Soil Mechanics

PRACTICUM FINAL REPORT
SOIL MECHANICS
CIVL6113
ORGANIZED BY GROUP 6/LB43:
AURORA ETSYA RIDHA 2301961954

BAYU REZA SAPUTRA 2301912706
BUDIANTO MARULI TUA TAMPUBOLON 2301932411
FERRYANTO 2301875502
HARTAWAN LUCAS 2301864783
HENDRAWAN EFFRIANDI 2301944153
LUTHER LUCIANO 2301874752
MOHAMMAD FAJAR 2301946934
PRAJNA WIE TANDI 2301909264
RAPHAEL ARYO PRATOMO 2301882331
ASSISTANTS:
ALEXANDER MICHAEL RAMA DWIPUTRA SP066
JOSE LEONARDO LIE SP073
SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

ENGINEERING FACULTY
BINA NUSANTARA UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2020
PRACTICUM FINAL REPORT
SOIL MECHANICS
CIVL6113
ORGANIZED BY GROUP 6/LB43:
AURORA ETSYA RIDHA 2301961954

BAYU REZA SAPUTRA 2301912706
BUDIANTO MARULI TUA TAMPUBOLON 2301932411
FERRYANTO 2301875502
HARTAWAN LUCAS 2301864783
HENDRAWAN EFFRIANDI 2301944153
LUTHER LUCIANO 2301874752
MOHAMMAD FAJAR 2301946934
PRAJNA WIE TANDI 2301909264
RAPHAEL ARYO PRATOMO 2301882331
ASSISTANTS:
ALEXANDER MICHAEL RAMA DWIPUTRA JOSE LEONARDO LIE

SP066 SP073
SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

ENGINEERING FACULTY
BINA NUSANTARA UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2020
PREFACE
May we express our gratitude to God Almighty for his blessings and grace we
could finish this practicum report on time to make our final assignment which is
compiling the final report with title “Final Report of Soil Mechanic Practicum”.
We acknowledge the help of our lecturers for the critics, comments, and
guidance upon completing this report to nderstanding the objective of each practicum
especially in implementing the practicum. We also would like to thank our lecturers,
who have guided us with passion. We also thanks fully to all the writer of every
resource (journal and articles) that we take to helped us in understanding the objective
of the practicum and how to collect and process the practicum data.
This report studies about soil mechanic . We sincerely hope this report paper will
be beneficial for us and other readers. Any constructive critics and commentaries
aimed for the development of this paper will be gladly respected, thank you.
Jakarta, 11th January 2021
Group 6 / LB43
I
LIST OF CONTENT
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………….... i
LIST OF CONTENT ………………………………………….……………………. ii
LIST OF TABLES ……………..……………………………….….………………viii
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………….……....…...……….... xi
LIST OF NOTATIONS ………………………………………….….…………….. xxi
CHAPTER 1 LIQUID LIMIT ………………………………………….……………. 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………………..….... 1
1.2 BASIC THEORY ……………………...……………………………….……... 1
1.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS ……………………..................... 2
1.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION ………………………………….................... 3
1.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ……………………………………………........ 3
1.6 PRACTICUM RESULT …………………………………………………........ 4
1.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ………………………………………….......... 4
1.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS ……………………………...…….......... 5
1.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSION ………………………………….……............. 9
1.8 ERROR FACTORS ………………………………………………..……......... 9
CHAPTER 2 PLASTIC LIMIT …………………………………………................. 10
2.1 OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………..………...... 10
2.2 BASIC THEORY …………………………………………….………............ 10
2.3 PACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS ………….…………..................... 11
2.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION ……………………………………….......... 12
2.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ……………………………….………….…… 13
2.6 PRACTICUM RESULT ………………………….………………................ 13
2.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA …………………………………...…............. 13
2.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS ……………………………….…............... 14
2.7 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………….……....... 15
2.8 FACTOR ERROR ………………………………………………...…............. 15
CHAPTER 3 SHRINKAGE LIMIT …………………………………...................... 16
3.1 OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………………........ 16
3.2 BASIC THEORY ……………………………………………………............. 16
3.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS …………………....................... 17
II
3.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION ………………………………...…............... 18
3.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE …………………………………...................... 19
3.6 PRACTICUM RESULT ………………………………….............................. 20
3.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ……………………………………............... 20
3.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS ……………………………................... 20
3.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSION ………………………………….................... 24
3.8 FACTOR ERROR …………………………………………………................ 24
CHAPTER 4 SPESIFIC GRAVITY ……………………………..…….................... 25
4.1 OBJECTIVE …………………………………………………………............ 25
4.2 BASIC THEORY ……………………………………………………............. 25
4.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS ………………………….….…. 26
4.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION ………………………………….................. 28
4.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE …………………………………….................. 28
4.6 PRACTICUM RESULT …………………………………………….............. 28
4.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA …………………………………...…............. 28
4.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS …………………………….….............. 29
4.7 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………….…........... 31
4.8 FACTOR ERROR ………………………………………………...…............. 31
CHAPTER 5 SIEVE ANALYSIS ………………………………………................. 32
5.1 OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………...…............. 32
5.2 BASIC THEORY …………………………………………….…….…........... 32
5.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS ……………..……….………… 34
5.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION …………………………………….............. 35
5.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDUR ………………………………………................ 35
5.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ………………………………….……............. 36
5.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS …………………….………..…............... 36
5.7 CONCLUSION ………………………………………….……………............. 39
5.8 FACTOR ERROR ………………………………………………………….… 39
CHAPTER 6 HYDROMETER …………………………………………................. 40
6.1 OBJECTIVE ………………………………………………………………… 40
6.2 BASIC THEORY ……………………………………………………............. 40
6.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS …………………………..…….. 44
III
6.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ………………………………….……............. 46
6.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ………………………………...……............. 47
6.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS ……………………….……….............. 48
6.7 PRACTICUM CONLUSION …………………………………..…................ 50
6.8 ERRORS FACTORS ……………………....................................................... 51
CHAPTER 7 COMPACTION ……………………………………..……................ 52
7.1 OBJECTIVE ………………………………………………………..……...... 52
7.2 BASIC THEORY ……………………………………………………............. 52
7.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS………………………………… 53
7.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION …………………………………….............. 55
7.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE …………………….………………................. 55
7.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ……………………………………................ 56
7.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS ………………………….…….............. 57
7.8 ERROR FACTORS …………………………………………………............. 59
CHAPTER 8 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO ………….………........................ 60
8.1 OBJECTIVE ………………………………………..………………..…....... 60
8.2 BASIC THEORY ………………………………………………….……....... 60
8.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS ………………………………... 61
8.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ………………………….…………................ 63
8.6 RCTICUM RESULT ………………………………………………………... 65
8.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ………………………………...………......... 65
8.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS …………….………………………….. 66
8.8 ERROR FACTORS ……………………………………………………......... 72
CHAPTER 9 HAND BORING ……………………………………….…................ 73
9.1 OBJECTIVE ………………………………………………………..….......... 73
9.2 BASIC THEORY …………………………………………...…..……............ 73
9.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS ………………………………………..……............... 73
IV
9.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE …………………………….………................. 75
9.6 PRACTICUM RESULT ……………………...……………………............... 76
9.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSION ………………………………...…................. 76
9.8 ERROR FACTORS …………………………………………...….…............. 76
CHAPTER 10 CONE PENETRATION TEST …………………..…....................... 77
10.1 OBJECTIVE …………………………….………………………….….......... 77
10.2 BASIC THEORY ……………………………………………………............. 77
10.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS……………………………..….. 78
10.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE …………………………….………................ 80
10.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ………………………………...……............. 81
10.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS ………………………………............... 84
10.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSION …………………………..……….................. 97
10.8 ERROR FACTORS …………………………………………………............. 97
CHAPTER 11 CONSOLIDATION ....................................................................... .. 98
11.1 OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................. .. 98
11.2 BASIC THEORY .......................................................................................... .. 98
11.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS .............................................. . 100
11.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION ................................................................ . 102
11.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE .................................................................... . 102
11.6 PRACTICUM RESULT .............................................................................. . 107
11.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA .................................................................... . 107
11.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS ........................................................... . 108
11.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSIONS ................................................................. . 116
11.8 ERROR FACTORS ..................................................................................... . 116
CHAPTER 12 TRIAXIAL TEST ......................................................................... . 117
12.1 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................ . 117
12.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ . 117
12.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION ................................................................. . 121
12.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... .. 121
V
12.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA .................................................................... . 121
12.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSION ................................................................... . 127
12.8 ERROR FACTORS ..................................................................................... . 127
CHAPTER 13 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST ..................................... . 128
13.1 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................ . 128
13.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ . 128
13.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION ................................................................. ..130
13.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... . 131
13.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA .................................................................... . 131
13.8 ERROR FACTORS ..................................................................................... . 137
CHAPTER 14 DIRECT SHEAR TEST ............................................................... . 139
14.1 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................ . 139
14.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ . 139
14.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA ...................................................................... . 141
14.8 ERROR FACTORS ..................................................................................... . 146
CHAPTER 15 PERMEABILITY TEST ............................................................... . 147
15.1 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................ . 147
15.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ . 147
VI
15.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA .................................................................... . 150
15.8 ERROR FACTORS ..................................................................................... . 152
REFERENCE .............................................................................................. . 153
VII
LIST OF TABELS
Table 1.1 Liquid Limit Data ......................................................................................4
Table 1.2 Practicum Calculation Liquid Limit ..........................................................5
Table 2.1 Plastic Limit Practicum ........................................................................... 13
Table 2.2 Plastic Limit Practicum Calculation Data ............................................... 14
Table 3.1 Practicum’s Data (Shrinkage Limit) ....................................................... 20
Tabel 3.2 The Calculation Practicum’s Data (Shrinkage Limit)............................. 20
Table 4.1 The Value of Temperature’s Correction Factor (α) ................................ 25
Table 4.2 Typical Values of Specific Gravity (Bowles, 2012) ............................... 26
Table 4.3 Specific Gravity Practicum Data............................................................. 28
Table 4.4 Specific Gravity Practicum Calculation Data ......................................... 29
Table 5.1 Classification of Soil Size ....................................................................... 32
Tabel 5.2 Unified Soil Classification System ......................................................... 34
Table 5.3 Sieve Analysis Practicum Data ............................................................... 36
Table 5.4 Sieve Analysis Practicum Calculation Data ........................................... 36
Table 6.1 Value of effective depth for Hydrometer 151H and 152H ..................... 41
Table 6.2 Value of K .............................................................................................. 43
Table 6.3 Value of CT ............................................................................................ 43
Table 6.4 Value of Factors Correction ................................................................... 44
Table 6.5 Hydrometer Practicum Data.................................................................... 47
Table 6.6 Hydrometer Practicum Calculation Data ................................................ 48
Table 6.7 Diameter of Soil Particle and The Adjusted Percent Finer ..................... 50
Table 7.1 Compaction Practicum Data ................................................................... 56
Table 7.2 Compaction Calculation Practicum Data ................................................ 57
VIII
Table 8.1 Standard Unit Load Values ..................................................................... 61
Table 8.2 Soil Sample Data ..................................................................................... 65
Table 8.3 California Bearing Ratio Practicum Data ............................................... 65
Table 8.4 Swelling Test........................................................................................... 65
Table 8.5 Dial Reading and Test Load Calculation (ω- 5% = 40,25%).................... 66
Table 8.6 Dial Reading and Test Load Calculation (ωopt = 42,25%) ..................... 67
Table 8.7 Dial Reading and Test Load Calculation (ω+ 5% = 44,25%) ................... 67
Table 8.8 CBR Calculation to Penetration .............................................................. 69
Table 8.9 Swelling Value Calculation .................................................................... 70
Table 10.1 Classification of Soil Based on Conus Resistance (qc) ........................ 78
Table 10.2 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Data ................................................. 81
Table 10.3 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Calculation Data Sample I............... 84
Table 10.4 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Calculation Data Sample II ............. 86
Table 10.5 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Calculation Data Sample III ............ 89
Table 10.6 Soil Clasification Based on qc Valeu at a certain depth (cm) Sample I 97
Table 10.7 Soil Clasification Based on qc Valeu at a certain depth (cm) Sample II
................................................................................................................................. 97
Table 10.8 Soil Clasification Based on qc Valeu at a certain depth (cm) Sample III
................................................................................................................................. 97
Table 11.1 Consolidation Practicum Data ............................................................ 107
Table 11.2 Consolidation Practicum Calculation Data ......................................... 110
Table 12.1 Triaxial Test Practicum Data .............................................................. 122
Table 12.2 Triaxial Test Practicum Calculation Data (σ3 = 0,6 kg/cm2) .............. 124
IX
Table 12.5 Value of Radius and Center Point of Mohr Circle .............................. 126
Table 13.1 Unconfined Compression Test (Undisturbed) Practicum Data ........... 131
Table 13.2 Unconfined Compression Test (Remolded) Practicum Data .............. 132
Table 13.3 Unconfined Compression Test (Undisturbed) Calculation Practicum Data

............................................................................................................................... 133
Table 13.4 Unconfined Compression Test (Remolded) Calculation Practicum Data

............................................................................................................................... 134
Table 14.1 Direct Shear Test Practicum Data (Unconsolidated and Undrained) . 141
Table 14.2 Direct Shear Test Practicum Data (Consolidated and Drained) ......... 141
Table 14.3 Direct Shear Test Practicum Data Results (Unconsolidated and Undrained)
............................................................................................................................... 142
Table 14.4 Direct Shear Stress Test Practicum Data Results (Consolidated and
Drained)................................................................................................................. 143
Table 14.5 Horizontal Deformation Practicum Data Results (Unconsolidated and

Undrained)............................................................................................................. 144
Table 14.6 Horizontal Deformation Practicum Data Results (Consolidated and

Drained)................................................................................................................. 145
Table 15.1 Time and Coefficient of Permeability (Falling Head) ........................ 151
Table 15.2 Time and Coefficient of Permeability (Constant Head) ..................... 151
X
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Casangrade ……………………………………………………………..... 2
Figure 1.2 Grooving Tool ………………………………………………...………..... 2
Figure 1.3 Can ……………………………………………………………………..... 2
Figure 1.4 Porcelain Bowl ………………………………………………..………..... 3
Figure 1.5 Spatula ………………………………………………………..………...... 3
Figure 1.6 Oven ……………………………………………………………..……..... 3
Figure 1.7 Pipette Bottle …………………………………………………….……..... 3
Figure 1.8 Weighing Scale ……………………………………………….………..... 3
Figure 1.9 Graph of Liquid Limit …………………………………...……………..... 5
Figure 2.1 Plasticity Chart ………………………………………………………..... 12
Figure 2.2 Steel Rod ………………………………………………………….…..... 12
Figure 2.3 Large Glass Plate ……………………………….…………...………..... 12
Figure 2.4 Can ………………………………………………….……….………..... 12
Figure 2.5 Porcelain Bowl …………………………….……….……..…………..... 12
Figure 2.6 Spatula ………………………………………………………………...... 12
Figure 2.7 Oven …………………………………………………………………..... 12
Figure 2.8 Pipette Bottle ………………………………………………...……….... 12
Figure 2.9 Weighing Scale………………………………………………………..... 12
Figure 2.10 LL and PL Data on Plasticity Chart ……………………..…………..... 15
Figure 3.1 Prong Plate …………………………………………………..………..... 18
XI
Figure 3.2 Monel Shrinkage Dish ………………………………………………..... 18
Figure 3.3 Cristalizing Dish …………………………………………….………..... 18
Figure 3.4 Overflow Dish ……………………………………………….……….... 18
Figure 3.5 Mercury ……………………………………….……………..……….... 18
Figure 3.6 Glycerin ……………………………………………………..………..... 18
Figure 3.7 Spatula ………………………………………………………………..... 18
Figure 3.8 Oven ………………………………………………………………….... 18
Figure 3.9 Weighing Scale …………………………….………………..……….... 18
Figure 3.10 Sub-Merging Soil Cake Process ……………….………..…………..... 19
Figure 4.1 Electronic Stove ………………………………………….…………...... 27
Figure 4.2 Pycnometer ……………………………………………….…………..... 27
Figure 4.3 Can ………………………………………………………..…………..... 27
Figure 4.4 Thermometer ………………………………………………...……….... 27
Figure 4.5 Oven ………………………………………………………………….... 27
Figure 4.6 Pipette Bottle ………………………….……………………..……….... 27
Figure 4.7 Weighing Scale ……………………………………………...……….... 27
Figure 5.1 The Example Particles Size of Soil ……………………….………….... 33
Figure 5.2 Motorized Dynamic Sieve Shaker ……………………………..……..... 35
Figure 5.3 Can ……………………………………………………………..……..... 35
Figure 5.4 Sieve No. 4, 8 16, 30, 50, 100, 200 …………………………….…….... 35
Figure 5.5 Oven ………………………………………………………………….... 35
XII
Figure 5.6 Weighing Scale ………………………………………………...……..... 35
Figure 5.7 Graph of Sieve Analysis ………………………………….…………..... 38
Figure 6.1 Hydrometer 152H ………………………………………...…………..... 45
Figure 6.2 Electronic Mixer ………………………………………….…………..... 45
Figure 6.3 Mixer Bowl …………………………………………………….……..... 45
Figure 6.4 Water Glass …………………………………………….…………….... 45
Figure 6.5 Can ……………………………………………………………..……..... 45
Figure 6.6 Starfruit Glass ……………………………………………….………..... 45
Figure 6.7 Thermometer ………………………………………………...……….... 45
Figure 6.8 Beaker Glass 100 mL ……………………………………..…………… 45
Figure 6.9 Beaker Glass 1000 mL ……………………………………………….... 45
Figure 6.10 Oven …………………………………………………………..…….... 46
Figure 6.11 Weighing Scale …………………………………………….……….... 46
Figure 6.12 Pipette Bottle ……………………………………………….……….... 46
Figure 6.13 Grain Siza of Distribution ……………………………….………….... 50
Figure 7.1 Mold (SP) …………………………………………………………….... 54
Figure 7.2 Collar (SP) …………………………………………………..………..... 54
Figure 7.3 Base Plate (SP) ……………………………………………………….... 54
Figure 7.4 Hammer (SP) …………………………………………..……………..... 54
Figure 7.5 Hydraulic Extruder ……………………………………….…………..... 54
Figure 7.6 Large Steel Pan ……………………………………………...………..... 54
XIII
Figure 7.7 Can ……………………………………………………………..……... 54
Figure 7.8 Beaker Glass …………………………………………………...…….... 54
Figure 7.9 Weighing Scale …………………………………………...………….... 54
Figure 7.10 Oven ……………………………………………………..………….... 55
Figure 7.11 Pipette Bottle ………………………………………………….…….... 55
Figure 7.12 Correlation Between γdry and ω with ZAVC …………………...……..... 59
Figure 8.1 Mold (SP) …………………………………………………………….... 62
Figure 8.2 Collar ……………………………………………………………..…..... 62
Figure 8.3 Base Plate (MP) ……………………………………………..………..... 62
Figure 8.4 Hammer (SP) ………………………………………………………....... 62
Figure 8.5 Hydraulic Extruder ……………………………………….…………..... 62
Figure 8.6 Steel Cutting Plate …………………………………………..………..... 62
Figure 8.7 Can ……………………………………………………………..……..... 62
Figure 8.8 Beaker Glass (100 mL) …………………………………...…………..... 62
Figure 8.9 Weighing Scale ……………………………………………...………..... 62
Figure 8.10 Oven …………………………………………………………..…….... 63
Figure 8.11 Pipette Bottle ………………………………………………………..... 63
Figure 8.12 Load Mass …………………………………………………………..... 63
Figure 8.13 Swelling Dial ……………………………………...….……………..... 63
Figure 8.14 CBR Machine ………………………………………………...……..... 63
Figure 8.15 Relation Between Penetration and Unsoaked-Soaked Test Unit Load
(ω- 5% = 40,25%) ……………………………………………………………..…..... 68
XIV
Figure 8.16 Relation Between Penetration and Unsoaked-Soaked Test Unit Load (ωopt
= 42,25%) …………………………………………………………………..... 68
Figure 8.17 Relation Between Penetration and Unsoaked-Soaked Test Unit Load
(ω+ 5% = 44,25%) …………………………………………………………..…….... 69
Figure 8.18 Relation between Swelling Value (%) and Time (minutes) ……..…… 71
Figure 9.1 Sample Tube ……………………………………………...…………..... 74
Figure 9.2 Auger Iwan ………………………………………………….………..... 74
Figure 9.3 Steel Bar …………………………………………………………..….... 74
Figure 9.4 T Connection ………………………………………………...……….... 74
Figure 9.5 Tube Connection ………………………………………….…………… 74
Figure 9.6 Steel Bar Head ………………………………………………………..... 74
Figure 9.7 Big Hummer ………………………………………………...………..... 74
Figure 9.8 Steel brush …………………………………………….……………..... 74
Figure 9.9 Candle ………………………………………………………….……..... 74
Figure 9.10 Rubber Band ……………………………………….………………..... 75
Figure 9.11 Plastic Bag …………………………………………………………..... 75
Figure 10.1 Sondir Machine ……………………………………………………..... 79
Figure 10.2 Biconus …………………………………………………….………..... 79
Figure 10.3 Spinner Handle …………………………………………….………..... 79
Figure 10.4 Anchor Triangel ……………………………………………………..... 79
Figure 10.5 Long Steel Canals ……………………………………………….…..... 79
Figure 10.6 Short Steel Canals …………………………………………….……..... 79
XV
Figure 10.7 Empty Trunk ……………………………………………….………... 79
Figure 10.8 Full Stem ………………………….…………………………..……... 79
Figure 10.9 Umbrella Drill …………………………………………...…………... 79
Figure 10.10 Cover Plate Hole …………………………………….……………... 79
Figure 10.11 Drill Bit ………………………………………...……....…………... 79
Figure 10.12 G – Wrench …………………………………………….…………... 79
Figure 10.13 Hammer …………………………………………………………….. 80
Figure 10.14 Steel Brush ……………………………………………….………… 80
Figure 10.15 Correlation between qc and Depth (Sample I) …………................... 93
Figure 10.16 Correlation between fs and Depth (Sample I) ………….................... 93
Figure 10.17 Correlation between HP and Depth (Sample I) …………………...... 93
Figure 10.18 Correlation between JPH and Depth (Sample I) …………………..... 93
Figure 10.19 Correlation between FR and Depth (Sample I) ………………..…..... 94
Figure 10.20 Correlation between qc and Depth (Sample II) …………………....... 94
Figure 10.21 Correlation between fs and Depth (Sample II) ………………...…..... 94
Figure 10.22 Correlation between HP and Depth (Sample II) …………………...... 94
Figure 10.23 Correlation between JPH and Depth (Sample II) ……………...…..... 95
Figure 10.24 Correlation between FR and Depth (Sample II) …………………..... 95
Figure 10.25 Correlation between qc and Depth (Sample III) …………………..... 95
Figure 10.26 Correlation between fs and Depth (Sample III) …………………...... 95
Figure 10.7 Correlation between HP and Depth (Sample III) ………….................. 96
XVI
Figure 10.28 Correlation between JPH and Depth (Sample III) ……………….. 96
Figure 10.29 Correlation between FR and Depth (Sample III) ………………… 96
Figure 11.1 Consolidometer .................................................................................. 101
Figure 11.2 Glyeerin ............................................................................................. 101
Figure 11.3 Sax ..................................................................................................... 101
Figure 11.4 Porous Stone ...................................................................................... 101
Figure 11.5 Dial Indicator ..................................................................................... 101
Figure 11.6 Mechanical Extruder.......................................................................... 101
Figure 11.7 Load 0.5 kg ........................................................................................ 101
Figure 11.8 Load 1 kg ........................................................................................... 101
Figure 11.9 Load 2 kg ........................................................................................... 101
Figure 11.10 Load 4 kg ......................................................................................... 102
Figure 11.11 Load 8 kg ......................................................................................... 102
Figure 11.12 Step 1 of Determining t90 Value ..................................................... 103
Figure 11.13 Step 2 of Determining t90 Value ..................................................... 104
Figure 11.14 Step 1 of Determining Pc Value ...................................................... 104
Figure 11.19 Graphic Pc ....................................................................................... 112
XVII
Figure 11.20 Graphic Reduction 0.5 kg ................................................................ 113
Figure 11.21 Graphic Reduction 1 kg ................................................................... 114
Figure 11.25 Graphic Reduction 16 kg ................................................................. 116
Figure 12.1 Mohr Circle ........................................................................................ 118
Figure 12.2 Triaxial Machine................................................................................ 119
Figure 12.3 Triaxial Cell ....................................................................................... 119
Figure 12.5 Sample Tube ...................................................................................... 119
Figure 12.6 Ballon Pump ...................................................................................... 119
Figure 12.7 Saw .................................................................................................... 119
Figure 12.8 Dessicator .......................................................................................... 120
Figure 12.9 Rubber Membrane ............................................................................. 120
Figure 12.10 Vacum Cylinder ............................................................................... 120
Figure 12.11 Compressor ...................................................................................... 120
Figure 12.12 Digital Scale..................................................................................... 120
Figure 12.13 Oven ................................................................................................. 120
Figure 12.14 Proving Ring .................................................................................... 120
Figure 12.15 Morh Circle of Soil Sample ............................................................. 127
XVIII
Figure 13.1 UCT Machine .................................................................................... 130
Figure 13.3 Sample Tube ...................................................................................... 130
Figure 13.4 Glycerin ............................................................................................. 130
Figure 13.5 Saw .................................................................................................... 130
Figure 13.6 Sample Extruder ................................................................................ 130
Figure 13.7 Dessicator .......................................................................................... 130
Figure 13.8 Alumunium Pan ................................................................................. 130
Figure 13.9 Oven ................................................................................................... 130
Figure 13.10 Correlation between Strain and Soil Cohesion (Undisturbed) ........ 136
Figure 13.11 Correlation between Strain and Soil Cohesion (Remolded) ............ 137
Figure 13.12 Correlation between Strain and Soil Cohesion (Undisturbed and Remolded)
.................................................................................................................................... 137
Figure 14.1 Direct Shear Machine ........................................................................ 140
Figure 14.2 Shear Box .......................................................................................... 140
Figure 14.4 Dial Indicator ..................................................................................... 140
Figure 14.5 Proving Ring ..................................................................................... 140
Figure 14.6 Load ................................................................................................... 140
Figure 14.7 Relation between Normal Stress and Shear Stress (Unconsolidated and
Undrained)............................................................................................................. 143
Figure 14.8 Relation between Normal Stress and Shear Stress (Consolidated and
Drained)................................................................................................................. 144
XIX
Figure 14.9 Relation between Horizontal Deformation and Shear Stress
(Unconsolidated and Undrained) .......................................................................... 145

(Consolidated and Drained) .................................................................................. 145
Figure 15.1 Permeability Tools ............................................................................. 149
Figure 15.2 Filter Paper......................................................................................... 149
Figure 15.6 Burette ............................................................................................... 149
Figure 15.5 Stopwatch .......................................................................................... 149
XX
LIST OF NOTATIONS
 = Water content (%);
1 = Water content on the first blow (%);
10 = Water content on the 10th blows (%);
2 = Water content on the second blow (%);
n = Water content on certain blows (%);
CT = Temperature correction;
Cu = Unconfined Shear Strength;
CV = Coefficient of consolidation (cm2 /minute);
D10 = Particle diameter of 10% finer (mm);
DAvg = The average diameter of soil particle (mm);
Dialf = Final dial;
Diali = Initial dial;
DTotal = Diameter sum of soil particle (mm);
e0 = Initial void ratio;
ef = Final void ratio;
F200 = Passing percentage of Sieve No. 200;
XXI
Gs = Specific Gravity;
H0 = Height of solid (cm);
h1 = Pressure height on t0 (cm);
h2 = Pressure height on t (cm);
Hi = Initial height of soil (cm);
Ht = Height og drainage (cm);
HVf = Final height of void (cm);
Hυ = Initial height of void (cm);
n1 = First blow;
n2 = Second blow;
PA = Adjusted per cent finer;
Pc = Preconsolidation pressure (kg/cm2 );
Po = Effective vertical stress (kg/cm2 );
qu = Unconfined Compressive Strength;
RA = Actual hydrometer reading;
RC = Corrected hydrometer reading;
Si = Degree of saturation;
Vadd = Additional water volume (mL);
Vd = Volume dry soil (cm3 );
Vmold = Mold volume (mL);
Vsoil = Soil volume (mL);
XXII
Vw = Volume wet soil (cm3 );
W0 = Weight of sieve (gr);
W1 = Weight of sieve + detained soil (gr);
W2 = Weight of retained soil (gr);
W3 = Weight of total soil sample (gr);
WA = Weight of Pycnometer + Water (gr);
WB = Weight of Pycnometer + Water + Dry Soil (gr);
Wc = Mass of can (gr);
Wd + c = Mass of dry soil + can (gr);
Wd = Mass of dry soil (gr);
WHg = Mass of mercury (gr);
W'Hg = Mass of moved mercury (gr);
Wmold = Weight of mold (gr);
Wo = Weight of Dry Soil (gr);
ws = Mass of dry soil (gr);
Ws = Mass of shrinkage dish (gr);
Wsoil = Weight of soil (gr);
wt = Mass of wet soil (gr);
Ww + c = Mass of wet soil + can (gr);
Ww = Mass of wet soil (gr);
ZAVC = Zero air-void curve (gr/cm3 );
XXIII
γdry = Dry unit weight (gr/cm3 );
γwater = Unit weight of water (1 gr/cm3 );
γwet = Wet unit weight (gr/cm3 );
ρHg = Mercury density (gr/cm3 );
ρw = unit weight of water (gr/cm3 );
σ1 = Axial Stress;
ωf = Final water content;
ωnatural = Natural water content (%);
ωplan = Plan water content (%);
a = Correction factor by using Specific Gravity;
A = Surface area flow by water (cm2 );
a = Surface area of vertical pipe (cm2 );
A = Area;
AR = Adhesive resistance (kg/cm);
Cw = Conus stress (kg/cm2 );
D = Soil particle diameter (mm);
FI = Flow Index(%);
FR = Friction ratio (%);
fs = Frictional resistance (kg/cm2 );
Gs = Specific gravity;
i = Hydraulic gradient;
XXIV
k = Permeability Coefficient (m/s);
Kw = Frictional stress (kg/cm2 );
L = Effective depth (cm);
L = Height of Soil Sample (cm);
LL = Liquid Limit;
LRC = Calibration Factor;
LRC = Calibration Factor (psi/div);
M = Dial Reading Value (mm);
n = Diameter number of soil particle.
n = Number of blows;
OCR = Over-Consolidated Ratio;
P = Percent finer (%);
P = Load;
PI = Plasticity Index;
PL = Plastic Limit;
Q = Flow rate of water (cm3 /s);
qc = Conus resistance (kg/cm2 );
SL = Shrinkage Limit;
SR = Shrinkage Ratio;
t = Difference time of pressure height (s);
T = Time (minutes);
XXV
TAR = Total ahesive resistance (kg/cm);
Tw = Frictional + conus stress (kg/cm2 );
ΔH = Difference height of points (cm);
ΔH = Height deformation (cm);
ΔL = Deformation.
XXVI
1
CHAPTER 1
LIQUID LIMIT
1.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practice is to determine the liquid limit of a soil sample.
1.2 BASIC THEORY
Liquid limit is the limit of water content in a soil where there is a change in soil
properties from liquid properties to plastic properties. To get the liquid limit value, the
soil is tapped using the Casagrande tool on the 25th tap resulting in the value of the
moisture content owned by the docking ground.
The formula to use is :

w -w
 = w1-w2 × 100%...........................................(eq.1.1)
2 3
n
LL = n ×( 25 )0,121…………………..…..…….(eq.1.2)
FI = | 10 - 100 |……………..…………..…..(eq.1.3)
1 - 2
FI = | n |……………………...……..……(eq.1.4)
log 2
n1
Notes:
LL = Liquid Limit;
FI = Flow Index(%);
 = Water content (%);
w1 = Mass of wet soil + can (gr);
w2 = Mass of dry soil + can (gr);
w3 = Mass of can (gr)
n = Water content on certain blows (%);
n = Number of blows.
SOIL MECHANICS PRACTICUM

CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
2
100 = Water content on the 100th blows (%).
1 =Water content on the first blow (%);
2 = Water content on the second blow (%);
n1 = First blow;
n2 = Second blow.
1.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS
The tools used in Liquid Limit practice are as follows:
a. Casagrande;
b. Grooving tool;
c. Can;
d. Porcelain bowl;
e. Spatula;
f. Oven;
g. Pipette bottle;
h. Weighing scale.
Figure 1.1 Casangrade Figure 1.2 Grooving Tool Figure 1.3 Can

3
Figure 1.4 Porcelain Bowl Figure 1.5 Spatula Figure 1.6 Oven
Figure 1.7 Pipette Bottle Figure 1.8 Weighing Scale
The following are the required practicum materials in Liquid Limit practicum:
a. Soil Passes the 425 m (No. 40) Sieve;
b. Distilled water.
1.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION
Here is the preparation of liquid limit practicum, namely:

a. Prepare Liquid Limit practical tools and materials;
b. Prepare dry red soil that passes sieve No.40 about 150-200 grams;
c. Prepare 4 cans, weigh them, and number them to lay down soil samples.
1.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE

The following are the practicum liquid limit procedures:
a. Strain about 150-200 grams of dry red soil using sieve no.40

4
b. Filtered soil is put in a pan and then mixed with distilled water. Once mixed, the
red soil and distilled water are stirred using a spatula;
c. Once well mixed, then put the ground mixture in a Bowl of Casagrande at least
half the bowl of Casagrande, then flatten with a spatula;
d. Make a gap in the middle of the Casagrande bowl using the Grooving Tool;
e. Turn on the Casagrande tool and wait until the gap is made close to the density
of 0.5 inch and then turn off the tool and record the number of beats;
f. The soil in the Casagrande bowl is taken in part to be put into the can and then
weighed as wet soil mass data + can;
g. Repeat steps 2-6 to 4 repetitions to get a beat value between 16-20; 21-25; 26-
30; 31-35 beats. The beat is obtained by adding enough distilled water or adding
enough red soil to the stir until it gets the desired beat;
h. If the number of beats of 4 soil samples matches the specified beat value, put
them in the oven at a temperature of 150C for a minimum of 18 hours and do
weighing to insert dry soil mass data + can.
1.6 PRACTICUM RESULT

1.6.1 PRACTICUM DATA
Table 1.1 Liquid Limit Data
Sample No. I II III IV

Knock Limit 16 – 20 21 – 25 26 – 30 31 – 35
Total Knock 16 24 30 32
Mass of Wet Soil + Can, w1 (gr) 34 25 28 24
Mass of Dry Soil + Can, w2 (gr) 24 19 21 19
Mass of Can, w3 (gr) 10 10 10 10

5
1.6.2 PRACTICUM ANALYSIS

Table 1.2 Practicum Calculation Liquid Limit
Knock Limit 16 – 20 21 – 25 26 – 30 31 – 35
Total Knock 16 24 30 32
Wet Soil Mass + Can, w1 (gr) 34 25 28 24
Mass of Dry Soil + Can, w2 (gr) 24 19 21 19
Mass of Can, w3 (gr) 10 10 10 10
Mass of Water, w1 - w2 (gr) 10 2 7 5
Mass of Dry Soil, w2 - w3 (gr) 14 3 11 9
Water Content,  (%) 71,4% 66,6% 63,6% 55,5%
Figure 1.9 Graph of Liquid Limit
Equation of line y:
f(x) = - 0,0085x + 0,8587
The water content on the 25th blows is:
f(25) = - 0,0085(25) + 0,8587
= - 0,2125 + 0,8587

6
= 0,6462
So, the Liquid Limit value obtained by method 1 is 64,62%.
Calculation of Liquid Limit
n 0,121
LL1 = 1 ×( )
25
16 0,121
= 71,4% × ( )
25
= 67,64 %
n 0,121
LL2 = 2 ×( )
25
24 0,121
= 66,6% ×( )
25
= 66,27 %
n 0,121
LL3 = 3 ×( )
25
30 0,121
= 63,6% × ( )
25
= 65,01 %
n 0,121
LL4 = 4 ×( )
25
32 0,121
= 55,5% ×( )
25
= 57,18 %
Calculation of Liquid Limit Average
LL1 +LL2 +LL3 +LL4

LLmethod2 =
4
67,64%+66,27%+65,01%+57,18%
=
4
256,1%
=
4
= 64,03%

7
So, the Liquid Limit value obtained by method 2 is 64,03%.
Average of Liquid Limit
LLmethod1 +LLmethod2
LLavarage =
2
64,62%+64,03%
=
2
128,65%
=
2
= 64,33%
Relative Liquid Limit Error
LLcara ke n - LLavarage
Relative Liquid Limit Error =|
LLavarage
| ×100%
LL1 - LLavarage
Relative Liquid Limit Error way 1 =|
LLavarage
| ×100%
64,62%- 64,33%
=| | ×100%
64,33%
= 0,45%.
LL2 - LLavarage
Relative Liquid Limit Error way 2 =|
LLavarage
| ×100%
64.03%- 64.33%
=| | ×100%
64.33%
= 0,46%.
Calculation Flow Index with method 1:
FI = | 10 - 100 |
= |[-0,0085(10)+0,8587]-[-0,0085(100)+0,8587]|
= |0,7737-(0,0087)|
= 0,765
= 76,5%

8
Calculation Flow Index with method 2:
1 - 2
FI =| n |
log 2
n1
71,4%-66,6%
=| |
24
log 16
= 27,3%
Avarage of Flow Index
FI1 +FI2
FIavarage =
2
76,5%+27,3%
=
2
= 51,9%
Relative Flow Index Error
FImethod-n - FIavarage
Relative Flow Index Error =|
FIavarage
| ×100%
FI1 - FIavarage
Relative Flow Index method 1 =|
FIavarage
| ×100%
76,5%- 51,9%
=| | ×100%
51,9%
= 47,3%
FI2 - FIavarage
Relative Flow method 2 =|
FIavarage
| ×100%
27,3%- 51,9%
=| | ×100%
51,9%
= 47,3%

9
1.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSION

After practicing this Liquid Limit, it can be drawn as follows:
a. Liquid Limit value using method 1 (regression of water content and number of
beats) is 64,62 %;
b. Liquid Limit value by using method 2 which is 64.03 %;
c. The relative error percentage of Liquid Limit is 0,45 %;
d. Flow Index Value way 1 is 76,5 %;
e. Flow Index Value way 2 is 27,3 %;
f. The relative error percentage of the Flow Index is 47,3 %.
1.8 ERROR FACTORS

The following are the error factors from Liquid Limit practicum:
a. When inserting the soil sample into the Casagrande bowl which was uneven, so
there was an air gap in the soil particles;
b. Lack of accuracy when checking, causing data errors during calculation;
c. Soil samples are not put in the oven first so that it affects the moisture content in
the soil samples.

10
CHAPTER 2
PLASTIC LIMIT
2.1 OBJECTIVE
This practicum aims to find information for students about the plastic limit of
the soil sample.
2.2 BASIC THEORY

Plastic limits or also the thread-rolling test is used to see the water content in the
soil, whether the soil is hard or has more plastic soil. To find the plastic limit value,
the soil needs to be rolled into a cylindrical shape about 3 mm long and about 3 mm in
diameter with a few cracks on it. If the cylindrical soil is broken, then the sample
cannot be used. This is usually called thread-rolling testing. For the plastic limit
percentage can be determined in the calculation:
w1 - w2
ω= ×100%...........................................(eq.2.1)
w2 - w3
PI = LL - PL....................................................(eq.2.2)
Notes:
PI = Plasticity Index;
LL = Liquid Limit;
PL = Plastic Limit.
ω = Water content (%);
w1 = Weight of wet soil + can (gr);
w2 = Weight of dry soil + can (gr);
w3 = Weight of can (gr).
We can also see the plasticity of a soil through a plasticity graph. In the plasticity
graph there are four parts, CL (Low Capacity Clay) or OL (Organic Clay), ML (Mud)
or OL (Organic Clay), CH (High Capacity Clay) or OH (Organic Clay), MH (High
Plasticity Mud) or OH (Organic Clay). This graph aims to determine the type of soil,
whether it has gaps or clay, organic, inorganic, and gravel or sand.

11
Figure 2.1 Plasticity Chart

Source: Google image (developed from Casagrande 1948, and Howard 1984)
Usually Plastic Boundaries and soil search boundaries are widely used for the
classification of fine-grained soil characterization. This classification system makes
fine-grained soils divided into groups based on their position in the Casagrande."A-
line" charts and plasticity charts, can also be benchmarks with liquid limit, boundary
plastic, and soil plasticity index.
2.3 PACTICUM TOOLS AND MATERIALS

Items bellow is the required practicum tools in Plastic Limit practicum:
a. Large Glass Plate;
b. Steel Rod (3.2 mm);
c. Can;
d. Spatula;
e. Porcelain Bowl;
f. Oven;
g. Pipette Bottle;
h. Weighing Scale.

12
Figure 2.2 Steel Rod Figure 2.3 Large Glass Plate Figure 2.4 Can
Figure 2.5 Porcelain Bowl Figure 2.6 Spatula Figure 2.7 Oven
Figure 2.8 Pipette Bottle Figure 2.9 Weighing Scale
Materials bellow is the things that should be prepared in Plastic Limit practicum:
a. Distilled Water;
b. Soil Passes the 425 m (No. 40) Sieve.

To do a Plastic Limit practicum must prepare there are:

13
a. Practicum tools and materials;

b. 500 gram soil sample;
c. Weighing Scale and four can with label.

This are the Plastic Limit practicum procedure:
a. The soil sample was put in a porcelain bowl and then mixed with distilled water
and stirring with a spatula until homogeneous or choose a 20-g serving or more
soil from materials prepared for the liquid limit test;
b. Then roll the mass between your palm or finger and the glass plate to 1/8 inch
with a maximum diameter of 2 minutes. If the water content is excessive, when
soil samples 1/8 inch in diameter will not crack, this experiment will work must
be repeated by adding soil samples. And if the water content If it is not enough,
the soil sample will crack before it reaches 1/8 of an inch. Then this The
experiment must be repeated so that the soil sample can crack at 1/8 inch
diameter;
c. The above experiments were carried out to a minimum number of soil samples
in a 6 gram can;
d. A can of soil that has been weighed with wet mass + a can of data is placed in
the oven open for at least 16 hours at the temperature 110 ° C;
e. After more than 16 hours of baking, the cans are removed and cooled, then
weighed as dry mass + can.

Table 2.1 Plastic Limit Practicum
Mass of Wet Soil + Can, w1 (gr) 16 gr 16 gr 17 gr 16 gr
Mass of Dry Soil + Can, w2 (gr) 14 gr 15 gr 14 gr 14 gr

Mass of Can, w3 (gr) 10 gr 10 gr 9 gr 9 gr

14

Table 2.2 Plastic Limit Practicum Calculation Data
Mass of Wet Soil + Can, w1 (gr) 16 gr 16 gr 17 gr 16 gr
Mass of Dry Soil + Can, w2 (gr) 14 gr 15 gr 14 gr 14 gr
Mass of Can, w3 (gr) 10 gr 10 gr 9 gr 9 gr
Mass of Water, w1 – w2 (gr) 2 gr 1 gr 3 gr 2 gr
Mass of Dry Soil, w2 – w3 (gr) 4 gr 5 gr 5 gr 5 gr
Water Contect, ω (%) 50 % 20 % 60 % 40 %

Average Water Content (PL) (%) 34 %
Calculate of water content

w1 - w2
ω = × 100%
w2 - w3
16 - 14
= × 100%
14 - 10
= 50 %
Calculate of average water content

50 + 20 + 40 + 50
ω
̅ =
4
160
=
4
= 40 %
Calculate of plasticity index

PI = LLavg – PL
= 64,33 – 40
= 24,33%

15
Figure 2.10 LL and PL Data on Plasticity Chart
2.7 CONCLUSION
The conclusions that can be drawn from this experiment:
a. Plastic limits are experiments related to soil physical properties:
b. The results of the plastic limit trial can determine the amount of water that absorbs
into the soil being tested:
c. The soil is in MH or OH region. It means that the soil sample is silt of high
plasticity or organic clay.
2.8 FACTOR ERROR

Several errors occurred during the experiments there are:
a. Roll the soil into a cylinder by hand so that the soil is easily damaged:
b. The soil sample is not oven for 24 hours so that the sample is not complately
dried.

16
CHAPTER 3
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
3.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the water content at the shrinkage
limit of a soil sample.
3.2 BASIC THEORY

Shrinkage limit is the limit of water content in a soil sample is used to measure
the soil water content so that it can be compared between semi-plastic and solid soil.
Shrinkage is the process of evaporation of water content in a material, so that the
volume of water will decrease. The volume reduced is determined by the contents of
the pore capacity of a material. The shrinkage limit is usually a function of the relative
grain size of the soil. Soil characteristics can determine soil shrinkage limits because
soil shrinkage limits are different for each soil characteristic.
To determine the limit of shrinkage can be done by measuring the volume of the
soil. This procedure can also be performed with a volume test on a soil sample. Test
the volume limit of shrinkage using soil on dry soil conditions that have formed slab
and using mercury for a volume test. This procedure also applies to a linear test of
depreciation limits.
(WW ) = WW + c - WC ............................................. (eq.3.1)

(Wd ) = Wd + c - W ................................................ (eq.3.2)
(WHg ) = WHg + c - Wc ........................................... (eq.3.3)
WHg
(VW ) = .......................................................... (eq.3.4)
ρHg
(W'Hg ) = WHg + s - Ws ............................................ (eq.3.5)

W′Hg
(Vd ) = .......................................................... (eq.3.6)
ρHg
(Ww - Wd ) - (Vw - Vd )ρw

(SL) = ×100% ...................................... (eq.3.7)
Wd
Wd
(SR) = ............................................................ (eq.3.8)
Vd

17
Notes:
Ww = Mass of wet soil (gr);
Wd = Mass of dry soil (gr);
Ww + c = Mass of wet soil + can (gr);
Wd + c = Mass of dry soil + can (gr);
WHg = Mass of mercury (gr);
W'Hg = Mass of moved mercury (gr);
Wc = Mass of can (gr);
Ws = Mass of shrinkage dish (gr);
ρw = unit weight of water (gr/cm3 );
ρHg = Mercury density (gr/cm3 );
SL = Shrinkage Limit;
SR = Shrinkage Ratio;
Vd = Volume dry soil (cm3 );
Vw = Volume wet soil (cm3 ).

The following are the required practicum tools in Shrinkage Limit practicum:
a. Three-Footed Glass Plate (Prong Plate);
b. Shrinkage Dish;
c. Overflow Dish;
d. Mercury;
e. Spatula;
f. Oven;
g. Weighing Scale.
Ingredients are the prepared in Shrinkage Limit practicum:

a. Distilled Water;
b. Soil Sample;
c. Mercury.

18
Figure 3.1 Prong Plate Figure 3.2 Monel Figure 3.3 Cristalizing
Shrinkage Dish Dish
Figure 3.4 Overflow Dish Figure 3.5 Mercury Figure 3.6 Glycerin
Figure 3.7 Spatula Figure 3.8 Oven Figure 3.9 Weighing Scale

The following is the things that should be prepared in Shrinkage Limit
practicum:
a. Prepare practicum tools and materials;
b. Prepare soil sample aproximitly 30 grams;
c. Scale the monel shrinkage dish.

19

The following is the Shrinkage Limit practicum procedure:
a. Prepare tools and materials;
b. Record mass the Shrinkage Dish and in table 3.1;
c. Add the soil sample with distilled water using a spatula until evenly distributed;
d. Pour the soil sample into the Shrink plate until it is full and tap so that there are
no holes in the Shrink container;
e. Record the mass of the Shrink disc in table 3.1
f. Dry the soil sample in the oven for 16-24 hours.;
g. After drying, record mass of Shrinkage plate in table 3.1;
h. Prepare the Overflow Dish then pour Mercury into the Shrinkage dish then
record mass of mercury in table 3.2;
i. Calculate the volume of mercury in table 3.2;
j. Add the dry soil in the mercury and cover it with a Prong Plate;
k. Calculated the mercury water spilled on the Overflow Dish and record it in Table
3.2;
l. Calculate Depreciation Limit and Depreciation Ratio;
Figure 3.10 Sub-Merging Soil Cake Process

20

Table 3.1 Practicum’s Data (Shrinkage Limit)
Sample No. I II
Number of Blows (n) 2 3
Mass of Wet Soil + Monel Shrinkage dish, Ww + c

48 45,4
(gr)
Mass of Monel Shrinkage Dish, Wc (gr) 22,4 22,4
Mass of Dry Soil + Monel Shrinkage Dish, Wd + c

37,4 35,4
(g)

Table 3.2 The Calculation Practicum’s Data (Shrinkage Limit)
Sample No. I II
Number of Blows (n) 2 3

Mass of Wet Soil + Monel Shrinkage dish, Ww + c
48 45,4
(gr)
Mass of Monel Shrinkage Dish, Wc (gr) 22,4 22,4
Mass of Dry Soil + Monel Shrinkage Dish, Wd + c
37,4 35,4
(gr)
Mass of Overflow Dish, Ws (gr) 38,8 38,8
Mass of Mercury + Overflow Dish, W'Hg + s (gr) 179,2 150,4
Mass of Wet Soil, Ww (gr) 25,6 23
Mass of Dry Soil, Wd (gr) 15 13
Mass of Moved Mercury, W'Hg (g) 140,4 111,6
Dry Soil Volume, Vd (cm3 ) 10,3 11,2
Shrinkage Limit (SL) (%) 19,2 26,77

̅ ) (%)
Average of Shrinkage Limit (SL 22,985

21
Sample No. I II
Shrinkage Ratio (SR) 1,45 1,13
̿)
Average of Shrinkage Ratio (SR 1,29
The experiment table 3.2, to find the mass of Wet Soil and Dry Soil, it can be
calculated using:
Sample 1
Ww = W w + c - Wc
= 48 gr - 22,4 gr
= 25,6 gr
Wd = W d + c - Wc
= 37,4 gr - 22,4 gr
= 15 gr
Sample 2
Ww = W w + c - Wc
= 45,4 gr - 22,4 gr
= 23 gr
Wd = W d + c - Wc
= 35,4gr - 22,4 gr
= 13 gr
To calculate the mass of spilled Mass of Moved mercury it can use the formula:
Sample 1
W'Hg + s = WHg + s - Ws
= 179,2 gr - 38,8 gr
= 140,4 gr
Sample 2
W'Hg + s = WHg + s - Ws
= 150,4 gr - 38,8 gr
= 111,6 gr

22
To calculate the volume of dry and wet soil it can use the formula:
Sample 1
WHg
VW =
ρHg
245,2 gr
= gr
13,6 ⁄ 3
cm
= 18,02 cm3
W'Hg
Vd = ρHg
179.2 gr
= gr
13,6 ⁄ 3
cm
= 10,3 cm3
Sample 2
WHg
VW =
ρHg
245,2 gr
= gr
13,6 ⁄ 3
cm
= 18,02 cm3
W'Hg
Vd = ρHg
150,4 gr
= gr
13,6 ⁄ 3
cm
= 11,05 cm3
To calculate average of Shrinkage Limit and Shrinkage Ratio it can use the
formula:
Sample 1
SL = ×100%
Wd
(25,6 gr - 15 gr ) - (18,02 cm3 - 10,3 cm3 ) 13,6

gr
⁄
= cm3 ×100%
15 gr
= 19,2 %

23
Wd
SR = Vd
15 gr
= 10,3 cm3
= 1,45
Sample 2
SL = ×100%
Wd
(23 gr - 13 gr ) - (18,02 cm3 - 11,5 cm3 ) 13,6

gr
⁄
= cm3 ×100%
13 gr
= 26,77 %
Wd
SR = Vd
13 gr
= 11,5 cm3
= 1,13
Average of Shrinkage Limit and Shrinkage Ratio:

∑ SL
SL =
2
(19,2 % − 26,77 %)
=
2
= 22,985 %
∑ SR
SR =
2
(1,45 - 1,13)
=
2
= 1,29

24
The error of each experiment from the relative error’s calculation is as below:
Sampel 1
𝑺𝑳̅ − 𝑺𝑳
Relative Error =| | x 100 %
𝑆𝐿
22,985 - 19,2
=| | x 100 %
19,2
= 19,71 %
Sampel 1
𝑺𝑳̅ − 𝑺𝑳
Relative Error =| | x 100 %
𝑆𝐿
22,985 - 26,77
=| | x 100 %
26,77
= 14,14 %

The conclusions that can be drawn from this experiment:
a. The average of shrinkage limit is 22,985 % from two experimental samples;
b. The average of shrinkage ratio is 1,29 from two experimental samples;
c. The relative error sample 1 of shrinkage limit is 19,71 %;
d. The relative error sample 2 of shrinkage limit is 14,14 %.
3.8 FACTOR ERROR

a. When placing the soil sample into the shrinkage dish, did'nt tap it so that there
is no cavity and soil becomes solid;
b. Dry soil samples are not dry completed;
c. When measuring the volume of mercury spilled using a prong plate. It is not
completely closed.

25
CHAPTER 4
SPESIFIC GRAVITY
4.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the practicum is is to determine the value of specific gravity of
soil sample.
4.2 BASIC THEORY

The density of a soil can be determined through calculations related to the weight
of the soil solids constituent and the volume of the soil (Nusier, 2018). To find out the
soil solids weight and soil volume, it can be done using the pycnometer method by
filling the pycnometer with fluid to filter water to the mark at the top of the
pycnometer, so that the pycnometer volume is obtained correctly. To determine
gravity, it can be obtained by calculating the density of the solid divided by the density
of distilled water at 4° C. Because the temperature of the water used is not at 4° C, a
correction factor is needed to adjust the density.
Table 4.1 The Value of Temperature’s Correction Factor (α)

°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
10 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.998
20 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.996
30 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.994 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993
40 0.992 0.992 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.990 0.969 0.989 0.989 0.989
50 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.987 0.986 0.986 0.985 0.985 0.984 0.984
60 0.983 0.983 0.982 0.982 0.981 0.981 0.980 0.980 0.979 0.978
70 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.976 0.976 0.975 0.974 0.974 0.973 0.972
80 0.971 0.971 0.970 0.971 0.969 0.969 0.968 0.967 0.967 0.966
90 0.965 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.963 0.962 0.961 0.961 0.960 0.959
(Source : Practicum Module)

26
The value of specific gravity is in the range of 2.6 – 2.8. The soil strength can be
determined from the value of specific gravity. The weight of the soil is used according
to the volume of pycnometer and the soil type.
In the experiment, the 100 mL pycnometer will be used, so we used 10 gr of soil
sample that had been oven-dried. The formula below can be used to calculate
thespecific gravity of the solid soil.
Wo
Gs = α ......................................( eq.4.1)
Wo + (WA - WB )
Notes :
Gs = Specific Gravity;
α = Correction Factor;
Wo = Weight of Dry Soil (gr);
WA = Weight of Pycnometer + Water (gr);
WB = Weight of Pycnometer + Water + Dry Soil (gr).

From the value of specific gravity, it can determine the soil type from the
table below.
Table 4.2 Typical Values of Specific Gravity (Bowles, 2012)

Type of soil Specific Gravity
Sand 2.65 – 2.67
Silty Sand 2.67 – 2.70
Inorganic Clay 2.70 – 2.80
Soil with Mica or Iron 2.75 – 3.00
Organic Soil 1.00 – 2.60
(Source: Scientific and Academic Publishing)

The following are the required practicum tools in Specific Gravity practicum:
a. Electric Stove;
b. Pycnometer;
c. Can;

27
d. Thermometer;
e. Oven;
f. Pipette Bottle;
g. Weighing Scale.
The following are the required practicum materials in Specific Gravity
practicum:
a. Soil Passed Sieve No. 4;

b. Distilled Water.
Figure 4.1 Electronic Stove. Figure 4.2 Pycnometer. Figure 4.3 Can
Figure 4.4 Thermometer. Figure 4.5 Oven Figure 4.6 Pipette Bottle
Figure 4.7 Weighing Scale

28

The following is the things that should be prepared in Specific Gravity
practicum:
a. Prepare 200 grams soil sample passes Sieve No. 4 for four samples (50 grams
for each sample);
b. Dry the soil sample in the oven at least 16 hours.

The following are the Specific Gravity practicum procedure:
a. Clean and dry the pycnometer;

b. Insert 50 grams (at least 25 grams) of the specimen into the pycnometer (not
to spill);
c. Add aquades to ¾ the volume of the pycnometer;
d. Measure the temperature of the test object using a thermometer (initial t);
e. Eliminate air bubbles in the picnometer in 2 ways:
f. Using a vacuum device with a capacity of < 100mmHg;
g. Boil the water for at least 10 minutes then shake gently (used).
h. Then cool the test specimen until it reaches the initial temperature (initial t);
i. Refill the pycnometer with distilled water until the water reaches the initial
volume (3/4 the volume of the pycnometer) and clean the outside of the
pycnometer.
j. Weigh the weight of the pycnometer + test object + water;
k. Record and count the results.

Table 4.3 Specific Gravity Practicum Data
Mass of Dry Soil, W0 (gr) 100 100 100 100

Mass of Pycnometer + air 100 mL, WA (gr) 678,8 679,6 681,2 678,6
Mass of Pycnometer + air + Soil, WB (gr) 740,4 741,2 742,8 740,1

29

Temperature, T (°C) 30 30 30 30

Table 4.4 Specific Gravity Practicum Calculation Data

Weight of Dry Soil, i0 (gr) 100 100 100 100
Weight of Pycnometer + air 100 mL, WA
678,8 679,6 681,2 678,6
(gr)
Weight of Pycnometer + air + tanah, WB
740,4 741,2 742,8 740,1
(gr)
Temperature, T(℃) 30 30 30 30
Correction Factor, a 0,995 0,995 0,995 0,995
Specific Gravity, Gs 2,591 2,591 2,591 2,584
Average Specific Gravity,𝑮𝒔 2,589
Below are the results of the calculation of the specific gravity of the four samples
and the average density :
Wo
Gs = α
Wo + (WA - WB )
100
1. Gs = 0,995 .
100 + (678,8 - 740,4)
100
= 0,995 .
38,4
99,5
=
38,4
= 2,591 ( Sample I )
100
2. Gs = 0,995 .
100 + (679,6 - 741,2)
100
= 0,995 .
38,4
99,5
=
38,4
= 2,591 ( Sample II )

30
100
3. Gs = 0,995 .
100 + (681,2 - 742,8)
100
= 0,995 .
38,4
99,5
=
38,4
= 2,591 ( Sample III )
100
4. Gs = 0,995 .
100 + (678,6 - 740,1)
100
= 0,995 .
38,5
99,5
=
38,5
= 2,591 ( Sample IV )
The following is the average result of all specific gravity from the data above :
2,591 + 2,591 + 2,591 + 2,584
Gs =
4
= 2,589
The following is data that shows how big the relative error is in a sample :
̅̅̅̅- Gs1
Gs
1. Relative Error (I) = | ̅̅̅̅ | ×100%
Gs
2,589 - 2,591
=| | ×100%
2,589
= 0,2%
̅Gs
̅̅̅ - Gs2
2. Relative Error (II) = | ̅̅̅̅ | ×100%
Gs
2,589 - 2,591
=| | × 100%
2,589
= 0,2%
̅Gs
̅̅̅ - Gs3
3. Relative Error (III) =| ̅Gs
̅̅̅
| ×100%
2,589 - 2,591
=| | × 100%
2,589
= 0,2%

31
̅̅̅̅
Gs - Gs1
4. Relative Error (IV) =| ̅Gs
̅̅̅
| × 100%
2,589 - 2,584
=| | × 100%
2,589
= 0,5%
4.7 CONCLUSION
Following the conclusion of calculation experimental data above that are:
a. From all experiments the average value specific gravity is 2,589 from four
experimental sample;
b. The specific gravity is in the range 1.00 to 2.60 and according to the table 4.2,
the soil type is organic soil;
c. The relative error of specific gravity for sample I - III is 0,2 % and sample IV is
0,5 %.
4.8 FACTOR ERROR

a. The water dose on the pycnometer isn't exactly 100mL because it is still
measured with the human eye which cannot determine certainly;
b. On pycnometer practicum room temperature can affect the temperature in the
experiment.

32
CHAPTER 5
SIEVE ANALYSIS
5.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the practicum is to determine the grain size of soil sample
distribution with diameter 4.75 mm to 0.075 mm or founded in sieve No. 4 and
detained in sieve No. 200.
5.2 BASIC THEORY

Filter analysis is known as a grading test. This is an essential test for aggregate
technicians to assess particle size distribution. The filter analysis technique involves
coating filters with different sizes of filter openings. Filter analysis is a good quality
control and acceptance tool. Several mechanisms are used to differentiate samples and
transport them via vibration and fluid flow. There are several factors that must be
considered in developing a robust filter method such as sample size, sieving duration,
controlled stirring parameters and end point. Sieve analysis is also used to improve
soil detail.
There are three types of gradations like a uniform gradations, solid gradations
and gap gradations. Uniform gradation is the grading of aggregates with the same grain
size. Solid gradation is an aggregate gradation that transports coarse aggregate to fine
aggregate. Meanwhile, the aggregate gap is an incomplete or very small aggregate size.
There are several types of soil. These are the types of soil based on their area.
Table 5.1 Classification of Soil Size

Grained Classification Size
Gravel 4,75 – 75 mm
Coarse Grained Sand 0,075 – 4,75 mm
Silt 0,005 – 0,075 mm
Coarse Grained Clay 0,001 – 0,005 mm
Below is an example of the size of soil particles or grains ranging from well-
graded soil to gap graded soil :

33
Figure 5.1 The Example Particles Size of Soil
The formula for the calculation is in the below.

W2 = W1 - W0 …………………………….…(e.q.5.1)
W2
% Retained = …………………………….…(e.q.5.2)
W3
% Retained = 100% - % passed……………………...(e.q.5.3)

D60
cU = ……………………………………..(e.q.5.4)
D10
D30 2
cU = ……………………...………..(e.q.5.5)
D10 X D60
Notes:
W0 = Weight of sieve (gr);
W1 = Weight of sieve + detained soil (gr);
W2 = Weight of retained soil (gr);
W3 = Weight of total soil sample (gr);
D60 = Particle diameter of 60% finer (mm).
Unified Soil Classification System is a provision that has been set Casagrande
to unify the soil types.
There are two categories in this system:
1. Coarse-grained soils: less than 50% passing through Sieve No.200. the group
symbols are G (Gravel) and S (Sand);
2. Fine-grained soils: more than 50% passing through Sieve No.200. the group
symbols are M (inorganic silt), C (inorganic clay), or O (organic silt and clays).

34
Below is the table with more complex explanation:

Tabel 5.2 Unified Soil Classification System
(Source: Principles of Geotechnical Engineering)

The following are the required practicum tools in Sieve Analysis practicum:
a. Motorized Dynamic Sieve Shaker;
b. Can;
c. Sieve No. 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100, 200;
d. Oven;
e. Weighing Scale.
The required practicum materials in Sieve Analysis practicum is Soil Passed

Sieve No. 4.

35
Figure 5.2 Motorized Figure 5.3 Can Figure 5.4 Sieve No. 4,
Dynamic Sieve Shaker 8 16, 30, 50, 100, 200
Figure 5.5 Oven Figure 5.6 Weighing Scale

The following are the Sieve Analysis practicum preparation :
a. Prepare 1000 grams soil sample passes Sieve No. 4
b. Put it in the oven at least 16 hours.
5.5 PRACTICUM PROCEDUR

The following are the Sieve Analysis practicum procedure:
a. Prepare 1 Kg soil to dry it into the oven aproximitly 16 hours;
b. Take the soil that already dry from the oven and weight it for 500 gr for
practicum ;
c. Prepare and weight the filter that is going to be used;
d. Set the sieve from the smallest to the biggest (No. 4 to No. 200) with pan in the
bottom;

36
e. Take it the soil to the filter and put the filter in Motorized Dynamic Sieve
Analysis, after that turn on the machine aproximitly 15 minutes;
f. After 15 minutes take the filter to be weight for every filter with an example of
the soil that restrained in the filter dan write the value in Table 5.2 ;
g. Soil that been restrained in the pan put it into the oven to be used again for
Hydrometer;
h. The retained soil will be analyzed in the next chapter.

Table 5.3 Sieve Analysis Practicum Data
Sieve Weight of Sieve Weight of Sieve +
Diameter (mm)
Number (gr) Detained Soil (gr)
4 4,75 440 440,0
8 2,36 421,2 467,6
16 1,18 395,2 481,6
30 0,600 273,4 369,8
50 0,300 267 397,2
100 0,150 271,8 377,8
200 0,075 316,8 341,6
Pan - 364,6 373,8

Table 5.4 Sieve Analysis Practicum Calculation Data
Weight
Weight of Detained Passed
Weight of Sieve
Sieve Diameter Detained Percentage Percentage
of Sieve +
Number (mm) Soil (gr) (%) (%)
(gr) Detained
Soil (gr)
4 4,75 440 440,0 0 0 100

37
Weight
Weight of Detained Passed
Weight of Sieve
Sieve Diameter Detained Percentage Percentage
of Sieve +
Number (mm) Soil (gr) (%) (%)
(gr) Detained
Soil (gr)
8 2,36 421,2 467,6 46,4 9,2912 90,7089
16 1,18 395,2 481,6 86,4 17,3008 73,4081
30 0,600 273,4 369,8 96,4 19,3032 54,1049
50 0,300 267 397,2 130,2 26,0713 28,0336
100 0,150 271,8 377,8 106 21,2255 6,80817
200 0,075 316,8 341,6 24,8 4,9660 1,84221
Pan - 364,6 373,8 9,2 1,8422 0
Total Mass = 499,4 100
From Grain Size graphic chapther 6 Hydrometer, The following data is obtained:
W2 = W 1 – W0
= 467,6 – 421,2
= 46,4 gr;
W3 = ∑81 Wn
= 499,4 gr;
W2
% Retained =
W3
46,4
=
499.4
= 9,29115 %;
% Passed = 100 % - % Retained

= 100 % - 9,29115%
= 90,7088506 %
To obtain gravel, fines, and sand percentage, see how much the percentage of
detained soil on Sieve No.4. Then, the fines percentage can be obtained by see the past

38
percentage on Sieve No.200. Last, the sand percentage is the percentage between Sieve
No.4 and Sieve No.200.
Sieve Analysis
100
90
80
70
60
Fines (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Particle Size (mm)
Figure 5.7 Graph of Sieve Analysis
% Gravel = % Retained on No. 4

=0%
% Fines = % Passed on No. 200

= 1,84221 %
% Sand = % Passed on No. 4 - % Passed on No. 200

= 100 % - 1,84221 %
= 98,15779 %
D10 = 0,16 mm
D30 = 0,3 mm
D60 = 0,65 mm
D60
Cu =
D10

39
0,65
=
0,16
= 4,0625;
D30 2
Cc =
D60 x D10
0,3 2
=
0,65 x 0,16
= 0,86
5.7 CONCLUSION
Following the conclusion of experimental data above that are:
a. From the practicum the percentage of gravel 0 %, fines 1,84221 %, and sand
98,15779 %;
b. The particle diameter of 10 % fines is 0,16 mm
c. The particle diameter of 30 % fines is 0,3 mm
d. The particle diameter of 60 % fines is0,65 mm
e. The value of coefficient uniformity (Cu ) is 4,0625, and the value of coefficient
gradation (Cc ) is 0,86;
f. Cu < 6 and Cc < 1, so the soil sample is SP (Sand and Poorly-Graded). It can see
in table 5.2
5.8 FACTOR ERROR

a. The errors when the sieve is carried to the scale, some the soil sample can't drop
down the sieve number exactly. So that the soil sample after the vibration and
become less than 500 gr.
b. There are errors in the measurement on the scale;
c. There is damage to the filter such as the diameter of the hole being expanded.

40
CHAPTER 6
HYDROMETER
6.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the grain size distribution with a
diameter smaller than 0.075 mm or through Sieve No. 200 and find out if the land is
included in gravel, sand, or fines.
6.2 BASIC THEORY

A hydrometer is a device used to measure the specific gravity (or relative
density) of a liquid, which is the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water
where a solid object suspended in the fluid will be subjected to an upward force equal
to the weight of the displaced fluid. Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the
farther the hydrometer will sink. How dark the hydrometer is can be seen from the
reading scale found on the hydrometer itself. According to the stokes law, the greater
diameter of soil, the greater the sedimentation process of that soil. (Kusuma, R.M., Mina,
E., Irhamna, A.F., 2013). These are the formula that used to process practicum data:
L
D = K √ t …………….………….(e.q.6.1)
Rc = Ra – Zero Correction + CT …………………….(e.q.6.2)

Rc x a
P= x 100% …………………………..(e.q.6.3)
Ws
P x F200
PA = ………………..……..(e.q.6.4)
100
Notes:
D = Soil particle diameter (mm);
K = Value for known ‘Gs’ of the soil;
L = Effective depth (cm);
T = Time (minutes);
RC = Corrected hydrometer reading;
RA = Actual hydrometer reading;
CT = Temperature correction;
P = Percent finer (%);

41
a = Correction factor by using Specific Gravity;

PA = Adjusted per cent finer;
F200 = Passing percentage of Sieve No. 200;
DAvg = The average diameter of soil particle (mm);
DTotal = Diameter sum of soil particle (mm);
n = Diameter number of soil particle.
The table below are obtained the coefficient or the value of some symbol of the
equation that will be used to calculate the practicum data:
Table 6.1 Value of effective depth for Hydrometer 151H and 152H
Hydrometer 151 H Hydrometer 152 H
Actual Effective Actual Effective Actual Effective
Hydromete Depth, L Hydromete Depth, L Hydromete Depth, L
r Reading (cm) r Reading (cm) r Reading (cm)
1,000 16,3 0 16,3 31 11,2

1,001 16,0 1 16,1 32 11,1
1,002 15,8 2 16,0 33 10,9
1,003 15,5 3 15,8 34 10,7
1,004 15,2 4 15,6 35 10,6
1,005 15,0 5 15,5 36 10,4
1,006 14,7 6 15,3 37 10,2
1,007 14,4 7 15,2 38 10,1
1,008 14,2 8 15,0 39 9,9
1,009 13,9 9 14,8 40 9,7
1,010 13,7 10 14,7 41 9,6
1,011 13,4 11 14,5 42 9,4
1,012 13,1 12 14,3 43 9,2
1,013 12,9 13 14,2 44 9,1
1,014 12,6 14 14,0 45 8,9
1,015 12,3 15 13,8 46 8,8
1,016 12,1 16 13,7 47 8,6
1,017 11,8 17 13,5 48 8,4

42
Hydrometer 151 H Hydrometer 152 H

Actual Effective Actual Effective Actual Effective
Hydromete Depth, L Hydromete Depth, L Hydromete Depth, L
r Reading (cm) r Reading (cm) r Reading (cm)
1,018 11,5 18 13,3 49 8,3

1,019 11,3 19 13,2 50 8,1
1,020 11,0 20 13,0 51 7,9
1,021 10,7 21 12,9 52 7,8
1,022 10,5 22 12,7 53 7,6
1,023 10,2 23 12,5 54 7,4
1,024 10,0 24 12,4 55 7,3
1,025 9,7 25 12,2 56 7,1
1,026 9,4 26 12,0 57 7,0
1,027 9,2 27 11,9 58 6,8
1,028 8,9 28 11,7 59 6,6
1,029 8,6 29 11,5 60 6,5
1,030 8,4 30 11,4
1,031 8,1
1,032 7,8
1,033 7,6
1,034 7,3
1,035 7,0
1,036 6,8
1,037 6,5
1,038 6,2
1,039 5,9
(Source: Practicum Module)

43
Table 6.2 Value of K
Temperature ̊ Specific Gravity

C 2,45 2,50 2,55 2,60 2,65 2.70 2,75 2,80 2,85
16 0,01510
0,01505 0,01481 0,01457 0,01435 0,01414 0,01394 0,01374 0,01356
17 0,1511
0,01486 0,01462 0,01439 0,01417 0,01396 0,01376 0,01356 0,01338
18 0,01492 0,01467 0,01443 0,01421 0,01399 0,01378 0,01359 0,01339 0,01321
19 0,01474 0,01449 0,01425 0,01403 0,01382 0,01361 0,01342 0,01323 0,01305
20 0,01456 0,01431 0,01408 0,01386 0,01365 0,01344 0,01325 0,01307 0,01289
21 0,01438 0,01414 0,01391 0,01369 0,01348 0,01328 0,01309 0,01291 0,01273
22 0,01421 0,01397 0,01374 0,01353 0,01332 0,01312 0,01294 0,01276 0,01258
23 0,01404 0,01381 0,01358 0,01337 0,01317 0,01297 0,01279 0,01261 0,01243
24 0,01388 0,01365 0,01342 0,01321 0,01301 0,01282 0,01264 0,01246 0,01229
25 0,01372 0,01349 0,01327 0,01306 0,01286 0,01267 0,01249 0,01232 0,01215
26 0,01357 0,01334 0,01312 0,01291 0,01272 0,01253 0,01235 0,01218 0,01201
27 0,01342 0,01319 0,01297 0,01277 0,01258 0,01239 0,01221 0,01204 0,01188
28 0,01327 0,01304 0,01283 0,01264 0,01244 0,01255 0,01208 0,01191 0,01175
29 0,01312 0,01290 0,01269 0,01269 0,01230 0,01212 0,01195 0,01178 0,01162
30 0,01298 0,01276 0,01256 0,01236 0,01217 0,01199 0,01182 0,01165 0,01149
Table 6.3 Value of CT

Temperature CT
15 1,10
16 - 0,90
17 - 0,70
18 - 0,50
19 - 0,30
20 0,00
21 0,20
22 0,40
23 0,70
24 1,00

44
Temperature CT
25 1,30
26 1,65
27 2,00
28 2,50
29 3,05
30 3,80
Table 6.4 Value of Factors Correction

Specific Gravity Factors Correction
2,85 0,96
2,80 0,97
2,75 0,98
2,70 0,99
2,65 1,00
2,60 1,01
2,55 1,02
2,50 1,04

The following are the required practicum tools in Hydrometer practicum :
a. Hydrometer 152 H;
b. Electronic Mixer;
c. Mixer Bowl;
d. Water Glass;
e. Can;
f. Starfruit Glass;
g. Thermometer;
h. Beaker Glass (1000 mL);

45
i. Beaker Glass (100mL);

j. Oven;
k. Weighing Scale;
l. Pipette Bottle.
The following are the required practicum materials in Hydrometer practicum:

b. Water Glass or Sodium Silica;
c. Sodium Hexametaphosphate.
Figure 6.1 Hydrometer Figure 6.2 Electronic Mixer Figure 6.3 Mixer Bowl
152H
Figure 6.4 Water Glass Figure 6.5 Can Figure 6.6 Starfruit Glass
Figure 6.7 Thermometer Figure 6.8 Beaker Glass Figure 6.9 Beaker
dddcGlass 1000 mL 100 mL

46
Figure 6.10 Oven Figure 6.11 Weighing Scale Figure 6.12 Pipette Bottle

The following is the things that should be prepared in Hydrometer preparation :
a. Prepare a dispersion solution by dissolving 40 grams of sodium
hexametaphosphate in a 1000 ml measuring cup filled with distilled water
b. 50 grams of soil is prepared into a glass of star fruit mixed with 125 ml of
dispersion solution, stirred and let stand for at least 12 hours.
c. Prepare a measuring cup (1000 ml) to be filled with a 125 ml dispersion solution
and add distilled water to 1000 ml, this mixture functions as a control / standard
solution then put the measuring cup into a water bath with a constant temperature

The following are the Hydrometer practicum procedure:
a. Check the minus correction and zero correction on the 151 H or 152 H
hydrometer by placing them in the control solution and recording them;
b. The soil sample mixture and the dispersion solution subsequently that has been
allowed to stand for at least 12 hours are put in a mixing bowl then added with
distilled water until it reaches approximately 2/3 of the mixing bowl, then put it
in the mixing bowl. electronic mixer and stir for 10 minutes;
c. After 10 minutes, the mixture was transferred to a measuring cup and added with
distilled water to 1000 ml;
d. The measuring cup is covered with a rubber cap and shaken horizontally for
about one minute;
e. After shaking, the hydrometer is inserted, take readings at 15, 30, 60, and 120
seconds then the hydrometer is removed, and the hydrometer is put into the
control solution (wait about 30 seconds until it stabilizes);

47
f. The reading can be continued for 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 960, 1440 minutes.
Remove the hydrometer from the standard solution 30 seconds before reading;
g. Record all results and temperatures obtained from each reading to Table 6.5.

Table 6.5 Hydrometer Practicum Data
Time (hour) Time (minutes) Temperature Ra
18.50.15 0.25 24 1.008

18.50.30 0.5 24 1.008
18.51 1 24 1.008
18.52 2 24 1.008
18.54 4 24 1.008
18.58 8 24 1.007
19.15 15 24 1.007
19.30 30 24 1.006
20.00 60 24 1.006
21.00 120 24 1.006
23.00 240 24 1.006
19.30 1480 24 1.005

48

Table 6.6 Hydrometer Practicum Calculation Data
Time Temp
Time
(minu eratur Ra L K D CT a R𝐶 P 𝑃𝐴
(hour)
tes) e
18.50. 0,020 0,00037

0,25 24 1,008 0,01282 0,096619 1,018
15 14,2 1 0,99 1564 1323
18.50. 1,008 1,018

0,020 0,00037
0,5 24 0,01282 0,068320
30 14,2 1 0,99 1564 1323
1,008 1,018
0,020 0,00037
18.51 1 24 0,01282 0,048310
14,2 1 0,99 1564 1323
1,008 1,018
0,020 0,00037
18.52 2 24 0,01282 0,034160
14,2 1 0,99 1564 1323
1,008 1,018
0,020 0,00037
18.54 4 24 0,01282 0,024155
14,2 1 0,99 1564 1323
0,020 0,00037
18.58 8 24 1,007 0,01282 0,017200 1,017
14,4 1 0,99 1366 0958
0,020 0,00037
19.15 15 24 1,007 0,01282 0,012561 1,017
14,4 1 0,99 1366 0958
0,020 0,00037
19.30 30 24 1,006 0,01282 0,008974 1,016
14,7 1 0,99 1168 0594
1,016
0,020 0,00037
20.00 60 24 1,006 0,01282 0,006345
14,7 1 0,99 1168 0594
1,016
0,020 0,00037
21.00 120 24 1,006 0,01282 0,004487
14,7 1 0,99 1168 0594
1,016
0,020 0,00037
23.00 240 24 1,006 0,01282 0,003173
14,7 1 0,99 1168 0594
0,020 0,00037
19.30 1480 24 1,005 0,01282 0,001291 1,015
15 1 0,99 097 0229

49
Below is the example calculation according to the data on 1 minutes to

determine:
Calculation of soil particle diameter:
L
D = K √t
14,2
= 0,01282 √
1
= 0,048310;
Calculation of corrected hydrometer:

Rc = Ra – Zero Correction + CT
= 1,008 – 0,99 + 1
= 1,018;
Calculation of percent finer:

Rc x a
P = Ws x 100%
1,018 x 0,99
= x 100%
50
= 0,0201564 %;
Calculation of adjusted per cent finer:

P x F200
PA =
100
0,0201564 x 1,84221
=
100
= 0,000371;
According to the calculation data, the grain size or diameter of soil particle
sample in praticum sieve analysis. With the data of the diameter of soil particle and
also the percentage of passing finer, this data can make the graphic according those
data which known with the grain size distribution chart. The following is the grain size
distribution chart that according to the data calculation:

50
Sieve Analysis
Clay Silt Sand Gravel

100
90
80
70
Fines (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Particle Size (mm)
Figure 6.13 Grain Siza of Distribution
6.7 PRACTICUM CONLUSION

Following the conclusion of calculation experimental data above can see in the
Table 6.7:
Table 6.7 Diameter of Soil Particle and The Adjusted Percent Finer
D 𝑃𝐴
0,096619 0,000371323
0,068320 0,000371323
0,048310 0,000371323
0,034160 0,000371323
0,024155 0,000371323
0,017200 0,000370958
0,012561 0,000370958
0,008974 0,000370594

51
D 𝑃𝐴
0,006345 0,000370594
0,004487 0,000370594
0,003173 0,000370594
0,001291 0,000370229
6.8 ERRORS FACTORS

The following are the error factor that happen during the practicum:
a. Error when reading the number on the hydrometer which cause calculation error;
b. The recorded temperature data does not match with the actual temperature.

52
CHAPTEAR 7
COMPACTION
7.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the value of maximum dry unit
weight (γdry ) on optimum water content (ωopt ) from soil samples.
7.2 BASIC THEORY

Soil compaction in any earthwork construction, compaction is the improves the
engineering properties of the fills. Nearly all compaction specifications are based on
achieving a certain value of dry unit weight (γdry ). The geotechnical engineers measure
the unit weight of compacted soil in the field to verify the contractor’s compliance
with the requirement certain. (Rahman.M, 2007).
The process of soil compaction is expelling the air from the voids or reducing
air voids. Reducing the air voids make less particle distance so that weight soil density
can be measured. When moisture is added , water content, ω, is decrease, the soil
particles will be increase causing more reduction in the total volume, which will result
in adding more soil and hence, the dry density (γdry ) will increase. If the compaction
is not carried out properly, the soil structure will decline. Almost all types of
earthworks and other construction projects use mechanical compaction techniques. (J.
Bus and van den Akker, 2017).
These are the formula that used to process compaction practicum data:
ωplan - ωnatural
Vadd = x Wsoil ……………...…..(e.q.7.1)
1 + ωnatural
w1 - w2
ω = x 100 % ……………….....……(e.q.7.2)
w2 - w3
Wsoil = Wsoil + mold - Wmold ……………...……..(e.q.7.3)
Vsoil = Vmold ……………………………...……(e.q.7.4)
Wsoil
γwet = ……………………………………(e.q.7.5)
Vsoil

53
γwet
γdry = ω ………………………………..(e.q.7.6)
1+
100
Gs . γwater
ZAVC = ……………………………...(e.q.7.7)
1 + Gs. ω
Note:
Vadd = Additional water volume (mL);
Vsoil = Soil volume (mL);
Vmold = Mold volume (mL);
ωplan = Plan water content (%);
ωnatural = Natural water content (%);
ω = Water content (%);
Gs = Specific gravity;
Wsoil = Weight of soil (gr);
Wmold = Weight of mold (gr);
w1 = Weight of wet soil + can (gr);
w2 = Weight of dry soil + can (gr);
w3 = Weight of can (gr);
γwet = Wet unit weight (gr/cm3 );
γdry = Dry unit weight (gr/cm3 );
ZAVC = Zero air-void curve (gr/cm3 );

γwater = Unit weight of water (1 gr/cm3 ).

The following are the required practicum tools in Compaction practicum:
a. Mold (SP);
b. Collar (SP);
c. Base Plate (SP);
d. Hammer (SP);
e. Hydraulic Extruder;
f. Large Steel Pan;
g. Can;

54
h. Beaker Glass;
i. Weighing Scale;
j. Oven;
k. Pipette Bottle.
The following are the required practicum materials in Compaction practicum:

b. Distilled Water.
Figure 7.1 Mold (SP) Figure 7.2 Collar (SP) Figure 7.3 Base Plate (SP)
Figure 7.4 Hammer (SP) Figure 7.5 Hydraulic Extruder Figure 7.6 Large Steel Pan
Figure 7.7 Can Figure 7.8 Beaker Glass Figure 7.9 Weighing Scale

55
Figure 7.10 Oven Figure 7.11 Pipette Bottle

The following are the required practicum preparation in Compaction practicum:
a. Prepare tools and materials;
b. prepare dry soil sample and sieve using Sieve No. 4 as much as 15 kg passed;
c. Prepare the dry soil sample after sieve into 4 sample with 35%, 45%, 50% and
55% planned water content;
d. Put in the mixed soil sample with water into air-tight plastic and left it
approximately 16 to 24 hours.

The following are the Compaction practicum procedure:
a. Measure dimensions and weigh the weight of the mold;
b. Make a layer of paper in the shape of a circle;
c. Install the base plate, mold, and collar then apply oil to the mold so that later the
soil sample can be removed from the mold easly;
d. Enter the soil sample with a planned moisture content of 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,
and 55% into the mold up to 1/3 of the height of the mold that has been given a
paper layer, so that there are 3 layers of soil;
e. Do a collision with a hammer as much as 25x with a constant speed and in order
from left, right, down, up, and continue circular until the total collision is 25x.
Then continue the sequence of collisions until the 3rd layer;

56
f. After that, the collar is opened if there is soil that exceeds the mold limit, cut and
discard with a saw or cutting steel plate;
g. Remove the soil sample from the mold with a hydraulic extruder and take a small
piece of soil sample to find the water content then store it in the can;

The following is the data obtained from the practicum:
Mass = 1737,3 gr;
Diameter = 10,1 cm;
Height = 11,5 cm;
Volume = 920,90 mL;
ωnatural = 28,82 %
Table 7.1 Compaction Practicum Data

No. Sample I II III IV V
Natural Water Content (%) 35 40 45 50 55
Additional Water Volume (mL) 96,00 173,63 251,26 328,89 406,51
Up 7,8 8 8 10 8
Can Mass (gr) Middle 7,9 11 7,9 8 8
Bottom 8 7,9 10,4 11 8
Up 49,6 36,9 25,6 45 41
Wet soil + Can Mass (gr) Middle 33,5 51,4 52,5 42 37
Bottom 23,8 28,6 30,3 34 40
Up 28,8 29,2 19,9 33,1 29,1
Dry soil + Can Mass (gr) Middle 27,2 39,6 40.7 31,3 27,7
Bottom 19,6 22,6 23,8 26,4 28,7
Up 38,84 36,32 74,90 51,52 56,40
Water Content (%) Middle 32,64 41,26 35,98 45,92 47,21
Bottom 36,21 40,82 48,51 49,35 54,59
Average Water Content (%) 34,56 39,47 44,13 48,93 52,73
Soil Mass + Mold (gr) 3102,1 3214,2 3266,7 3257,4 3211,2

57
Following the practicum data can find the additional water volume, water
content and average water content from the calculation below:
Calculation of additional water volume:

ωplan - ωnatural
Vadd = x Wsoil
1 + ωnatural
0,35 - 0,2883
= x 2000
1 + 0,2883
= 95,78 mL;
Calculation of water content:

w1 - w2
ω = x 100 %
w2 - w3
33,5 - 27,2
= x 100 %
27,2 - 7,9
= 32,64 %;
Calculation of average water content:

ω 1 + ω2 + ω3
ωavg =
3
38,84 + 32,64 + 36,21
=
3
107,69
=
3
= 35,89%

Table 7.2 Compaction Calculation Practicum Data
Water
34,56 39,47 44,13 48,93 52,73
Content (%)
WMass + Mold
3102,1 3214,2 3266,7 3257,4 3211,2
(gr)
WMold (gr) 1737,3 1737,3 1737,3 1737,3 1737,3

58

WSoil (gr) 1364,8 1476,9 1529,4 1520,1 1473,9
𝑉Soil (gr)) 920,90 920,90 920,90 920,90 920,90
γwet (gr/cm3 ) 1,48 1,60 1,66 1,65 1,60

γdry (gr/cm3 ) 1,10 1,15 1,15 1,10 1,05
ZAVC 1,40 1,30 1,23 1,16 1,11
The following is how to calculate the calculated data in sample I and calculation
the following data sample II, III, IV and V is the same.
WSoil = WMass + Mold - WMold

= 3102,1 – 1737,3
= 1364,8 gr;
Wsoil
γwet =
Vsoil
1364,8
=
920,90
= 1,48 gr/cm3 ;
γwet
γdry = ω
1+
100
1,48
= 34,56
1+
100
= 1,10 gr/cm3 ;
Gs . γwater
ZAVC =
1 + Gs. ω
2,7 . 1
=
1 + (2,7 . 0,3456)
= 1,40.

59
1.5
y dry (gr/cm3) 1
y dry (gr/cm3)
ZAVC
0.5
0
30 35 40 45 50 55
Water Content (%)
Figure 7.12 Correlation Between γdry and ω with ZAVC

Following the conclusion of calculation experimental data above can see in the
Table 7.2 :
a. The sample I ZAVC is 1,40;
b. The sample II ZAVC is 1,30;
c. The sample III ZAVC is 1,23;
d. The sample IV ZAVC is 1,16;
e. The sample V ZAVC is 1,11.
7.8 ERROR FACTORS

a. The volume of the soil is not accurate because of the surface cutting proces may
be more or less of the mold volume;
b. The pulverization process not perfect. Sometimes it may be in the middle or side
of the mold;
c. The hammer is not consistent makes the pulverization process not optimal.

60
CHAPTER 8
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
8.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the value of California Bearing
Ratio (CBR) on a density and water content of soil samples.
8.2 BASIC THEORY

Soil is one of the most important materials in construction. Soil is a material that
is produced from the cooling process of lava, formed into igneous rock then settles and
undergoes erosion to form small particles of soil or what is called clay. However, the
earth's material is not only clay, there are many other types as explained in the Sieve
Analysis chapter. To determine soil characteristics, one of the well-known methods of
determining the density of the soil surface is to use the California Bearing Ratio
(CBR).
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a measure of soil resistance whose density
and moisture conditions can be controlled by penetrating into the soil using a standard
plunger. In general, the CBR method is carried out with granular materials in the base,
subbase and subgrade layers on road pavements and airfields.
The selected subgrade will be compacted in a mold with a standard internal
diameter and height. Soil parameters - moisture content, density and compaction
power - must be appropriate for field conditions because these experiments are to
determine soil resistance in the field. After the soil sample has compacted, soil is added
to the mold because compaction lowers the sample height and then compaction is
continued. After complete compaction, the piston will be penetrated with a standard
diameter. This value can be seen after the data obtained is processed.
Below are the formulas that will be used to obtain the parameters needed:
M . LRC
Test Unit Load = …………………..(e.q.8.1)
A
Test Unit Load (psi)
CBR = x 100% ……………(e.q.8.2)
Standard Unit Load (psi)

61
Note:
M = Dial Reading Value (mm);
LRC = Calibration Factor (psi/div);
A = Surface Area of Piston (inch2 )
Table 8.1 Standard Unit Load Values
Penetration Standard Unit Load (psi)
0.1’’ 1000
0.2’’ 1500
0.3’’ 1900
0.4’’ 2300
0.5’’ 2600

The following are the required practicum tools in California Bearing Ratio
practicum:
a. Mold (MP);
b. Collar (MP);
c. Base Plate (MP);
d. Hammer (SP);
e. Hydraulic Extruder;
f. Steel Cutting Plate;
g. Large Steel Pan;
h. Can;
i. Beaker Glass (100 mL);
j. Weighing Scale;
k. Oven;
l. Pipette Bottle;
m. Load Mass
n. Swelling Dial;

62
o. CBR Machine.
The following are the required practicum materials in California Bearing Ratio
practicum:
a. Soil Passed Sieve No.4;
b. Distilled Water.
Figure 8.1 Mold (SP) Figure 8.2 Collar Figure 8.3 Base Plate (MP)
Figure 8.4 Hammer (SP) Figure 8.5 Hydraulic Figure 8.6 Steel Cutting
Extruder Plate
Figure 8.7 Can Figure 8.8 Beaker Figure 8.9 Weighing Scale
Glass (100 mL)

63
Figure 8.10 Oven Figure 8.11 Pipette Bottle Figure 8.12 Load Mass
Figure 8.13 Swelling Dial Figure 8.14 CBR Machine

The following are the required practicum preparation in California Bearing Ratio
practicum:
a. Prepare 3 dry soil samples weighing 4 kg each;
b. then 3 soil samples with water content plan water content based on compaction
( -0.5% water content, normal water conten, and +0.5% water content);
c. After adding water, bind the finished sample to airtight for at least 16 hours.

The following are procedure in California Bearing Ratio practicum:
1. Compaction
a. Weigh and measure the dimensions of the Mold;
b. A rrange the base plate, mold, and collar ;

64
c. Soil samples with opti mum water content of 0.5 % are put into the mold
up to 1/3 of the mold height , rub hammer with oil then pounded with
hammer approximately 55 times . Do this until there are 3 layers;
d. After finishing until the 3rd layer, open the collar and cut the excess soil
with a shovel, then weigh the mold containing the soil;
e. Repeat the same procedure for the next moisture content.
2. Unsoaked Penetration
a. Enter the circle load and sickle load above the soil sample in the mold is
then put into the CBR test machine, after that, insert the piston until it
touches the cooking surface;
b. Set the dial at the zero;
c. Perform constant penetration by turning the CBR handle (speed 1.27
mm/min)with reading of 0.025”(0.64mm) every 30 seconds then record
the results until the d ial numbers show the number 3 times the same time
;
d. Measure th e piston that entered the ground and match it with the dial if it
does not fit again in zero;
e. Take 25mm from the top layer to check wat er content at least 100 grams.
3. Soaked Penetration
a. After penetration sample the soil is placed on swelling, then given a sickle
load and swelling dial is installed;
b. After the three soil samples have been arranged, the soil samples are
soaked in water;
c. Make note of the values on the dial 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1
hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days and 4 days;
d. After going through the swelling process, penetration is carried out for the
soaked conditions on the opposite surface from the time of the unsoaked
conditions and soil samples are remove d from the mold;
e. Cut it into 3 so you look for the water content of each sample (top, middle
and bottom).

65

Calibration = 36,67 psi/div;
Piston Surface Area = 3 inches;
Hight of Mold = 11.5 cm.
Table 8.2 Soil Sample Data

No. Sample Wx W0 Vadd
I 40,3% 774,98
II 40,3% 21,4% 857,332
II 40,3% 939,685
Table 8.3 California Bearing Ratio Practicum Data

40,25% 42,25% 44,25%
Penetration
Unsoaked Soaked Unsoaked Soaked Unsoaked Soaked
0,025” 1,1 0,25 5,1 0,71 2,9 0,35
0,050” 2 0,3 10,8 1,05 5,1 1,9
0,075” 2,9 035 12 1,05 6,6 -
0,100” 3,9 0,39 13,6 1,1 8 -
0,125” 4,5 0,4 15,8 1,4 9 -
0,150” 5,2 0,4 17 2 9,8 -
0,175” 6,8 0,4 17 2 11,7 -
0,200” 7,4 - 17 2 11,7 -
0,225” 8,9 - - - - -
0,250” 8,9 - - - - -
0,275 - - - - - -
0,300” - - - - - -
Table 8.4 Swelling Test

Value of Swelling (%)
Times
40,50 % 42,50 % 44,50 %
15 0 0 0,02

66

Times
40,50 % 42,50 44,50 %
30 0 0,44 0,04
45 0 0,89 0,04
60 0 1,28 0,05
120 0 1,63 0,06
180 0,015 2,595 0,06
240 0,165 3,05 0,1
1440 0,213 7,115 0,13
2880 0,230 7,187 0,155
4320 0,245 7,202 0,18

Table 8.5 Dial Reading and Test Load Calculation (ω- 5% = 40,25%)
Dial Reading (inch) Test Unit Load (psi)
Penetration
Unsoaked Soaked Unsoaked Soaked
0,025” 1,1 0,25 13,45 3,05
0,050” 2 0,3 24,45 3,67
0,075” 2,9 0,35 35,45 4,27
0,100” 3,9 0,39 47,67 4,78
0,125” 4,5 0,4 55,005 4,89
0,150” 5,2 0,4 63,56 4,89
0,175” 6,8 0,4 83,12 4,89
0,200” 7,4 - 90,45 -
0,225” 8,9 - 108,79 -
0,250” 8,9 - 108,79 -
Below is the calculation of Test Unit Load in 0,025” penetration :

M . LRC
Test Unit Load =
A
1,1 . 36,67
=
3
= 13,45 psi;

67
Table 8.6 Dial Reading and Test Load Calculation (ωopt = 42,25%)
Penetration
0,025” 0,71 5,1 8,68 62,34
0,050” 1,05 10,8 12,83 132,01
0,075” 1,05 12 12,83 146,68
0,100” 1,1 13,6 13,45 166,24
0,125” 1,4 15,8 17,11 193,13
0,150” 2 17 24,45 207,80
0,175” 2 17 24,45 207,80

0,200” 2 17 24,45 207,80

M . LRC
Test Unit Load =
A
0,71 . 36,67
=
3
= 8,68 psi;
Table 8.7 Dial Reading and Test Load Calculation (ω+ 5% = 44,25%)
Penetration
0,025” 2,9 0,35 35,45 4,278
0,050” 5,1 1,9 62,34 23,22
0,075” 6,6 - 80,67 -
0,100” 8 - 97,77 -
0,125” 9 - 110,01 -
0,150” 9,8 - 119,79 -
0,175” 11,7 - 143,01 -
0,200” 11,7 - 143,01 -

M . LRC
Test Unit Load =
A

68
2,9 . 36,67
=
3
= 35,45 psi;
From the calculation Test Unit Load graphic of dial reading relation Penetration
and Unsoaked is.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Unsoaked Soaked
Figure 8.15 Relation Between Penetration and Unsoaked-Soaked Test Unit

Load (ω- 5% = 40,25%)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Unsoaked Soaked

Load (ωopt = 42,25%)

69
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Unsoaked Soaked

Load (ω+ 5% = 44,25%)
Table 8.8 CBR Calculation to Penetration

CBR
Sample Penetration
Unsoaked Soaked
0,100” 4,77 0,47
ω- 5%
0,200” 9,04 -
0,100” 1,34 16,62
ω𝑜𝑝𝑡
0,200” 2,44 20,78
0,100” 9,78 -
ω+ 5%
0,200” 14,30 -
The CBR velues can calculation from Table 8.5 to Table 8.7. For the example
calculation from Table 8.5.
Penetration 0,100” :
Test Unit Load
Unsoaked = x 100%
Standard Unit Load
47,67
= x 100%
1000
= 4,77 %;

70
4,77
Soaked = x 100%
1000
= 0,47 %;
Penetration 0,200” :
Test Unit Load
Unsoaked = x 100%
Standard Unit Load
90,45
= x 100%
1000
= 9,04 %;
Soaked =-
Table 8.9 Swelling Value Calculation

Times
40,50 % 42,50 44,50 %
15 0 0 0,00017
30 0 0,00383 0,00035
45 0 0,00774 0,00035
60 0 0,01113 0,00043
120 0 0,01417 0,00052
180 0,00013 0,02256 0,00052
240 0,00143 0,02652 0,00087
1440 0,00185 0,06187 0,00113
2880 0,002 0,06250 0,00135
4320 0,00213 0,06263 0,00156
To obtain swelling value on 15 minutes, the calculation at 44,50% water content

is shown as below:
Dial Swelling
Dial Reading =
1000
0,02
=
1000
= 2 x 10-5

71
Dial Reading
Value = x 100%
Heigth of Mold
2 𝑥 10−5
= x 100%
11,5
= 0,00017%
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
Swelling Value (%)
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Times (Minutes)
wopt -5% = 40,50% wopt = 42,50% "wopt +5% = 40,50%"
Figure 8.18 Relation between Swelling Value (%) and Time (minutes)

From the practicum results, it can be concluded that:
a. The CBR values with ωopt-5% = 40,50% for 0.100” penetration is 4,77%
(unsoaked) and 0,47% (soaked) and for 0.200” penetration is 9,04% (unsoaked)
and none for soaked;
b. The CBR values with ωopt = 42,50% for 0.100” penetration is 1,34% (unsoaked)
and 16,64% (soaked) and for 0.200” penetration is 2,44% (unsoaked) and
20,78% (soaked);
c. The CBR values with ωopt+5% = 44,50% for 0.100” penetration is 9,78%
(unsoaked) and none for soaked and for 0.200” penetration is 14,30% (unsoaked)
and none for soaked;

72
8.8 ERROR FACTORS

a. The taken sample for the added water volume is not all the same as the oven-
dried soil sample;
b. The mixing sample with the added water volume was uneven. Therefore, the
compaction could not be perfect;
c. The speed of stirring the CBR tools is not stable because it was done by human.
It caused the penetration is imperfect;
d. After the compaction is done, the exceed layer from the mold is cutted unevenly.

73
CHAPTER 9
HAND BORING
9.1 OBJECTIVE
This practicum aims to visually estimate the characteristics of the soil by taking
samples of the original soil to check its properties and also to take it for the next
practicum
9.2 BASIC THEORY
This test is a method of making a hole in the ground with a hand drill tool of a
certain size, and with human power. The purpose of this drilling is to obtain or describe
the composition of the soil layer. From this drilling, soil can be taken as material for
further soil research in the laboratory.
Earth drilling is the most common and most accurate work in field geotechnical
surveys. Soil drilling is intended to make holes in the ground using a manual drilling
tool or a drilling machine.
In this experiment, a disturbed sample was taken and an undisturbed sample was
taken. A disturbed sample is a soil sample taken without any effort being made to
protect the original structure of the soil. The undisturbed sample is an example of soil
that still shows the original properties of the soil. This undisturbed example is ideally
not subject to changes in structure, moisture content, and chemical composition.
9.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS
The following are the required practicum tools in Hand Boring practicum:
a. Sample Tube;
b. Auger Iwan;
c. Steel Bar;
d. T Connection;
e. Tube Connection;
f. Steel Rod Head;
g. Big Hammer;
h. Steel Brush;

74
i. Candle;
j. Rubber Band;
k. Plastic Bag.
Figure 9.1 Sample Tube Figure 9.2 Auger Iwan Figure 9.3 Steel Bar
Figure 9.4 T Connection Figure 9.5 Tube Connection Figure 9.6 Steel Bar Head
Figure 9.7 Big Hummer Figure 9.8 Steel brush Figure 9.9 Candle

75
Figure 9.10 Rubber Band Figure 9.11 Plastic Bag
The following are the required preparation in Hand Boring practicum:

a. Prepare practicum tools;
b. Set the point that will be used to take the soil.
The following are the Hand Boring practicum procedure:

a. Coat both inner and outer surface side of sample tube with oil;
b. Connect the Auger Iwan to a steel rod and place it to the top of the boring
location;
c. Rotate the auger clockwise, give it some preasure and maintain the aurger
position perpendicular to the ground for the auger to penetrate the soil;
d. Penetrate the soil using auger until depth of 1,5m to 2m (before the groundwater
level);
e. Pull out the auger from the soil, remove and connect the sample tube to the steel
rod using a tube connection;
f. Place the sample tube to a hole bored before, and hammer the head using
sledgehammer in order to fill the sample tube with undisturbed soil sample;
g. After the tube filled with soil, pull out the sample tube and remove the steel rod
and tube connection carefuly;

76
h. Coat both sides of the tube with a wax from candle, and secure the coating using
a plastic bag and rubber band;
i. Repeat the procedure for other soil sample in another location of the field.
The soil sample is taken from Intercon Soccer Field. Hand boring process is
carried out to produce a hole as deep as 30 cm from the ground. Insert the tube into the
hole and hit it with a hammer to get it deeper. The tube was taken out and the soil
sample is obtained. Repeat the previous steps to experiment on the other two points.
The taken soil sample got a reddish-brown colour and sticky texture. Hence, the soil
can be classified into clay.
From the practicum, we take conclusion that:
a. The taken soil sample have reddish-brown colour.

b. The soil from Intercon Soccer Field is mostly clay.
9.8 ERROR FACTORS
From the practicum, we found some error factor that were affecting to our
practicum such as:
a. Some other components may get mixed up when opening the hole;
b. Hand boring process is carried out by turning it by hand so that it allows
misalignment of rotation on the ground.

77
CHAPTER 10
CONE PENETRATION TEST
10.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine strength value of end bearing and
friction at a point of soil with a particular depth.
10.2 BASIC THEORY
The Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is a field survey method that is useful for
estimating the location of hard soil layers. It also allows measurements that are deep
and precise enough to determine soil type based on type of behavior, not grain size
distribution. Additional information such as pore pressure can be obtained from it.
The CPT tool is a cone with an angle of 60° and a tip area of 10cm2 . The cone
is inserted into the end of the resistance rod, or bearing end (qc) so that it can be
measured. A friction arm appears on the stem when the ground is penetrated. The final
rod resistance is obtained to determine what type of behavior at a certain depth. The
blade was pushed up into a very hard coating.
To determine qc and fs, the following formula is needed:
Kw = Tw – Cw ……………….……..…(e.q. 10.1)
qc = Cw .……………..…………….….(e.q. 10.2)
Kw
Fs = ……………………………….(e.q. 10.3)
15
HP = fs x 20 ……………………….…..(e.q. 10.4)
JHP = JHPn + JHPn - 1 …………………..(e.q. 10.5)
fs
FR = x 100% ……………....…….…(e.q. 10.6)
qc
Notes :
Tw : Frictional + conus stress (kg/cm2 );
Kw : Frictional stress (kg/cm2 );
Cw : Conus stress (kg/cm2 );
qc : Conus resistance (kg/cm2 );
fs : Frictional resistance (kg/cm2 );
AR : Adhesive resistance (kg/cm);

78
TAR : Total ahesive resistance (kg/cm);

FR : Friction ratio (%).
Soil behaviour type can be determined by the conus resistance (qc) value. Soil
classification based on conus resistance (qc) is shown in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1 Classification of Soil Based on Conus Resistance (qc)
qc (kg/cm2 ) Classification
<5 Highly Soft
5 – 10 Soft
11 – 20 Slightly Elastic
21 – 40 Elastic
41 – 80 Highly Elastic
81 – 150 Stiff
> 150 Highly Stiff
(Source: Science and Civil Structure Media)
The following are the required in Cone Penetration Test practicum tools is :
a. Sondir Machine;
b. Biconus;
c. Spinner Handle;
d. Anchor Triangle;
e. Long Steel Canals;
f. Short Steel Canals;
g. Empty Trunk;
h. Full Stem;
i. Umbrella Drill;
j. Cover Plate Hole;
k. Drill bit;
l. G – Wrench;
m. Hammer
n. Steel Brush.

79
Figure 10.1 Sondir Machine Figure 10.2 Biconus Figure 10.3 Spinner Handle
Figure 10.4 Anchor Triangel Figure 10.5 Long Steel Figure 10.6 Short Steel
Canals Canals
Figure 10.7 Empty Trunk Figure 10.8 Full Stem Figure 10.9 Umbrella Drill
Figure 10.10 Cover Plate Hole Figure 10.11 Drill Bit Figure 10.12 G - Wrench

80
Figure 10.13 Hammer Figure 10.14 Steel Brush
The following are the required practicum materials in Cone Penetration Test
practicum is Field Area with Undisturbed Soil.
The following is the things that should be prepared in Cone Penetration Test
practicum:
a. Set anchor to the four point that formed become rectangles where the dutch cone
penetrometer machine will be placed;
b. Place the machine, then place the steel canal as anchoring to maintain the
machine position so it will not move when doing the practicum;
c. Arrange the manometer to the machine, then do trial to test the manometer if it
work well or not by giving stress to the oli manometers;
d. Give oli to the rod (cone arrangement) so that the movement of rod will not
hampered.
The following is the procedure in Cone Penetration Test practicum:

a. Connect the cone to a series of pipes and the inner pipe is mounted on the sondir;
b. Turn The sondir so that it presses the cone circuit and penetrates the soil to a
depth at least 20 cm (speed 10-20mm / sec);
c. Locked the tool and record on the manometer;

81
d. When the reading has reached greater than 50 kg/cm2 , read a large manometer
by locking a small manometer and opening a large manometer;
e. The reading is stopped when the Cw value has reached the value of 150 kg/cm2.

Table 10.2 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Data
Sample I Sample II Sample III

Depth (cm) Cw Tw Cw Tw Cw Tw
(kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 )
20 11 13 3 6 11 13
40 6 10 8 12 6 10
60 9 20 11 16 9 20
80 15 24 19 22 15 24
100 16 31 17 24 16 31
120 22 43 22 33 22 43
140 20 26 17 32 20 26
160 16 26 26 43 16 26
180 13 22 20 40 22 43
200 22 29 28 43 26 41
220 17 36 20 26 23 31
240 21 33 18 28 21 38
260 18 30 18 34 20 26
280 13 24 17 24 16 26
300 11 28 19 25 13 22
320 11 30 10 20 16 26
340 19 40 20 26 22 29
360 24 37 17 24 17 36
380 30 51 19 27 8 31
400 31 63 19 24 8 28
420 30 70 18 30 20 33
440 35 75 20 26 14 26

82

460 29 85 18 24 15 29
480 24 75 17 26 21 40
500 23 80 10 20 22 40
520 24 80 7 20 21 35
540 24 85 10 24 8 30
560 28 85 10 36 8 31
580 34 90 20 30 20 33
600 37 90 18 25 13 24
620 24 70 19 24 13 30
640 18 57 18 25 11 28
660 15 48 19 24 12 30
680 12 44 18 34 11 44
700 13 52 20 36 22 53
720 15 65 20 48 23 58
740 27 75 30 58 50 80
760 34 90 30 65 50 100
780 39 100 20 60 39 100
800 28 110 20 60 40 110
820 30 110 20 70 35 110
840 30 105 20 80 35 110
860 30 120 20 90 35 125
880 25 110 20 60 25 110
900 25 110 20 65 50 85
920 30 120 20 50 40 100
940 35 130 20 55 40 130
960 35 130 20 80 50 110
980 24 100 20 110 40 130
1000 21 100 20 110 40 120

83

1020 25 105 25 105 40 100
1040 25 115 30 115 50 90
1060 25 115 30 115 50 105
1080 28 120 30 120 40 90
1100 30 135 35 140 40 90
1120 20 90 20 90 40 90
1140 20 110 30 95 50 110
1160 20 100 40 110 40 100
1180 20 100 40 120 40 100
1200 20 120 50 120 40 120
1220 25 100 30 100 40 120
1240 25 120 40 110 40 145
1260 30 145 30 120 40 145
1280 30 150 30 120 50 150
1300 30 150 30 125 50 150
1320 20 120 30 120 60 120
1340 20 170 40 130 60 170
1360 30 220 40 140 70 220
1380 40 135
1400 40 130
1420 30 120
1440 30 110
1460 45 160
1480 60 185
1500 70 200

84
Table 10.3 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Calculation Data Sample I
Cw Tw Kw qc fs HP JHP
Depth FR (%)
(kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm2 ) (kg/cm) (kg/cm)
20 11 13 2 11 0,13 2,67 2,67 1,21
40 6 10 4 6 0,27 5,33 17,33 4,44
60 9 20 11 9 0,73 14,67 32,00 8,15
80 15 24 9 15 0,60 12,00 44,00 4,00
100 16 31 15 16 1,00 20,00 64,00 6,25
120 22 43 21 22 1,40 28,00 92,00 6,36
140 20 26 6 20 0,40 8,00 100,00 2,00
160 16 26 10 16 0,67 13,33 113,33 4,17
180 13 22 9 13 0,60 12,00 125,33 4,62
200 22 29 7 22 0,47 9,33 134,67 2,12
220 17 36 19 17 1,27 25,33 160,00 7,45
240 21 33 12 21 0,80 16,00 176,00 3,81
260 18 30 12 18 0,80 16,00 192,00 4,44
280 13 24 11 13 0,73 14,67 206,67 5,64
300 11 28 17 11 1,13 22,67 229,33 10,30
320 11 30 19 11 1,27 25,33 254,67 11,52
340 19 40 21 19 1,40 28,00 282,67 7,37
360 24 37 13 24 0,87 17,33 300,00 3,61
380 30 51 21 30 1,40 28,00 328,00 4,67
400 31 63 32 31 2,13 42,67 370,67 6,88
420 30 70 40 30 2,67 53,33 424,00 8,89
440 35 75 40 35 2,67 53,33 477,33 7,62
460 29 85 56 29 3,73 74,67 552,00 12,87
480 24 75 51 24 3,40 68,00 620,00 14,17
500 23 80 57 23 3,80 76,00 696,00 16,52
520 24 80 56 24 3,73 74,67 770,67 15,56
540 24 85 61 24 4,07 81,33 852,00 16,94
560 28 85 57 28 3,80 76,00 928,00 13,57
580 34 90 56 34 3,73 74,67 1002,67 10,98
600 37 90 53 37 3,53 70,67 1073,33 9,55

85
Depth FR (%)
620 24 70 46 24 3,07 61,33 1134,67 12,78
640 18 57 39 18 2,60 52,00 1186,67 14,44
660 15 48 33 15 2,20 44,00 1230,67 14,67
680 12 44 32 12 2,13 42,67 1273,33 17,78
700 13 52 39 13 2,60 52,00 1325,33 20,00
720 15 65 50 15 3,33 66,67 1392,00 22,22
740 27 75 48 27 3,20 64,00 1456,00 11,85
760 34 90 56 34 3,73 74,67 1530,67 10,98
780 39 100 61 39 4,07 81,33 1612,00 10,43
800 28 110 82 28 5,47 109,33 1721,33 19,52
820 30 110 80 30 5,33 106,67 1828,00 17,78
840 30 105 75 30 5,00 100,00 1928,00 16,67
860 30 120 90 30 6,00 120,00 2048,00 20,00
880 25 110 85 25 5,67 113,33 2161,33 22,67
900 25 110 85 25 5,67 113,33 2274,67 22,67
920 30 120 90 30 6,00 120,00 2394,67 20,00
940 35 130 95 35 6,33 126,67 2521,33 18,10
960 35 130 95 35 6,33 126,67 2648,00 18,10
980 24 100 76 24 5,07 101,33 2749,33 21,11
1000 21 100 79 21 5,27 105,33 2854,67 25,08
1020 25 105 80 25 5,33 106,67 2961,33 21,33
1040 25 115 90 25 6,00 120,00 3081,33 24,00
1060 25 115 90 25 6,00 120,00 3201,33 24,00
1080 28 120 92 28 6,13 122,67 3324,00 21,90
1100 30 135 105 30 7,00 140,00 3464,00 23,33
1120 20 90 70 20 4,67 93,33 3557,33 23,33
1140 20 110 90 20 6,00 120,00 3677,33 30,00
1160 20 100 80 20 5,33 106,67 3784,00 26,67
1180 20 100 80 20 5,33 106,67 3890,67 26,67
1200 20 120 100 20 6,67 133,33 4024,00 33,33
1220 25 100 75 25 5,00 100,00 4124,00 20,00

86
Depth FR (%)
1240 25 120 95 25 6,33 126,67 4250,67 25,33
1260 30 145 115 30 7,67 153,33 4404,00 25,56
1280 30 150 120 30 8,00 160,00 4564,00 26,67
1300 30 150 120 30 8,00 160,00 4724,00 26,67
1320 20 120 100 20 6,67 133,33 4857,33 33,33
1340 20 170 150 20 10,00 200,00 5057,33 50,00
1360 30 220 190 30 12,67 253,33 5310,67 42,22
Table 10.4 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Calculation Data Sample II
Depth FR (%)
20 3 6 3 3 0,20 4,00 4,00 6,67
40 8 12 4 8 0,27 5,33 9,33 3,33
60 11 16 5 11 0,33 6,67 10,67 3,03
80 19 22 3 19 0,20 4,00 14,67 1,05
100 17 24 7 17 0,47 9,33 24,00 2,75
120 22 33 11 22 0,73 14,67 38,67 3,33
140 17 32 15 17 1,00 20,00 58,67 5,88
160 26 43 17 26 1,13 22,67 81,33 4,36
180 20 40 20 20 1,33 26,67 108,00 6,67
200 28 43 15 28 1,00 20,00 128,00 3,57
220 20 26 6 20 0,40 8,00 136,00 2,00
240 18 28 10 18 0,67 13,33 149,33 3,70
260 18 34 16 18 1,07 21,33 170,67 5,93
280 17 24 7 17 0,47 9,33 180,00 2,75
300 19 25 6 19 0,40 8,00 188,00 2,11
320 10 20 10 10 0,67 13,33 201,33 6,67
340 20 26 6 20 0,40 8,00 209,33 2,00
360 17 24 7 17 0,47 9,33 218,67 2,75
380 19 27 8 19 0,53 10,67 229,33 2,81

87
Depth FR (%)
400 19 24 5 19 0,33 6,67 236,00 1,75
420 18 30 12 18 0,80 16,00 252,00 4,44
440 20 26 6 20 0,40 8,00 260,00 2,00
460 18 24 6 18 0,40 8,00 268,00 2,22
480 17 26 9 17 0,60 12,00 280,00 3,53
500 10 20 10 10 0,67 13,33 293,33 6,67
520 7 20 13 7 0,87 17,33 310,67 12,38
540 10 24 14 10 0,93 18,67 329,33 9,33
560 10 36 26 10 1,73 34,67 364,00 17,33
580 20 30 10 20 0,67 13,33 377,33 3,33
600 18 25 7 18 0,47 9,33 386,67 2,59
620 19 24 5 19 0,33 6,67 393,33 1,75
640 18 25 7 18 0,47 9,33 402,67 2,59
660 19 24 5 19 0,33 6,67 409,33 1,75
680 18 34 16 18 1,07 21,33 430,67 5,93
700 20 36 16 20 1,07 21,33 452,00 5,33
720 20 48 28 20 1,87 37,33 489,33 9,33
740 30 58 28 30 1,87 37,33 526,67 6,22
760 30 65 35 30 2,33 46,67 573,33 7,78
780 20 60 40 20 2,67 53,33 626,67 13,33
800 20 60 40 20 2,67 53,33 680,00 13,33
820 20 70 50 20 3,33 66,67 746,67 16,67
840 20 80 60 20 4,00 80,00 826,67 20,00
860 20 90 70 20 4,67 93,33 920,00 23,33
880 20 60 40 20 2,67 53,33 973,33 13,33
900 20 65 45 20 3,00 60,00 1033,33 15,00
920 20 50 30 20 2,00 40,00 1073,33 10,00

88
Depth FR (%)
940 20 55 35 20 2,33 46,67 1120,00 11,67
960 20 80 60 20 4,00 80,00 1200,00 20,00
980 20 110 90 20 6,00 120,00 1320,00 30,00
1000 20 110 90 20 6,00 120,00 1440,00 30,00
1020 25 105 80 25 5,33 106,67 1546,67 21,33
1040 30 115 85 30 5,67 113,33 1660,00 18,89
1060 30 115 85 30 5,67 113,33 1773,33 18,89
1080 30 120 90 30 6,00 120,00 1893,33 20,00
1100 35 140 105 35 7,00 140,00 2033,33 20,00
1120 20 90 70 20 4,67 93,33 2126,67 23,33
1140 30 95 65 30 4,33 86,67 2213,33 14,44
1160 40 110 70 40 4,67 93,33 2306,67 11,67
1180 40 120 80 40 5,33 106,67 2413,33 13,33
1200 50 120 70 50 4,67 93,33 2506,67 9,33
1220 30 100 70 30 4,67 93,33 2600,00 15,56
1240 40 110 70 40 4,67 93,33 2693,33 11,67
1260 30 120 90 30 6,00 120,00 2813,33 20,00
1280 30 120 90 30 6,00 120,00 2933,33 20,00
1300 30 125 95 30 6,33 126,67 3060,00 21,11
1320 30 120 90 30 6,00 120,00 3180,00 20,00
1340 40 130 90 40 6,00 120,00 3300,00 15,00
1360 40 140 100 40 6,67 133,33 3433,33 16,67
1380 40 135 95 40 6,33 126,67 3560,00 15,83
1400 40 130 90 40 6,00 120,00 3680,00 15,00
1420 30 120 90 30 6,00 120,00 3800,00 20,00
1440 30 110 80 30 5,33 106,67 3906,67 17,78
1460 45 160 115 45 7,67 153,33 4060,00 17,04
1480 60 185 125 60 8,33 166,67 4226,67 13,89

89
Depth FR (%)
1500 70 200 130 70 8,67 173,33 4400,00 12,38
Table 10.5 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Calculation Data Sample III
Depth FR (%)
20 11 13 2 11 0,13 2,67 2,67 1,21
40 6 10 4 6 0,27 5,33 8,00 4,44
60 9 20 11 9 0,73 14,67 22,67 8,15
80 15 24 9 15 0,60 12,00 34,67 4,00
100 16 31 15 16 1,00 20,00 54,67 6,25
120 22 43 21 22 1,40 28,00 82,67 6,36
140 20 26 6 20 0,40 8,00 90,67 2,00
160 16 26 10 16 0,67 13,33 104,00 4,17
180 22 43 21 22 1,40 28,00 132,00 6,36
200 26 41 15 26 1,00 20,00 152,00 3,85
220 23 31 8 23 0,53 10,67 162,67 2,32
240 21 38 17 21 1,13 22,67 185,33 5,40
260 20 26 6 20 0,40 8,00 193,33 2,00
280 16 26 10 16 0,67 13,33 206,67 4,17
300 13 22 9 13 0,60 12,00 218,67 4,62
320 16 26 10 16 0,67 13,33 232,00 4,17
340 22 29 7 22 0,47 9,33 241,33 2,12
360 17 36 19 17 1,27 25,33 266,67 7,45
380 8 31 23 8 1,53 30,67 297,33 19,17
400 8 28 20 8 1,33 26,67 324,00 16,67
420 20 33 13 20 0,87 17,33 341,33 4,33
440 14 26 12 14 0,80 16,00 357,33 5,71
460 15 29 14 15 0,93 18,67 376,00 6,22
480 21 40 19 21 1,27 25,33 401,33 6,03

90
Depth FR (%)
500 22 40 18 22 1,20 24,00 425,33 5,45
520 21 35 14 21 0,93 18,67 444,00 4,44
540 8 30 22 8 1,47 29,33 473,33 18,33
560 8 31 23 8 1,53 30,67 504,00 19,17
580 20 33 13 20 0,87 17,33 521,33 4,33
600 13 24 11 13 0,73 14,67 536,00 5,64
620 13 30 17 13 1,13 22,67 558,67 8,72
640 11 28 17 11 1,13 22,67 581,33 10,30
660 12 30 18 12 1,20 24,00 605,33 10,00
680 11 44 33 11 2,20 44,00 649,33 20,00
700 22 53 31 22 2,07 41,33 690,67 9,39
720 23 58 35 23 2,33 46,67 737,33 10,14
740 50 80 30 50 2,00 40,00 777,33 4,00
760 50 100 50 50 3,33 66,67 844,00 6,67
780 39 100 61 39 4,07 81,33 925,33 10,43
800 40 110 70 40 4,67 93,33 1.018,67 11,67
820 35 110 75 35 5,00 100,00 1.118,67 14,29
840 35 110 75 35 5,00 100,00 1.218,67 14,29
860 35 125 90 35 6,00 120,00 1.338,67 17,14
880 25 110 85 25 5,67 113,33 1.452,00 22,67
900 50 85 35 50 2,33 46,67 1.498,67 4,67
920 40 100 60 40 4,00 80,00 1.578,67 10,00
940 40 130 90 40 6,00 120,00 1.698,67 15,00
960 50 110 60 50 4,00 80,00 1.778,67 8,00
980 40 130 90 40 6,00 120,00 1.898,67 15,00
1000 40 120 80 40 5,33 106,67 2.005,33 13,33
1020 40 100 60 40 4,00 80,00 2.085,33 10,00

91
Depth FR (%)
1040 50 90 40 50 2,67 53,33 2.138,67 5,33
1060 50 105 55 50 3,67 73,33 2.212,00 7,33
1080 40 90 50 40 3,33 66,67 2.278,67 8,33
1100 40 90 50 40 3,33 66,67 2.345,33 8,33
1120 40 90 50 40 3,33 66,67 2.412,00 8,33
1140 50 110 60 50 4,00 80,00 2.492,00 8,00
1160 40 100 60 40 4,00 80,00 2.572,00 10,00
1180 40 100 60 40 4,00 80,00 2.652,00 10,00
1200 40 120 80 40 5,33 106,67 2.758,67 13,33
1220 40 120 80 40 5,33 106,67 2.865,33 13,33
1240 40 145 105 40 7,00 140,00 3.005,33 17,50
1260 40 145 105 40 7,00 140,00 3.145,33 17,50
1280 50 150 100 50 6,67 133,33 3.278,67 13,33
1300 50 150 100 50 6,67 133,33 3.412,00 13,33
1320 60 120 60 60 4,00 80,00 3.492,00 6,67
1340 60 170 110 60 7,33 146,67 3.638,67 12,22
1360 70 220 150 70 10,00 200,00 3.838,67 14,29
The following is an explanation of the calculation method in CPT data used to

determine the value of the practicum test for each method:
Kw = Tw – Cw
= 13 – 11
= 2 kg/cm2 ;
qc = Cw
= 11 kg/cm2 ;
Kw
Fs =
15

92
2
=
15
= 0,13 kg/cm2 ;
HP = fs x 20
= 0,13 x 20
= 2,67 kg/cm;
JHP = JHPn + JHPn - 1

= 2,67 + 0
= 2,67 kg/cm;
fs
FR = x 100%
qc
0,13
= x 100%
11
= 1,21 %

93
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 5 10 15
qc (kg/cm2) fc (kg/cm2)
Figure 10.15 Correlation between Figure 10.16 Correlation between
qc and Depth (Sample I) fs and Depth (Sample I)
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 100 200 300 0 1500 3000 4500
HP (kg/cm) JHP (kg/cm)
HP and Depth (Sample I) JPH and Depth (Sample I)

94
1400 1600
1200 1400
1200
1000
1000
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
800
800
600
600
400
400
200 200
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
FR (%) qc (kg/cm2)
FR and Depth (Sample I) qc and Depth (Sample II)
1600 1600
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
fs (kg/cm2) HP (kg/cm)
fs and Depth (Sample II) HP and Depth (Sample II)

95
1600 1600
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 10 20 30 40
HP (kg/cm) FR (%)
JPH and Depth (Sample II) FR and Depth (Sample II)
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 5 10 15
qc (kg/cm2) fs (kg/cm2)
qc and Depth (Sample III) fs and Depth (Sample III)

96
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
HP (kg/cm) JHP (kg/cm)
HP and Depth (Sample III) JPH and Depth (Sample III)
1400
1200
1000
Depth (cm)
800
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
FR (%)
Figure 10.29 Correlation between FR and Depth (Sample III)

97
Through the practicum, it can be concluded that the Intercon Soccer Field soil in
a certain depth has a classification based on the qc value as the table below:
Table 10.6 Soil Clasification Based on qc Valeu at a certain depth (cm) Sample I
Depth Classification
20 Slightly Elastic
100 Slightly Elastic
200 - 1200 Elastic
Table 10.7 Soil Clasification Based on qc Valeu at a certain depth (cm) Sample
II
20 Highly Soft
100 - 1200 Slightly Elastic
1200 Highly Elastic
Table 10.8 Soil Clasification Based on qc Valeu at a certain depth (cm) Sample
III
20 Slightly Elastic
100 - 1200 Elastic
1200 Highly Elastic
10.8 ERROR FACTORS
These are some error factor that might happen in this practicum :
a. Human Error when reading the dial on Manometer, it makes the data innacurate;
b. Human Error when using the tool the cone penetrometer down so that make the
data inaccurate.

98
CHAPTER 11
CONSOLIDATION
11.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the magnitude and rate for volume
decrease of soil sample in one dimension by gradually increasing the stress of soil
sample on certain time
11.2 BASIC THEORY

Consolidation is a volume reduction process found in saturated soils with low
permeability due to partial drainage of pore water. The process will run continuously
until the stress on the water passes through a normal period caused by an increase in
total stress. In general, land subsidence due to loading can be divided into two types
there are Consolidation Settlement and Immediate Settlement. Settlement
consolidation is the result of changes in the volume of water saturated soil due to the
discharge of water from the soil pores. For granular soils, the consolidation process is
sufficiently rapid that consolidation settlement is generally included with immediate
settlement. Meanwhile, Immediate Settlement is the result of elastic deformation in
dry, wet and saturated soil caused by changes in water content. (Bro Barimbing, 2018).
For saturated or nearly saturated cohesive soils, a linear elastic model is used for the
calculation of immediate settlement. Although clays do not behave as linear elastic
materials, the rationale for the use of elastic theory has been the availability of
solutions for a wide variety of boundary conditions representative of foundation
engineering problems. In general, the elastic approximation performs reasonably well
in the case of saturated clays under monotonic loading conditions not approaching
failure. In addition, for these same conditions, the elastic parameters can generally be
assumed as approximately constant throughout an otherwise homogeneous soil mass
[Perloff, 1975].
The following are the equation that will be used for this practicum :
ws
H0 = G …………………….…………….(e.q.11.1)
s xA
Hυ = Hi - H0 ………………….…………….(e.q.11.2)

99
wt - ws
Si = ………………….…………….(e.q.11.3)
Hυ xA
Hυ
e0 = …………………….…...………….(e.q.11.4)
H0
Dialf - Diali
ΔH = ……………………….……….(e.q.11.5)
1000
HVf = Hυ – ΔH………………….…………….(e.q.11.6)
𝐻𝑉𝑓
ef = …………………….……….…….(e.q.11.7)
H0
wt
Po = x H……………………….…….(e.q.11.8)
Hi xA
0.848 x Ht 2
CV = …………………….…...…….(e.q.11.9)
t90
ΔH
(Hring - 2 )
Ht = …………………….….…….(e.q.11.10)
2
Ww
ωf = x 100%………………….……….….(e.q.11.11)
Ws
Pc
OCR = …………………….……….….(e.q.11.12)
Po
Notes:
H0 = Height of solid (cm);
ws = Mass of dry soil (gr);
Gs = Spesific gravity;
A = Area of ring (cm2 );
Hυ = Initial height of void (cm);
Hi = Initial height of soil (cm);
Si = Degree of saturation;
wt = Mass of wet soil (gr);
e0 = Initial void ratio;
ΔH = Height deformation (cm);
Dialf = Final dial;

100
Diali = Initial dial;

HVf = Final height of void (cm);
ef = Final void ratio;
ωf = Final water content;
Po = Effective vertical stress (kg/cm2 );
Ht = Height og drainage (cm);
CV = Coefficient of consolidation (cm2 /minute);
OCR = Over-Consolidated Ratio;
Pc = Preconsolidation pressure (kg/cm2 ).
The following are the required practicum tools in Consolidation practicum:
a. Consolidometer;
b. Glycerin;
c. Saw;
d. Porous Stone;
e. Dial Indicator;
f. Mechanical Extruder
g. Load 0.5 kg;
h. Load 1 kg;
i. Load 2 kg;
j. Load 4 kg;
k. Load 8 kg.
The following are the required practicum materials in Consolidation practicum:
a. Soil Sample from Hand Boring practicum;

b. Distilled Water.

101
Figure 11.1 Consolidometer Figure 11.2 Glyeerin Figure 11.3 Sax
Figure 11.4 Porous Stone Figure 11.5 Dial Indicator Figure 11.6 Mechanical
swwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwExtruder
Figure 11.7 Load 0.5 kg Figure 11.8 Load 1 kg Figure 11.9 Load 2 kg

102
Figure 11.10 Load 4 kg Figure 11.11 Load 8 kg
The following are the Consolidation practicum preparation:

b. Prepare soil sample from Hand Boring practicum.

1. The following are the Consolidation practicum procedure:
a. Measure the diameter, height, and weigh the Ring Consolidometer;
b. Remove the soil in the tube from hand boring by using an extruder;
c. Remove the soil from the tube then insert the Ring Consolidometer into
the ground and cut it with a saw;
d. After the ring consolidometer has been filled with soil, flatten both sides
of the surface using a spatula;
e. Arrange the consolidometer series from the bottom up that is axle
receptacle, pivot stone, pore paper , soil, pore paper, pivot stone, load
bearing, anchoring 4 nuts;
f. Adjust the balan ce of the consolidometer loading by using a balancing
load, then set the dial to 0 before the soil sample receives the load. The
strap must be balanced for the dial value to be correct;

103
g. Start placing a 0.5 kg load and record the read ings contained on the dial
in accordance with the time specified in the practicum mo dule;
h. Load placement process is carried out continuously by add load according
to the load data at practicum module. At the limit of 16 kg the load is
reduced continuously in accordance with the increase in load at the
beginning of the loading process.
i. After completion, the soil sample contained in the ring consolidometer is
removed, weighed, and then roasted to obtain a moisture content value.
2. Below are the procedures to determine t90:

a. Copy the graphic of Pc to AutoCAD. Then, Draw a straight line from the
each axis;
Figure 11.12 Step 1 of Determining t90 Value
b. The distance from A to B is called ‘D’. Next, draw a line with 0.15 distance
from point B then connect the point with the 1st point;

104
Figure 11.13 Step 2 of Determining t90 Value
c. Then, for the intersecting line (point C) draw a vertical line. Then,
determine the t90 value;
3. Below are the procedures to determine Pc:

a. Copy the graphic of Pc to AutoCAD. Then, draw a straight line from point
A to B (the highest point to the second highest point of Loading Load);
Figure 11.14 Step 1 of Determining Pc Value
b. Draw a horizontal line into point B;

105
c. Measure the angle between the two line, and divide it by 2, then draw a
straight line again in the middle of the angle;
d. Draw a straight line from Point C to D;

106
e. Then, draw a vertical line between the intersecting line in Point E. Next,
determine the Pc Value;
f. To determine the Pc value is by measuring the distance in AutoCAD and

then dividing the distance from F to G with the distance from F to H and
then times it with the distance from the graphic (0.1).

107

Table 11.1 Consolidation Practicum Data
Hasil Dial Reading untuk beban tertentu (kg)

Waktu
(menit) 0,5 1 2 4 8 16 8 4 2 1 0,5
0 3 5 11 20 35 58 - - - - -
0,1 4 5,9 12 23,2 39,5 82 - - - - -
0,25 4 5,9 12,2 23,6 41 86 - - - - -
0,5 4 6 12,6 23,9 41,8 89 - - - - -
1 4 6 13 24,2 42,9 92,5 - - - - -
2 4 6 13,8 24,7 43,6 95,2 - - - - -
4 4 6,1 13,9 25 45 98 - - - - -
10 4 6,3 14 25,9 46,7 102 - - - - -
15 4 6,3 14,2 26,1 47,2 103,3 - - - - -
30 4 6,3 14,7 26,8 48,5 105,9 - - - - -
60 4 6,8 14,7 27,1 49,6 108 - - - - -
1440 4 8,2 17,1 30,8 57 118 109,8 101,2 93,5 85 76,2
Dial readings in units of 0.01 mm
Ring diameter = 5.1 cm
Area of the Ring (A) = 20,428 cm2
Ring Height (Hi ) = 2 cm
Gs (Specific Gravity) = 2.7
Initial experimental data:
Initial weight (soil + ring) = 124.4 grams
Mass of dry solid + ring = 107,4 gram
Ring weight = 56.4 grams
Wet soil weight (Wt ) = 68 grams
Mass of dry solid(Ws ) = Ws + ring − Wring -

108
= 107,4 – 56,4
= 51 gr
Ww = Wt - Ws
= 68 – 51
= 17 gr
Below are the calculations of Consolidation Practicum:
a. Calculation of Initial Soil Height :

ws
H0 =G xA
s
51
= 2,7 x 20,428
= 0,92 cm;
b. Calculation of Difference Height :

Hυ = Hi - H0
= 2 – 0,92
= 1,08 cm;
c. Calculation Degree of Saturation :
wt - ws
Si =
Hυ xA
68 - 51
=
1,08 x 20,428
= 0,77 kg/cm3 ;
d. Calculation of Initial Void Ratio :
Hυ
e0 =
H0
1,08
=
0,92

109
= 1,17;
e. Calculation of Dial Difference Height :
Dialf - Diali
ΔH =
1000
4-0
=
1000
= 0,004 cm;
f. Calculation of final Sample Height :

HVf = Hυ – ΔH
= 1,08 – 0,004
= 1,076 cm;
g. Calculation of final Void Ratio :
𝐻𝑉𝑓
ef =
H0
1,06
=
0,92
= 1,17;
h. Calculation of Ring Height

ΔH
(Hring - 2 )
Ht =
2
0,004
(2- 2 )
=
2
= 0,9935 cm;
i. Calculation of final Water Content :

Ww
ωf = x 100%
Ws
17
= x 100%
51
= 33,3%

110
j. Calculation of P0 :
wt
Po = xH
Hi x A
68
= x 50
2 x 20,428
= 83,2 gr/cm3
= 0,083 kg/cm3
Table 11.2 Consolidation Practicum Calculation Data
Change
Deformation Change Void Avg
in
KG end of load in void Ratio Cc H Ht for D T90 Ht Cv
sample
(cm) (Δe) (e) Load
(ΔH)
0 0,003 0,000 0,000 1,174 2 4 1 0 1 0
0,004 0,001 0,001 0,99 0,35

0,5 1,173 1,999 3,998 0,999 9,581
5 4
0,008 0,004 0,004 0,99 0,3

1 1,168 1,996 3,992 0,999 9,609
8 53
0,99 0,35
loading
2 0,017 0,009 0,010 1,159 1,991 3,982 0,998 9,474

6 8
0,031 0,014 0,015 0,99 0,35 9,609

4 1,143 1,986 3,972 0,997
3 3
0,057 0,026 0,028 0,98 0,34

8 1,115 1,974 3,948 0,994 9,747
7 8
0,044
0,118 0,061 0,066 0,97 0,35
16 1,049 1,939 3,878 0,985 9,663
0 1
0,110 0,008 0,009 1,040 - - - - - -
0,101 0,009 0,010 1,049 - - - - - -
0,094 0,008 0,009 1,059

unloading
- - - - - -
0,085 0,008 0,009 1,067 - - - - - -
0,076 0,009 0,010 1,076 - - - - - -
0,003 0,000 0,000 1,086 2 4 1 1

111
From the data information, the following of calculation data in sample 0.5 kg:
k. Calculation of Ht
Ht = Load 0,5 kg – Load 0 kg
= 0,004 – 0,003
= 0,001 cm;
l. Calcultion of Void Ratio

ΔH
Δe =
H0
0,001
=
0,92
= 0,001 cm;
m. Calcultion of Void Ratio

Hvf
e =
H0
1,08
=
0,92
= 1,17 cm;
n. Calcultion of Final Height

H = Hi – ΔH
= 2 – 0,004
= 1,999 cm;
o. Calcultion of Averange Ht for Load

Ht AVG =Hx2
= 1,999 x 2
= 3,998 cm;
p. Calcultion of D
1,999
D =
2

112
= 0,9995 cm;
q. Calcultion of Ht
ΔH
(Hring - 2 )
Ht =
2
0,001
(2 - )
2
=
2
= 0,9935 cm;
r. Calculation of Pc
Graphic Pc
1.20
1.18
1.15
Void Ratio (e)

1.13
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.03
1.00
Pc
0.01 0.1 1
Tegangan (kN/cm2)
Figure 11.19 Graphic Pc
Pc = 0,43 kg/cm2
e1 = 1,092
e2 = 1,05
p1 = 0,09
p2 = 0,79

113
e2 - e1
Cc = p
log ( 1 )
𝑝2
1,05 - 1,092
= 0,09
log ( )
0,79
= 0,044
s. Calculation of t900,5kg
6,73
t900,5kg = x 0,5
7,74
= 0.354
0.0045
Derajat Konsolidasi (U)
0.004
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0 2 4 6 8
√Waktu
Figure 11.20 Graphic reduction 0.5 kg

114
0.007

0.0065
0.006
0.0055
0.005
0 2 4 6 8
√Waktu
Figure 11.21 Graphic reduction 1 kg
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.01
0 2 4 6 8
√Waktu

115
0.03
0.029

0.028
0.027
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.02
0 2 4 6 8
√Waktu
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0 2 4 6 8
√Waktu

116
0.115

0.105
0.095
0.085
0.075
0.065
0.055
0 2 4 6 8
√Waktu
t. Calculation of Cv
0,848 x h2
Cv =
t90
0,848 x 22
=
0.354
= 9,584
11.7 PRACTICUM CONCLUSIONS
From the practicum, it can be concluded that:
a. The Pc value of the soil sample consolidation is 0.43 kg/cm2;

b. The Po value of the soil sample consolidation is 0.083 kg/cm2;
c. The soil is normally consolidated.
11.8 ERROR FACTORS
The following are some errors occur while practicum:
a. When loading and unloading the load, it might move the consolidation ring, so
that the dial may affect the practicum data;
b. The inaccuracy of time while doing the observation.

117
CHAPTER 12
TRIAXIAL TEST
12.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of Triaxial Test practicum is to find the value of soil sample shear
angles (Φ) and cohesion (c) of soil samples under conditions of Unconsolidated
Undrained (UU).
12.2 BASIC THEORY
Triaxial test is a test done to a soil sample by giving a load in three dimension
simulating soil sample in real life condition. The triaxial test to be determined for use
in geotechnical design (Rees, 2013).
Triaxial test is divided into three dimension. Three types of triaxial test are:
a. Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Test;

In this test, the objective of the Unconsolidated Undrained Test (UU) is to
determine that the water in the soil pores does not have time to flow out during the soil
loading process and can reach the failure criteria stage within 5-15. minute. This test
is generally performed on cohesive soil specimens.
b. Consolidated Undrained (CU) Test;
In this test, the objective of the Unconsolidated Undrained Test (UU) is to
determine velue that the water inside the soil allowed to flow out making the soil enter
the consolidation stage. CU test allows strength parameters to be determined based on
the effective stresses (i.e. Φ’ and c’).
c. Consolidated Drained (CD) Test.
The consolidated drained (CD) test on the other hand is applicable to describing
long-term loading response, providing strength parameters determined under effective
stress control (i.e. φ ́ and c ́). Triaxial test is needed to determine the value of soil
strength parameters (c and Φ). Value of those paramter can be measured graphicaly by
using Mohr Circle.

118
Figure 12.1 Mohr Circle

(Source: nptel.ac.id)
The following are the formula at Triaxial Test will be used:
Load (kg) = Load reading x LRC …………….(e.q.12.1)
ΔL
Unit Strain = ……………….……………….(e.q.12.2)
L
Area Correction Factor = 1 – Unit Strain …………...……...(e.q.12.3)
A
A’ = ……...……..(e.q.12.4)
Area Correction Factor
Load
Deviactoric stress = ……………………….…….(e.q.12.5)
A'
Axial stress ( σ1 ) = Cell Preassure + Deviation Stress …...(e.q.12.6)
Note:
ΔL = Deformation;
LRC = Calibration Factor;
A = Area;
σ1 = Axial Stress.
The following are the required practicum tools in Triaxial Test practicum:
a. Triaxial Machine;
b. Triaxial Cell;

119
c. Mechanical Extruder;
d. Sample Tube;
e. Balloon Pump;
f. Saw;
g. Dessicator;
h. Rubber Membrane;
i. Vacum Cylinder;
j. Compressor;
k. Digital Scale;
l. Oven;
m. Proving Ring.
The following are the required practicum materials in Triaxial Test practicum:
b. Distilled Water.
Figure 12.2 Triaxial Figure 12.3 Triaxial Cell Figure 12.4 Mechanical
Machine Extruder
Figure 12.5 Sample Tube Figure 12.6 Ballon Pump Figure 12.7 Saw

120
Figure 12.8 Dessicator Figure 12.9 Rubber Figure 12.10 Vacum Cylinder
Membrane
Figure 12.11 Compressor Figure 12.12 Digital Scale Figure 12.13 Oven
Figure 12.14 Proving Ring

121
The following are the required practicum preparation in Triaxial Test practicum:

b. Prepare soil sample from tube that has been oiled inside;
c. Prepare soil sample and stored in the dessicator, then continue for the next
sample.
The following are the Triaxial Test Unconsolidation Undrained (UU) practicum
procedure:
a. Attach the rubber membrane into the vacuum tube and remove the air from the
rubber membrane, then enter the soil sample that has been printed;
b. Enter soil samples into triaxial cells and arrange them in the following order:
load head, porous stone, soil sample, porous stone, load head.
c. After arranged the soil sample then coated with a rubber membrane that has been
vacuum before;
d. Place the triaxial cell into the triaxial machine, then set the pressure panel with
cell pressure (max. 5 bar) to fill the water triaxial;
e. Set the pressing speed between 1% - 2% of the sample height and keep the
pressing, then set the load dial and the deformation dial to zero (0);
f. Record the load dial reading for each decrease in the deformation dial by 0.25
mm and the pressure is stopped until the load dial reading is the same as three
times or down;
g. Do the same thing for another sample;
h. Remove all the sample then put into the oven to count the water content;

Soil Depth (L) = 30 – 70 cm

Cell Pressure (σ3 ) = 1 kg/cm2
Sample Height = 70 mm
= 0,7 cm

122
Sample Diameter = 35 mm
= 3,5 cm
A (Area) = 9,621 cm2
LRC = 0,14 kg/cm2
Table 12.1 Triaxial Test Practicum Data
Local Dial Reading

Deformation
(mm) σ3 = 0,6 kg/cm2 σ3 = 1,0 kg/cm2 σ3 = 2,0 kg/cm2
0,25 0,50 7,50 5,00

0,50 2,00 7,00 6,50
0,75 4,00 7,00 5,00
1,00 5,00 8,50 8,00
1,25 5,00 10,50 10,50
1,50 5,50 13,50 14,00
1,75 5,50 15,50 16,50
2,00 5,50 17,00 18,00
2,25 - 17,00 18,50
2,50 - 16,50 19,00
2,75 - 13,50 19,00
3,00 - 10,50 19,00
3,25 - 9,00 -
3,50 - 8,50 -
3,75 - 8,00 -
4,00 - 8,00 -
4,25 - 8,00 -

123
The following is an explanation of the calculation method in sample I (σ3 = 0,6

kg/cm2) used to determine the value of the Triaxial Unconsolidated Undrained test for
each sample:
a. Load (kg) = Load reading x LRC
= 0,5 x 0,14
= 0,07 kg;
ΔL
b. Unit Strain =
L
0,25
=
70
= 0,004;
c. Area Correction Factor = 1 – Unit Strain

= 1 - 0,004
= 0,996;
A
d. A’ = Area Correction Factor
9,621
=
0,996
= 9,660 cm2;
Load
e. Deviactoric stress = A'
0,07
=
9,660
= 0,0072 kg/cm2;
f. Axial stress ( σ1 ) = Cell Preassure + Deviation Stress

= 0,6 + 0,0072
= 0,6072 kg/cm2.

124
Table 12.2 Triaxial Test Practicum Calculation Data (σ3 = 0,6 kg/cm2)
Area
Deformation Load Unit Deviatoric Axial
LDR Correction A’
(mm) (kg) Strain Stress Stress
Factor
0,25 0,50 0,07 0,004 0,996 9,655 0,007 0,607

0,50 2,00 0,28 0,007 0,993 9,690 0,029 0,629
0,75 4,00 0,56 0,011 0,989 9,725 0,058 0,658
1,00 5,00 0,7 0,014 0,986 9,760 0,072 0,672
1,25 5,00 0,7 0,018 0,982 9,796 0,071 0,671
1,50 5,50 0,77 0,021 0,979 9,832 0,078 0,678
1,75 5,50 0,77 0,025 0,975 9,868 0,078 0,678
2,00 5,50 0,77 0,029 0,971 9,904 0,078 0,678
Area
LDR Correction A’
Factor
0,25 0,50 1,05 0,004 0,996 9,655 0,109 1,109

0,50 2,00 0,98 0,007 0,993 9,690 0,101 1,101
0,75 4,00 0,98 0,011 0,989 9,725 0,101 1,101
1,00 5,00 1,19 0,014 0,986 9,760 0,122 1,122
1,25 5,00 1,47 0,018 0,982 9,796 0,150 1,150
1,50 5,50 1,89 0,021 0,979 9,832 0,192 1,192
1,75 5,50 2,17 0,025 0,975 9,868 0,220 1,220
2,00 5,50 2,38 0,029 0,971 9,904 0,240 1,240
2,25 17,00 2,38 0,032 0,968 9,941 0,239 1,239
2,50 16,50 2,31 0,036 0,964 9,977 0,232 1,232
2,75 13,50 1,89 0,039 0,961 10,014 0,189 1,189
3,00 10,50 1,47 0,043 0,957 10,052 0,146 1,146

125
Area
LDR Correction A’
Factor
3,25 9,00 1,26 0,046 0,954 10,089 0,125 1,125
3,50 8,50 1,19 0,050 0,950 10,127 0,118 1,118
3,75 8,00 1,12 0,054 0,946 10,166 0,110 1,110
4,00 8,00 1,12 0,057 0,943 10,204 0,110 1,110
4,25 8,00 1,12 0,061 0,939 10,243 0,109 1,109
Area
LDR Correction A’
Factor
0,25 0,50 0,7 0,004 0,996 9,655 0,072 2,072

0,50 2,00 0,91 0,007 0,993 9,690 0,094 2,094
0,75 4,00 0,7 0,011 0,989 9,725 0,072 2,072
1,00 5,00 1,12 0,014 0,986 9,760 0,115 2,115
1,25 5,00 1,47 0,018 0,982 9,796 0,150 2,150
1,50 5,50 1,96 0,021 0,979 9,832 0,199 2,199
1,75 5,50 2,31 0,025 0,975 9,868 0,234 2,234
2,00 5,50 2,52 0,029 0,971 9,904 0,254 2,254
2,25 18,50 2,59 0,032 0,968 9,941 0,261 2,261
2,50 19,00 2,66 0,036 0,964 9,977 0,267 2,267
2,75 19,00 2,66 0,039 0,961 10,014 0,266 2,266
3,00 19,00 2,66 0,043 0,957 10,052 0,265 2,265
The value of deviatoric stress (Δσ) and axial stress (σ1) from each soil sample
can be used to draw a mohr circle to determine it’s cohesion value (c) and internal
friction angle (Φ).

126
In order to draw the morh circle. The value of radius and center point of each
soil sample are shown in table 12.4 down below:
Table 12.5 Value of Radius and Center Point of Mohr Circle
Canter
σ3 Δσ σ𝟏 Radius
Point
Sample I 0,6 0,007 0,607 0,3 0,3
Sample II 1 0,109 1,109 0,5 0,6
Sample III 2 0,072 2,072 1 1
(σ1 - σ3 )
Radius =
2
(0,607 - 0,6)
=
2
= 0,3;
(σ1 + σ3 )
Center point (x) =
2
(0,672 + 0,6)
=
2
= 0,3;

127
Figure 12.15 Morh Circle of Soil Sample
From the Figure 12.15, the value of cohesion is 0,04 and the value of internal
friction angle (ϕ) is 60,4°.
From the practicum above, the conclusion of the triaxial unconsolidated

undrained test to soil sample is stated down bellow:
a. The value of axial stress of soil sample I in cell preasure 0,5 kg/cm2 is 0,607
kg/cm2;
b. The value of axial stress of soil sample II in cell preasure 0,5 kg/cm2 is 1,109
kg/cm2;
c. The value of axial stress of soil sample III in cell preasure 0,5 kg/cm2 is 2,072
kg/cm2;
d. The value of cohesion (c) of soil sample is 0.04 kg/cm2 and the value of internal
friction angle (Φ) is 60,4°.
12.8 ERROR FACTORS
Several error factors affected the result of the practicum. They are:
a. Misread the dial causing the wrong value for local dial reading.

128
CHAPTER 13
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
13.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine Unconfined Compressive Strength
(qu ) soil sample so that Unconfined Shear Strength (Cu ) from the undrained soil sample
can be determined.
13.2 BASIC THEORY

In building construction generally soil to make the building stable and the project
success. Every building construction need to know about the soil in the site. This
practicum to do some site investigation to know about the soil type and characteristic
in that site. Civil engineers often found problem of soil in the contraction to increase
the soil strength and repair the soil bearing capacity to increase stability of the soil in
that site. (Fadilla, 2014).
To know about the type of soil needed to do some laboratory test. One of them
that generally useded to determine the type of soil is Unconfined Compression Test
(UCT) on clay. Through this test, some of soil parameter such as undrained shear
stregth (Cu ) and unconfined compression strength can be known. Shear strength of soil
(undrained shear strength) related to the bearing capacity and stability of soil (Strozyk
& Tankiewicz, 2013). It is because if we know the shear strength of soil, we can
determined the maximum bearing capacity of soil that can maintain the stability of
soil. And the unconfined compression strength can be defines as the maximum axial
compressive stress (Alnuaim, Hamid, & Alshenawy, 2019).
The following are the formula at Triaxial Test will be used:
P
σ = …………………………..………(e.q.13.1)
A
σ1 + σ3 σ1 σu
Cu = = = …………………(e.q.13.2)
2 2 2
In this practicum, several formula in chapter Triaxial Test will be used:
Load (kg) = Load reading x LRC …………….(e.q.13.3)

129
ΔL
Unit Strain = ………………………………..(e.q.13.4)
L
Area Correction Factor = 1 – Unit Strain …………………...(e.q.13.5)
A
A’ = ……………...(e.q.13.6)
Area Correction Factor
Load
qu = ……………………...……….(e.q.13.7)
A'
qu
Cu = ………………………………...(e.q.13.8)
2
Notes:
P = Load
A = Soil’s Surface Area;
Cu = Unconfined Shear Strength;
qu = Unconfined Compressive Strength;
ΔL = Deformation;
LRC = Calibration Factor.

The following are the required practicum tools in Unconfined Compressio Test
practicum:
a. UCT Machine;
b. Mechanic Extruder;
c. Sample Tube;
d. Glycerin;
e. Saw;
f. Sample Extruder;
g. Dessicator;
h. Aluminum Pan;
i. Oven.
The following are the required practicum materials in Unconfined Compressio

Test practicum:

130

b. Distilled Water.
Figure 13.1 UCT Machine Figure 13.2 Mechanical Extruder Figure 13.3 Sample Tube
Figure 13.4 Glycerin Figure 13.5 Saw Figure 13.6 Sample Extruder
Figure 13.7 Dessicator Figure 13.8 Alumunium Pan Figure 13.9 Oven

The following are the required practicum preparation in Unconfined Compressio
Test practicum:
a. Prepare the soil sample from the inside of hand boring tube with mechanical
extruder tool and take the soil sample with sample tube that already given oil
inside under the condition L=2D - 3D (L = Height, D= Diameter) minimum 30
mm the biggest particle 3 mm;

131
b. Prepare the soil sample from the inside of hand boring tube with the sample
extruder and keep inside the dessicator and continued with the next samples.

The following are the Unconfined Compression Test practicum procedure:
a. Put the soil sample to UCT machine;
b. Put load plate to the middle of the sample;
c. Set load dial and deformation dial to zero (0);
d. Set axial strain 0,5% - 2% per minute. Write the load, deformation, and time
with interval 10-15;
e. Do the suppression to the sample and record to every deformation reduction in
amount of 0.25mm and stop to do suppression till the load dial result reading
equal 3 times or down (max. 15% strain);
f. After that continue with remolded process;
g. After the soil sample formed to cylinder again, give pressure like step 1 till 5;
h. Take out all sample from can and put into the oven to calculate the water;
i. Make the corelation soil sample from this practicum.

Sample Height = 7 cm;
Sample Diameter = 35 mm
= 3,5 cm
A (Area) = 9,621 cm2
LRC = 0,14 kg/cm2
Table 13.1 Unconfined Compression Test (Undisturbed) Practicum Data

Deformation Load Dial
(mm) Reading
0,25 9,00
0,50 9,50
0,75 10,00
1,00 10,50

132

(mm) Reading
1,25 11,00
1,50 12,00
1,75 12,50
2,00 13,00
2,25 13,50
2,50 14,00
2,75 14,50
3,00 15,00
,25 15,00
3,50 15,50
3,75 13,50
4,00 15,00
4,25 16,50
4,50 17,00
4,75 17,00
5,00 17,00
Table 13.2 Unconfined Compression Test (Remolded) Practicum Data

(mm) Reading
0,25 10,00
0,50 10,00
0,75 11,00
1,00 11,50
1,25 12,00
1,50 13,00
1,75 13,50
2,00 14,00
2,25 14,50

133

(mm) Reading
2,50 15,00
2,75 16,00
3,00 16,50
3,25 17,00
3,50 17,50
3,75 18,00
4,00 18,50
4,25 19,00
4,50 19,00
4,75 19,50
5,00 20,00
5,25 20,50
5,50 21,00
5,75 21,00
6,00 21,50
6,25 21,50
6,50 22,00
6,75 22,00
7,00 22,50
7,25 22,50
7,50 22,50

Table 13.3 Unconfined Compression Test (Undisturbed) Calculation Practicum
Data
Area
Deformation Load Deviatoric Axial
LDR Unit Strain Correction A’
(mm) (kg) Stress Stress
Factor
0,2500 9,0000 1,2600 0,0036 0,9964 9,6555 0,1305 0,0652

134
Area
Factor
0,5000 9,5000 1,3300 0,0071 0,9929 9,6902 0,1373 0,0686
0,7500 10,0000 1,4000 0,0107 0,9893 9,7252 0,1440 0,0720
1,0000 10,5000 1,4700 0,0143 0,9857 9,7604 0,1506 0,0753
1,2500 11,0000 1,5400 0,0179 0,9821 9,7959 0,1572 0,0786
1,5000 12,0000 1,6800 0,0214 0,9786 9,8317 0,1709 0,0854
1,7500 12,5000 1,7500 0,0250 0,9750 9,8677 0,1773 0,0887
2,0000 13,0000 1,8200 0,0286 0,9714 9,9040 0,1838 0,0919
2,2500 13,5000 1,8900 0,0321 0,9679 9,9405 0,1901 0,0951
2,5000 14,0000 1,9600 0,0357 0,9643 9,9773 0,1964 0,0982
2,7500 14,5000 2,0300 0,0393 0,9607 10,0144 0,2027 0,1014
3,0000 15,0000 2,1000 0,0429 0,9571 10,0518 0,2089 0,1045
3,5000 15,5000 2,1700 0,0500 0,9500 10,1274 0,2143 0,1071
3,7500 13,5000 1,8900 0,0536 0,9464 10,1656 0,1859 0,0930
4,0000 15,0000 2,1000 0,0571 0,9429 10,2041 0,2058 0,1029
4,2500 16,5000 2,3100 0,0607 0,9393 10,2429 0,2255 0,1128
4,5000 17,0000 2,3800 0,0643 0,9357 10,2820 0,2315 0,1157
4,7500 17,0000 2,3800 0,0679 0,9321 10,3214 0,2306 0,1153
5,0000 17,0000 2,3800 0,0714 0,9286 10,3611 0,2297 0,1149
Table 13.4 Unconfined Compression Test (Remolded) Calculation Practicum

Data
Area
Factor
0,2500 10,0000 1,4000 0,0036 0,9964 9,6555 0,1450 0,0725
0,5000 10,0000 1,4000 0,0071 0,9929 9,6902 0,1445 0,0722
0,7500 11,0000 1,5400 0,0107 0,9893 9,7252 0,1584 0,0792
1,0000 11,5000 1,6100 0,0143 0,9857 9,7604 0,1650 0,0825
1,2500 12,0000 1,6800 0,0179 0,9821 9,7959 0,1715 0,0857
1,5000 13,0000 1,8200 0,0214 0,9786 9,8317 0,1851 0,0926
1,7500 13,5000 1,8900 0,0250 0,9750 9,8677 0,1915 0,0958
2,0000 14,0000 1,9600 0,0286 0,9714 9,9040 0,1979 0,0990

135
Area
Factor
2,2500 14,5000 2,0300 0,0321 0,9679 9,9405 0,2042 0,1021
2,5000 15,0000 2,1000 0,0357 0,9643 9,9773 0,2105 0,1052
2,7500 16,0000 2,2400 0,0393 0,9607 10,0144 0,2237 0,1118
3,0000 16,5000 2,3100 0,0429 0,9571 10,0518 0,2298 0,1149
3,2500 17,0000 2,3800 0,0464 0,9536 10,0894 0,2359 0,1179
3,5000 17,5000 2,4500 0,0500 0,9500 10,1274 0,2419 0,1210
3,7500 18,0000 2,5200 0,0536 0,9464 10,1656 0,2479 0,1239
4,0000 18,5000 2,5900 0,0571 0,9429 10,2041 0,2538 0,1269
4,2500 19,0000 2,6600 0,0607 0,9393 10,2429 0,2597 0,1298
4,5000 19,0000 2,6600 0,0643 0,9357 10,2820 0,2587 0,1294
4,7500 19,5000 2,7300 0,0679 0,9321 10,3214 0,2645 0,1322
5,0000 20,0000 2,8000 0,0714 0,9286 10,3611 0,2702 0,1351
5,2500 20,5000 2,8700 0,0750 0,9250 10,4011 0,2759 0,1380
5,5000 21,0000 2,9400 0,0786 0,9214 10,4414 0,2816 0,1408
5,7500 21,0000 2,9400 0,0821 0,9179 10,4820 0,2805 0,1402
6,0000 21,5000 3,0100 0,0857 0,9143 10,5230 0,2860 0,1430
6,2500 21,5000 3,0100 0,0893 0,9107 10,5642 0,2849 0,1425
6,5000 22,0000 3,0800 0,0929 0,9071 10,6058 0,2904 0,1452
6,7500 22,0000 3,0800 0,0964 0,9036 10,6477 0,2893 0,1446
7,0000 22,5000 3,1500 0,1000 0,9000 10,6900 0,2947 0,1473
7,2500 22,5000 3,1500 0,1036 0,8964 10,7326 0,2935 0,1467
7,5000 22,5000 3,1500 0,1071 0,8929 10,7755 0,2923 0,1462
The following is an explanation of the calculation method in UCT data used to

determine the value of the practicum test for each method:
a. Load (kg) = Load reading x LRC

= 0,25 x 0,14
= 1,26 kg;
ΔL
b. Unit Strain =
L
0,25
=
70
= 0,0036;

136
c. Area Correction Factor = 1 – Unit Strain
= 1 - 0,0036
= 0,9964;
A
d. A’ = Area Correction Factor
9,621
=
0,9964
= 9,6556 cm2;
Load
e. Deviactoric stress = A'
1,26
=
9,660
= 0,1305 kg/cm2;
Deviactoric stress
f. Cu =
2
0,1305
=
2
= 0,0652.
0.14
0.12
0.10
Cu (kg/cm2)
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Unit Strain
Figure 13.10 Correlation between Strain and Soil Cohesion (Undisturbed)

137
0.16
0.14
0.12
Cu (kg/cm2)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
Unit Strain
Figure 13.11 Correlation between Strain and Soil Cohesion (Remolded)
0.16
0.14
0.12
Cu (kg/cm2)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
Unit Strain
Figure 13.12 Correlation between Strain and Soil Cohesion (Undisturbed and Remolded)

Following the conclusion of experimental data above that are:
a. The maximum Cu value in Undisturbed Condition is 0.1157 kg/ cm2;
b. The maximum Cu value in Remolded Condition is 0.1473 kg/ cm2;
c. The maximum Cu value in Remolded condition greater than Undisturbed
condition.
13.8 ERROR FACTORS


138
a. Inaccurate reader when reading the numbers displayed in dial reading so the test
inaccurate;
b. When doing the UCT test, the sample installation was incorrect cause the test
inaccurate.

139
CHAPTER 14
DIRECT SHEAR TEST
14.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to find the value of Consolidated-Drained Shear

and the angle of shear (𝜑) of the soil sample.
14.2 BASIC THEORY
Direct Shear Test is a test in an effort to gain sheer power without delay on a soil
pattern via way of means of making use of horizontal pressure positive and presents a
vertical anxiety that maintains the boom slowly in an effort to get the most capacity of
the land to resist the attempt deformation beneath neath positive stress and humidity
situations wherein the sheer power of the soil is the most shear pressure that reasons
the collapse. The fee of sheer power on this soil is generally utilized in making plans
a slope stability, basis soil bearing capacity, and so on. Some reference states the fee
of sand cohesion (c) and the fee of the perspective of sheer with inside the sand (θ).
The formula used for calculation is given below.
Total Load = Mass of Load + Mass of Lid.……....(e.q.14.1)
Total Load
Normal Stress = …….……………………....(e.q.14.2)
A
Load = LRC  Load Dial Reading ………...(q.e.14.3)
Load
Shear Stress = ………………………………...(e.q.14.4)
A
The following are the required practicum tools in Direct Shear Test practicum:
a. Direct Shear Machine;

b. Porous Stone;
c. Proving Ring;
d. Load;
e. Dial Indicator;

140
f. Shear Box.
Several the required practicum materials in Direct Shear Test practicum:
a. The dry-oven sand passed sieve no.4;

b. Distilled water.
Figure 14.1 Direct Shear Figure 14.2 Shear Box Figure 14.3 Porous Stone
cscscscMachine
Figure 14.4 Dial Indicator Figure 14.5 Proving Ring Figure 14.6 Load

The preparation of the Direct Shear Test practicum is:
a. Filter sand as much as 1 kg and dry in the oven for minimum 16 hours;
b. Measuring the dimensions of the height and diameter of the shear box;
c. Weight the head of the shear box and note it.

The Direct Shear Test practicum procedure is:
a. Tie the shear box and then add the sand to 3⁄4 last flatten and cover with a shear
box cover;
b. Put a series of shear boxes into the direct shear machine;

141
c. Give 3 kg of bagan then unlock the shear box;

d. Calibrate the deformation dial and load dial to zero;
e. Apply shear at a rate of 1 mm/min and record every 15 seconds;
f. If the number shown is the load dial down or equal to three times successively
then the process is stopped;
g. Repeat steps a through f adding the weights to 6 kg and 12 kg.

a. Mass of Loads = 3 Kg, 6 Kg, 12 Kg;
b. Mass of lid = 158,1 gr;
c. Height of shear box = 2,2 cm;
d. Diameter of shear box = 6,4 cm;
e. Area (A) = 31,17 cm2;
f. LRC = 0,348 Kg/div.
Table 14.1 Direct Shear Test Practicum Data (Unconsolidated and Undrained)
Load Dial Reading (Div)

Time (S)
3 Kg 6 Kg 12 Kg
15 2,5 3,5 5
30 3 4,5 8
45 4 5,5 9,5
60 5 6,5 11
75 - 7 -
Peak 5 7 11
Table 14.2 Direct Shear Test Practicum Data (Consolidated and Drained)
Load Dial Reading (Div)

Time (S)
3 Kg 6 Kg 12 Kg
15 2,5 4 5
30 4 5,5 8
45 5,5 6 -
Peak 5,5 6 8

142
Table 14.3 Direct Shear Test Practicum Data Results (Unconsolidated and
Undrained)
Vertical Load (Kg) 3 6 12

Load Dial Reading (div) 5 7 11
Total Load (Kg) 3,158 6,158 12,158
Load (Kg) 1,74 2,436 3,828
Normal Stress (Kg/cm2) 0,101 0,198 0,390
Maximum Shear Stress (Kg/cm2) 0,055 0,078 0,122
The following is an example of calculating the dry sand Direct Shear Test
practicum
load 3 kg:
a. Total Load = Mass of Load + Mass of Lid

= 3 + 0,158
= 3,158;
b. Load = LRC  Load Dial Reading
= 0,348  5
= 1,74 Kg;
Total Load
c. Normal Stress = A
3,158
= 31,17
= 0,101 Kg/cm2;
Load
d. Shear Stress = A
1,74
= 31.17
= 0,055 Kg/cm2;

143
0.14
Shear Stress (Kg/cm2)

0.12
0.1 y = 0.3403x
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Normal Stress (Kg/cm2)
Figure 14.7 Relation between Normal Stress and Shear Stress (Unconsolidated
and Undrained)
The equation acquired in Figure 14.7 above may be used to locate the attitude
of inner friction (). The dimension may be achieved with the subsequent
trigonometric function:
e. y = 0,3403x
y
tan  =x
  = tan-1 (0,3403)
  = 18,7934.
Table 14.4 Direct Shear Stress Test Practicum Data Results (Consolidated and
Drained)
Vertical Load (Kg) 3 6 12

Load Dial Reading (div) 5,5 6 8
Total Load (Kg) 3,158 6,158 12,158
Load (Kg) 1,914 2,088 2,784
Normal Stress (Kg/cm2) 0,101 0,197 0,390
Maximum Shear Stress (Kg/cm2) 0,061 0,067 0,089

144
0.12
y = 0.2689x
0.1

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Normal Stress (Kg/cm2)
Figure 14.8 Relation between Normal Stress and Shear Stress (Consolidated
and Drained)
From Figure 14.8, the attitude of friction may be calculated in the use of the
equation y = 0,2689x. The calculation is below.
a. y = 0,2689x
y
tan    
x
  = tan-1 (0,2689)
  = 15,0508.
Table 14.5 Horizontal Deformation Practicum Data Results (Unconsolidated

and Undrained)
Horizontal Load Dial Reading Shear Stress

Deformation
3 6 12 3 6 12
(mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0,25 2,5 3,5 5 0,028 0,039 0,055
0,50 3 4,5 8 0,033 0,050 0,089
0,75 4 5,5 9,5 0,044 0,061 0,106
1,00 5 6,5 11 0,055 0,072 0,122
1,25 - 7 - - 0,078 -

145
0.1

0.08
0.06
0.04 3 Kg Load
0.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Horizontal Deformation (mm)

(Unconsolidated and Undrained)
Table 14.6 Horizontal Deformation Practicum Data Results (Consolidated and

Drained)
Horizontal Load Dial Reading Shear Stress

Deformation
3 6 12 3 6 12
(mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0,25 2,5 4 5 0,028 0,044 0,055
0,50 4 5,5 8 0,044 0,061 0,089
0,75 5,5 6 - 0,061 0,067 -
1,00 - - - - - -
1,25 - - - - - -
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05 3 Kg Load
0.04 6 Kg Load
0.03
0.02 12 Kg Load
0.01
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Horizontal Deformation

(Consolidated and Drained)

146
The following are the conclusions from Direct Shear Stress practicum:
a. The shear angle (f) on peak (maximum) for unconsolidated and undrained sand
is 18,7934°;
b. The shear angle (f) on peak (maximum) for consolidated and drained sand is
15,0508°.
14.8 ERROR FACTORS
The following are the mistake elements of the Direct Shear Test practicum:
a. The lifestyles of a dial analyzing mistakes whilst retrieving Load statistics Dial
Reading;
b. When gambling the direct shear tool, the playback pace what's carried out isn't
constant;

147
CHAPTER 15
PERMEABILITY TEST
15.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the value of permeability
coefficient (k) from the soil sample such as fine sand, fine-graded, silt and clay.
15.2 BASIC THEORY

Soil is a collection of solid particles with interconnected cavities, therefore soil
is called natural permeability. Soil permeability requires proper evaluation of
calculating seepage under hydraulic structures to determine the amount of water during
flood or draining activity. The factors that influence soil permeability include the ratio
of cavities, the distribution of pores between grains, and the degree of saturation.
Permeability according to Henry Darcy in his report is the flow of water through
porous media. The report is able to describe the motion of fluids and on porous media
and has succeeded in creating new mathematical formulas. This formula or law states
that the fluid velocity is proportional to the hydraulic gradient (potential energy
gradient) in the fluid. The formula can be written as follows:
v = k i .......................................... (e.q.15.1)
Hydraulic gradient is defined as the rate of drop of total head along the flow
path. The formula can be written as follows:
ΔH
i = ………...……………...…(e.q.15.2)
L
The permeability coefficient can be obtained by two methods: the constant head
method and the falling head method. The constant head method is carried out by
deriving equations (15.1) and (15.2), the permeability coefficient (hydraulic
conductivity). The formula can be derived as follows:
Q =AxV
Q =Axkxi
ΔH
Q =Axkx
L

148
QxL
k = …………….………(e.q.15.4)
A x ΔH
The head settlement test is regulated by the Laplace equation (Chapuis, 2012)
when the soil deformation can be neglected and hydraulic conductivity can be obtained
by the derivative below.
dQpipe = dQsample
ΔH
a x dh = - k ( ) A x dt
L
dh kxA
= dt
h Lxa
h1 dh 𝑡k xA
∫h h = - ∫0
Lxa
dt
2
𝑎𝑥𝐿 h1
k = ln [ ] ……………..…..(e.q.15.5)
𝐴𝑥𝑡 h2
Notes:
k = Permeability Coefficient (m/s);
i = Hydraulic gradient.
ΔH = Difference height of points (cm);
L = Height of Soil Sample (cm).
k = Permeability coefficient;
Q = Flow rate of water (cm3 /s);
A = Surface area flow by water (cm2 );
a = Surface area of vertical pipe (cm2 );
t = Difference time of pressure height (s);
h1 = Pressure height on t0 (cm);
h2 = Pressure height on t (cm).

The following are the required practicum tools in Permeability Test practicum:
a. Permeability Tools;
b. Filter Paper;
c. Porous stone;
d. Burette;

149
e. Stopwatch.
The following are the required practicum materials in Permeability Test

practicum is sand sample.
Figure 15.1 Permeability Figure 15.2 Filter Paper Figure 15.3 Porous Stone
Tools
Figure 15.6 Burette Figure 15.5 Stopwatch

The following are the required practicum preparation in Permeability Test
practicum is dry ovened soil or sand sample .

a. Put the vertical cylinder at the ground in the ring above the cylinder and began
collision the sample until the cylinder is fully;
b. Take out the cylinder and put on the cover at once;

150
c. Put in the cylinder that contains soil sample into water basin. Let stand for
approx. 48 hours
d. Connect the cylinder cover with scaled pipe;
e. Fill the scaled pipe with water to a certain height, the sample must be always
filled with water, make sure there are no air bubble present;
f. Take notes and pay attention to the water level inside the pipe;
g. record the water level in accordance with the practicum;
h. Stop the observation when the water level fall to a constant value.

The data for falling head experiment are below:
a. Diameter of burrete = 0,7 cm;
b. Height of Soil Sample = 11.4 cm;
c. Initial Water Height (h1 ) = 70 cm;
d. Final Water Height (h2 ) = 20 cm;
e. Diameter of Soil Sample = 3,2 cm
f. Soil Sample Area (A) = 32.1536 cm2 ;
g. Time (s):
• 1st attempt = 14.8 s;
• 2nd attempt = 14.00 s;
• 3rd attempt = 14.72 s;
The data for constant head experiment is below:
a. Diameter of Soil Sample = 3,2 cm

b. Height of Soil Sample = 11.4 cm;
c. Time (s):
• 1st attempt = 10 s;

151
• 2nd attempt = 9.19 s;

• 3rd attempt = 9.22 s;
d. ΔH = 70 cm;
e. Volume = 100 cm3

Table 15.1 Time and Coefficient of Permeability (Falling Head)
Time (s) Coefificient of Permeability (k)

14,80 0,0462
14,00 0,0488
14,72 0,0464
Below is the calculation for permeability coefficient for falling head with time
14,8 s:
axL h1
k = ln [ ]
Axt h2
1,54 x 11,4 70
= ln [ ]
32.1536 x 14,8 20
= 0,0462;
k sample I + k sample II + k sample III

kavg =
3
0,0462 + 0,0488 + 0,0464
=
3
= 0,0471;
Table 15.2 Time and Coefficient of Permeability (Constant Head)
Time (s) Coefificient of Permeability (k)

10,00 0,0506
9,19 0,0551
9,22 0,0550
Below is calculation coefficient of permeability for constant head practicum

with time 10 s:
VxL
k = A x ΔH x t

152
100 x 11,4
=
32.1536 x 70 x 10
= 0,0506;
k sample I + k sample II + k sample III

kavg =
3
0,0506 + 0,0551 + 0,0550
=
3
= 0,0536;

From the experiment above, it can be concluded that:
a. The average of coefficient of premeability for falling head is 0.0471;
b. The average of coefficient of premeability for constant head is 0.0536.
15.8 ERROR FACTORS

The following are the mistake elements of the Permeability Test practicum:
a. The timing to stop stopwatch is inaccurat like a gap time began It was possible
that the stopwatch was stopped after the water exceed 100 mL;
b. The water can leaked when the water flows through the beaker glass from the
rubber tube hence it might also affect the observed time.
c. The soil’s surface was not even. It caused inaccurate in measuring the height of
the soil sample.

153
REFERENCE
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187852201200032X
https://www.theconstructioncivil.org/liquid-limit-of-soil/
Cithorues. (2014). BAB VI BATAS PLASTIS (PLASTIS LIMIT). Blogspot.

(online). Diakses 03 Oktober 2020 dari
http://cithorues.blogspot.com/2014/04/bab-vi-batas-plastis-plastis-limit.html
Michael, A. M., & Wakkary, A. R. (2020). CIVL6109 – Integrated

PreConstruction Laboratory (Soil Mechanics). Jakarta: Binus University
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyWdZJg4f_Y&ab_channel=Engineer%
40civil
ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock. (2010). Standard test methods for
liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM International.
https://www.kumpulengineer.com/2014/05/pengertian-dan-klasifikasi-
gradasi.html
Liu, S. H., Sun, D., & Matsuoka, H. (2005). On the Interface Friction in
Direct Shear Test. Computers and Geotechnics, 32(5), 317-325.
Dafalla, M. A. (2013). Effects of Clay and Moisture Content on Direct Shear
Tests for Clay-Sand Mixtures. Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering 2013 1-8.
Bagherzadeh-Khalkhali, A., & Mirghasemi, A. A. (2009). Numerical and
Experimental Direct Shear Tests for Coase-Grained Soils. Particuology 7(1)
83-91.
Jewell, R. A. (1989). Direct Shear Tests on Sand. Géotechnique, 39(2), 309-
322.


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PRACTICUM FINAL REPORT

AURORA ETSYA RIDHA 2301961954

SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

AURORA ETSYA RIDHA 2301961954

ALEXANDER MICHAEL RAMA DWIPUTRA JOSE LEONARDO LIE

SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

Jakarta, 11th January 2021

Table 1.1 Liquid Limit Data ......................................................................................4

Table 1.2 Practicum Calculation Liquid Limit ..........................................................5

Table 2.1 Plastic Limit Practicum ........................................................................... 13

Table 2.2 Plastic Limit Practicum Calculation Data ............................................... 14

Table 3.1 Practicum’s Data (Shrinkage Limit) ....................................................... 20

Tabel 3.2 The Calculation Practicum’s Data (Shrinkage Limit)............................. 20

Table 4.1 The Value of Temperature’s Correction Factor (α) ................................ 25

Table 4.2 Typical Values of Specific Gravity (Bowles, 2012) ............................... 26

Table 4.3 Specific Gravity Practicum Data............................................................. 28

Table 4.4 Specific Gravity Practicum Calculation Data ......................................... 29

Table 5.1 Classification of Soil Size ....................................................................... 32

Tabel 5.2 Unified Soil Classification System ......................................................... 34

Table 5.3 Sieve Analysis Practicum Data ............................................................... 36

Table 5.4 Sieve Analysis Practicum Calculation Data ........................................... 36

Table 6.2 Value of K .............................................................................................. 43

Table 6.3 Value of CT ............................................................................................ 43

Table 6.4 Value of Factors Correction ................................................................... 44

Table 6.5 Hydrometer Practicum Data.................................................................... 47

Table 6.6 Hydrometer Practicum Calculation Data ................................................ 48

Table 7.1 Compaction Practicum Data ................................................................... 56

Table 7.2 Compaction Calculation Practicum Data ................................................ 57

Table 8.2 Soil Sample Data ..................................................................................... 65

Table 8.3 California Bearing Ratio Practicum Data ............................................... 65

Table 8.4 Swelling Test........................................................................................... 65

Table 8.8 CBR Calculation to Penetration .............................................................. 69

Table 8.9 Swelling Value Calculation .................................................................... 70

Table 10.1 Classification of Soil Based on Conus Resistance (qc) ........................ 78

Table 10.2 Cone Penetration Test Practicum Data ................................................. 81

Table 11.1 Consolidation Practicum Data ............................................................ 107

Table 11.2 Consolidation Practicum Calculation Data ......................................... 110

Table 12.1 Triaxial Test Practicum Data .............................................................. 122

Table 13.3 Unconfined Compression Test (Undisturbed) Calculation Practicum Data

Table 13.4 Unconfined Compression Test (Remolded) Calculation Practicum Data

Table 14.5 Horizontal Deformation Practicum Data Results (Unconsolidated and

Table 14.6 Horizontal Deformation Practicum Data Results (Consolidated and

Figure 1.1 Casangrade ……………………………………………………………..... 2

Figure 1.2 Grooving Tool ………………………………………………...………..... 2

Figure 1.3 Can ……………………………………………………………………..... 2

Figure 1.4 Porcelain Bowl ………………………………………………..………..... 3

Figure 1.5 Spatula ………………………………………………………..………...... 3

Figure 1.6 Oven ……………………………………………………………..……..... 3

Figure 1.7 Pipette Bottle …………………………………………………….……..... 3

Figure 1.8 Weighing Scale ……………………………………………….………..... 3

Figure 1.9 Graph of Liquid Limit …………………………………...……………..... 5

Figure 2.1 Plasticity Chart ………………………………………………………..... 12

Figure 2.2 Steel Rod ………………………………………………………….…..... 12

Figure 2.3 Large Glass Plate ……………………………….…………...………..... 12

Figure 2.4 Can ………………………………………………….……….………..... 12

Figure 2.5 Porcelain Bowl …………………………….……….……..…………..... 12

Figure 2.6 Spatula ………………………………………………………………...... 12

Figure 2.7 Oven …………………………………………………………………..... 12

Figure 2.8 Pipette Bottle ………………………………………………...……….... 12

Figure 2.9 Weighing Scale………………………………………………………..... 12

Figure 2.10 LL and PL Data on Plasticity Chart ……………………..…………..... 15

Figure 3.1 Prong Plate …………………………………………………..………..... 18

Figure 3.3 Cristalizing Dish …………………………………………….………..... 18