sin z − b cos z
dz 2 d 2y
= 3axe1.5x + 2ae1.5x + 3axe1.5x + 2.25 ax2e1.5x
So − a sin z − b cos z − 2(a sin z + b cos z) = 3 sin (z) dx 2
sin z: – a – 2a = 3 so a = –1 4(3axe1.5x + 2ae1.5x + 3axe1.5x + 2.25 ax2e1.5x)
− 12(2axe1.5x + 1.5 ax2e1.5x) + 9(ax2e1.5x) = e1.5x
–b – 2b = 0 so b = 0
12ax + 8a + 12ax +9ax2 − 24ax − 18ax2 + 9ax2 = 1
y = –a sin z
Constants: 8a = 1 a = 1
So y = Ae 2z
+ Be 2z
− sin z 8
General solution:
2x 2 2x 2
y = Ae + Be − sin x2. 1
y = Ae1.5x + Bxe1.5x + x 2e1.5x
8
dy
11 a y = ux so = u + x du 1
dx dx 14 CF: 9λ2 – 6λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ λ = (repeated root)
2
3
giving u + x du = x + (ux )2 = 1 + (u)2
t t
dx 2x 2 2
x = Ae 3 + Bte 3
2
x du = 1 + (u) − u PI: x = ae–t
dx 2
dx
= −ae −t
2x du = 1 + (u ) − 2u = (u – 1)2 which is separable.
2 dt
dx
d 2x
2 1 = ae −t
b So ∫ (u − 1)2du = ∫ x dx dt 2
2 Substituting into the original equation gives:
− = log x + c
u −1 9ae–t + 6ae–t + ae–t = 4e–t
y
c u= so −2 = −2x = 2x So 9a + 6a + a = 4
x y y−x x−y
−1 16a = 4
x
giving 2x = log x + c or 2x = (x – y)(log x + c). a=
1
.
x−y 4
2 So general solution is:
12 a dp = d y2 t t
dx dx
x = Ae 3 + Bte 3 + 1 e −t .
4
dp
cos2 x = 1
dx dx = 1 Ae 3t + Be 3t + 1 Bte 3t − 1 e −t
1 dt 3 3 4
∫ dp = ∫ cos2 x dx = ∫ sec
2
b x dx
p = tan x + c
60
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Substituting in the values given:

B = − 181 .
13 1 390
= A+ ⇒ A=3
4 4
So A = 227 .
23 1 1 780
= A+B− The particular solution is:
4 3 4
23 1 y = 227 e x − 181 e0.4x + 21 cos2x − 27 sin 2x .
=1+ B − 780 390 260 260
4 4 2
16 d x2 + 4 dx + 5x = 25t 2 − 10t + 7
B = 5. dt dt
t t
So particular solution is: x = 3e 3 + 5te 3 + 1 e −t. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 4m + 5 = 0.
4
15 CF: 5λ2 – 7λ + 2 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1 or 0.4 Using the quadratic formula:
y= Aex + Be0.4x −4 ± 16 − 4(1)(5) −4 ± −4 −4 ± 2i
m= = = = −2 ± i
PI: y = acos 2x + bsin 2x 2 2 2
Therefore, the complementary function is:
dy
= −2asin 2x + 2bcos2x x = e–2t (Acos t + Bsin t).
dx
For the particular integral, x = at2 + bt + c
d 2y
= −4acos2x − 4bsin 2x dx = 2at + b
dx 2
dt
d 2x = 2a
5(– 4acos 2x – 4bsin 2x) – 7(– 2asin 2x + 2bcos 2x) dt 2
+ 2(acos 2x + bsin 2x) = 3sin 2x
Substituting:
– 20acos 2x – 20bsin 2x + 14asin 2x – 14bcos 2x
2a + 4(2at + b) + 5(at2 + bt + c) = 25t2 – 10t + 7
+ 2acos 2x + 2bsin 2x = 3sin 2x.
5at2 + (8a + 5b)t + (2a + 4b + 5c) = 25t2 – 10t + 7
By comparing coefficients:
Equating coefficients:
cos2x: –20a – 14b + 2a = 0 ⇒
−14 5a = 25 ⇒ a=5
–18a = 14b ⇒ a = 18 b 1
8a + 5b = –10 ⇒ 40 + 5b = –10 ⇒ b = –10
sin2x: –20b + 14a + 2b = 3 ⇒ –18b + 14a = 3 2
Substituting 1 into 2 gives 2a + 4b + 5c = 7 ⇒ –30 + 5c = 7 ⇒ c = 37
5
14 Therefore, the particular integral is:
−18b −14 × b = 3
18 x = 5t 2 − 10t + 37 .
5
– 18 × 18b – 14 × 14b = 3 × 18
So the general solution is:
–520b = 54
x = e–2t (Acos t + Bsin t) + 5t2 – 10t + 37 .
b = −54 = −27 5
520 260
a = − 14 × −54 = 21
18 520 260
21 27 dV − 1 (0.8)2s 2 dV 2 = 0
y= cos2x − sin 2x 1 3V − 3s
260 260 ds 2 d 2s
giving a general solution of: dV dV 2
3V − 3s − 0.32s 2 2 = 0
ds d s
y = Ae x + Be0.4x + 21 cos2x − 27 sin 2x .
260 260 dV 2 dV
0.32s 2 + 3s − 3V = 0
d 2s ds
dy 21 27
= Ae x + 0.4Be0.4x + sin 2x − cos2x a = 0.32, b = 3, c = –3.
dx 130 130
Using the initial conditions: 2 If s = et then dV = dV e−t and
−23 = A + B + 21 ⇒ −45 = A + B ds dt
1 2 2
260 260 260 d V d V −2t dV −2t
= e − e
317 = A + 0.4B − 27 ⇒ 587 = A + 0.4B ds 2 dt 2 dt
2
1300 130 1300
( )  ddtV e dV −2t 
2
2 −2t dV −t
0.32 et − e  + 3et e − 3V = 0
1 – 2 : 0.6B = − 362 dt dt
2

1300
61
d 2V dV dV
0.32 − 0.32 +3 − 3V = 0
dt 2 dt dt
d 2V dV
0.32 + 2.68 − 3V = 0
dt 2 dt
f = 0.32, g = 2.68, h = –3.
3 Characteristic equation is:

0.32r2 + 2.68r – 3 = 0
r=
−2.68 ± ( 2.68 2
− 4 × 0.32 × ( −3) )
0.64
75
r1 = 1 or r2 = −
8
− 75t
giving V = Aet + Be 8 .
− 75
4 V = As + Bs 8.
− 75
5 When s is large, s 8 is very small so V ≈ As.
62
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Summary Review
publication.
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specifi ed in the question.
Warm-up Questions
iii x = 2 or x = − 1
4
The original equation contains ln(4x – 5) ⇒
1 ex = 1 + 6e–x
e2x = ex + 6 x > 5.
4
e2x – ex – 6 = 0 Therefore, x = 2.
(ex – 3)(ex + 2) = 0
A Level Questions
ex = 3 ⇒ x = ln 3 = 1.10
ex = –2 ⇒ No solutions 1 (cos q + isin q )5 = cos (5q ) + isin (5q )
4
−1 cos5 q + 5icos4 q sin q + 10i2cos3 q sin2 q +
2 I = ∫x 2 ln x dx
10i3cos2 q sin3 q + 5i4cos q sin4 q + i5sin5 q�
1
Integrating by parts: = cos (5q ) + isin (5q )
u = ln x ⇒ du = 1 cos5 q + 10cos3 q sin2 q + 5cos q sin4 q ) +
dx x i(5cos4 q sin q − 10cos2 q sin3 q + sin5q ) = cos(5q ) +
dv = x − 12 ⇒ v = 2x 12 isin (5q )
dx
4 4 1
 1  ⌠ 2x 2 Equating real parts:
I =  2x 2 ln x  −  dx
 1 ⌡1 x cos (5q ) = cos5 q − 10cos3 q sin2 q + 5cos q sin4 q
 1 
4
4 −1 cos (5q ) = cos q (cos4 q − 10cos2 q sin2 q + 5sin4 q
I =  2x 2 ln x  − ∫ 2x 2 dx
 1 1 cos (5q ) = cos q ((1 − sin2 q )2 − 10(1 − sin2 q )
4 sin2 q + 5sin4 q )
 1 1

I =  2x 2 ln x − 4x 2  cos (5q ) = cos q (16sin4 q − 12sin2 q + 1)
 1 π 3π
When cos (5q ) = 0 ⇒ q = , ,…
I = [4 ln 4 – 8] – [2 ln 1 – 4] 10 10
I = 4 ln 4 – 4 When q = π
10
 
3 i 2 ln(4x – 5) + ln(x + 1) = 3 ln 3 0 = cos   16sin 4  π  − 12sin 2  π  + 1
 π
 10    10   10  
ln(4x – 5)2 + ln(x + 1) = ln 33
ln(4x – 5)2(x + 1) = ln 27 0 = 16sin 4  π  − 12sin 2  π  + 1
 10   10 
(4x – 5)2(x + 1) = 27 Solving as a quadratic equation:
(16x2 – 40x + 25)(x + 1) = 27
12 ± (−12)2 − 4(16)(1) 12 ± 80 3 ± 5
16x3 – 24x2 – 15x – 2 = 0 sin 2  π  = = =
 10  2 × 16 32 8
ii x = 2 is a root ⇔ (x – 2) is a factor.
sin 2  π  < sin 2  3π  ⇒ you use the smaller
Factorising by inspection:  10   10 
solution.
(x – 2)(16x2 + 8x + 1) = 0
(x – 2)(4x + 1)2 = 0 sin 2  π  = 3 − 5
 10  8
63
Summary REVIEW
2 When λ = 1 f′(x) = ex(cosh x + sinh x)

 0 0 0   x   0 f′(0) = 1
 10 −8 10  y  =  0
     f″(x) = ex(cosh x + sinh x) + ex(cosh x + sinh x)
 7 −5 7   z   0
f″(x) = 2ex(cosh x + sinh x)
10x − 8y + 10z = 0 f″(0) = 2
7x − 5y + 7z = 0 f′″(x) = 2ex(cosh x + sinh x) + 2ex(cosh x + sinh x)
You have 2 equations and 3 unknowns. If you f ′″(x) = 4ex(cosh x + sinh x)
choose y = 0, then both equations are the same f ′″(0) = 4
with the general solution x = –z.
Since f(0) = 0, you had to go to f′′′(0) to obtain 3
1 terms.
So  0  2
  f(x) = x + x2 + 3 x3 + …
 −1
x −x
When λ = 3: ii sinh x = e − e
2
 −2 0 0   x   0  x −x  2x 2x
 10 −10 10  y  =  0 ∴ f(x) = e x  e − e  = e − 1 = e − 1
      2  2 2 2
 7 −5 5   z   0
Substituting the Maclaurin series for e2x:
−2x = 0 ⇒ x=0
 2 2 2 3 
10x − 10y + 10z = 0 ⇒ y=z f(x) = 1  1 + 2x + ( x) + ( x) +  − 1
2 2! 3!  2
7x − 5y + 5z = 0 ⇒ y=z 2
f(x) = x + x2 + 3 x3 + …
 0
 
So  1  .
( z − 1z ) = z + 6z (− 1z ) + 15z (− 1z ) + 20z (− 1z ) +
6 2 3
6 5 4 3
 1  4
15z ( − z ) + 6z ( − z ) + ( − z )
4 5 6
Ae = le 2
1 1 1
 1 0 0   0  0
 10 −7 10  2 = λ  2 (z − z−1)6 = z6 − 6z4 + 15z2 − 20 + 15z−2 − 6z−4 + z−6
    
 7 −5 8   1   1  (z − z−1)6 = (z6 + z−6) − 6(z4 + z−4) + 15(z2 + z−2) − 20
Since z = cos q + isin q and cos (−q ) = cos q and
 0  0
 −4 = λ  2 sin (−q ) = −sin q.
    Then z−1 = (cos q + isin q )−1 = cos q − isin q
 −2  1 
[(cos q + isin q ) − (cos q − isin q )]6 = [(cos 6q + isin 6q )
So λ = −2. + (cos 6q − isin 6q )] − 6[(cos 4q + isin 4q ) + (cos 4q −
P = (e1 e2 e3) isin 4q )] + 15[(cos 2q + isin 2q ) + (cos 2q − isin 2q )] − 20
 1 0 0 (2isin q )6 = 2cos 6q − 12cos 4q + 30cos 2q − 20
 
P =  0 1 2 −64sin6 q = 2cos 6q − 12cos 4q + 30cos 2q − 20
 −1 1 1  1
sin6 q = (10 − 15cos 2q + 6cos 4q − cos 6q )
32
det P = 1(1 − 2) − 0 − 0 = −1 π π
⌠ 4 sin 6 θ = 1 4 (10 − 15cos2θ + 6cos4θ − cos6θ ) dθ
 −1 0 0   1 0 0  ⌡0 32 ∫0
1 
So P −1 = −2 1 −2 =  2 −1 2  π
−1     π 4
 1 −1 1   −1 1 −1 ⌠ 1 15 6 1
 sin 6 θ = 32 10θ − 2 sin 2θ + 4 sin 4θ − 6 sin6θ 
4
⌡0  0
1 0 0  π
1  5π 15 π 3 3π
− sin + sin π − sin  − [ 0 ]
1
∫04 sin θ = 32   2
6
D =  0 3 0  2 2 2 6 2  
 0 0 −2
π
⌠ 1 5π 15 1
 sin 6 θ = 32  2 − 2 + 6 
4
3 i f(x) = f(0) + f ′(0) x + f ′′(0) x 2 + f ′′′(0) x 3 + ⌡0  

1! 2! 3!
f(0) = 0 π
5π 11
∫04 sin
6
θ= −
f′(x) = excosh x + exsinh x 64 48
64
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1
dy 1 I3 = 2(I1 − I2) = 2(1 − (e − 2)) = 6 − 2e
dx = 4 − 3t 2
5 = 4 + 3t 2 and 6 − 2e
dt dt
Mean value = e − 1 .
4
∴s = ⌠ (4 + 3 t ) + (4 − 3 t )
2 2
 dt 1
⌡0 7 v= y
4 1
s= ∫0 (32 + 18t ) 2 dt dv
=
1 dy
4 dx y 2 dx
 3
s =  2 ( 32 + 18t ) 2  2 2 2
 3 × 18 0 d 2v 1 d y dy 2 dy 1 d y 2  dy 
= − + = − + 3 
1 3  3 dx 2 2
y dx 2 dx y 3 dx 2
y dx 2
y  dx 
s =  (104 ) 2  −  1 ( 32) 2  = 32.6
 27   27  From the question:
 2  dy  2 1 d 2 y   dy   1 
32
y dx =⌠ y
dx 4
 3   − 2 2  + 2  − 12  + 5 
∫0 ⌡0 dt
dt  y  
dx y dx   y x y
d
⌠
32 4 = 17 + 6x − 5x2
⌠  3  1

 y d x =   4 − 2t   4 + 3t  dt
2 2
d 2v dv
⌡0 ⌡ ∴ +2 2
0
dx 2 dx + 5v = 17 + 6x − 5x
4
32 ⌠  3
2
∫0 y dx = ⌡  16t + 4t 2 − 6t  dt Considering the coefficients of the left-hand side:
0
4 r2 + 2r + 5 = 0
32  2 8 52 3
∫0 y dx = 8t + 5 t − 2t  −2 ± 22 − 4(1)(5)
r=
0 2
32 −2 ± 4i
∫0 y dx = [128 + 51.2 − 128 ] − [ 0 ] = 51.2 r=
2 = −1 ± 2i
A pair of complex conjugates ⇒ the complementary
Mean value = 51.2 = 1.6.
32 − 0 function is: e−x(Acos 2x + Bsin 2x).
6 For this solution, you will need to use the standard For the particular integral, let v = px2 + qx + r
result that ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + c . dv d 2v
⇒ = 2px + q ⇒ = 2p.
dx dx 2
e
Substituting:
∫ ( ln x )
n −1
In = ln x dx
1 2p + 2(2px + q) + 5(px2 + qx + r) = 17 + 6x − 5x2
Integrating by parts: 2p + 4px + 2q + 5px2 + 5qx + 5r = 17 + 6x − 5x2
du n−2 1
u = (ln x)n−1 dx = ( n − 1) ( ln x ) x
5px2 + (4p + 5q)x + (2p + 2q + 5r) = 17 + 6x − 5x2
Equating coefficients:
dv
= ln x ⇒ v = xln x − x
dx 5p = –5 ⇒ p = –1
e 4p + 5q = 6 ⇒ 5q = 10 ⇒ q=2
I n = ( ln x ) ( x ln x − x ) −
n −1
1 2p + 2q + 5r ⇒ –2 + 4 + 5r = 17 ⇒ 5r = 15 ⇒ r=3
e So the general solution is:
⌠ ( x ln x − x )( n − 1)( ln x )n − 2 1 dx
⌡1 x v = e−x(Acos 2x + Bsin 2x) + 3 + 2x − x2
e 1 dy dv
When x = 0, y = 2 , v = 2, = −1, dx = 4
I n = [[1 × 0 ] − [ 0 × −1]] − ( n − 1) ∫ ( ln x − 1) ( ln x )
n−2 dx
dx
1 Substituting: 2 = A + 3 ⇒ A = –1
v = e−x(−cos 2x + Bsin 2x) + 3 + 2x − x2
In = −(n − 1)  ∫ (ln x)n −1 dx − ∫ (ln x)n − 2 dx 
e e
 1 1  dv −x −x
dx = e (2sin 2x + 2Bcos 2x) + e (cos 2x −
In = (n − 1)[In − 2 − In − 1] Bsin 2x) + 2 − 2x
1
e Substituting: 4 = 2B + 1 + 2 ⇒ B= 2 .
I0 = ∫1 (ln x)0 dx = [x]1e = e − 1
I1 = ∫1
e
ln x dx = [x ln x − x]1e = 1
( 1
)
v = e−x − cos 2x + 2 sin 2x + 3 + 2x − x2
1
y=
I2 = I0 − I1 = e − 1 − 1 = e − 2 −x
( 1
)
e − cos 2x + sin 2x + 3 + 2x − x 2
2
65
Summary REVIEW
ii When b ≠ 5, the planes form a triangular prism.

( )
1 1
⌠ 1  4x 
8  16x 2 + 9 dx = sinh 3 
⌡−1 −1 π
∫02 x
n
11 I n = sin x dx
dx = sinh ( ) − sinh ( − )
1
⌠

1 4 4
⌡ 16x + 9
−1
2 3 3
Integrating by parts:
du
1  43 −4   − 43 4
u = xn ⇒ = nx n −1
 e − e  −  e − e  dx
3 3
⌠
 1
dx = dv
= sin x
 16x 2 + 9 2 ⇒ v = −cos x
dx
⌡−1 π π
4 4
⌠
1
1
−
2e 3 − 2e 3 In =  −x n cos x  2
 0 + n∫ 2 n −1
x cos x dx
 dx = 0
2 2
⌡−1 16x + 9 π
1 4 4
I n = n∫ 2 x n −1 cos x dx
⌠ 1 −
dx = e 3 − e 3
0
 2
⌡−1 16x + 9 Integrating by parts:
du
9 i f(x) = cos−1 (2x) − tan−1 (3x) u = xn − 1 ⇒ = ( n − 1) x n − 2
dx
−2 3 dv
f′(x) = − = cos x ⇒ v = sin x
1 + ( 3x )
2
1 − ( 2x ) dx
2
( )
π π
ii 0 = −2 1 + 9x 2 − 3 1 − 4x 2 I n = n  x n −1 sin x  2 + n ( n − 1) ∫ 2 x n − 2 sin x dx
0 0
3 1 − 4x 2 = −2 (1 + 9x ) 2
n −1
9(1 – 4x2) = 4(1 + 9x2)2 I n = n  π  − n ( n − 1) I n − 2

 2
9 – 36x2 = 4(1 + 18x2 + 81x4)
π π
9 – 36x2 = 4 + 72x2 + 324x4 I0 = ∫02 sin x dx = [ − cos x ]02 = [0] − [−1] = 1
0 = 324x4 + 108x2 – 5 1
 π
Using the quadratic formula: I2 = 2  2  − 2 × 1I0 = π − 2 × 1 = π − 2
−108 ± 108 2 − 4(324)(−5)  π
3
 4π 
3
x2 = I4 = 4  2  − 4 × 3I2 =  8  − 12(π − 2)
648
−108 ± 18144
x2 = 3
648 = π −12π + 24
2
x2 = 0.04120… ⇒ x = ± 0.203 dy
dx
12 i = 2t and = 1 − t2
OR dt dt
( )
1
x2 = – 0.3745… ⇒ x = ± 0.612i
s=⌠
2
 4t 2 + 1 − t 2 dt
⌡0
 1 −1 2 
1
M =  1 a −3
10 M
 
s= ∫0 4t 2 + t 4 − 2t 2 + 1 dt
 1 −1 7  1
s= ∫0 t 4 + 2t 2 + 1 dt
det M = 1(7a − 3) + 1(7 + 3) + 2( −1 − a) = 5a + 5
(t )
1
s=⌠ 2 2
5a + 5 = 0 ⇒ a=−1  +1 dt
⌡0
i x − y + 2z = 4 1 1 2
x − y − 3z = −5 2
s= ∫0 t + 1 dt
1
x − y + 7z = 13 3 s =  1 t 3 + t 
3 0
3 – 1 ⇒ 5z = 0 ⇒ z = 1.8
ln 1 ⇒ x – y = 0.4 ⇒ x = 0.4 + y s =  1 + 1 − 0  = 4
3  3
 x   0.4 + t 
1
    ⌠  t3
So  y  =  t 
 z   1.8 
ii A = 2π  t −  t 2 + 1 dt
⌡0  3 ( )
66
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 Substituting
t5 t3
A = 2π⌠
 t3 − + t − dt 1 3
⌡0 3 3 2 into 1 : x − 2 y + 4 ( 2y ) = 0 ⇒ x = −y
1
 4 6 2 4 1
A = 2π  t − t + t − t   
 4 18 2 12 0 So  −1
 2 
 
A = 2π   1 − 1 + 1 − 1  − 0   1 1 1
  4 18 2 12   P = ( e1 e 2 e3 ) =  −1 1 −1
 
 1 0 2 
A = 2π × 11 = 11π
18 9 1 1 1
13 Me = le D =  −1 1 −1
 
 1 0 −2
 2 2 −3   1  1
 2 2 3   −1 = λ  −1
     You know that B = QAQ−1.
 −3 3 3   1   1 
From the question: A = PDP−1.
 −3 1 ∴ B = QPDP−1Q−1.
 3  = λ  −1
    B = (QP)D(QP)−1.
 −3  1 
So the eigenvalues for B are the same as those
for A: λ = − 3, 4, 6.
Therefore λ = −3.
 4 11 5  1 1 1   −2 15 −17
When λ = 4     
 −2 2 −3  x   0 QP =  1 4 2  −1 1 −1 =  −1 5 −7 
 1 2 1   1 0 −2  0 3 −3 
 2 −2 3   y  =  0
    
 −3 3 −1  z   0  2  15  17
     
So the eigenvectors are  1  ,  5  ,  7 
−2x + 2y − 3z = 0 1  0  3   3 
2x − 2y + 3z = 0 2
−3x + 3y − z = 0 3 14 (cos q + isin q )5 = cos (5q ) + isin (5q )
1 and 2 are the same equation. Comparing cos5 q + 5icos4 q sin q + 10i2cos3 q sin2 q + 10i3cos2 q
2 and 3 , you see that z = 0 ⇒ x=y sin3 q + 5i4 cos q sin4 q + i5sin5 q = cos (5q ) + isin (5q )
 1 (cos5 q − 10cos3 q sin2 q + 5cos q sin4 q ) + i (5cos4 q
  sin q − 10cos2 q sin3 q + sin5 q ) = cos (5q ) + isin (5q )
So  1 
 0
Equating real and imaginary parts:
When λ = 6 cos (5q ) = cos5 q − 10cos3 q sin2 q + 5cos q sin4 q
 −4 2 −3   x   0  sin (5q ) = 5cos4 q sin q − 10cos2 q sin3 q + sin5 q
 2 −4 3   y  =  0 
     5cos4 θ sin θ − 10cos2 θ sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ
 −3 3 −3  z   0 ∴ tan ( 5θ ) =
cos5 θ − 10cos3 θ sin 2 θ + 5cosθ sin 4 θ
−4x + 2y − 3z = 0 Dividing by cos5 q :
2x − 4y + 3z = 0 5tan θ − 10tan 3 θ + tan 5 θ
∴ tan ( 5θ ) =
−3x + 3y − 3z = 0 1 − 10tan 2 θ + 5tan 4 θ
LHS = 0
No obvious solutions, so using row reduction to
simplify the problem: tan (5q ) = 0
1 − 1 3  5q = π, 2π, 3π, 4π, 5π
 2 4   x   0
 θ = π , 2π , 3π , 4π , π
1 5 5 5 5
 0 1 −   y  =  0
 2     RHS = 0
0 0 0   z   0
  5tan q − 10tan3 q + tan5 q = 0
1 3 tan q (tan4 q − 10tan2 q + 5) = 0
From row 1: x− y+ z=0 1
2 4 tan q = 0 ⇒ q =π
1
From row 2: y− z=0 ⇒ 2y = z 2
2
67
Summary REVIEW
tan4 q − 10tan2 q + 5 = 0 ⇒ x2 − 10x + 5 = 0 y

when x = tan2 q
You know that the remaining solutions are:
6
θ = π , 2π , 3π , 4π y=e –2x y = 2sinh(2x)
5 5 5 5
 π  4π 
You know that tan   = − tan   ⇒ x = tan 2  π 
 5  5  5 4
 2π   3π 
You know that tan   = − tan   ⇒ x = tan 2  2π 
 5  5  5
sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q ⇒ tan2 q =sec2 q − 1 2
Given that tan4 q − 10tan2 q + 5 = 0 (0,1) A

(sec2 q − 1)2 − 10(sec2 q − 1) + 5 = 0 (0,0)
x
–1
0 1 2 y=0
sec4 q − 12sec2 q + 16 = 0
(asymptote)
Let y = sec2 q ⇒ y2 − 12y + 16 = 0
–2
15 cos q + isin q = 1
 2π 
cos   + isin  2π 
5  5 –4
 − 2π   2π 
cos  + isin  − 
 5   5 d x 2
dx
17 2 2 + 11 dt + 12x = 8e −2t
 4π   4π  dt
cos 
 5  + isin  5  The auxiliary equation is 2r2 + 11r + 12 = 0
 4π   4π  (2r + 3)(r + 4) = 0
cos  −  + isin  − 
 5  5
r = − 3 or r = –4
   2π   2π       2π   2π    2
 x −  cos  5  + i sin  5     x −  cos 5  − i sin  5    So the complementary function is
( )
− 3t
2π x = Ae 2 + Be −4t
= x2 − 2cos 5 x + 1
The particular integral is of the form x = ae–2t
When q = ±
2π
5  ( )
⇒  x 2 − 2cos 2π x + 1 is a factor.
5 
dx = −2ae −2t
dt
⇒  x − 2cos ( 4π ) x + 1 is a factor.
4π 2 d 2x = 4ae −2t
When q = ±
5  5  dt 2
When q = 0 ⇒ (x − 1) is a factor. Substituting into the original equation gives:
π 7π 7π π 13π 13π 2(4ae–2t) + 11(–2ae–2t) + 12(ae–2t) = 8e–2t

x = cos ± isin , cos ± isin , cos ± isiin
9 9 9 9 9 9 –2ae–2t = 8e–2t
16 i At A, 2 sinh (2x) = e–2x –2a = 8
 2x −2x 
2  e − e  = e −2x
a = –4
 2  The particular integral is x = –4e–2t
e2x – e–2x = e–2x − 3t
The general solution is x = Ae 2 + Be −4t − 4e −2t
e2x = 2e–2x
dx = − 3 Ae − 32t − 4Be −4t + 8e −2t
Therefore, 2
e4x = 2 dt
4x = ln 2 When t = 0, x = 6 and dx = 8
dt
1
x = ln 2 6 = A + B – 4 ⇒ A + B = 10
4
⇒ 8A + 8B = 80 1
y=e
(
−2 1 ln 2
4 ) = e− 12 ln 2 = eln 2− 12 = 2− 12 = 1
8 = − 3 A − 4B + 8 ⇒ –3A – 8B = 0 2
2 2
1 + 2
The coordinates of A are  1 ln 2, 1 
4 2 5A = 80 ⇒ A = 16 ⇒ B = –6
− 3t −4t
ii Note: y = 2 sinh (2x) does not have any Therefore, x = 16e 2 − 6e − 4e −2t
vertical asymptotes.
68
WORKED SOLUTIONS
∞ ∞ 3
I =⌠
10 8π  2 92 2 32 
2 d x = ∫2 10(x + 1) d x
−2
18 i  Surface area = t + t 
⌡2 (x + 1) 3  9 3 
1
∞
=  −10(x + 1)−1  8π  
18 3 + 2 3  −  + 
2 2
2 =
3   9 3 
10 10
= [0] −  −  =
 3  3 = 283 units2 (3 s.f).
ii
y 1− λ 2 1
8
20 i 6 −1 − λ 0 =0
6 −1 −2 −1 − λ
10 (1 – l)((–1 – l)2 – 0) – 2(6(–1 – l) – 0)

4 y=
(x + 1)2 + 1(–12+ (–1 – l)) = 0
2 (1 – l)(1 + 2l + l2)–2(–6 – 6l) + (–13 – l) = 0
1 + 2l + l2 – l – 2l2 – l3 + 12 + 12l – 13 – l = 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x l3 + l2 – 12l = 0
From the diagram: ii l(l2 + l – 12) = 0
∞ l(l + 4)(l – 3) = 0
10 10 10 … ⌠ 10
+ + > dx Therefore, the eigenvalues are l = 0, l = –4
32 4 2 52 ⌡ (x + 1)2
2 and l = 3.
10 10 10 … 10  1 2 1   x   0
2 + 2 + 2 >
3 4 5 3 When l = 0,  6 −1 0   y  =  0
    
10 10 10 10 … 10  −1 −2 −1  z   0
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 >
3
2 3 4 5 x + 2y + z = 0 1
∞
6x – y = 0 ⇒ y = 6x 2
∑ 10
r2
> 10
3
r = 2 –x – 2y – z = 0 3
( ) = (t − 1t ) = t Substituting 2 in 3 ⇒ –x – 2(6x) – z = 0
2 2
dx
19
dx 1
= t 2 − ⇒ dt
2 4
− 2t + 12 ⇒ z = –13x
dt t t
1 2 2 Check in 1 : x + 2(6x) + (–13x) = 0
dy  1
dt
= 2t 2 ⇒  dy  =  2t 2  = 4t
 dt     1 
⌠
3 Let x = 1 ⇒ e= 6 
Arc length =   t 4 − 2t + 2  + ( 4t ) dt
1  
 −13
⌡1  t 
⌠
3
1  5 2 1   x   0
Arc length =  t 4 + 2t + 2 dt
⌡1 t When l = –4,  6 3 0  y  =  0
    
 −1 −2 3  z   0
(t + 1t ) dt
3
⌠ 2
2
Arc length =  5x + 2y + z = 0 1
⌡1
6x + 3y = 0 ⇒ y = –2x 2
( )
3
Arc length = ⌠
1
 t 2 + t dt –x – 2y + 3z = 0 3
⌡1
Substituting 2 in 3
1
3
1 ⇒ –x– 2(–2x) + 3z = 0 ⇒ z =
Arc length =  t 2 + lnt  = [ 9 + ln 3] −  + ln 1
 3 1  3  –x
26 Check in 1 : 5x + 2(–2x) + (–x) = 0
= + ln 3 = 9.77
3
3
 1
( )
3
⌠ 4 3 1 ⌠ 8π ⌠  72
3 1 Let x = 1 ⇒ e =  −2
Surface area = 2π t 2 t 2 + dt  =  t + t  dt
2  
 3 t  3 
⌡  −1
⌡1 ⌡1 1
 −2 2 1   x   0 
When l = 3,  6 − 4 0   y  =  0
    
 −1 − 2 − 4  z   0
69
Summary REVIEW
3
–2x + 2y + z = 0 1
x 2y = ∫12x 2 dx
6x – 4y = 0 ⇒ y = 3x 2 5
2
–x – 2y – 4z = 0 3 x 2y = 24 x 2 + c
5
Substituting 2 in 3 5
y = 242 x 2 + c2
2 ( )
⇒ −x − 2 3x − 4z = 0 ⇒ z=–x 5x x
Check in 1 : −2x + 2
3x
2 ( )
+ (−x) = 0
y = 24 x + c2
5 x
 2
23 i 6cosh2 x = 13sinh x + 1
Let x = 2 (to avoid fractions) ⇒ e =  3 
  6(1 + sinh2 x) = 13sinh x + 1
1
 −2
1 n
21 I n = ∫ x (1 − x) dx
2 6 + 6sinh2 x = 13sinh x + 1
0
6sinh2 x – 13sinh x + 5 = 0
Integrating by parts: (3sinh x – 5)(2sinh x – 1) = 0
du 5 1
u = xn ⇒ = nx n −1 sinh x =
3
or sinh x = 2
dx
1 3
ii 3sinh (2x) = (13tanh x + sech x) sinh x
dv 2
= (1 − x)2 ⇒ v = − (1 − x)2
6sinh x cosh x = 
dx 3 13sinh x 1 
+ sinh x
 cosh x cosh x 
1
 2 3
 1
2 3
I n =  − x n(1 − x)2  − ⌠
 − (1 − x)2 nx n −1 dx 6cosh x =
13sinh x + 1
 3 0 ⌡0 3 cosh x
3
2n 1
I n = [0 ] + 6cosh2 x = 13sinh x + 1
3 ∫0
(1 − x)2 x n −1 dx
5
iii sinh x = ⇒ no solutions, since it is not
1 3
2n 1 in the required interval.
3 ∫0
In = (1 − x)(1 − x)2 x n −1 dx
e x − e −x 1
sinh x = =
1 2 2
2n ⌠  1 1

2 n −1 − (1 − x ) 2 x n d x
x –x
e –e =1
In =  (1 − x) x
3 
⌡

0 e2x – 1 = ex
2n
3 ( n −1
In = I − In ) e2x – ex – 1 = 0
3In = 2n(In – 1 – In) 1 ± 12 − 4(1)(−1)

ex =
2
3In = 2nIn – 1 – 2nIn
3In + 2nIn = 2nIn – 1 ex = 1 ± 5
2
(3 + 2n)In = 2nIn – 1 x 1 − 5
e = ⇒ No solutions.
1
2
⌠ 3 1  
 2 
e x = 1 + 5 ⇒ x = ln  1 + 5 
1
2 2
I 0 =  (1 − x ) 2 =  − (1 − x)2  = 0 − −  =
0  3  3
3 2  2 
⌡0 
2 4 4 24 Ae = le
5I 1 = 2I 0 = 2 × 3 = 3 ⇒ I 1 = 15
 4 −5 3  1  1
4 16 16  3 −4 3  1 = λ  1
7I 2 = 4I1 = 4 × 15 = 15 ⇒ I 2 = 105
    
 1 −1 2  1  1
16 96 32
9I 3 = 6I 2 = 6 × 105 = 105 ⇒ I 3 = 315
dy  2  1
22 x + 2y = 12 x  2 = λ  1
dx
   
dy
dx () −1
+ 2 y = 12x 2
x
 2  1
 2 dx
⌠ 2  1
The integrating factor is e⌡ x = e 2 ln x = e ln x = x 2
3
Therefore  1 is an eigenvector of A and l = 2.
dy  
x2 + 2xy = 12x 2  1
dx
dx ( )
d x 2y = 12x 32 is the corresponding eigenvalue.
70
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4−λ −5 3 d 2x
= 2a
3 −4 − λ 3 =0 dt 2
1 −1 2−λ Substituting into the original equation gives:
(4 – l)((–4 – l)(2 – l) + 3) + 5(3(2 – l) – 3) 2a + 4(2at + b) + 13(at2 + bt + c) = 26t2 + 3t + 13

+ 3(–3 – (–4 – l)) = 0 2a + 8at + 4b + 13at2 + 13bt + 13c = 26t2 + 3t + 13
(4 – l)(–8 + 2l + l2 + 3) + 5(6 – 3l – 3) 13at2 + (8a + 13b)t + (2a + 4b + 13c) = 26t2 + 3t + 13
+ 3(–3 + 4 + l) = 0 Equating coefficients:
(4 – l )(l2 + 2l – 5) + 5(3 – 3l) + 3(l + 1) 13a = 26 ⇒ a=2
4l2 + 8l – 20 – l3 – 2l2 + 5l + 15 – 15l + 3l + 3 = 0 8a + 13b = 3 ⇒ 16 + 13b = 3 ⇒ b = –1
l3 – 2l2 – l +2=0 2a + 4b + 13c = 13 ⇒ 4 – 4 + 13c = 13 ⇒ c = 1
(l – 2)(l2 – 1) = 0 The particular integral is x = 2t2 – t + 1.
Therefore, the eigenvalues are λ = 2, λ = 1 and λ = –1. The general solution is x = e–2t(Acos 3t + Bsin 3t)
Be = λe + 2t2 – t + 1.
−1 4 0  1 1
     4−λ −1 1
 −1 3 1 1
  = λ 1 26 −1 −λ −3 = 0
 1 −1 3  1  
   1 1 −3 −λ
 3  1 (4 – λ)(l2 – 9) + 1(λ + 3) + 1(3 + λ) = 0

 3 = λ  1 4λ2 – 36 – λ3 + 9λ + λ + 3 + 3 + λ = 0
   
 3  1 λ3 – 4λ2 – 11λ + 30 = 0
λ = 2 is a root ⇔ (λ – 2) is a factor.
 1
Therefore  1 is also an eigenvector of B and (λ – 2)(λ2 – 2λ – 15) = 0
  (λ – 2)(λ – 5)(λ + 3) = 0
 1
Therefore, the eigenvalues are λ = 2, λ = 5 and λ = –3.
λ = 3 is the corresponding eigenvalue.
(AB)e = le  2 −1 1   x   0
When λ = 2,  −1 −2 −3  y  =  0
A(Be) = le     
 1 −3 −2  z   0
A(3e) = le
3(Ae) = le 2x – y + z = 0 1
3(2e) = le –x – 2y – 3z = 0 2
6e = le x – 3y – 2z = 0 3
 1
Therefore  1 is also an eigenvector of AB
2 + 3 ⇒ –5y – 5z = 0 ⇒ y = –z
  Substituting in 1 : 2x – y – y = 0 ⇒ x = y.
 1
and λ = 6 is the corresponding eigenvalue. 1

Let x = 1 ⇒ e= 1 
 
d 2x dx  −1
25 +4 + 13x = 26t 2 + 3t + 13
dt 2 dt
The auxiliary equation is r2 + 4r + 13 = 0.  −1 −1 1   x   0
When λ = 5,  −1 −5 −3  y  =  0
−4 ± 4 2 − 4 (1)(13) −4 ± 6i     
r= = = −2 ± 3i  1 −3 −5  z   0
2 2
So the complementary function is –x – y + z = 0 1
x = e–2t (Acos 3t + Bsin 3t). –x – 5y – 3z = 0 2
The particular integral is of the form x = at2 + bt + c. x – 3y – 5z = 0 3
dx 2 + 3 ⇒ –8y – 8z = 0 ⇒ y = –z
= 2at + b
dt
71
Summary REVIEW
Substituting in 1 : –x – y – y = 0 ⇒ x = –2y. (–1 – λ)((1 – λ)(2 – λ)– 0) + 1(0 – 0) + 3(0 – 0) = 0

 2 (–1 – λ)(2 – 3l + l2) = 0
Let x = 2 (to avoid fractions) ⇒ e =  −1 –2 + 3l – l2 – 2l + 3l2 – l3 = 0
 
 1  l3 – 2l2 – λ + 2 = 0
λ = 1 is a root ⇔ (λ – 1) is a factor.
 7 −1 1   x   0
(λ – 1)(l2 – λ – 2) = 0
When λ = –3,  −1 3 −3  y  =  0
     (λ – 1)(λ + 1)(λ – 2) = 0
 1 −3 3   z   0
Therefore, the eigenvalues are λ = 1, λ = –1 and
7x – y + z = 0 1 λ = 2.
–x + 3y – 3z = 0 2  0 −1 3  x   0
x – 3y + 3z = 0 3 When λ = –1,  0 2 2  y  =  0
    
Notice that 2 and 3 are equivalent.  0 0 3  z   0
3x 1 + 2 ⇒ 20x = 0 ⇒ x=0
–y + 3z = 0
1 and 2 become:
2y + 2z = 0
–y + z = 0
3z = 0
3y – 3z = 0
⇒ z=0 ⇒ y=0
The solution for both is y = z.
There are no conditions on x, so let x = 1
 0  1
Let y = 1 ⇒ e =  1 ⇒ e =  0
   
 1   0
The eigenvectors are the columns of

 −2 −1 3  x   0
 1 2 0 When λ = 1,  0 0 2  y  =  0
P ⇒ P =  1 −1 1      
   0 0 1   z   0
 −1 1 1 
–2x – y + 3z = 0
The eigenvalues to the power of 5 form the
diagonal of D 2z = 0
 25 0 z = 0 ⇒ –2x – y = 0 ⇒ y = –2x
0 
  1
D =  0 55 0 
  Let x = 1 ⇒ e =  −2 
 
 0 0 ( −3)5   0 
 32 0 0 
 −3 −1 3  x   0
D =  0 3125 0  When λ = 2,  0 −1 2  y  =  0
 
 0 0 −243     
 0 0 0  z   0
27 (AB)e = A(Be) –3x – y + 3z = 0 1

(AB)e = A(µe) –y + 2z = 0 ⇒ y = 2z 2
(AB)e = µ(Ae) Substitute 2 in 1 :
(AB)e = µ(le) y
−3x − y + 3   = 0
(AB)e = (lµ)e)  2
Therefore, lµ is an eigenvector of AB and e is the –6x – 2y + 3y = 0 ⇒ y = 6x
corresponding eigenvector.
Let x = 1 ⇒ y = 6 ⇒ z = 3
−1 − λ −1 3  1
0 1− λ 2 =0 ⇒ e =  6
0 0 2−λ  
 3
72
WORKED SOLUTIONS
De = le 3 −x
y 3 = Ae −5x + Be3x − e
2
 1 −1 1   1   1
 −6 −3 4   6  = λ  6 
3 −x
  
 −9 −3 7   3
 
 3 y= 3 Ae −5x + Be3x − e
2
29 Ae = le
 −2   1
 −12 = λ  1 A2 e = A(le)
   
 −6   1 A2 e = l(Ae)
A2 e = l(le)
 1
A2 e = l2 e
Therefore  6 is also an eigenvector of D
  Therefore, e is an eigenvector of A2 with
 3
eigenvalue l2.
and λ = –2 is the corresponding eigenvalue.
1− λ 3 0
 1 2 −λ 2 =0
CD has eigenvector  6 and the corresponding 1 1 2−λ
 
 3
(1 – l)(– l(2 – l) – 2) – 3(2(2 – l) – 2) + 0 = 0
eigenvalue is –2 × 2 ⇒ λ = – 4.
(1 – l)(l2 – 2l – 2) – 3(2(2 – l) – 2) = 0
28 v = y 3 l2 – 2l – 2 – l3 + 2l2 + 2l – 6 + 6l = 0
dv dy l3 – 3l2 – 6l + 8 = 0
= 3y 2
dx dx
l = 1 is a root ⇔ (l – 1) is a factor.
2 2 2
d 2v 2d y
+ 6y  
dy dy 2d y dy
2 = 3y 2 + dx × 6 y dx = 3y
(l – 1)(l2 – 2l – 8) = 0
dx dx dx 2  dx 
(l – 1)(l – 4)(l + 2) = 0
2 2
d 2v 2d y
+ 6y   + 6y 2
dv dy dy Therefore, the eigenvalues are l = 1, l = 4 and
2 + 2 dx − 15v = 3y − 15y 3
dx dx 2  dx  dx
l = – 2.
d 2v + 2 dv − 15v = 3  y 2 d y + 2y  dy  + 2y 2 dy − 5y 3 
2 2
  When l = 1, μ = 14 + 2 × 12 + 3 = 6
dx 2 dx  dx 2  dx  dx 
 
When l = 4, μ = 44 + 2 × 42 + 3 = 291
( )
2
d v + 2 dv − 15v = 3 8e −x = 24e −x When l = – 2, μ = (– 2)4 + 2 × (–2)2 + 3 = 27
dx 2 dx
The eigenvalues of B4 + 2B + 3I are μ = 6, μ = 291
The auxiliary equation is r2 + 2r – 15 = 0 and μ = 27.
(r + 5)(r – 3) = 0
d 2x dx
r=–5 or r=3 30 4 +4 + x = 6e −2t
dt 2 dt
So the complementary function is v = Ae–5x + Be3x.
The auxiliary equation is 4r2 + 4r + 1 = 0.
The particular integral is of the form v = ae–x.
(2r + 1)2 = 0
dv
= −ae −x 1
dx r=− (repeated root)
2
2
dv
= ae −x So the complementary function is
dx 2
− 1t − 1t
x = Ae 2 + Bte 2
The particular integral is of the form x = ae–2t.
ae–x – 2ae–x – 15ae–x = 24e–x
dx
–16ae–x = 24e–x = −2ae −2t
dt
3
– 16a = 24 ⇒ a=−
2 d 2x
= 4ae −2t
3 dt 2
The particular integral is v = − e −x .
2
−5x 3 16ae–2t – 8ae–2t + ae–2t = 6e–2t.
The general solution is v = Ae + Be 3x
− e −x .
2
73
Summary REVIEW
9ae–2t = 6e–2t π π
9a = 6 iii ∫
0
8
4cos3 (3θ ) dθ = ∫ (cos(9θ ) + 3cos(3θ )) dθ
0
8
2 π
a=
( ) ( )
π
3 ⌠8 1 8 1 9π 3π 
 4cos ( 3θ ) dθ =  9 sin ( 9θ ) + sin ( 3θ )  =  9 sin 8 + sin 8  − [ 0
3
2 −2t ⌡  
The particular integralπ is x = e . π 0
0
( ) ( )
⌠8 3
1  1 9π 3π 
The general solutionis 4cos ( 3θ ) dθ =  9 sin ( 9θ ) + sin ( 3θ ) 0 =  9 sin 8 + sin 8  − [ 0 ] = 0.88
3 8
⌡0
− 1t − 1t 2
x = Ae 2 + Bte 2 + e −2t .
3 Extension Questions
Therefore,
 1 − 1t   − 1t  4 1 Let z = cos (sin−1 x) and let y = sin−1 x.
dx 1 − 1t
= − Ae 2 + Bt  − e 2  + B  e 2  − e −2t .
dt 2  2    3 So z = cos y and x = sin y .
You know that cos2 y + sin2 y = 1.
5 dx 7
When t = 0, x = and = . So z2 + x2 = 1.
3 dt 6
z2 = 1 − x2
5 2
= A+ ⇒ A=1
3 3 z= 1 − x2
7 1
=− A+B−
4 So cos (sin−1 x) = 1 − x 2 .
6 2 3
2 zn = cos (nq ) + isin (nq )
7 1 4 z−n = cos (−nq ) + isin (−nq )
=− +B−
6 2 3
You know that cos (−nq ) = cos (nq ) and sin (−nq )
7 = – 3 + 6B – 8
= −sin (nq )
18 = 6B
So z−n = cos (nq ) − isin (nq )
B=3
zn + z−n = 2cos (nq )
Therefore, the particular solution is:
zn − z−n = 2isin (nq )
− 1t − 1t 2 −2t
x= e 2 + 3te 2 + e . Dividing:
3
z n − z −n 2i sin(nθ )
− 1t =
As t → ∞, e 2 → 0, e–2t → 0 ⇒ x → 0 z n + z −n 2cos(nθ )
z n − z −n
31 i zn = (cos q + isin q )n = cos (nq ) + isin (nq ) 1 = itan (nq )
z n + z −n
z–n = ( cos q + isin q )–n = cos (–nq )
Multiplying numerator and denominator by zn
+ isin(–nq ) = cos (nq ) – isin(nq ) 2
z 2n − 1
1 + 2 = itan (nq ).
z 2n + 1
zn + z–n = cos (nq ) + isin(nq ) + cos (nq ) – isin (nq )
3 i 6A2 = I – A
1
z + n = 2cos ( nθ )
n
6A2 + A – I = 0
z
(3A – I )(2A + I ) = 0
3
ii  z 3 + 13  = z 3 ( ) 3 2 1
3
+ 3(z ) 1
3A = I ⇒ AA11 = I
 z   z3  3
2 3
1
( )
+ 3 z3  3  +  3 
1
z 
1
z 
2A = – I ⇒ AA22 = − II
2
3
 z 3 + 1  = z 9 + 3z 3 + 3z −3 + z −9
 z3 
ii det ( A 1 ) = ( )
1 1 1
×
3 3 3
=
1
27
det ( A ) = − ( − × − ) = −
3
 z 3 + 1  =  z 9 + 1  + 3 z 3 + 1  1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 8
 z3   z9   z3 
1 1 1 1
(2cos (3q ))3 = 2cos (9q ) + 6cos (3q ) det ( A 1 ) × det ( A 2 ) = ×− = − =− 3
27 8 216 6
8cos3 (3q ) = 2cos (9q ) + 6cos (3q )
⇒ n=6
3 1 3
cos (3θ ) = cos(9θ ) + cos(3θ )
4 4
74
WORKED SOLUTIONS
∞
4 i
∞
P = ⌠ e −x dx =  −e −x  = [ 0 ] −  −e −1  =
1  heh − 1 1 
⌡1 e  h − 
e
v Percentage error =  e − 1
1
1  × 100
ii y  e 
So you require:  
2
 heh −1 1 
−
 eh − 1 e 
 1  × 100 < 1
 e 
1
 
y = 1x
e
heh −1 − 1
eh − 1 e < 0.01
1
0
1 2 3 4
x e
From the diagram: eheh −1
− 1 < 0.01
The sum of the rectangles is eh − 1
1 1
+ +
1
+
1
+
1
+… eheh −1
e e 2 e3 e 4 e5 < 1.01
eh − 1
∞ −x
h represents the width of the rectangles
Blue shaded area is ∫1 e dx = P
⇒ h > 0 ⇒ eh > 1 ⇒ eh – 1 > 0
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +…> P eheh – 1 < 1.01 (eh – 1)
e e 2 e3 e 4 e5
eheh – 1 < 1.01eh – 1.01
e–1 + e–2 + e–3 + e–4 + e–5 + … > P
heh < 1.01eh – 1.01
iii a = e–1 and r = e–1
1.01eh – heh – 1.01 > 0
a e −1 1
S∞ = = = eh(1.01 – h) – 1.01 > 0
1 − r 1 − e −1 e − 1
vi Let f(x) = ex(1.01 – x) – 1.01
Percentage error
f(0.015) = 3.75 × 10–5
 1 − P
=  e−1


P 

(
0.36 )
 × 100 = 0.58 − 0.36 × 100 = 58.2% f(0.025) = –6.46 × 10–5
Change of sign and continuous ⇒ there is a
root in the interval [0.015, 0.025].
iv For rectangles of width h, the sum of the
areas would be: Therefore, when eh(1.01 – h) – 1.01 = 0
⇒ h = 0.02 (correct to 2 decimal places)
e– 1 + he– (1 + h) + he– (1 + 2h)
Area = h
+ he– (1 + 3h) + … eh(1.01 – h) – 1.01 > 0 ⇒ h < 0.02
(correct to 2 decimal places).
1 1 1 1 
Area = h  1 + 1+ h + 1+ 2h + 1+ 3h + … Therefore, the width of the rectangles,
e e e e 
h, must be less than 0.02 units if the
1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 
1  percentage error of the approximation
Area = h  +  × h  +  × h × h  +  × h × h × h  + …
e e e  e e e  e e e e  to Pis less than 1%.
1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
+ × + × × + × × × + … a b c
e  e eh   e eh eh   e eh eh eh  
5 i Let A =  d e f
 
There is a geometric series inside the brackets  g h i 
with a = e–1 and r = e–h.
 ka kb kc 
a e −1 e −1 × eh eh −1
S∞ = = = h = h ⇒ k A =  kd ke kf 
1 − r 1 − e −h e −1 e −1  
 kg kh ki 
h −1
Therefore area a = hhe
e −1 det (A) = a(ei – hf ) – b(di – fg) + c (dh – ge)
det(kA) = ka(keki – khkf ) – kb(kdki – kfkg)
+ kc(kdkh – kgke)
75
Summary REVIEW
det(kA) = k3a(ei – hf ) – k3 b(di – fg) + k3 c(dh – ge) iii At B, 6 – cosh x = 1 + tanh x.

det(kA) = k3(a(ei – hf ) – b(di – fg) + c(dh – ge)) e x + e −x e x − e −x
6− =1+ x
det (kA) = k3 det (A) 2 e + e −x
 1 4 2p  12 − e x − e −x e x + e −x e x − e −x
 3 3 3 = x +
 2 
 1 4 2p  2 e + e −x e x + e −x
p
ii  − 3 0 =  −2 p 0 
 1
 3  3   12 − e x − e −x e x + e −x + e x − e −x
 1   0 1 1  =
1 2 e x + e −x
 0 3 3 
12 − e x − e −x 2e x
= x
1 4 2p 2 e + e −x
−2 p 0 = 1 (p – 0) – 4 ( – 2 – 0) (12 – ex – e–x)(ex + e–x) = 4ex
0 1 1 12ex + 12e–x – e2x – 1 – 1 – e–2x = 4ex
+ 2p(– 2 – 0) =
p + 8 – 4p 8ex – e2x + 12e–x – e–2x – 2 = 0
= 8 – 3p
8e3x – e4x + 12ex – 1 – 2e2x = 0
Using the result from part a:
e4x – 8e3x + 2e2x – 12ex + 1 = 0
 1 4 2p  1 4 2p
1  −2 p 0  =  1  −2 p 0 =  1  8 − 3p = 8 − 3p iv Let p = e ⇒ p – 8p + 2p – 12p + 1 = 0
3 3 x 4 3 2
3 
  3   
 3 ( ) 27 p4 = 8p3 – 2p2 + 12p – 1
 0 1 1  0 1 1
3
1 4 2p 3
p = 4 8p 3 − 2p 2 + 12p − 1
 −2 p 0 =  1  8 − 3p = 8 − 3p
  3  ( ) 27 So the iterative equation is:
0 1 1
6 sin (x + y) = ln (x + y) pn +1 = 4 8pn3 − 2pn2 + 12pn − 1
esin (x + y) = x + y p0 = 6
 1 + dy  cos x + y esin ( x + y ) = 1 + dy
 dx  ( ) dx
p1 = 6.446 48…
p2 = 6.798 63…
( x + y )  1 + ddxy  cos ( x + y ) = 1 + ddxy p3 = 7.072 54…
p4 = 7.283 36…
 1 + dy   x + y cos x + y − 1 = 0
dx  ( ) ( ) 
 p5 = 7.444 36…
…
 1 + dy  = 0 or (x + y) cos (x + y) – 1 = 0 p = 7.9365… (5 sig fig)
 dx 
Therefore, at B, x = ln 7.9365 = 2.07 (3 s.f.).
 1 + dy  = 0 ⇒
dy
= −1
 dx  dx v At C, sinh x = 1 + tanh x.
e x − e −x e x − e −x
7 i
y = sinh x is the curve that passes through the =1+ x
2 e + e −x
origin.
Using the working from part c, the right side
y = 6 – cosh x is the curve that passes through of the equation simplifies:
the point (0,5).
e x − e −x 2e x
y = 1 + tanh x is the curve that is asymptotic = x
2 e + e −x
to the x-axis.
(ex – e–x)(ex + e–x)= 4ex
ii At A, sinh x = 6 – cosh x.
e2x – e–2x = 4ex
e x − e −x e x + e −x
=6− e4x – 1 = 4e3x
2 2
ex – e–x = 12 – ex – e–x e4x – 4e3x – 1 = 0
ex = 12 – ex Let q = ex ⇒ q4 – 4q3 – 1 = 0
2ex = 12 q4 = 4q3 + 1
ex = 6 q = 4 4q 3 + 1
x = ln 6
76
WORKED SOLUTIONS
So the iterative equation is:

 i − icos ( 2nx ) + sin(2nx) 
n
∑ (cos( 2r − 1) x ) = Re  2 sin x 
qn +1 = 4 4qn3 +1 r =1 
q0 = 6
n
  1 − cos ( 2nx )  
∑ (cos( 2r − 1) x ) = Re  sin(2nx)
2 sin x
+ i
 2sin x  
q1 = 5.423 18… r =1 
n
q2 = 5.027 77…
∑ (cos ( 2r − 1) x ) = sin(2nx)
2 sin x
q3 = 4.750 72… r =1
q4 = 4.553 42… cos (x) + cos (3x) + cos (5x) + … + cos ((2n – 1)x)
sin(2nx)
q5 = 4.411 18… =
2 sin x
…
2
q = 4.0154 (5 s.f.). dx d y dy
9 i = +
dt dt 2 dt
Therefore, at C, x = ln 4.0154 = 1.39 (3 s.f.).
d 2y dy
∫1.39 (sinh x − (1 + tanh x )) dx +∫ln6 ((6 − cosh = 12xy))−dx2x
ln6 2.07
vi Area shaded = ii x ) −2 (1+ + tanh
dt dt
sinh x − (1 + tanh x )) dx +∫ ((6 − cosh x ) − (1 + tanh x )) dx

2.07
d 2 y dy
= 12y − 2  + y 
dy
ln6 +
dt 2 dt  dt 
ln6 2.07
Area shaded = ∫ (sinh x − tanh x − 1) dx +∫ ( 5 − cosh x − tanh x ) d x
1.39 ln6 d 2 y dy dy
2.07 2 + dt = 12y − 2 dt − 2y
9
(sinh x − tanh x − 1) dx +∫ln6 (5 − cosh x − tanh x ) dx d t

d 2y dy
Area shaded = cosh x − ln ( cosh x ) − x 1.39 + [ 5x − sinh x − ln(cosh
dt 2 x)d]ln6
+ 3 2.07− 10y = 0
ln6
t
h x − ln ( cosh x ) − x 1.39 + [ 5x − sinh x − ln(cosh x)]ln6

ln6 2.07
The auxiliary equation is r2 + 3r – 10 = 0.

(r + 5)(r – 2) = 0
Area shaded = 0.323 (3 s.f.).
r = – 5 or r = 2
8 cos (x) + cos (3x) + cos (5x) + … + cos ((2n – 1)x)
n
So the general solution is y = Ae–5t + Be2t. 1
= ∑ (cos ( 2r − 1) x ) iii dy = −5Ae −5t + 2Be 2t
r =1 dt
dy
   Substituting into x = +y
i( 2r −1)x 
n n n
dt
∑ (cos( 2r − 1) x ) = Re  ∑ (cos( 2r − 1) x + isin ( 2r − 1) x ) = Re  ∑xe= – 5Ae–5t + 2Be2t + Ae–5t + Be2t
r =1  r =1   r =1 
  n i( 2r −1)x  x = 3Be2t – 4Ae–5t 2
x + isin ( 2r − 1) x )  = Re  ∑e 
  r =1  iv Substituting t = 0, x = 9, y = 10 into 1 and 2 :
ix
This is a geometric series with a = e and r = e . 2ix 10 = A + B ⇒ 30 = 3A + 3B 3
Sn =
(
a 1 − rn
=
)
e ix(1 − e 2ixn )
9 = 3B – 4A 4
1−r 3 – 4 ⇒ 21 = 7A ⇒ A = 3
1 − e 2ix
n
 ix 2ixn   2ixn  Substituting in 3 ⇒ B=7
∑ (cos( 2r − 1) x ) = Re  e 1(1−−ee2ix )  = Re  e1−−ix e− eix  Therefore, the general solutions are:
r =1
n
1 − (cos ( 2nx ) + isin ( 2nx )) x = 21e2t – 12e–5t
 
∑(cos( 2r − 1) x ) = Re(cos(−x) + isin(−x)) − (cos x + isin x) y = 3e–5t + 7e2t.
r =1
10 i n = 1
 1 − cos ( 2nx ) − isin(2nx)   1 − cos ( 2nx ) − isin(2nx) 
n
∑ (cos( 2r − 1) x ) = Re  cos x − isin x − cos x − isin x  = Re 
 
Direct
 x 
differentiation:
−2i sin 
r =1
f ′(x) = ex cos x + ex sin x = ex (cos x + sin x)
 1 − cos ( 2nx ) − isin(2nx)   1 − cos ( 2nx ) − isin(2nx) 
= Re  = Re 
− cos x − isin x 
 cos x − isin x  −2i sin x 
 Using the result:
( 4x4+ π )
1
f ′ ( x ) = 2 2 e xsin
77
Summary REVIEW
f ′ ( x ) = 2e xsin x + ( π
4 ) ( ) () ( ) ()
f k +1 ( x ) = 2
k +1
2 e x  sin x

 cos k π cos π − sin k π sin π  + cos x
 4 4 4 4 
2e (sin x cos + cos xf sin( x )) = ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 )  ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 )

k +1
π π k +1 
 cos k π cos π − sin k π sin π  + cos x  sin k π cos π + cos k π sin
f′(x ) = x
 2 2 e x sin x

4 4
e  sin x  cos ( ) cos ( ) − sin ( )sin ( ) + cos x  sin ( ) cos ( ) + cos ( )sin ( ) 
k +1
 kπ π kπ π kπ π kπ π 
f k +1 ( x ) = 2 2 x
2  4 4 4 4   4 4 4 4 
f′(x ) = 2e  (sin x + cos x )
x

2
f ′ (x) = ex (sin x + cos x)
k +1   ( k + 1) π   ( k + 1) π  
f k +1 ( x ) = 2 2 e x sin x
 cos   + cos x sin   
 4 4 
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
k +1   ( k + 1) π   ( k + 1) π  
n=k f k +1 ( x ) = 2 2 e x sin x
 cos   + cos x sin   
 4 4 
Assume the result is true for n = k:
( 4x +4 kπ ) ( k + 1) π 
k +1
2 e xsin  x
k
f k ( x ) = 2 2 e xsin f k +1 ( x ) = 2  + 
4
n=k+1 Therefore, if the result is true for n = k, it is
f k +1 ( x ) =
d k
dx
f (x ) ( ) also true for n = k + 1. But the result is true for
n = 1, hence it is also true for n = 2, n = 3, etc.
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical
f k +1 ( x ) =
d  k2 x
dx 
2 e sin
4x + k π 
4  ( ) induction, the result is true ∀n ∈ N.
ii f(0) = e0 sin 0 = 0
( 4x +4 kπ ) + ( 4x +4 kπ )
k k
f k +1 ( x ) = f’(0) = e (sin 0 + cos 0) = 1 0
2 2 e xcos 2 2 e xsin
f ′′ ( x ) = 2e sin (
4 )
4x + 2π x
f ( x ) = 2 e  cos ( ) + sin ( )
k
k +1 4x
2 x + k π 4x + k π 
 4 4 
 ⇒ f ″(0) = 2 × 1 × 1 = 2
sink(π 
f ( x ) = 2 e  cos x cos ( ) − sin x sin ( )  + sin x cos ( f ′′′ )( x+)cos ( 44)x4+ 3π )
k 3
k +1  2 x kπ kπ kπ = 2x esin 2 x
 4 4   4
cos ( ) − sin x sin ( )  + sin x cos ( ) + cos x sin ( ) 

kπ kπ kπ kπ  1 3
4 4   4 4  ⇒ f ′′′ ( 0 ) = 2 × 1 × =2 2
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 −1 So the Maclaurin expansion is:
k 1
kπ kπ kπ kπ 
f k +1 ( x ) = 2 2 2 2 e x  2 2  cos x cos − sin x sin + sin x cos + cos 2x sin 3  
  4 4 4 2x 2x 4  1
f (x ) = x + + + … = x + x2 + x3 + …
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
kπ kπ kπ kπ   2! 3! 3
cos − sin x sin + sin x cos + cos x sin
4 4 4 4   11 y = sinh x

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k +1
 2 dy
kπ kπ π x
= kcosh kπ  
f k +1 ( x ) = 2 2 e x   cos x cos 4 − sin x sin 4 + sin xdcos x 4 + cos x sin 4  
 2 
cos ( k4π ) − sin

x sin ( ) + sin x cos ( ) + cos x sin ( ) 
kπ
4
kπ
4
kπ 
4 
We require the coordinates of the points when
dy
= 2.
dx
= cos ( ) = sin ( )

2 π π x −x
2 4 4 e +e
2=
2
f ( x ) = 2 e  cos x cos ( )sin ( ) − sin x sin ( )sin ( ) + sin x cos ( ) cos ( ) + cos x sin ( ) cos ( )
k +1 x –x
k +1  2 x kπ π kπ eπ + e = 4 kπ π kπ π
 4 4 4 4
e – 4e + 1 = 0
4 2x4 x4 4 
os x cos ( )sin ( ) − sin x sin ( )sin ( ) + sin x cos ( ) cos ( ) + cos x sin
e ( =4 ) cos ( 4 )
kπ π kπ π kπ π k π4 ± 16 π − 4(1)(1)
x
4 4 4 4 4 4 2
n x cos ( ) cos ( ) + cos x sin ( ) cos ( )
kπ π kπ π
4 4 4 4  4 ± 12 x
e =
2
78
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4±2 3 Rewriting:
ex = =2± 3
2 (1 + p + p2) + (1 + p2 + p4) = 0
(
x = ln 2 + 3 ) 1 + p + p2 = 0 ⇒ 1 + p2 + p4 = 0
1 1 1 1  1 1 1   3 1 + p2 + p 1 + p
( )−e ( ) ( )
2
2+ 3 − 
2 + 3 = 2 + 3 − 1 = ii6 +41 3p= 3p+2 2 13 p 2 p  =  1 + p + p 2
ln 2 + 3 −ln 2 + 3
e 1 + 2p 3 1 + p2
y= =
2+ 3 − 1
2 2 2 2+ 3 4 (
+ 2 3 ) 2 +
 1 p 2 p   1 p p 2   1 + p + p 2 1 + p 2 + p 4
3
1+ 2
) ( ) 
2
3
2 + 3 2+ 3 −1 6 + 4 3 3+ 2 3
= = = =
2 2 2+ 3 ( 4+2 3 ) 2 + 3 1 1 1  1 1 1   3 1 + p2 + p 1 + p + p2 
 2   2   
1 p p  1 p p  = 1 + p + p2 1 + 2p 3 1 + p2 + p4
3 + 2 3 2 − 3 6 + 3 − 6
y= × =
4−3
= 3  1 p 2 p   1 p p 2   1 + p + p 2 1 + p 2 + p 4 
1 + 2p 3 
2+ 3 2− 3 
(
x = ln 2 − 3 ) Substitute: 1 + p + p2 = 0, 1 + p2 + p4 = 0, p3 = 1
1 1 1 1   1 1 1   3 0 0
( ) − e−ln (2− 3 ) ( )
2
2− 3 −2 − 3 − 1 6 −4 3p 3p−2 2 13 p 2 p  =  0 3 0 = 3I
ln 2 − 3
e 2 − 3
y= = = = 1 =   
1
2 2 2 2− 3 (
4 − 2 ) 3 2 2 −  3 
p   1 p p 2   0 0 3


) ( ) 1 p
2
2− 3 −
2− 3 = 2− 3 −1 6 − 4 3 3− 2 3
3
= = =
2 2 2− ( 3 ) 4−2 3 2− 3
1 1 1   x  3 
 
iii  1 p p 2   y  =  −3
y = 3−2 3 × 2+ 3 = 6− 3 −6 = − 3    
   
2− 3 2+ 3 4−3  1 p2 p   z   −3
The equations of the normals are:
 x 1 1 1   3 
y− 3=−
1
2 (
x − ln 2 + 3 ( )) 3I  y  =  1 p 2 p   −3
    
 z   1 p p 2   −3
⇒ 1 1
y = − x + 3 − ln 2 + 3
2 2 ( )
 x 1 1 1   1 
1
2 (
y + 3 = − x − ln 2 − 3 ( ))  y  =  1 p 2 p   −1
  
 z  
 
2  
 1 p p   −1
⇒ 1 1
y = − x − 3 − ln 2 − 3
2 2 ( ) x=–1
12 i z3 = 1 z = 1 – p – p2 = 1 – (p + p2)
The solutions are: 1 + p + p2 =0 ⇒ p + p2 = –1 ⇒ z = 1 – – 1 = 2
z = cos 0 + isin 0 = 1 y=z=2
( 23π ) + isin ( 23π ) = − 12 + i 23

The three planes intersect at the point (–1, 2, 2).
z = cos
cos ( ) + isin ( ) = − − i
4π 4π 1 3
3 3 2 2
1 3 1 3
p=− +i ⇒ p2 = − −i
2 2 2 2
 1 3  1 3
1 + p + p2 = 1 +  − + i + − −i =0
 2 2   2 2 
(1 + p + p2)2 = 0
(1 + p + p2)(1 + p + p2) = 0
(1 + p + p2) + (p + p2 + p3) + (p2 + p3 + p4) = 0
1 + p + p2 = 0 ⇒ p + 2p2 + 2p3 + p4 = 0
p3 = 1 ⇒ p + 2p2 + 2 + p4 = 0
79

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Cambridge International

AS & A Level Further Mathematics

Further Pure Mathematics 2

Tom Andrews, Helen Ball,

Pure Mathematics 1 International Students Book Title page.indd 1 14/11/17 10:46 pm

= (2 cos2 A − 1)2 = 4 cos4 A − 4 cos2 A + 1 4 a cosh x = 1

Exercise 1.1A x = sinh−1 2

small so sinh x ≈ − 1 e −x. e x − e −x

5 sinh( A + B) Exercise 1.4A

cosh x sinh x y = tanh x

2 a Asymptotes at y = 1 and y = −1 and x = 0.

7 cosh x = 2(cosh2 x – 1) – 26 10 a y = sech−1 x, 0 < x  1.

coshx = − 7 ⇒ No solutions (since cosh x  1). 0 x

15 a cosech−1 (x) undeﬁned for x = 0.

Prerequisite knowledge 4 Let the given points be A, B and C.

 2 −1 0   15  5 So x = t, y = 17 and z = –7 – 2t giving the vector

Then 10n + 12m = 34 and 4n + 2m = 8.

Should read: 0 = (3 – λ) ((– 4 – λ) (3 – λ) + 12) +  3 3 2  2  14  2

 k   1  (λ – 7) is a factor of this, giving:

 −33 −24 16   −2  −6   −2  −1 1 0   x   0

1 − 0.75  0.6 0  2  −2

So M2 – 2M – 10I = 0 needs to be shown. −1

 −979 −550 −330  189 84 105   111 0 0 

c M4 = (6M − 9I)2 = (6M − 9I) × (6M − 9I) M2 – 11M + 21I – 111M–1 = 0.

(9 – λ)((1 – λ)(1 – λ) + 10) – 4(2(1 – λ)) + 5(4) = 0  11 6 −25

 3 −10 37   24 −72 262   −1 1 11  3

  24 −72 262   −1 1 11

 12 −40 148  −1 1 11 Exam-style questions

= 21(−4A2 + 5A − 3I) − 23A2 + 12A  1 0  1 0   1 0

= −107A2 + 117A − 63I. c M4 =

 34   −13  b det (A – lI) = 0

(2 – l)((1 – l)(– l) – 0) – 1(–15l – 0) + 1(–15 – 0) = 0

Mathematics in life and work

Prerequisite knowledge 5 The graphs of y = cosh x and y = cosh–1 x are

= 1 = sech 2 x. Point on red curve closest to y = x is the point

0.13 0.15 df(x) = 1 + 2 + 4 +  = 1 = 1

3(x − y)2 + 1 9(x − y)2 + 1 − 1 cos t

= 1.32, –1.32 (3 s.f.). Now differentiating 3x2 + 3y2y′ = 7y + 7xy′, you

Prerequisite knowledge 3 Let x = 3 sinh u, so dx = 3 cosh u du

3 = cosh −1 x + 3  = 0.218 (3 s.f .).

2x c The two answers agree.

1 = [cosh n −1 x sinh x]0ln 2

3 a y = tan–1x ⇒ tan y = x ⇒ sec2y y = 1 ⇒ y

Area of rectangles below curve Diagram shows n = 5. In the general case,

Similarly, area of rectangles above curve ∑ (2 + k )1(3 + k ) n1 = ∑ (2n + k)(n3n + k) .

6 8 If A is the true area, then

If B is the estimated area, then

You have cosh2x = cosh 2x + 1 , so

b This generalises straightforwardly:

Exam-style questions 4 The formula needed is

2 You can tackle the two integrals separately. b y

0 1 sech 1 + 1 sech 2 +  + 1 sech n < 2tan −1 e − π

Using integration by parts on this integral. Using the substitution 2x = cosh u, so

Mathematics in life and work

2 You need to use the arc length formula for polar

Thus you can say that exactly 8 centimetres of wire

Prerequisite knowledge b z −n = (cos q + i sin q)−n = cos (−nq) + i sin (−nq)

8 a z2 = (3cos 0.75π + 3i sin 0.75π)2

= 1 (cos (−2.25π) + i sin (−2.25)π) b If z = r(cos q + i sin q ) then r4 = 81 and

(1 + 3i ) = 2  cos π3 + i sin π3 

= 29 (cos 3π + i sin 3π) = – 29 = −512

= 26 × (–1) = −64. cos 5π + i sin 5π = − 3 + 1 i = y ;

The three roots divide the unit circle into

7 cosh x = 2(cosh2 x – 1) – 26 10 a y = sech−1 x, 0 < x 1.

coshx = − 7 ⇒ No solutions (since cosh x 1). 0 x

 2 −1 0   15  5 So x = t, y = 17 and z = –7 – 2t giving the vector

c M4 = (6M − 9I)2 = (6M − 9I) × (6M − 9I) M2 – 11M + 21I – 111M–1 = 0.

(9 – λ)((1 – λ)(1 – λ) + 10) – 4(2(1 – λ)) + 5(4) = 0  11 6 −25

= 21(−4A2 + 5A − 3I) − 23A2 + 12A  1 0  1 0   1 0

= −107A2 + 117A − 63I. c M4 =

0.13 0.15 df(x) = 1 + 2 + 4 + = 1 = 1

0 1 sech 1 + 1 sech 2 + + 1 sech n < 2tan −1 e − π

Prerequisite knowledge b z −n = (cos q + i sin q)−n = cos (−nq) + i sin (−nq)

12xas + 12xbc − 6ac + 6bs − 6ac + 6bs –12xas y = A sin 3x + B cos 3x + x − ( 15 )e x

3 i f(x) = f(0) + f ′(0) x + f ′′(0) x 2 + f ′′′(0) x 3 + ⌡0  

(4 – l)((–4 – l)(2 – l) + 3) + 5(3(2 – l) – 3) 2a + 4(2at + b) + 13(at2 + bt + c) = 26t2 + 3t + 13

n=k+1 Therefore, if the result is true for n = k, it is