8/30/2023

FAILURE

Silvia Becerra Bayona

ISSUES TO ADDRESS

Crack
propagation

Brittle vs Creep
ductile Failure
fracture

Fatigue
Failure

https://youtu.be/o-6V_JoRX1g

1
 8/30/2023

FRACTURE
Fundamentals of fracture

 Simple fracture: separation of a body into two or more pieces in response to

an imposed stress that is static and at T < Tm of the material

 Fracture can also occur from fatigue and creep

 Cyclic stresses are imposed
 Time-dependent deformation, at elevated temperatures

FRACTURE
Fundamentals of fracture

 Ductile vs brittle fracture

 How do we classify them?
 Ductile materials: high energy absorption
 Brittle fracture: low energy absorption

 Fracture steps in response to an imposed stress

 Crack formation
 Crack propagation

2
 8/30/2023

FRACTURE
Fundamentals of fracture

 Crack propagation
 Ductile: stable, resists further extension (unless the stress increases)
 Brittle: unstable, no need to increase stress

 Which one do you think it is preferred? Why?

FRACTURE
Ductile and brittle fracture
Fracture ____ ________
_____
behavior: Ductile Ductile

• Ductile fracture is
usually more desirable
than brittle fracture!

%AR or %EL Large Moderate Small

Ductile: Brittle:
Warning before No
fracture warning

3
 8/30/2023

FRACTURE
Ductile and brittle fracture

FRACTURE
Ductile-to-Brittle transition

FCC metals (e.g., Cu, Ni)

Impact Energy

BCC metals (e.g., iron at T < 914°C)

polymers
Brittle More Ductile
High strength materials ( σy > E/150)

Temperature
Ductile-to-brittle
___________ temperature

4
 8/30/2023

FATIGUE

 It is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic and

fluctuating stresses

 It is possible for failure to occur at a stress level considerably lower than the
tensile or yield strength at a static load

https://youtu.be/o-6V_JoRX1g

FATIGUE

 It is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic and

fluctuating stresses

 It is possible for failure to occur at a stress level considerably lower than the
tensile or yield strength at a static load

 Why do we use the term fatigue?

5
 8/30/2023

FATIGUE

 Why do we use the term fatigue?

 Failure occurs after a lengthy period of repeated stress or strain cycling

 If it is catastrophic and insidious, occurring very suddenly and without

warning, what is its nature?

FATIGUE
Cyclic stresses

 Applied stress: axial, flexural (bending) or torsional

 Fluctuating stress-time modes

6
 8/30/2023

FATIGUE
The S-N curve

FATIGUE
The S-N curve

7
 8/30/2023

FATIGUE
The S-N curve

https://youtu.be/o-6V_JoRX1g

CREEP

 Materials are often placed in service at elevated temperatures and exposed to

static mechanical stresses

 In this scenario, the deformation is known as creep: time-dependent and

permanent deformation when subjected to a constant load or stress

 Is it a desirable phenomenon?

8
 8/30/2023

CREEP
Generalized behavior

CREEP
Effect of temperature and stress

9
 8/30/2023

SUMMARY
Fatigue failure of a material occurs
Some materials present time-dependent
following repeated cycles of stress or
mechanical properties. Creep is one
strain. The repeated stresses of fatigue
such property, in which the sample deforms
testing result in cracks, which can
plastically with time under constant load.
propagate and lead ultimately to the
failure

Both temperature and applied Various modes of material fracture exist.

stress level influence creep If a material undergoes plastic
behavior: increasing either of these, deformation
the initial deformation will increase before it fractures, then it experiences
and the rupture lifetime will ductile fracture. Fractures that involve
decrease. little plastic deformation are called brittle
fractures.

KEY TERMS

 Brittle fracture
 Creep
 Ductile fracture
 Ductile-to-brittle
transition
 Fatigue
 Fatigue life
 Fatigue limit
 Fatigue strength

10