12 01 Tenses

UNIT 02 - TENSES YDT 12 / 01
UNIT 02 - TENSES
İngilizcede zamanlar grammar (dil bilgisi) bölümünün en önemli konularından biridir, çünkü diğer birçok
dil bilgisi konusunda tense bilgilerimizden faydalanmamız gerekir. Tense yapılarına çalışırken her
bir zamanın tek tek anlam çalışmasını yapmaktansa öncelikle verilen zamanın usage (kullanım yeri
/ fonksiyonu) üzerinde durmak YDT için önemlidir. Ayrıca kullanım yerleri çalışması esnasında time
adverbs (zaman zarfları) yapılarını öğrenmek, seçenek elemesi yaparken bize zaman kazandıracaktır.
2-1 THE VERB "BE"
İngilizcede cümle kurarken fiil kullanılması gerekir, ancak fiil, eylem bildiren (study, work, read etc.) bir
yüklem de olabilir, state (durum) bildiren be fiili de olabilir. Be fiili Simple Present Tense (Geniş Zaman)
ve Present Continuous Tense’te (Şimdiki Zaman) am, is, are şeklinde çekimlenir. Be fiili Simple Past
Tense’te (-di’li Geçmiş Zaman) was, were; Present Perfect Tense’te have been, has been; Past Perfect
Tense’te had been ve Simple Future Tense’te will be ve Future Perfect Tense'te will have been şeklinde
çekimlenir.
USAGE
I Be fiili temel fiil olarak üç şekilde kullanılabilir:

a) Be + adjective: She is sad.
(O üzgün.)
b) Be + noun: I was a university student twenty years ago.

(20 yıl önce üniversite öğrencisiydim.)
c) Be + prepositional phrase: He has been in Ankara for a month.

(Bir aydır Ankara’da.)
I Be fiili yardımcı fiil olarak continuous (sürerlilik) bildiren fiillerle de kullanılır.

A John is playing soccer in the pitch now.
John şu anda sahada futbol oynuyor.
A We were leaving the house just as the phone rang.

Tam telefon çaldığında evden çıkıyorduk.
A Sam will be travelling across Europe this time next year.

Sam seneye bu zamanlarda Avrupa’da geziyor olacak.
Not: Tenses (zamanlar) konusunu İngilizcedeki zaman uyumu kuralı nedeniyle üç ana başlık altında ele
alacağız:
I Present Forms I Past Forms I Future Forms

Zaman yapılarını bu bakış açısıyla incelemek, YDT’de özellikle zaman bağlacı içeren soruları çözerken
bize vakit kazandıracaktır.
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YDT 12 / 01 UNIT 02 - TENSES
PRESENT FORMS
2-2 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I get up early. I do not get up early. Do you get up early?
You know her address. You do not know her address. Do you know her address?
He likes pop music. He does not like pop music. Does he like pop music?
She does not go to school every Does she go to school every

She goes to school every day.
day. day?
It always sleeps. It does not always sleep. Does it always sleep?
We usually go swimming. We usually do not go swimming. Do we usually go swimming?
You study hard. You do not study hard. Do you study hard?
They have a new car. They do not have a new car. Do they have a new car?
I Simple Present Tense’in Türkçede karşılığı “Geniş Zaman”dır.
BE FORM
I am at the cinema. I am not at the cinema. Am I at the cinema?
You are at the cinema. You are not at the cinema. Are you at the cinema?
He is at the cinema. He is not at the cinema. Is he at the cinema?
She is at the cinema. She is not at the cinema. Is she at the cinema?
It is at the cinema. It is not at the cinema. Is it at the cinema?
We are at the cinema. We are not at the cinema. Are we at the cinema?
You are at the cinema. You are not at the cinema. Are you at the cinema?
They are at the cinema. They are not at the cinema. Are they at the cinema?
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TIME EXPRESSIONS
every day / week / month /

always often occasionally hardly / scarcely / barely ever
year etc.
once / twice / three times a
usually sometimes rarely never
month / a year etc.
USAGE
a) Simple Present Tense alışkanlıkları, rutin şekilde yapılan işleri, durumları ya da belirli aralıklarla tekrar
eden eylemleri anlatırken kullanılır. Bu kullanımda genellikle frequency adverbs (sıklık bildiren zaman
zarfları) kullanılır. How often (ne kadar sıklıkla) ve how many times a day / week / month etc. (günde /
haftada / ayda vb. kaç kere) soruları bu kullanımda eylemin ne kadar sıklıkla yapıldığını sorarlar.
Frequency Adverbs
Hardly /
Rarely /
Always Usually Often Sometimes Occassionally Scarcely / Never
Seldom
Barely ever
%100 %90-95 %80-85 %45-50 %15-20 %5-10 %2-3 %0
All the Generally Frequently At times From time to Far Almost At no time
time (her (genellikle) (sıklıkla) (bazen, ara time (ara sıra) between never (hiçbir
zaman, sıra) (nadiren, (neredeyse zaman,
daima) tek tük) hiç) asla)
A I have breakfast every morning.

Her sabah kahvaltı yaparım.
A - How often do you go to the cinema?

Ne sıklıkla sinemaya gidersin?
- I go to the cinema once a week / every weekend / very often etc.
Haftada bir / Her hafta sonu / Çok sık vb. sinemaya giderim.
A - How many times a day do you brush your teeth?

Dişlerini günde kaç kere fırçalarsın?
- I brush my teeth once / twice / three times a day.
Dişlerimi günde bir / iki / üç kez fırçalarım.
A They are always here.

Onlar hep burada.
A We hardly ever meet after work.

İş çıkışı neredeyse hiç buluşmayız.
Not: Ever ve never geniş zamanda soru-cevap uygulamalarında birlikte kullanılabilirler.
A - Do you ever go to the opera?

Hiç operaya gider misin?
- Yes, I occasionally go to the opera. / No, I never go to the opera.
Evet, ara sıra operaya giderim. / Hayır, asla operaya gitmem.
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Not: Rarely, seldom, hardly / scarcely / barely ever ve never (olumsuz anlam taşıyan sıklık zarfları)
cümle başında kullanıldıkları zaman cümle devrik kurulur.
A Never do I smoke.
Hiç sigara içmem.
A Hardly ever does he make mistakes.

Neredeyse hiç hata yapmaz.
I Rarely, seldom, hardly / scarcely / barely ever ve never (olumsuz anlam taşıyan sıklık zarfları)’ın
cümle içinde verdikleri olumsuz anlam göz önüne alınmalıdır.
A She likes coffee, doesn’t she?

Kahve seviyor, değil mi?
A She doesn’t like coffee, does she?

Kahve sevmiyor, değil mi?
A She seldom drinks coffee, does she?

Çok nadir kahve içer, değil mi?
b) Doğa kanunlarında, genellemelerde ve her zaman geçerliliği olan durumlarda Simple Present Tense
kullanılır.
A The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Güneş doğudan doğar ve batıdan batar.
A Tea grows in Rize.

Çay Rize’de yetişir.
A Drinking green tea is good for health.

Yeşil çay içmek sağlık için iyidir.
A The Earth revolves around the Sun.

Dünya Güneş’in etrafında döner.
A Water boils at 100°C.

Su yüz derecede kaynar.
Time Clauses with The Simple Present Tense

Zaman bağlaçlarını kullanarak V1 / V1 (Simple Present / Simple Present) genelleme içeren cümleler
oluşturulabilir.
A When carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere, it causes the greenhouse effect.
Atmosferde karbondioksit biriktiğinde, sera gazı etkisine yol açar.
A I usually watch television after I get home.

Eve geldikten sonra genellikle televizyon izlerim.
A I always visit my aunt whenever / every time I go to İstanbul.

Ne zaman İstanbul’a gitsem daima teyzemi ziyaret ederim.
A Before she sleeps, she brushes her teeth.

Uyumadan önce dişlerini fırçalar.
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Grammar Tip
Simple Present Tense’in doğa kanunları ve genellemelerdeki kullanımı, soru kökleri genellikle bilim
dallarından alındığı için YDT’de önemli bir rol oynar.
Örnek Soru:
Antibiotics ---- the dangers of ear infections, but serious neurological complications, including
hearing loss ---- in some cases.
A) have reduced / would occur
B) are reducing / must occur
C) reduced / might have occured
D) were reducing / will occur
E) reduce / can occur
Çözüm: Soru kökünde tense bilgisi test edilmektedir. Seçeneklerde henüz ele almadığımız modal yapılar
da verilmiştir. Ancak mevcut tense bilgilerimizle soruyu çözebiliriz çünkü modal soruları çözülürken de
öncelikle tense elemesi yapılır. Soru kökünde zaman zarfı ya da bağlacı verilmemiştir; verilmiş olsaydı
boşluklar için kökte verilen zarfa ya da bağlaca uygun zamanı içeren seçeneğe yönelirdik. Bu durumda
seçenekler incelenirken öncelikle çoktan seçmeli sınavların klişe kombinasyonları olan:
I V1 / V1 (bilimsel / her zaman geçerliliği olan genellemeler)

I V2 / V2 (herkesçe bilinen tarihi gerçekler / hayatta olmayan tanınmış kişilerle ilgili durumlar / olaylar)
I Have / Has + V3 (Present Perfect Tense ile geçmişte ama kesin olarak ne zaman gerçekleştiği belli
olmayan eylem / iddia yapıları)
üzerinde durulmalıdır. Soru kökünde yer alan cümle bilimsel bir genelleme ifadesi içermektedir.
Bu nedenle reduce / can occur (Present / Present) diziliminin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
c) Uzun zaman geçerliliği olan ya da permanent (kalıcı) eylemler ve durumlar için Simple Present Tense
kullanılır. Bu kullanım özellikle live, work, study, teach etc. fiilleri için geçerlidir.
Not: Bu tür fiiller kalıcı olarak, sürekli yaptığımız bir eylemi bildiriyorsa Simple Present Tense ile, ancak
geçici olarak yaptığımız eylemleri bildiriyorsa Present Continuous Tense ile kullanılırlar.
A I live in Ankara.
Ankara’da yaşıyorum.
A Demet teaches in DPELS.

Demet DPELS'de ders veriyor.
A Do people work in this area?

İnsanlar bu alanda çalışıyor mu?
A Every citizen has the right to vote in our country.

Ülkemizde her vatandaşın oy verme hakkı vardır.
A I study English Literature in Hacettepe but nowadays I’m studying Economics in another faculty.
Hacettepe’de İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümünde okuyorum ancak şimdilerde başka bir fakültede
İktisat derslerine giriyorum.
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d) Program, tarife ya da zaman çizelgesiyle belirtilmiş eylemlerde (uçak / tren / otobüs tarifeleri, resmi
etkinliklerin başlama / bitiş saatleri, sinema / tiyatro / opera gibi etkinliklerin başlama / bitiş saatleri,
ders başlama / bitiş saatleri) gelecek zaman anlamında Simple Present Tense kullanılır.
A Our class begins at 9 tomorrow.

Dersimiz yarın 9’da başlayacak.
A The semester ends in June.

Dönem Haziran’da bitecek.
A What time does your plane take off?

Uçağın ne zaman kalkacak?
A Cannes Film Festival begins on May 12.

Cannes Film Festivali 12 Mayıs’ta başlayacak.
e) Gazete başlıklarında geçmişte olmuş olaylar aktarılırken Simple Present Tense kullanılır.
A Biden visits UK.

= visited / Biden Birleşik Krallık'ı ziyaret etti.
A Kennedy is shot.
= was shot / Kennedy vuruldu.
f) Hikaye ve masal anlatımlarında Simple Present Tense kullanılır.
A The prince kisses the princess after she wakes up.

Prenses uyandıktan sonra prens, prensesi öptü.
g) Canlı yayın anlatımlarında Simple Present Tense kullanılır.
A And, Lionel Messi scores directly from the freekick.

Ve, Lionel Messi direkt frikikten gol attı.
h) Atasözlerinde Simple Present Tense kullanılır.
A Every cloud has a silver lining.

Her şerde bir hayır vardır.
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2-3 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I am working hard. I am not working hard. Am I working hard?
You are learning Spanish. You are not learning Spanish. Are you learning Spanish?
He is playing tennis. He is not playing tennis. Is he playing tennis?
She is making a cake. She is not making a cake. Is she making a cake?
It is barking in the garden. It is not barking in the garden. Is it barking in the garden?
We are giving a party. We are not giving a party. Are we giving a party?
You are living in France. You are not living in France. Are you living in France?
They are talking about us. They are not talking about us. Are they talking about us?
I Present Continuous Tense’in Türkçe karşılığı “Şimdiki Zaman”dır.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
now for the time being at the moment nowadays
right now currently still this term
just now at present these days today
USAGE
a) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda (konuşmacının konuştuğu anda) gerçekleşen olaylarda Present

Continuous Tense kullanılır. Bu tense, Türkçedeki şimdiki zamanın İngilizce karşılığı olarak ifade
edilebilir. Olayın gerçekleştiği zamanı vurgulamak için now, just now, right now, at present, currently,
at the moment ve still gibi zaman zarfları ile kullanılabilir.
A I am listening to classical music now.

Şimdi klasik müzik dinliyorum.
A We are playing basketball at the moment.

Şu anda basketbol oynuyoruz.
A Listen! Somebody is knocking at the door.

Dinle! Biri kapıyı çalıyor.
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A - Where is Jonathan?
Jonathan nerede?
- He is still studying English in his room.
Hâlâ odasında İngilizce çalışıyor.
b) Konuşma sırasında o eylemi yapmıyor olsak da, o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz, geçici eylemler de
Present Continuous Tense ile ifade edilir. Anlamı pekiştirmek için these days, this term, nowadays, for
the time being gibi zaman zarfları kullanılabilir.
A Usually, I drink tea but I am drinking coke these days.

Genellikle çay içerim ama bugünlerde kola içiyorum.
A He is translating an article from English to Turkish this year.

Bu sene bir makalenin İngilizceden Türkçeye çevirisini yapıyor.
A We are working on a profitable project for the time being.

Şimdilik kârlı bir proje üzerinde çalışıyoruz.
c) Değişmekte ve gelişmekte olan ya da aşama aşama ilerleyen süreçlerden söz ederken Present
Continuous Tense kullanılır. Bu kullanımda comparative yapılar ve gradually, day by day, slowly gibi
zarflar sıklıkla tercih edilir.
A The World’s climate is changing gradually and will continue to change in the coming century.
Dünya iklimi gittikçe değişiyor ve gelecek yüzyılda da değişmeye devam edecek.
A His English is getting better.

İngilizcesi gittikçe daha iyi oluyor.
A It is warm.
Hava sıcak.
A It is getting warmer.
Hava gittikçe ısınıyor.
A More and more people are moving abroad.

Gittikçe daha fazla insan yurt dışına taşınıyor.
d) Gelecekle ilgili programlanmış, neredeyse kesinleşmiş, özellikle de randevulu işlerden (fixed

arrangements) söz ederken şimdiki zaman kullanılır. Bu kullanımda tomorrow, next year, next winter
gibi gelecek zaman zarfları cümlede yer alabilir.
A I’m seeing my dentist today at 5 o’clock.

Bugün saat beşte diş doktorumla görüşeceğim / görüşüyorum.
A We are flying to Germany next weekend.

Gelecek hafta sonu Almanya’ya uçacağız / uçuyoruz.
A John is getting married next month.

John gelecek ay evlenecek / evleniyor.
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e) Always, constantly, perpetually, continually, repeatedly, forever gibi “daima, sürekli” anlamına gelen
yapılarla hoşnutsuzluk, şikayet bildiren ya da sürekli kendini tekrar eden durumların aktarılmasında
Present Continuous Tense kullanılır.
A You are constantly complaining about almost everything; please stop doing this.
Neredeyse her şeyden sürekli şikayet ediyorsun, lütfen bunu yapmayı bırak.
A She is continually lying about other peoples’ lives.

Sürekli başka insanların hayatları hakkında yalan söylüyor.
A You are always making mistakes!

Sürekli hata yapıyorsun!
Not: Bazı fiiller Continuous Tense’ler ile kullanılmazlar. Bu fiiller genelde state (durum) bildiren ya da
soyut anlam taşıyan fiillerdir.
Non-Continuous Verbs
I Mental and Emotional State (Düşünmeye ve duygulara ilişkin fiiller):

believe doubt envy hate imagine
know like dislike love prefer
realize recognize remember suppose think
understand want wish forget need
I Verbs of Senses (Duyu Fiilleri):

feel see sound appear
hear smell taste seem
I Communication (İletişim Fiilleri):

agree disagree promise
astonish impress satisfy
deny please surprise
I Other State Verbs (Diğer Durum Bildiren Fiiller):

be consist deserve involve measure possess
belong contain fit lack owe weigh
concern depend include matter own
I Non-continuous fiillerden bazıları sürerlilik bildiren zamanlarla kullanılırlar. Ancak bu durumda

anlamları değişir.
Think : She is thinking about her future. (Geleceğini düşünüyor.)

She thinks she is the most popular person here. (O, buradaki en popüler insan olduğunu sanıyor.)
Feel : The boy is feeling the fabric. (Çocuk kumaşa dokunuyor.)

He feels that he is ignored by his friends. (Arkadaşlarının onu yok saydığını hissediyor.)
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See : The doctor is seeing his patient at the moment. (Doktor şu anda hastasıyla görüşüyor.)
I see some exotic plants in the garden. (Bahçede bazı egzotik bitkiler görüyorum.)
Smell : Leyla is smelling the rose. (Leyla gülü kokluyor.)

The perfume smells nice. (Parfüm güzel kokuyor.)
Taste : Miranda is tasting the soup now. (Miranda şu an çorbanın tadına bakıyor.)
The pizza tastes delicious. (Pizza lezzetli.)
Look : Why are you looking at her so angrily? (Neden ona bu kadar sinirli bakıyorsun?)
You look anxious today. (Bugün endişeli görünüyorsun.)
Weigh : The man is weighing the vegetables at the moment. (Adam şu anda sebzeleri tartıyor.)
The baby weighs nearly two kilos. (Bebek neredeyse iki kilo geliyor.)
Be : His aunt is being nice to me these days. (Teyzesi bana bugünlerde iyi davranıyor.)
Her wife is so kind. (Karısı çok kibar.)
Have : I am having dinner now. (Şu anda akşam yemeği yiyorum.)

My sister is having a shower right now. (Kız kardeşim tam şu anda duş alıyor.)
I have a new car. (Yeni bir arabam var.)
Expect : He is expecting a raise for his salary. (Maaşına zam bekliyor.)

She expects he is all right. (Sağlık durumunun yerinde olduğunu umuyor.)
Appear : The Sun is appearing behind the mountain. (Güneş dağın ardından ortaya çıkıyor.)
Her car appears comfortable. (Arabası rahat görünüyor.)
Hold : I am holding shopping bags at the moment. (Şu anda market poşetlerini tutuyorum.)
This plane holds two hundred passengers. (Bu uçak iki yüz yolcu alıyor.)
Keep : Why are you keeping that ticket? (Niçin o bileti saklıyorsun?)
Why does she keep talking? (Neden konuşup duruyor?)
Not: Konuşmacının konuştuğu anda ya da bu sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz genellikle temporary

(geçici) işleri Present Continuous Tense ile; rutin olarak yaptığımız işleri, alışkanlıkları ve
permanent (kalıcı) durumları ise Simple Present Tense ile ifade edebiliriz.
A I have an English exam tomorrow, so I am studying English at the moment.

Yarın İngilizce sınavım var, bu nedenle şu anda İngilizce çalışıyorum.
I study English Literature at the university and I will be an English teacher in the future.
Üniversitede İngiliz Edebiyatı okuyorum ve gelecekte İngilizce öğretmeni olacağım.
A My cousin is in Germany now because he is working in an international project.

Kuzenim şimdi Almanya’da çünkü uluslararası bir projede çalışıyor.
A My cousin works in an international business process outsourcing and customer experience

management company called Atento.
Kuzenim Atento adında dış kaynaklı iş ve müşteri tecrübe yönetimi yapan uluslararası bir firmada
çalışır / çalışıyor.
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EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with Simple Present or Present Continuous forms of the verbs in the
parentheses.
1. The police ____________________ (conduct) an investigation nowadays to enlighten a series of
political murders.
2. My sister ____________________ (roll) sushi tonight. ____________________ (you / want) to join us?
3. Jennifer ____________________ (live) with her grandmother in Barcelona where she
____________________ (study) History now.
4. We ____________________ (live) in this country because we ____________________ (like) its
culture and people.
5. Paul generally ____________________ (drink) water during his exercise but he
____________________ (drink) orange juice today.
6. A: How is your new teacher?
B: I ____________________ (not / like) him at all at the moment.
7. A recent study ____________________ (suggest) that about twelve percent of the US population
____________________ (be) aged 65 and older.
8. Despite many years of research and study, scientists still ____________________ (not / understand)
what ____________________ (cause) Alzheimer’s disease in most people.
9. I ____________________ (expect) a salary increase from my office these days.
10. Billy ____________________ (work) very hard to finish his science project right now as the deadline
for the project is tomorrow.
11. My mother ____________________ (smell) the flowers and I guess she ____________________
(want) to buy them.
12. Mr. Connor ____________________ (normally / work) at our New York office but he
____________________ (stay) in China for a business trip for the time being.
13. The government ____________________ (search) for new sources of energy as they
____________________ (think) the current ones will not be able to meet the demands of humanity in
the next century.
14. Tina ____________________ (stay) with us for the weekend as her parents ____________________
(be) out of town.
15. Tom: You ____________________ (look) sad. What’s happened?
Rachel: I ____________________ (think) about moving to a new place but the rents are so high.
Tom: ____________________ (not / worry). I’m sure you will find an affordable place sooner or
later.
16. The patient ____________________ (get) better day by day owing to the efforts of doctors and the
new medicine.
17. Nations with strong women's rights ____________________ (be) more likely to have better health
and faster growth than those who don't promote and protect these values.
18. Faced with extreme weather events and unprecedented environmental change, animals and
plants____________________ (scramble) to catch up with mixed results.
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2-4 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
FORM
I have seen an elephant. I have not seen an elephant. Have I seen an elephant?
You have not watched this

You have watched this movie. Have you watched this movie?
movie.
He has not drunk two cups of
He has drunk two cups of coffee. Has he drunk two cups of coffee?
coffee.
She has been to Rome. She has not been to Rome. Has she been to Rome?
It has swum. It has not swum. Has it swum?
We have had a meeting. We have not had a meeting. Have we had a meeting?
You have played tennis. You have not played tennis. Have you played tennis?
They have invited friends. They have not invited friends. Have they invited friends?
BE FORM
I have been a doctor. I have not been a doctor. Have I been a doctor?
You have been a doctor. You have not been a doctor. Have you been a doctor?
He has been a doctor. He has not been a doctor. Has he been a doctor?
She has been a doctor. She has not been a doctor. Has she been a doctor?
It has been in the room. It has not been in the room. Has it been in the room?
We have been doctors. We have not been doctors. Have we been doctors?
You have been doctors. You have not been doctors. Have you been doctors?
They have been doctors. They have not been doctors. Have they been doctors?
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TIME EXPRESSIONS
How long…? in the last two years / three days / four weeks etc.
for + a period of time during the past three hours / two weeks / six years etc.
since + a point in time over the past five days / weeks / months etc.
over the last few years / weeks / days etc.
recently so far this week / month / year ever / never once

lately up until now today often twice
up to now always just / yet / already several times all one’s life
USAGE
a) Geçmiş tecrübelerden ve geçmişte yaşanmış ancak zamanı belirtilmemiş olaylardan söz ederken
Present Perfect Tense kullanılır. YDT’de bu kullanım sıklıkla test edilmektedir. YDT’de verilen bir
tense sorusunda kesin bir zaman belirtilmemişse ve eylem geçmişte gerçekleşmişse Present Perfect
Tense kullanılmalıdır. (Bu kullanımda Simple Past Tense tercih edilmez çünkü Simple Past Tense
kullanabilmemiz için eylemin gerçekleştiği zamanı net bir şekilde belirtmemiz gerekir.) Present Perfect
Tense’in Türkçede tek bir karşılığı yoktur. Kullanım yerine göre -di’li geçmiş zaman (yaptım vb.) ya
da şimdiki zaman (yapmaktayım / yapıyorum vb.) şeklinde Türkçeye çevrilebilir. Bu kullanımımızda
Present Perfect Tense içeren cümleleri -di'li geçmiş zaman form'unda Türkçeye çevirmeliyiz.
A Researchers have stated that regular physical activity is associated with positive mental health.
Araştırmacılar, düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin olumlu zihinsel sağlıkla ilgili olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.
I Örnekte de görüldüğü gibi, eylemin gerçekleşme zamanı verilmemiştir. YDT’de geçmişte olmuş
haberler, bilgiler ya da araştırma sonuçları, zaman zarfı verilmemiş ise genellikle bu tense ile verilir. Eğer
bir eylemi geçmişte kesin zaman vererek ifade etmek istersek Simple Past Tense kullanmamız gerekir:
A Researchers stated a few days ago that regular physical activity is associated with positive
mental health.
Araştırmacılar birkaç gün önce düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin pozitif zihinsel sağlık ile ilişkili olduğunu
belirttiler.
Grammar Tip
Present Perfect Tense’in geçmiş tecrübeler için zaman zarfı verilmeden kullanımı, soru kökleri genellikle
bilim dallarından alındığı için, YDT’de önemli bir rol oynar.
Örnek Soru:
Scientists from King's College London ---- that young children with severe eczema infected
with a kind of skin bacterium ---- the disease with a higher risk of developing food allergy.
A) find / have carried
B) will find / were carrying
C) have found / carry
D) had found / will carry
E) found / would have carried
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Çözüm: Soru kökünde tense bilgisi test edilmektedir. Cümlede zaman zarfı ya da bağlacı verilmiş olsaydı
boşluklar için kökte verilen zarfa ya da bağlaca uygun zamanı içeren seçeneğe yönelirdik. Ancak zaman
zarfı ya da bağlacı verilmemiştir. Soru kökü, son yıllarda karşımıza çıkan birçok YDT sorusu gibi bilim
dalından alınmış bir bilgi içermektedir. Bu nedenle, seçenekleri incelerken öncelikle aşağıdaki zaman
kombinasyonlarını uygulamak zaman kazandıracaktır:
I V1 / V1 (bilimsel / her zaman geçerliliği olan genellemeler)

I V2 / V2 (herkesçe bilinen tarihi gerçekler / hayatta olmayan tanınmış kişilerle ilgili durumlar / olaylar)
I Present Perfect Tense (have / has + V3 ) ile verilen, ne zaman gerçekleştiği belli olmayan eylem /
iddia yapıları
Stratejiyi uyguladığımızda seçenekler arasında A ve C seçenekleri ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ancak soru

kökünde yer alan cümle, bir süre önce gerçekleşmiş fakat zamanı belirtilmemiş bilimsel bir ifade
içermektedir. A seçeneği ilk boşluk için verilen find fiili nedeniyle elenmelidir çünkü bilim insanları için
“çocukların egzama hastalığına dair sürekli aynı bilgiyle çıkageldikleri” ifadesini vermek çok anlamlı
olmayacaktır. C seçeneğinde verilen have found / carry dizilimi boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde cümlede
anlam genel olarak “Londra’daki King’s College’dan bilim insanları bir tür deri bakterisinden
enfekte olan, şiddetli egzama geçiren küçük çocukların, egzama hastalığını vücutlarında yiyecek
alerjisi geliştirme riskiyle birlikte taşıdıklarını buldular.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
More Examples with Present Perfect Tense:

A I have redecorated my house.
Evimi yeniden dekore ettim.
A I’ve been to Italy before.

Daha önce İtalya’da bulundum.
A She’s listened to this song several times.

Daha önce bu şarkıyı birkaç defa dinledi.
Not: When ve what time gibi yanıtında belirli bir zaman (exact / definite time) gerektiren soru kalıplarını
kullanarak Present Perfect Tense’te soru üretemeyiz. Çünkü Present Perfect Tense, geçmişte
olmuş tecrübe, haber ya da olaylardan söz ederken kesin zaman bildirmez.
A - Have you ever seen Dali’s paintings?

Hiç Dali’nin tablolarını gördün mü?
- Yes, I have.
Evet gördüm.
- When did you see them?
Ne zaman gördün?
- A week ago.
Bir hafta önce.
b) Present Perfect Tense geçmişte başlamış ve şu an hâlâ devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatmak için
de kullanılır. Bu kullanımda eylemin ne kadar sürdüğünü belirten for, since, over the past few days,
during the past two years, in the last century etc. zaman zarfları tercih edilir.
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A There has been a pandemic across the world during the past two years.
Son iki yıldır dünyada bir salgın hastalık vardır.
A It has rained since the beginning of the month.

Ayın başından beri yağmur yağıyor.
Not: Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi eylemin ne kadar sürdüğünden söz ederken kullandığımız for zarfı
geçen süreci; since ise olayın başlangıç noktasını belirtmektedir.
2019 2020 2021
past for two years now future

She became a teacher.
A She has been a teacher for two years.

İki yıldır öğretmenlik yapmaktadır.
She has been a teacher since 2019.

2019’dan beri öğretmenlik yapmaktadır.
A There have been great improvements in technology in the last few years (for a few years).
Son birkaç yıl içinde [birkaç yıldır] teknolojide harika gelişmeler olmuştur.
A I have worn the same glasses ever since I moved to Ankara.

Ankara’ya taşındığımdan beri aynı gözlükleri takmaktayım.
A She has been married to her husband for five years.

Eşiyle beş yıldır evli.
A Ever since she graduated from the university, she has looked for a decent job.
Üniversiteden mezun olduğundan beri düzgün bir iş arıyor / aramakta.
I Ever since ile since arasında örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi anlam olarak önemli bir fark yoktur.
Ever since, genellikle cümlede vurgu yapmak için ya da since (-den beri) yapısının, because (since / as:
-dığından, -dığı için, çünkü) anlamındaki kullanımıyla oluşabilecek karışıklığı önlemek için kullanılır.
Not: Present Perfect Tense ile eylemin ne kadar sürdüğünü bilmek istediğimizde “How long?” (Ne kadar
zamandır?) sorusunu sorabiliriz.
A - How long have you prepared for the exam?

Sınava ne kadar zamandır hazırlanıyorsun?
- For six months. / Since August.

Altı aydır. / Ağustos’tan beri.
A - How long have you been here?

Ne zamandır buradasın?
- I’ve been here for a long time.

Uzun zamandır buradayım.
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c) Yakın geçmişte gerçekleşmiş ve etkileri hâlâ devam eden olaylardan söz ederken Present Perfect Tense
kullanılır.
A My little brother has burnt his finger accidentally.

He feels the pain now.
Küçük erkek kardeşim yanlışlıkla parmağını yaktı.
A You’ve got thinner!

Zayıflamışsın!
A Sarah has cleaned her office.

It smells nice now.
Sarah ofisini temizlemiş.
d) Present Perfect Tense; for, since, in the last three years, over the past five days etc. dışındaki bazı
zaman zarfları ile de kullanılabilir. Aşağıda bu kullanımlara ilişkin örnekler verilmiştir.
I yet / just / already

Yet, olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde “henüz, daha” anlamlarında kullanılır. Already ve just ise olumlu cümle
yapılarında “çoktan / zaten / henüz / yenice” anlamlarında kullanılır.
A - Have you read Dante’s Inferno yet?

Dante’nin Inferno’sunu henüz okudun mu?
- No, I haven’t read it yet, but I have already / just finished reading Goethe’s Young Werther’s
Sorrows.
Hayır onu henüz okumadım ama çoktan / henüz Goethe’nin Genç Werther’in Acıları eserini
okumayı bitirdim.
I recently / lately
“Son zamanlarda” anlamında kullanılır.
A I haven’t seen Mason recently / lately.

Mason’ı son zamanlarda görmedim.
A Recently / Lately, scientists have discovered that some of the world's coolest creatures live
around icebergs.
Son zamanlarda, bilim insanları dünyanın en serinkanlı yaratıklarından bazılarının buzulların
yakınında yaşadıklarını buldu.
I so far / up to now / up until now / till now

“Şimdiye kadar” anlamında kullanılırlar.
A It hasn’t rained in this city so far this autumn.

Bu sonbahar şimdiye kadar bu şehirde yağmur yağmadı.
I this morning / afternoon / evening

Günün bölümlerini (morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night) belirtmekte kullandığımız zaman ifadeleri
eğer belirtilen zaman dilimi geride bırakılmamışsa Present Perfect Tense ile; eğer sözü edilen zaman
dilimi geride kaldıysa Simple Past Tense ile kullanılır.
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A I have got up early this morning. (It is 10 a.m. now.)

Bu sabah erken uyandım. – Saat şu anda sabah 10.
A I got up early this morning. (It is 3 p.m. now.)

Bu sabah erken uyandım. – Saat şu anda öğleden sonra 3.
Not: This işaret sıfatı ile “hafta, ay, yıl” zaman dilimlerinden söz edildiğinde içinde bulunduğumuz
dönem için Present Perfect Tense; geride kalan bir zaman diliminden söz ediyorsak da last (geçen)
ifadesini ve Simple Past Tense yapısını kullanmamız gerekir.
A I have worked really hard this month. (Hâlâ sözü edilen ayda.)
Bu ay çok sıkı çalıştım.
A I worked hard last month. (Sözü edilen ay geçmişte kalmış.)

Geçen ay sıkı çalıştım.
I once / twice / three times / several times / all one’s life / always / never
Eylemin ne kadar sıklıkla yapıldığını belirten ve genellikle Simple Present Tense’te kullanılan bu zaman
zarfları Present Perfect Tense ile de kullanılır.
A I have lived in Ankara all my life.

Tüm hayatım boyunca Ankara’da yaşadım.
A She has always finished her homework on time.

Ödevini daima vaktinde bitirmiştir.
Not: Ölü bir şahıstan söz ediyorsak ve all one’s life zaman zarfını kullanacaksak Simple Past Tense
kullanmamız gerekir.
A Marilyn Monroe lived in Los Angeles all her life.

Marilyn Monroe tüm hayatı boyunca Los Angeles’ta yaşadı.
A Mozart played the piano all his life.

Mozart tüm hayatı boyunca piyano çaldı.
I before
Before zaman zarfı olarak Present Perfect Tense’te kullanılabilir.
A - I have never heard of the word “aardvark” before!

Hayatımda daha önce hiç “karınca yiyen” kelimesini duymadım!
- How come! Didn’t you see it in a paragraph on 2017 YDT exam?
Nasıl olur? 2017 YDT sınavındaki bir paragrafta görmedin mi?
- Oh yes, I remember it now.
Evet, şimdi hatırladım.
I Still
Present Perfect Tense’te “hâlâ, henüz” anlamlarında ve olumsuz cümle yapısıyla kullanılır.
A It is almost night and I still haven’t had dinner.

Neredeyse gece oldu ve ben hâlâ akşam yemeği yemedim.
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“Gone” or “Been” with Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense’te gone ve been fiillerinin kullanımlarına dikkat etmeliyiz. Bu iki fiil cümledeki
kullanımlarında farklı anlamlar taşır. Gone “Sözü edilen yere gitmiş ve hâlâ orada.” anlamına gelirken;
been “Söz konusu yere gitmiş ama geri dönmüş.” anlamında kullanılır.
A - Where is Duru?
Duru nerede?
- She’s gone to New York to join the dance academy and won’t be back until September.
Dans okuluna katılmak için New York’a gitti ve Eylül ayına kadar geri dönmeyecek.
A Naomi’s actually been to Miami many times, but she is thinking about going there again.
Naomi aslında birçok kez Miami’de bulundu ama oraya tekrar gitmeyi düşünüyor.
Some phrases with Present Perfect Tense
It is / It has been + a period of time + since + Simple Past / Present Perfect
A It has been nearly four years since I last went to my hometown.

Memleketime gitmeyeli neredeyse dört yıl oluyor.
I haven’t been to my hometown for nearly four years.

Neredeyse dört yıldır memleketime gitmedim.
This is the first / second etc. time (that) + Present Perfect
A This is the first time I have played backgammon.

Bu ilk tavla oynayışım.
A This is the third bottle of coke I have drunk today.

Bu bugün içtiğim üçüncü kola.
This is + Superlative (that) + Present Perfect
A This is the best food I have ever had all my life.

Bu tüm hayatım boyunca yediğim en güzel yemek.
A She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.

O şimdiye kadar gördüğüm en güzel kız.
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2-5 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I have been running. I have not been running. Have I been running?
You have been running. You have not been running. Have you been running?
He has been running. He has not been running. Has he been running?
She has been running. She has not been running. Has she been running?
It has been running. It has not been running. Has it been running?
We have been running. We have not been running. Have we been running?
You have been running. You have not been running. Have you been running?
They have been running. They have not been running. Have they been running?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
for all day / month / year etc. over the past ten years / three months etc.
since in the last few years / five days etc. during the past two hours / four weeks etc.
USAGE
a) Present Perfect Continuous Tense geçmişte başlamış ve hâlâ devam eden eylemlerden söz ederken
kullanılır. Çoktan seçmeli sınavlarda bu zamanın verildiği seçeneği işaretleyebilmemiz için soru
kökünde for, since, in the last two weeks, over the past few months, during the past three years, all
week, all year gibi süreç bildiren ifadelerden birinin verilmesi gereklidir.
A My brother started to work three hours ago and he is still working.

Erkek kardeşim üç saat önce çalışmaya başladı ve hâlâ çalışıyor.
My brother has been working for three hours.
Erkek kardeşim üç saattir çalışmakta.
A The deadline is approaching so I have been writing all week.

Teslim tarihi yaklaşıyor, bu nedenle bir haftadır yazıyorum.
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A He has been walking in the park over the past four hours.
Son dört saattir parkta yürümekte.
A I have been looking for my book at school since 8 a.m.

Saat 8’den beri okulda kitabımı arıyorum.
b) Henüz bitmiş olan ama etkisi ya da sonucu hâlâ devam eden olaylardan söz ederken Present Perfect
Continuous Tense kullanılır. Bu kullanımda genelde olayın gerçekleştiğine dair bir ipucu verilmiştir.
A She looks fit. It’s obvious she has been going to the gym.
Zinde görünüyor. Belli ki spor salonuna gitmiş / gitmekte.
A - He looks very tired. What’s the matter?

Çok yorgun görünüyor. Sorun ne?
- He has been fixing the car.
Arabayı tamir etti / etmekte.
Not: Yapılan işin ne kadar sürdüğüne vurgu yapıldığında öncelikle Present Perfect Continuous Tense
tercih edilir; yapılan işin sonucuna, ne kadar sıklıkla yapıldığına (once, twice, several times etc.) ya
da ne kadar sayıda / miktarda (half, all, most etc.) kısmının bittiğine değiniliyorsa cümlede süreç
verilse bile Present Perfect Continuous Tense kullanılmaz. Present Perfect Tense kullanılır.
A I have been reading this book since morning and I have read half of it.
Sabahtan beri bu kitabı okumaktayım ve yarısını okudum.
A I have been washing my face for two minutes.

İki dakikadır yüzümü yıkıyorum.
A I have washed my face once so far today.

Yüzümü şu ana kadar bir kez yıkadım.
A They have been arguing since yesterday.

Dünden beri tartışıyorlar.
A They have argued twice in the last two hours.

Son iki saat içinde iki kez kavga ettiler.
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks with for or since.
1. I have been driving this car _________________ seven years.
2. She hasn’t seen her father _________________ she was born.
3. Boris Johnson has been the president of the UK _________________ almost two years.
4. Kylie has been working on her essay _________________ instructor assigned her.
5. She is the love of my life, so I have been waiting to marry her _______________ we were twenty
years old.
6. This book has been on the market _________________ about ten years.
7. John has been in Ankara _________________ 2003.
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8. In the past, I didn’t enjoy drinking coffee but now I have been drinking it with pleasure
_________________ I tried caramel macchiato.
9. Though I have had a house _________________ only three days now, I have got totally used to it.
10. David has helped Laura with her Maths assignments _________________ the beginning of the
semester.
11. It’s been a long time _________________ I last visited my grandparents.
12. _________________ I met her in İstanbul, she has been my best friend.
13. Jane has been reading The Scarlet Letter _________________ nearly four hours.
14. I have been taking Spanish courses _________________ I was a child.
15. Lisa has been living in Vienna _________________ 4 years.
16. He has been taking care of his grandmother _________________ nearly a year now.
EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks with Present Perfect (have / has done) or Present Perfect Continuous (have / has
been doing) forms of the verbs in the parentheses. In some sentences, both tenses are correct but
as there are only two options, choose the most appropriate one.
1. Brian _________________ (play) football ever since he was five, and today his team
_________________ (win) the championship for the first time.
2. She _________________ (work) on her new book for five weeks now but she _________________
(finish) writing only three chapters.
3. Kelly _________________ (live) in Liverpool for over a year but she _________________ (not / visit)
many of the places yet.
4. I _________________ (look after) my baby sister ever since our parents went to work.
5. Ginny and Paul_________________ (be) married for fifteen years and they _________________
(know) each other since they were kids.
6. Be careful, the pizza is very hot. It _________________ (just / arrive).
7. Wow! You look thinner. You _________________ (lose) weight.
8. A: Would you like to drink anything?
B: No, thank you. I _________________ (already / drink) three cups of coffee since this morning.
9. Researchers _________________ (discover) that cartilage in human joints can repair itself through a
process similar to that used by creatures such as salamanders and zebrafish to regenerate limbs.
10. Biomedical engineers _________________ (devise) a machine learning approach to modelling the
interactions between complex variables in engineered bacteria.
11. The construction of the building _________________ (be) in progress for six months.
12. John _________________ (work) for the same company since he graduated from the university.
13. Jessica _________________ (paint) her room’s walls again.
14. Adam _________________ (decorate) his summer house for 3 weeks.
15. _________________ you _________________ (ever / be) to Valencia? It is a lovely city.
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16. Jane _________________ (clean) the house for two hours. She looks tired.
17. I _________________ (break) my glasses. I can’t see anything now.
18. It’s 10 p.m. at night and you _________________ (eat) a whole pizza.
19. The dog _________________ (sit) in the corner of the backyard for two hours.
20. The boss _________________ (warn) his employees not to be late for the meeting tomorrow.
EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with Simple Present (do / does), Present Continuous (am / is / are doing), Present
Perfect (have / has done) or Present Perfect Continuous (have been doing) forms of the verbs in
the parentheses.
1. The Jeffersons __________________________ (just / found) their family business in New York, and
so far the business __________________________ (thrive) absolutely well.
2. Although I __________________________ (still / have) more than a month to finish the company
reports, I __________________________ (decide) to finish it this week.
3. A: __________________________ you (still / teach) __________________________ in Princeton
University?
B: Yes. Actually, I __________________________ (lecture) there over the past three years.
4. As the teacher __________________________ (not / come) to school yet, we
__________________________ (not / need) to go to the classroom right now.
5. A: Where is your mother? I __________________________ (not / see) her for a while.
B: Unfortunately, she __________________________ (be) in the hospital.
A: What __________________________ (happen)?
B: She __________________________ (have) an accident, but thanks to God, her condition
__________________________ (stabilise) since yesterday and she will be home soon.
6. This __________________________ (be) the third book I __________________________ (finish) in
the last three days.
7. Sue __________________________ (watch) the Vikings almost all day, so she
__________________________ (not / complete) even half of her assignment since morning.
8. Whenever I __________________________ (face) an obstacle, it __________________________
(seem) to me nowadays that my best friend __________________________ (fade) from the scene.
9. I will call you as soon as I __________________________ (arrive) home.
10. How long __________________________ you __________________________ (study) in Hacettepe
University?
11. My mother __________________________ (go) to work by car but nowadays she
__________________________ (take) the bus because her car __________________________
(break down).
12. I __________________________ (clean) my room and it really __________________________
(smell) nice now.
13. The baby __________________________ (cry) but I __________________________ (not / know)
how to calm her down.
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14. All of the students __________________________ (play) football in the garden at present.
15. I __________________________ (love) watching the sunset especially when I
__________________________ (be) at the seaside.
16. I __________________________ (have) this terrible cough ever since I started smoking.
17. I __________________________ (go) to the gym at lunchtimes so I __________________________
(not / eat) much lunch lately.
18. Look! Mary and Anne __________________________ (watch) the new documentary about Mars on
Netflix.
19. Every time I __________________________ (wake up) in the morning, first I
__________________________ (take) a shower, then I __________________________ (dress).
20. The baby's face is really dirty. What __________________________ he
__________________________ (eat) lately?
2-6 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FORM
I did not swim in the pool Did I swim in the pool

I swam in the pool yesterday.
yesterday. yesterday?
You slept early last night. You did not sleep early last night. Did you sleep early last night?
He did not play rugby last Did he play rugby last

He played rugby last weekend.
weekend. weekend?
She shouted at her son. She did not shout at her son. Did she shout at her son?
It did not eat its meal a few Did it eat its meal a few minutes
It ate its meal a few minutes ago.
minutes ago. ago?
We finished the document. We did not finish the document. Did we finish the document?
You came late. You did not come late. Did you come late?
They went to seaside two days They did not go to seaside two Did they go to seaside two days
ago. days ago. ago?
I Türkçede Simple Past Tense’in karşılığı “-di’li Geçmiş Zaman”dır.
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BE FORM
I was in İstanbul last year. I was not in İstanbul last year. Was I in İstanbul last year?
You were a talkative person. You were not a talkative person. Were you a talkative person?
He was a talkative person. He was not a talkative person. Was he a talkative person?
She was a talkative person. She was not a talkative person. Was she a talkative person?
It was in İstanbul last year. It was not in İstanbul last year. Was it in İstanbul last year?
We were talkative people. We were not talkative people. Were we talkative people?
You were talkative people. You were not talkative people. Were you talkative people?
They were talkative people. They were not talkative people. Were they talkative people?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
yesterday in 1790s during the World War II etc. five days / a year / two weeks etc. ago
last Tuesday / month / year /
in 1987 in the 15th century in the middle ages / at medieval times
night etc.
USAGE
a) Geçmişte yaptığımız bitmiş eylemleri, olayları ve durumları anlatırken Simple Past Tense kullanılır.
Simple Past Tense kullanabilmemiz için “definite / exact time” (kesin zaman) ya da “implied time”
(ima edilen zaman) belirtilmesi gerekir. Bu kriterler yoksa, Simple Past Tense içeren cümleler zaman
bağlaçlarıyla verilebilir.
A I graduated from university two years ago.

İki yıl önce üniversiteden mezun oldum.
A Atatürk founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Atatürk, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni 1923’te kurdu.
A I met Oliver after school. (implied time)

Okuldan sonra Oliver ile buluştum.
A We spent our summer holiday in Antalya last year.

Geçen yıl yaz tatilimi Antalya’da geçirdim.
A When I finished my work, I called Jack. (zaman bağlacı)

İşimi bitirince Jack’i aradım.
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Grammar Tip
Geçmişte kalmış, bitmiş, tamamlanmış olayların anlatılmasında kullanıldığı için YDT’de Simple Past
Tense ile özellikle tarihsel gerçeklerden ve ölü şahıslardan söz eden soru köklerinde karşılaşabiliriz.
Örnek Soru:
Although Abraham Lincoln ---- to be a shrewd military strategist and a wise leader in his time,
a Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth ---- an assassination against him.
A) has proved / plotted
B) would prove / had plotted
C) is proving / will be plotting
D) proved / plotted
E) proves / was plotting
Çözüm: Soru kökünde tense bilgisi test edilmektedir. Cümlede zaman zarfı olabilecek in his time
yapısı verilmiştir. Ayrıca, soru kökü dikkatli okunduğunda anlatılan olayların geçmişe ait olduğu ve
özne konumunda verilen Abraham Lincoln’un hayatta olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle seçenekler
arasında her iki boşluk için de past yapılar içeren B ve D seçeneklerine yoğunlaşmamız gerekir. Ancak
B seçeneği içerdiği would prove (Would, 1. Unreal if grubunda tercih edilir. / 2. Özellikle noun clause
yapısında will’in past’ıdır. / 3. Geçmiş alışkanlıklarımızda kullanılır.) ve had plotted (Geçmişte olan iki
olaydan daha önce olanına vurgu yapar ve cümlede Simple Past arkadaş ister.) yapıları nedeniyle elenir.
Bu yapılar cümleyi anlamlı bir şekilde tamamlamamaktadırlar. D seçeneğinde verilen V2 + V2 dizilimi,
çoktan seçmeli sınavlarda tarihi gerçeklerden ve ölmüş kişilerle ilgili olaylardan söz ederken sıklıkla
kullanılan klişe bir dizilimdir. D seçeneğinde verilen proved / plotted dizilimi boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde
cümlede anlam genel olarak “Abraham Lincoln, kendi döneminde zeki bir askeri strateji uzmanı ve
bilge bir lider olduğunu kanıtlamış olmasına rağmen bir Konfederasyon sempatizanı olan John
Wilkes Booth ona karşı suikast düzenledi.” şeklindedir. D seçeneğinde verilen dizilim cümleyi yapı ve
anlam olarak uygun bir şekilde tamamlamaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
b) Simple Past Tense, geçmişte birbiri arkasına gerçekleşmiş consecutive actions (ardıl eylemler)’dan
söz ederken kullanılır.
A She brushed her teeth and then went to bed.

Dişlerini fırçaladı ve sonra uyudu.
c) Simple Past Tense geçmiş alışkanlıklarımızdan ya da geçmişte sık sık yaptığımız eylemlerden söz
ederken kullanılır. Geçmiş alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırken Modals ünitesinde açıklayacağımız used to /
would yapıları da kullanılır.
A We went to museums very often when we were at high school.

Lisedeyken müzelere çok sık giderdik.
A When I was in Barcelona, I usually visited art galleries.

Barselona’dayken genellikle sanat galerilerine giderdim.
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Time Clauses with Simple Past Tense

Consecutive actions (ardıl eylemler) ya da simultaneous actions (aynı anda gerçekleşen eylemler)
yapılarını kullanırken, zaman bağlaçları Simple Past Tense ile verilmiş cümleleri birbirine bağlayabilir. Bu
bağlaçların past kombinasyonlardaki kullanımlarında daha önce olmuş eyleme vurgu yapmak için Past
Perfect Tense kullanılabilir. (bkz. bölüm 2-8)
A When I went to school, I entered the classroom. (consecutive actions)

Okula gidince sınıfa girdim.
A As soon as I got home, I had lunch.

Eve gider gitmez öğle yemeği yedim.
A After Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia, he led to his own end.

Napoleon Bonaparte, Rusya’yı işgal ettikten sonra kendi sonunu hazırladı.
A The Second World War dragged on for six deadly years until the final defeat of both Nazi
Germany and Japan in 1945.
Nazi Almanyası ve Japonya’nın 1945’teki yenilgilerine kadar II. Dünya Savaşı altı kanlı yıl
boyunca devam etti.
A Before I went for summer vacation, I did some shopping.

Yaz tatiline gitmeden önce biraz alışveriş yaptım.
A Some masters rewarded obedient slave behavior with favors while they brutally punished
rebellious slaves in America in 1800s. (simultaneous actions)
1800’lerde Amerika’da bazı efendiler asi köleleri zalimce cezalandırırken sadık kölelerinin
davranışlarını iyilikle ödüllendirmekteydi.
Simple Past Tense with “It’s time”

A It’s time (for us) to leave for the journey.
Yola çıkma vaktimiz geldi.
A It’s (high / about) time we left for the journey.

Yola çıkma vaktimiz geldi / geldi de geçiyor. / Artık gidelim.
d) Örnekte de görüldüğü gibi it’s time yapısının sağ tarafında özne verildiğinde fiil V2 çekimlenir ama
anlam present ya da future’dır. Bu yapı it’s time kalıbının unreal present kullanımıdır.
EXERCISE 5
Fill in the blanks with Present Perfect (have / has done) or Simple Past (did) forms of the verbs in
the parentheses.
1. It ___________________ (be) six years since I first ___________________ (meet) Adriana.
2. She ___________________ (not / attend) her classes at the university since she
___________________ (break) her leg.
3. He ___________________ (win) a cash prize from the lottery last week, but he
___________________ (not / claim) his money yet.
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4. The performers ___________________ (play) very well yesterday. This is the first time I
___________________ (see) such a great performance.
5. A: Why do you look so pale?
B: Because I ___________________ (take care of) my sick dog last night.
6. Donna ___________________ (get) a promotion three months ago and she ___________________
(work) in the Africa office since then.
7. Since the beginning of time, human beings _________________ (try) to figure out the meaning of life.
8. The last time I ___________________ (speak) with him was a week ago. I ___________________
(not / receive) any calls or messages from him for a week.
9. Recent discoveries from South America, China and other countries ___________________ (suggest)
that birds ___________________ (evolve) from small carnivorous dinosaurs.
10. In the last few years, the number of crimes in the town ___________________ (decrease)
significantly due to the new regulations made by local authorities.
11. In the past, we ___________________ (visit) our grandparents and ___________________ (spend)
our whole summer holiday with them.
12. A few days ago, she ___________________ (say) that she would call me but nobody
___________________ (phone) me so far.
13. I ___________________ (just / finish) the latest book of James Patterson, the Murder Games. This is
the most thrilling book I ___________________ (ever / read).
14. A: Where is your mum?
B: She ___________________ (go) shopping. We are having a party tonight.
15. He ___________________ (want) to become a doctor since he ___________________ (be) a young
boy.
16. I ___________________ (travel) to Mexico last summer and I ___________________ (try) some
Mexican food. My favourite ___________________ (be) Texas Cowboy Chili Beans.
17. We ___________________ (not / play) very well yesterday; therefore, we ___________________
(lose) the match.
18. I ___________________ (not / talk) to her since yesterday.
19. I can’t believe Anne and Robert ___________________ (divorce) last Monday. They
___________________ (be) such a nice couple.
20. The only difference between me and my twin sister when we were children ___________________
(be) that she was taller than me.
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2-7 THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I was running. I was not running. Was I running?
You were sleeping when I came You were not sleeping when I Were you sleeping when I came
home. came home. home?
He was watching a film He was not watching a film
Was he watching a film yesterday
yesterday between 10 and 12 yesterday between 10 and 12
between 10 and 12 p.m.?
p.m. p.m.
She was not walking in the
She was walking in the garden. Was she walking in the garden?
garden.
It was flying. It was not flying. Was it flying?
We were playing chess when We were not playing chess Were we playing chess when you
you came in. when you came in. came in?
You were travelling across You were not travelling across
Were you travelling across
Northern Turkey this time last Northern Turkey this time last
Northern Turkey this time last year?
year. year.
They were dancing while I was They were not dancing while I Were they dancing while I was
singing. was singing. singing?
I Past Continuous Tense’in Türkçe karşılığı “Şimdiki Zamanın Hikayesi”dir.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
at this time / hour yesterday last week / year / night at five o’clock etc.
this time last month / year / semester etc. yesterday between seven o’clock and nine o’clock
USAGE
a) Geçmişte belirli bir zamanda ya da zaman aralığında devam eden eylemleri ifade etmek için Past
Continuous Tense kullanılır. Eylemin gerçekleştiği zamana vurgu yapan Simple Past Tense’ten farklı
olarak, Past Continuous Tense için eylemin kendisi (ne olduğu) önemlidir. Bu durumda bu tense ile
sorulması gereken soru “Ne zaman yaptın?” değil, sözü geçen zamanda “Ne yapıyordun?” olmalıdır.
A -What were you doing last night at 10 o’clock?

Dün gece saat 10’da ne yapıyordun?
- I was watching a movie with my friend.
Arkadaşımla film izliyordum.
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A I was travelling across the United States this time last year.
Geçen yıl bu vakitler ABD’de seyahat ediyordum.
A They were studying English at this time yesterday.

Dün bu vakitler İngilizce çalışıyorlardı.
b) Past Continuous Tense özellikle hikaye anlatımlarında background information (betimleme) yaparken
kullanılır.
A Last weekend we went for a picnic. The weather was nice. The Sun was shining and the birds
were singing. Children were running and playing hide and seek. I spent very good time during
the picnic.
Geçen hafta sonu pikniğe gittik. Hava güzeldi. Güneş parlıyordu ve kuşlar cıvıldıyordu. Çocuklar
koşuyordu ve saklambaç oynuyordu. Piknikte çok güzel zaman geçirdim.
Time Clauses with Simple Past Tense and Past Continuous Tense
I Geçmişte devam etmekte olan ve bir başka olayla kesişen, aynı anda gerçekleşen olayları ya da ardıl
eylemleri, when ve while zaman bağlaçları ile kullanabiliriz.
When + Simple Past , Past Continuous
When bağlacının verildiği bir zaman cümleciği genellikle temel cümledeki eylemin devam etmekte
olduğunu, yan cümleciğin ise bu eylemi kestiğini ifade eder. Bu durumda, temel cümlede Past
Continuous, yan cümlecikte ise Simple Past kullanılır.
A When the Civil War broke out in the country, he was trying to be a general.
He was trying to be a general when the Civil War broke out in the country.
Ülkede İç Savaş çıktığında, o general olmaya çalışıyordu.
A When the patient entered the room, the doctor was waiting for her.
Hasta odaya girdiğinde, doktor onu bekliyordu.
When + Simple Past , Simple Past
When bağlacı arka arkaya yapılmış eylemleri (ardıl eylemler) anlatmak için de kullanılır. Bu kullanımda iki
cümlecik de Simple Past Tense ile kurulur.
A When he woke up, he put on his clothes and went to work.

Uyanınca giyindi ve işe gitti.
While / As / Just as + Past Continuous , Simple Past
While ile kurulmuş bir cümlede, yan cümlecikte devam etmekte olan eylem, temel cümlede Simple Past ile
verilen eylem tarafından kesilir. Bu durumda while ile verilen eylem, kesilen (interrupted action) eylemdir.
Bu kullanımda while yerine as ve just as bağlaçları da kullanılabilir.
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A While the workers were working in the field, I helped my mother with milking the cows and
feeding the calves.
İşçiler alanda çalışıyorken anneme inekleri sağmakta ve danaları yemlemekte yardımcı oldum.
A While I was staying in California, I went to see him.

Kaliforniya’da kalırken, onu görmeye gittim.
A Just as I was walking down the street in our neighbourhood, I bumped into an old friend.
Mahallede tam da cadde boyunca yürürken, eski bir arkadaşa rastladım.
A My daughter found a puppy as she was playing in the yard yesterday.

Kızım dün avluda oynarken, bir köpek yavrusu buldu.
While + Simple Past , Simple Past
Birbiriyle aynı anda devam eden eylemleri (simultaneous actions) anlatmak için de while bağlacı kullanılır.
Aynı anda gerçekleşen eylemleri while bağlacı ile verirken her iki cümlecik Past Continuous ya da Simple
Past olabilir. While bağlacında iki cümlecik de Past Continuous olduğunda genelde şikayet ya da içerleme
ifade edilir. Ancak bu özellik YDT’de sorulmaz. Aynı anda olan eylemleri belirtmek için while + Past
Continuous, Past Continuous ya da while + Simple Past, Simple Past yapılarının ikisi de kullanılabilir.
A While everybody was having fun in the party, I was serving cold drinks and food.
I was serving cold drinks and food while everybody was having fun in the party.
Partide herkes eğlenirken ben soğuk içecek ve yiyecek servisi yapıyordum.
A My mom made a cake while I cooked the pastry.

Ben çörek yaparken annem kek yaptı.
I Present Continuous Tense’te olduğu gibi always, perpetually, constantly, continuously, continually
etc. zarflarla, Past Continuous Tense’te de sürekli tekrarlanan eylemleri ya da şikayet ve yakınma gibi
duyguları ifade edebiliriz.
A Dennis was always eating candies when she was a child.

Dennis çocukken sürekli şeker yerdi.
c) Özellikle resmi ortamlarda hope, wonder, expect etc. fiilleriyle ricada bulunurken Past Continuous
Tense kullanılabilir. Ancak bu kullanımda anlam present’tır.
A I was wondering if you could help me with my assignment.

Rica etsem / Acaba ödevimde yardımcı olabilir misin?
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EXERCISE 6
Fill in the blanks with Simple Past (did) or Past Continuous (was / were doing) forms of the verbs
in the parentheses.
1. Michael ___________________ (spend) his holiday in Bodrum last summer.
2. The tsunami ___________________ (destroy) most of the village a year ago, leaving almost every
resident homeless.
3. While they __________________ (have) breakfast at their patio yesterday morning, they
___________________ (witness) a car accident.
4. I ___________________ (receive) a message from my travel agent’s about a two-day tour to
Morocco three days ago.
5. One year after the disaster, the government finally ___________________ (decide) to reconstruct the
police station building damaged by the earthquake.
6. When she ___________________ (come) to the office, her boss ___________________ (wait) for her.
7. After four days of tough walking, when the three hikers eventually ___________________ (reach) the
top of the mountain, they ___________________ (shout) in joy.
8. While she ___________________ (rush) towards to the bus stop, she ___________________
(notice) that she forgot her keys at home.
9. George and Debbie ___________________ (leave) for Bora Bora Island after they
___________________ (take) two-week off from work.
10. I ___________________ (meet) my husband nine years ago while I ___________________ (be) on
my way to Sidney.
11. As the tutor ___________________ (prepare) the grammar exercises, the students
___________________ (talk) to each other.
12. Our teacher ___________________ (write) a story book for us last May because she
___________________ (want) us to study English during our summer holiday.
13. On March 11, 2011, a magnitude-9 earthquake ___________________ (strike) Japan and about
230,000 people ___________________ (lose) their homes.
14. The whole family ___________________ (watch) TV in their sitting room when the fire
___________________ (break out) in their kitchen.
15. Immediately after she ___________________ (talk) to her manager on the phone, she
___________________ (leave) the office in a rush.
16. I ___________________ (practise) cello with my instructor between 3 and 5 o’clock yesterday
afternoon.
17. When I first ___________________ (meet) Kendall, she ___________________ (wear) a black dress.
18. Chris ___________________ (study) English Literature when his father ___________________
(enter) his room.
19. They ___________________ (be) in a meeting when the earthquake ___________________ (occur).
20. I ___________________ (get) ready for the party before Kayra ___________________ (show up).
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EXERCISE 7
Fill in the blanks with Present Perfect (have / has done), Present Perfect Continuous (have / has
been doing), Simple Past (did) and Past Continuous (was / were doing) forms of the verbs in the
parentheses. In some sentences, more than one tense can be correct. In that case, choose the
most appropriate one.
1. I ____________________ (just / submit) my application letter for Bilkent. Last year, I
____________________ (miss) the date and I couldn’t apply for the Master’s Degree Programme.
2. A: Grandmother, ____________________ you ____________________ (ever / meet) Atatürk?
B: No, my dear. I ____________________ (be) born in December 1938.
3. Astronomers ____________________ (gather) an impressive haul of exoplanetary data from NASA's
Kepler space observatory for more than a year.
4. Scientists took measurements to see what ____________________ (happen) inside the galaxies.
5. Researchers ____________________ (create) a new computing system that aims to tackle one of
computing's hardest problems in a fraction of the time.
6. I ____________________ (not / be) convinced that we were going to find a black hole when I
____________________ (make) the observations in 1987.
7. Vincent van Gogh ____________________ (be) a post-impressionist painter whose paintings
____________________ (have) an impact on the modern art.
8. Many years of hard work and enthusiasm ____________________ (lead) the way to success for him.
9. Since its opening in 1936, the art gallery ____________________ (make) over one billion profit.
10. He refuses to repeat what he ____________________ (say) yesterday in this house and what he
____________________ (say) for a few months in the committee.
11. I ____________________ (travel) across European countries for over twenty years.
12. Last year, the seismologists ____________________ (expect) a big earthquake on the way but only a
few quakes ____________________ (occur) during the past twelve months.
13. The two neighbouring countries ____________________ (sign) a peace treaty a few days ago,
hoping to put an end to the war that ____________________ (go on) for over two decades.
14. Recent studies ____________________ (reveal) that humorous people are perceived as being more
appealing, and this in turn enables them to have greater influence.
15. During the ceremony, while the bride and groom ____________________ (dance), the photographer
____________________ (take) their photographs.
16. Droughts ____________________ (affect) crop production badly throughout the world since scientists
____________________ (begin) to observe climate changes in the 1900s.
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EXERCISE 8:
Fill in the blanks with Simple Present (do / does), Present Continuous (am / is / are doing), Simple
Past (did), Past Continuous (was / were doing), Present Perfect (have / has done) and Present
Perfect Continuous (have / has been doing) forms of the verbs in the parentheses.
1. Genetic engineering tool _________________________ (generate) antioxidant-rich purple rice which
_________________________ (help) billions of people get their vitamins.
2. Sarah _________________________ (study) for his examination of the Master’s Degree in the
department of English Language and Literature nowadays.
3. There may be some serious consequences especially if you ________________________ (not / visit)
your dentist once in a while.
4. There are two countries that _________________________ (have) no capitals while South Africa is
the only country in the world that _________________________ (have) three capital cities.
5. When the legendary cellist Pablo Casals was asked why he __________________ (continue) to
practise at the age of ninety, he replied “Because I think I ____________________ (make) progress.”.
6. When he _____________________ (hear) that his son was imprisoned, he _____________________
(have) a heart attack.
7. An American vessel and a Japanese ship, which _________________________ (weigh) nearly thirty
tonnes _________________________ (collide) with each other on 26th June.
8. A professor from Western Kentucky University _________________________ (fall into) a crevasse
while he _________________________ (climb up) a mountain in Nepal about two weeks ago.
9. The American government _________________________ (train) their soldiers in Kosovo nowadays
using simulated environments with virtual reality, which can place them in over 400 different simulated
combat scenarios.
10. Some people _________________________ (accuse) Starbucks of putting too much ice in their iced
drinks and ripping people off for a while.
11. While the kids _________________________ (jump) around, Jane _________________________
(try) to focus on her work.
12. A: Native Americans usually _________________________ (live) in tepees in the past, right?
B: Well, yes. At least, some of them _________________________ (do).
13. In the last thirty years, the consumption of bottled water _________________________ (increase)
dramatically and an average American now _________________________ (consume) thirty gallons
of bottled water every year.
14. Madrid _________________________ (place) a prohibition on privately owned cars in the city to
reduce the rising air pollution lately.
15. The globalizationists _________________________ (look for) a solution to propose at the moment in
order to overcome the problem of unemployment in developed countries.
16. According to environmentalists, it is estimated that rainforest species _________________________
(vanish) at an alarming rate these days.
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2-8 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
FORM
I had met her before I I had not met her before I moved to Had I met her before I moved to
moved to İzmir. İzmir. İzmir?
You had studied Italian You had not studied Italian before Had you studied Italian before you
before you moved to Rome. you moved to Rome. moved to Rome?
He had played football until He had not played football until last Had he played football until last
last week. week. week?
She had established her She had not established her Had she established her company
company before 2008. company before 2008. before 2008?
It (the plane) had left by the It (the plane) had not left by the time Had it (the plane) left by the time I
time I got to the airport. I got to the airport. got to the airport?
We had fallen asleep when We had not fallen asleep when our Had we fallen asleep when our
our parents came in. parents came in. parents came in?
You had studied Italian You had not studied Italian before Had you studied Italian before you
before you moved to Rome. you moved to Rome. moved to Rome?
They had got engaged by

They had not got engaged by 2018. Had they got engaged by 2018?
2018.
BE FORM
I had been a musician. I had not been a musician. Had I been a musician?
You had been a musician. You had not been a musician. Had you been a musician?
He had been a musician. He had not been a musician. Had he been a musician?
She had been a musician. She had not been a musician. Had she been a musician?
It had been in the garden. It had not been in the garden. Had it been in the garden?
We had been musicians. We had not been musicians. Had we been musicians?
You had been musicians. You had not been musicians. Had you been musicians?
They had been musicians. They had not been musicians. Had they been musicians?
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TIME EXPRESSIONS
before already until never yet in advance since

just by then that day earlier earlier previously by 2000 for
USAGE
a) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olaylar, oluş sıralarına göre anlatılıyorsa Simple Past Tense kullanılması
gerekir. Ancak aktarım esnasında daha geçmişte olan bir olaya dönüş yapılacaksa (flashback)
Past Perfect Tense kullanılması gerekir. Cümlelerde Past Perfect Tense kullanılabilmesi için olay
örgüsünün past form’da ilerlemesi gerekir. İki past olay arasında daha geçmişte gerçekleşmiş eylem
için Past Perfect Tense kullanılır. Bu nedenle Past Perfect Tense sıklıkla zaman bağlaçlarıyla tercih
edilir ve cümlede daha önce gerçekleşmiş olan olaya vurgu yapar.
Simple Past / Past Perfect Combination in Time Clauses
Before / By the time / When / Until + Simple Past , Past Perfect
After / As soon as / Once / When / Until + Past Perfect , Simple Past
I After
After + Past Perfect , Simple Past

Simple Past
A After I had left / left school, I went home.

A I went home after I had left / left school.
Okuldan çıktıktan sonra eve gittim.
Not: Örnekte de görüldüğü gibi önce olan olay (okuldan çıkılması) Past Perfect Tense ile vurgulanmıştır.
I As soon as / Once
As soon as / Once + Past Perfect , Simple Past

Simple Past
A I visited my uncle once / as soon as I’d discovered where he lived.

Nerede yaşadığını bulunca / bulur bulmaz amcamı ziyaret ettim.
A As soon as I had realized / realized my mistake, I apologized to him.

Hatamı fark eder etmez ondan özür diledim.
Grammar Tip:
Once bağlacı özellikle Perfect Tense’ler ile tercih edilen ve testlerde de bu özelliğiyle öne çıkan bir
zaman bağlacıdır.
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Örnek Soru:
Once Norse people ---- in Iceland, walruses ---- from North Atlantic with some other marine
species.
A) were settling / used to disappear
B) had settled / disappeared
C) settle / have disappeared
D) would settle / were disappearing
E) settled / had disappeared
Çözüm: Soru kökünde tense bilgisi test edilmektedir. Cümlede once bağlacı verilmiştir. Zaman bağlaçları
cümlelerde kullanılırken zaman uyumu (Present / Present - Future ; Past / Past) gerektirirler. Tüm
seçeneklerde zaman uyumu görülmektedir. Ancak once bağlacının kullanım kurallarını hatırladığımızda:
I Once + Past Perfect / Simple Past, Simple Past

I Once + Present Perfect / Simple Present, Simple Future / Near Future
şeklindedir. Bu durumda, B seçeneği ön plana çıkmaktadır. B seçeneği boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde
anlam genel olarak “İskandinavlar İzlanda’ya yerleşince, deniz aygırları diğer bazı deniz canlılarıyla
birlikte Kuzey Atlantik’ten yok oldular.” olarak Türkçeye çevrilebilir. Diğer seçenekleri incelediğimizde,
A seçeneğinde verilen used to disappear (yok olurlardı) geçmiş alışkanlık ifadesi soru köküyle anlamca
örtüşmemektedir. Zaman bağlaçlarının temel cümlelerinde Present Perfect ya da Present Perfect
Continuous kullanamayız. Bu nedenle C seçeneği de elenir. D seçeneğinde genelde koşul cümlelerinde
ve geçmiş alışkanlıklarımızda kullandığımız would yapısı verilmiştir. Bu yapı soru kökündeki cümleyle
anlamca örtüşmemektedir. E seçeneğinde ise olayların öncelik / sonralık sırası yanlış verilmiştir. Doğru
yanıt B seçeneğidir.
I no sooner … than ...
No sooner + Past Perfect + than + Simple past
I hardly / scarcely / barely… when
Hardly / Scarcely / Barely + Past Perfect + when + Simple Past
Bu yapılar cümlede “Henüz bir şey olmuştu ki diğer eylem gerçekleşti.”, “Bir eylemin olmasıyla diğer
eylemin olması neredeyse aynı zamanda gerçekleşti.” vb. anlamlarını verirler. Her iki yapı da cümlelerde
devrik biçimde kullanılabilir.
A The Sun had no sooner disappeared below the horizon than darkness began to envelop the
planet.
No sooner had the Sun disappeared below the horizon than darkness began to envelop the
planet.
Güneş ufuk çizgisinin altında henüz kaybolmuştu ki karanlık, gezegeni sarmaya başladı.
A The police had hardly / scarcely / barely left the scene when trouble started to develop again.
Hardly / Scarcely had the police left the scene when trouble started to develop again.
Polis henüz olay yerinden ayrılmıştı ki sorun tekrar baş gösterdi.
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Not: Barely… when… yapısı devrik kullanımda tercih edilmez.
I before
Before + Simple Past , Past Perfect

Simple Past
A I had taken / took a rest before I studied English.

İngilizce çalışmadan önce dinlendim.
A Before we left home, I had checked / checked the lights.

Evden ayrılmadan önce, ışıkları kontrol ettim.
I by the time
By the time bağlacı, cümlelerde “Bir eylem olduğunda diğer eylem olup bitmişti.” anlamında kullanılır. By
the time, çoktan seçmeli sınavlarda sıklıkla karşılaştığımız bağlaçlardan biridir.
By the time + Simple Past , Past Perfect
A By the time I arrived home, my mom had finished cooking lunch.

Eve geldiğimde, annem öğle yemeğini pişirmeyi bitirmişti.
A The International Red Cross had already recorded many cases of torture and inhumane
treatment by the time they handed the captives over to South Vietnamese authorities following
the Vietnam War.
Vietnam Savaşı’nın sonrasında, esirleri Güney Vietnamlı yetkililere teslim ettiklerinde Uluslararası
Kızılhaç Örgütü çoktan birçok işkence vakası ve insanlık dışı muamele tespit etmişti.
Not: By the time bağlacı, V2 (Simple Past) + was / were already doing şeklinde de kullanılabilir.
A By the time I went out, it was already raining cats and dogs.
Dışarı çıktığımda zaten bardaktan boşanırcasına yağmur yağıyordu.
Not: By the time bağlacının temel cümlesinde be fiili kullanılacaksa was / were kullanılır.
A By the time she graduated from university, she was 21 years old.
Üniversiteden mezun olduğunda 21 yaşındaydı.
A It was already midnight by the time we arrived at the station.

İstasyona gittiğimizde çoktan gece yarısı olmuştu.
I When
When bağlacının kullanımında, önce gerçekleşen eylem yan cümlecikte ya da temel cümlede yer alabilir.
Bu nedenle when bağlacını cümlelerde kullanırken anlam değişikliklerine dikkat etmemiz gerekir.
When + Simple Past , Past Perfect
When + Past Perfect , Simple Past

Simple Past
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A Levi Strauss founded Levi’s as a company in May 1853 when he had arrived / arrived in
California to open a west coast branch of his brothers' New York dry goods business.
Levi Strauss, erkek kardeşlerinin New York’taki kuru gıda işine batıda bir şube açmak için
Kaliforniya’ya gelince, Levi’s’ı bir şirket olarak Mayıs 1853’te kurdu.
A When I came into the airport, most of the passengers had already boarded on the plane.
Havaalanına geldiğimde yolcuların birçoğu çoktan uçağa binmişlerdi.
A Romans added walls of The Colosseum into the Colosseum’s existence when they decided /
had decided it would no longer be flooded and used for naval battles.
Romalılar asla sel altında kalmayacağına ve deniz savaşlarında kullanılmayacağına karar verince
Colosseum’un duvarlarını da yapıya eklediler.
A When the demonstration was over, many broken windows had been broken in the shops.
Gösteri bittiğinde dükkanlarda birçok cam kırılmıştı.
I Until / Till
Until zaman bağlacı, when bağlacında olduğu gibi, daha önce gerçekleşen eylemi yan cümlecikte ya da
temel cümlede verebilir. Burada eylemlerin öncelik / sonralık sırası önemlidir.
Until + Past Perfect , Simple Past

Simple Past
Until + Simple Past , Past Perfect

Simple Past
A The lesson did not start until all the students had attended / attended the class.
Tüm öğrenciler sınıfa gelene kadar ders başlamadı.
A Nearly 30,000 visitors had made / made the 1,710-step climb to the top of Eiffel Tower until the
lifts came into the service on 26 May in 1889.
26 Mayıs 1889’da asansörler hizmete girene kadar yaklaşık otuz bin ziyaretçi Eyfel Kulesi’nin
tepesine bin yedi yüz on adımlık tırmanış yapmıştı.
Not: Finish, arrive, leave, start, complete gibi bir anda olup biten eylemleri by the time bağlacı ile; süreç
belirten eylemleri ise until bağlacı ile kurulmuş cümlelerde tercih etmemiz gerekir. Ancak “bir anda
olup biten eylemleri” olumsuz anlamda, until bağlacının temel cümlesinde kullanabiliriz.
A I stayed with her until she had recovered from the flu.
O, gribi atlatana kadar onunla kaldım.
I didn’t leave her until she had recovered from the flu.
O, gribi atlatana kadar yanından ayrılmadım.
A By the time I graduated from the university, I’d already finished my thesis.
Üniversiteden mezun olduğumda çoktan tezimi bitirmiştim.
A Until I went to Japan, I had never eaten sushi.

Japonya’ya gidene kadar hiç suşi yememiştim.
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Grammar Tip
Past Perfect / Simple Past kombinasyonu, özellikle zaman bağlaçlarıyla birlikte YDT’de genellikle
sorgulanan bir yapıdır. Bu kombinasyon ile verilen soruları çözerken eylemlerin öncelik / sonralık
sırasının ve hangi bağlaçla ne tür bir dizilim kullanılması gerektiğinin bilinmesi önemlidir.
Örnek Soru:
Climate changes ---- the dinosaurs in the long term before they ---- suddenly by an asteroid
strike.
A) did not affect / had vanished
B) have not affected / vanish
C) were not affecting / would vanish
D) will not affect / are not vanishing
E) had not affected / vanished
Çözüm: Soru kökünde tense bilgisi test edilmektedir. Cümlede before bağlacı verilmiştir. Before
bağlacının past kombinasyonda kullanım kurallarını hatırladığımızda:
I Before + Simple Past , Simple Past / Past Perfect

I Before bağlacı, Future Tenses ünitesinde de ele alacağımız gibi Present Perfect / Simple Present,
Simple Future / Near Future şeklinde de kullanılabilir.
Soru kökünde de açıklandığı gibi dinozorların nesli geçmişte tükenmiştir. Bu nedenle Present / Future
yapıları incelememize gerek yoktur. Seçeneklerde verilen past dizilimleri incelediğimizde before
bağlacının kuralına uygun bir past kombinasyonun verildiği E seçeneği öne çıkmaktadır. E seçeneği
boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde, cümlede anlam genel olarak “Bir asteroit düşmesiyle aniden nesilleri
tükenmeden önce, iklim değişimleri dinozorları uzun vadede etkilememekteydi.” şeklindedir. Doğru
yanıt E seçeneğidir.
b) Past Perfect Tense’in diğer bir kullanım yeri, cümlelerde Present Perfect Tense’in past hali olarak
görev almaktır. Past Perfect Tense’in bu kullanımında Present Perfect Tense’te kullanılan before,
yet, already, just, always, never, for, since gibi zaman zarfları Past Perfect Tense ile de kullanılabilir.
Ancak bu zaman zarflarını Past Perfect Tense ile kullanırken bir önceki cümlede ya da onu takip eden
cümlede Simple Past Tense ile kurulmuş bir cümle verilmesi gerekir (Past Perfect Tense, Simple Past
arkadaş ister.). Bu kullanımda by zaman zarfı bir istisnadır çünkü by zaman zarfı zaten kullanıldığı
cümlede daha geçmişte olmuş bir olaya vurgu yapılacağını bildirir.
I by: -dığında, sözü edilen vakite gelindiğinde

A I worked as a waiter in İstanbul in 2015. Earlier, I had worked as a taxi driver in Kocaeli.
2015 yılında İstanbul'da garson olarak çalıştım. Daha öncesinde Kocaeli’de taksi şoförü olarak
çalışmıştım.
A By 1783, James Watt had fully developed the Watt steam engine into a double-acting rotative type.
1783’e gelindiğinde James Watt, Watt buharlı motorunu tamamen çift etkili dönen tip olarak
geliştirmişti.
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I just: yenice / henüz

A I am not hungry. I have just eaten a hamburger.
Acıkmadım. Yenice, bir hamburger yedim.
A I was not hungry when I arrived at school, because I had just eaten a hamburger.
Okula gittiğimde acıkmamıştım çünkü henüz bir hamburger yemiştim.
I already / yet: çoktan, zaten / henüz

A - Have you been to Italy, yet?
Hiç İtalya’da bulundun mu?
- Yes, I have already been there.
Evet, orada çoktan bulundum.
A Three weeks ago, I didn’t go to Italy with my friends because I had already been there in
advance.
3 hafta önce arkadaşlarımla İtalya’ya gitmedim çünkü daha önce orada bulunmuştum.
I never: asla / hiç

A I have never eaten noodle before.
Hayatımda hiç noodle yemedim.
A When I went to China two years ago, I tried the noodle. I had never eaten noodle before. (up
to that time)
İki yıl önce Çin’e gittiğimde noodle denedim. Daha önce / O vakte kadar hiç noodle yememiştim.
Grammar Tip
Had V3 (Past Perfect) + earlier
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in advance
(daha öncesinde)
previously
before that
Grammar Tip
By + a past date (15th century etc.) + had V3 (Past Perfect)
A I stayed in London last year, but I had lived for a while in Paris previously.
Geçen yıl Londra’da kaldım ama daha öncesinde bir süre Paris’te yaşamıştım.
A By 1950, the country had started to show signs of steady improvement.

1950’ye gelindiğinde, ülke istikrarlı iyileşme sinyalleri göstermeye başlamıştı.
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For / Since with Past Perfect Tense
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
now
She lived had V3 She moved (have / has V3)

in İstanbul. to Ankara since / for
A She has been living in Ankara for five years / since 2017.
Dört yıldır / 2017’den beri Ankara’da yaşamaktadır.
A Previously, she had lived in İstanbul for a year.

Bundan önce, bir yıl İstanbul’da yaşadı.
A She had moved to Ankara by 2017.

2017’ye gelindiğinde Ankara’ya taşınmıştı.
A Before she moved to Ankara, she had lived in İstanbul for a year.
Ankara’ya taşınmadan önce bir yıl İstanbul’da yaşamıştı.
I Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi for ve since ile Past Perfect kullanabilmemiz için Simple Past bir
arkadaş cümle ya da Past Perfect ile kullanılan bir zaman zarfı gereklidir. Bu kriterler yoksa; testlerde
for ve since gibi süreç bildiren zaman zarflarıyla karşılaştığımızda Present Perfect içeren yapılara
yönelmemiz gerekir.
2-9 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I had been watching. I had not been watching. Had I been watching?
You had been watching. You had not been watching. Had you been watching?
He had been watching. He had not been watching. Had he been watching?
She had been watching. She had not been watching. Had she been watching?
It had been watching. It had not been watching. Had it been watching?
We had been watching. We had not been watching. Had we been watching?
You had been watching. You had not been watching. Had you been watching?
They had been watching. They had not been watching. Had they been watching?
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TIME EXPRESSIONS
since for all week / year / month / day the whole year etc.
USAGE
a) Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Present Perfect Continuous Tense’in past biçimidir. Present Perfect
Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz anda devam eden ya da henüz bitmiş
ama etkileri süren eylemlerde kullanılır. Past Perfect Continuous Tense ise geçmişte bir süre devam
eden ve biten eylemlerde kullanılır. Bu zamanda eylemin ne kadar sürdüğü bilgisi for, since, all
year, all month gibi süreç bildiren zaman zarflarıyla verilmelidir. Bu kullanım özelliğiyle, Past Perfect
Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense’ten ayrılır.
A When you called me, I was listening to music.

Beni aradığında müzik dinliyordum.
Yukarıdaki örnekte müzik dinleme eyleminin ne kadar sürdüğü belirtilmemiştir. Bu eylem, cümlede yan
cümleciğe göre daha uzun süren ve kesilen eylem (interrupted action) şeklinde verilmiştir.
A When I arrived at school, my teacher had been teaching English for half an hour.
Okula vardığımda öğretmenim yarım saattir İngilizce dersi anlatmaktaydı.
Yukarıdaki örnekte ders verme eyleminin ne kadar sürdüğü for zaman zarfı ile belirtilmiştir. Bu nedenle,
temel cümlede Past Continuous değil, Past Perfect Continuous kullanılmıştır.
Grammar Tip
YDT’de tense sorularını çözerken seçenekler arasında hızlı eleme yapabilmek için Past Perfect
Continuous Tense’in gerektirdiği iki kritere dikkat etmek gerekir:
1) Simple Past arkadaş ister.
2) Cümlede süreç belirtilmelidir.
Örnek Soru:
For decades, scientists ---- for African fossils documenting the earliest phases of the Homo
lineage until they ---- some specimens from the critical time interval between 3 and 2.5 million
years ago.
A) had been searching / recovered
B) were searching / were recovering
C) have been searching / had recovered
D) searched / have recovered
E) had searched / recover
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Çözüm: Soru kökünde tense bilgisi test edilmektedir. Soru kökünde verilen for decades zaman ifadesi
öncelikle Perfect Continuous bir tense’e yoğunlaşmamız gerektiğini göstermektedir. Yan cümlecikte
verilen between 3 and 2.5 million years ago zaman zarfı Simple Past Tense gerektirmektedir (definite
/ exact time). Ayrıca, soru kökünde verilen until zaman bağlacı cümlecikler arasında zaman uyumu
gerektirmektedir. Bu bilgilerden yola çıkarak, Past Perfect Continuous / Simple Past diziliminin verildiği
A seçeneği boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde cümlede anlam genel olarak “Bilim insanları üç ila iki buçuk
milyon sene öncesindeki kritik dönemden bazı örnekleri ortaya çıkarana kadar insan soyunun ilk
evrelerine delil olan Afrika fosillerini onlarca yıldır araştırmaktalardı.” şeklindedir. Soru köküyle yapı
ve anlamca örtüşen A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
b) Present Perfect Continuous Tense’in şu an kanıtı görülen / etkisi devam eden eylemlerde
kullanıldığına değinmiştik. Past Perfect Continuous Tense de geçmişte bitmiş ya da devam etmekte
olan bir eylemin sonuçları / etkileri görüldüğünde kullanılabilir.
A She looks fit. It is obvious she has been going to the gym.
Zinde görünüyor. Belli ki spor salonuna gitmiş. / gitmekte.
She looked fit. It was obvious she had been been going to the gym.
Zinde görünüyordu. Belli ki spor salonuna gitmişti. / gitmekteydi.
A - He looks very tired. What is the matter?

Çok yorgun görünüyor. Sorun ne?
- He has been fixing the car.
Arabayı tamir etti / etmekte.
A - He looked very tired. What was the matter?

Çok yorgun görünüyordu. Sorun neydi?
- He had been fixing the car.
Arabayı tamir etmişti / etmekteydi.
EXERCISE 9
Fill in the blanks with Past Continuous (was / were doing) or Past Perfect Continuous (had been
doing) forms of the verbs in the parentheses.
1. While the police _________________________ (investigate) the case, the forensic experts
_________________________ (process) the evidence.
2. My brother _________________________ (look for) a job for six months before he found a suitable
one for himself.
3. When the investigator asked his whereabouts at the time of the murder, he said he
_________________________ (travel) to work between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m.
4. A: Kelly looked very exhausted this morning.
B: Because she _________________________(work) all night long.
5. When they heard the gunshot, the brothers _________________________ (walk) through the woods.
6. The angry passengers _________________________ (wait) for over one hour when the bus finally
arrived at the bus stop.
7. It was high time he changed his clothes. He _________________________ (wear) them for four days.
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8. When Peter decided to move into another country, he _________________________ (live) in

England ever since he was assigned to a position here.
9. The man _________________________ (sit) peacefully on the river bank when he saw a big whale
passing by in front of him.
10. By the time the manager appeared at the conference room, the employees
_________________________ (discuss) the meeting topic for over half an hour.
11. Last night Henry _________________________ (expect) very important guests. But he had to cancel
the event as his son, Thomas, got sick.
12. All the candidates _________________________ (stand) outside anxiously when they announced
the interview results.
13. She woke up to a beautiful morning. The Sun _________________________ (shine) and the birds
_________________________ (cheep) outside. Everything was very quiet and peaceful. She
_________________________ (look forward) to this moment for a very long time.
14. The famous footballer _________________________ (play) for the Manchester United for nearly a
decade before he got injured during the final cup.
15. Watching his grandchildren playing in the playground, George _________________________
(wonder) if the times like this would ever return.
16. Gina immediately bought the shoes the moment she saw the discount in the store as she
_________________________ (look for) them on the Internet for months.
EXERCISE 10
Fill in the blanks with Simple Past (did), Past Perfect (had done) or Past Perfect Continuous (had
been doing) forms of the verbs in the parentheses.
1. When I _________________________ (go) to Rome two years ago, I _________________________
(try) ravioli because I _________________________ (never / eat) ravioli before.
2. After the police _________________________ (arrive) at the crime scene, they
_________________________ (block) the entrance of the building.
3. The ballet dancers _________________________ (rehearse) their performance for four hours before
their actual show _________________________ (begin).
4. By the time Dilara _________________________ (become) thirty, she
_________________________ (already / decide) to go on a world tour.
5. Once she _________________________ (make up) her mind, she _________________________
(start) her new life.
6. Before he _________________________ (register) in this music school last year, Barry
_________________________ (play) the piano since he was 7 years old.
7. Melih _________________________ (finish) preparing his presentation just before he
_________________________ (have) a meeting with his supervisors.
8. When the police _________________________ (talk) to the neighbors, they discovered that the man
_________________________ (not / pay) his rent for months.
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9. When I _________________________ (enter) into his office to submit my assignment, the professor
_________________________ (look) very tired. Apparently, he _________________________ (read)
the papers of other students for a long time.
10. Lucas _________________________ (have) no trouble in getting used to living in Quebec because
he _________________________ (visit) the city many times before.
11. She _________________________ (be) the headmaster of the school for twenty seven years until
she _________________________ (get) retired in 1968.
12. It was a long trip yesterday. When we _________________________ (reach) our destination, my
father _________________________ (drive) for six hours.
13. As I couldn’t leave the office early, I was late for the play last night. By the time I
_________________________ (arrive) at the theatre, the play _________________________
(already / start).
14. I ________________________ (meet) my friend from high school yesterday. We
________________________ (not / see) each other for nearly seven years.
15. It wasn’t until we _________________________ (begin) to prepare our presentation that there
_________________________ (be) a power cut, so we had to wait until it came back.
16. By the time the flight attendant _________________________ (make) an announcement, the
passengers _________________________ (wait) on board for forty five minutes to get out of the plane.
EXERCISE 11
Fill in the blanks with Simple Present (do / does), Present Continuous (am / is / are doing), Simple
Past (did), Past Continuous (was / were doing), Present Perfect (have / has done), Present Perfect
Continuous (have / has been doing), Past Perfect (had done) or Past Perfect Continuous (had
1. ____________________ you ____________________ (finish) reading 13 Reasons Why yet?
2. When it first ____________________________ (open), McDonald’s
____________________________ (be) a barbecue restaurant and in its early days, it
____________________________ (have) only twenty five items on the menu.
3. In the 19th century, social reformers ____________________________ (attempt) to implement some
restrictions against the worst features of the child-labor system.
4. Researchers ____________________ (take) samples from the bellybuttons of 95 subjects and found
1,400 strains of bacteria, 662 of which they ____________________ (not / recognize) previously.
5. Unlike early practice, many doctors ____________________________ (now / practise) in groups,
where they ____________________________ (share) the same offices and equipment with other
doctors.
6. Did you hear that John couldn’t pass the examination for the Military Academy? He
___________________________ (train) for more than a year.
7. A: You ____________________________ (look) very exhausted. Where have you been?
B: I___________________________ (work out) since I ___________________________ (wake up).
8. Yesterday, at seven o’clock I ____________________________ (have) dinner with my best friends,
that’s why I ____________________________ (not / answer) your calls.
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9. International corporations usually ____________________________ (use) state-of-the-art, computer-

regulated technology in their factories, which ____________________________ (make) them less
polluting than locally owned factories.
10. My mother ___________________________ (read) a novel about Madam Curie’s life and inventions
these days.
11. British pilot Percy Maitland first ____________________________ (observe) fairy circles from the
air in 1927, but these enigmatic structures in Iraq ____________________________ (not / really /
capture) the public imagination the way they deserve.
12. Deforestation is one of the environmental problems which ____________________________
(contribute) to rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.
13. Before the fire ____________________________ (spread) to other buildings, the fire brigades
____________________________ (put out) it.
14. Archaeologists who _____________________________ (carry out) excavations at
Stonehenge since the 1950s ____________________________ (suggest) that ancient people
____________________________ (construct) the monument in three main phases.
15. Before they ____________________________ (attend) the lecture, the candidates only have two
minutes to have a look at the questions.
16. Scientists ____________________________ (claim) that they ____________________________
(solve) the mystery of a moving 4,000-year-old Egyptian statue at Manchester Museum a few weeks
ago.
17. The last time I ____________________________ (try) to contact with him
____________________________ (be) two years ago.
18. I ____________________________ (already / watch) that movie by the time you suggested.
19. The manager ___________________________ (read) the report when he
___________________________ (hear) about the accident.
20. I _____________________ (make) all the arrangements. I _____________________ (fly) to İstanbul
next week.
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2-10 THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
FORM
I will work. I will not work. Will I work?
You will work. You will not work. Will you work?
He will work. He will not work. Will he work?
She will work. She will not work. Will she work?
It will work. It will not work. Will it work?
We will work. We will not work. Will we work?
You will work. You will not work. Will you work?
They will work. They will not work. Will they work?
I Will Türkçeye -ecek / -acak şeklinde çevrilir.
BE FORM
I will be 12 next year. I will not be 12 next year. Will I be 12 next year?
You will be 12 next year. You will not be 12 next year. Will you be 12 next year?
He will be 12 next year. He will not be 12 next year. Will he be 12 next year?
She will be 12 next year. She will not be 12 next year. Will she be 12 next year?
It will be 12 next year. It will not be 12 next year. Will it be 12 next year?
We will be 12 next year. We will not be 12 next year. Will we be 12 next year?
You will be 12 next year. You will not be 12 next year. Will you be 12 next year?
They will be 12 next year. They will not be 12 next year. Will they be 12 next year?
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TIME EXPRESSIONS
soon in the future shortly

next year / month / week etc. in a few minutes / a year three days etc. in 2030
tomorrow the day after tomorrow tonight
USAGE
a) Geleceğe dönük tahminde bulunurken hem will hem de be going to kullanılabilir. Ancak tahminlerde
will daha çok tercih edilir.
I expect
14444444244444443
I’m sure
It is for certain
According to the weather report
I hope it will be sunny tomorrow.
It is for sure
He is certain
They anticipate
etc.
b) Konuşma esnasında verilen ani kararlarda (on the spot decision) will kullanılır.
A - The phone is ringing.

Telefon çalıyor.
- I'll get it.
Ben bakıyorum.
A - I have a headache.
Başım ağrıyor.
- Don’t worry, I will bring you a painkiller.
Endişelenme, sana hemen bir ağrı kesici getireyim / getiririm.
Not: Will bu kullanımda Türkçeye “-ecek, -acak” şeklinde çevrilmez.
c) Uyarı ve tehditlerde will kullanılır.
A Finish your assignment on time. Otherwise, the teacher will give you low grades.
Ödevini vaktinde bitir. Aksi takdirde öğretmen sana düşük notlar verecek.
d) Gelecekte gerçekleşeceği kesin olan, irademiz dışındaki eylemlerde ve durumlarda will kullanılır.
A I will be 18 next year.

Seneye 18 olacağım.
e) Söz vermelerde, özellikle promise fiiliyle birlikte will kullanılır.
A My father has promised us that we will go abroad for summer holiday next year.
Babam bize gelecek yıl yaz tatili için yurt dışına gideceğimize dair söz verdi.
99
Not: Birinci tekil şahıs I ve birinci çoğul şahıs we öznelerinde will yerine shall de kullanılabilir. Ancak bu
kullanım artık eski bir yapı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Shall, Modals ünitesinde de ele alacağımız
gibi soru formatında önerilerimizde kullanılmaktadır. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz.
A I will / shall study Geography tonight.

Bu gece Coğrafya çalışacağım.
I won’t (will not) / shan’t (shall not) study Geography tonight.

Bu gece Coğrafya çalışmayacağım.
A Shall we go out tonight?

Bu gece dışarı çıkalım mı?
Grammar Tip
Predict, foresee ve forecast fiillerinden sonra gelecek zaman yapılarından will sıklıkla tercih edilir. Bu
fiiller past çekimlendiğinde, will’in bir derece past hali olan would kullanılır.
A We predict that he will win the next elections.

Gelecek seçimleri kazanacağını tahmin ediyoruz.
A Last year, I predicted that he would win the next elections.

Geçen yıl onun bir sonraki seçimleri kazanacağını tahmin ettim.
2-11 THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE (BE GOING TO)
BE FORM
I am going to sleep. I am not going to sleep. Am I going to sleep?
You are going to sleep. You are not going to sleep. Are you going to sleep?
He is going to sleep. He is not going to sleep. Is he going to sleep?
She is going to sleep. She is not going to sleep. Is she going to sleep?
It is going to sleep. It is not going to sleep. Is it going to sleep?
We are going to sleep. We are not going to sleep. Are we going to sleep?
You are going to sleep. You are not going to sleep. Are you going to sleep?
They are going to sleep. They are not going to sleep. Are they going to sleep?
I Be going to Türkçeye -ecek / -acak şeklinde çevrilir.

Be: am / is / are going to be
100
TIME EXPRESSIONS
tomorrow soon in a decade

in three years / a few minutes / five weeks tonight shortly
next year / month / week in 2030 etc.
USAGE
a) Geleceğe dönük planlarımızda ve konuşma anından daha önce verilmiş kararlarımızda (prior
decision) be going to kullanılır.
A - Why haven’t you eaten anything?

Neden bir şey yemedin?
- Because I am going to have dinner with my friends soon.
Çünkü yakında arkadaşlarımla akşam yemeği yiyeceğim.
b) Eğer bir eylemin gerçekleşeceğine ilişkin belirtiler varsa be going to kullanılır.
A - Look! It is getting colder. Winter is coming!

Bak! Hava soğuyor. Kış geliyor!
- Yes. It’s going to snow a lot.
Evet, çok kar yağacak.
A Watch out! The bus is overspeeding. It’s going to have an accident.

Dikkat et! Otobüs aşırı hız yapıyor. Kaza yapacak.
Not: Am / Is / Are going to yapısının past hali olan was / were going to ile gelecekte yapmak istediğimiz
ama gerçekleştiremediğimiz eylemleri ve durumları belirtiriz. Bu kullanımda but bağlacı sıklıkla verilir.
A I was going to meet with my friends two days ago, but I was stuck in the traffic.
İki gün önce arkadaşlarımla buluşacaktım ama trafikte sıkışıp kaldım.
Present / Future Combination in Time Clauses

Zaman bağlaçlarının Present / Present ve Past / Past kombinasyonları üzerinde daha önce durmuştuk.
Zaman bağlaçları Present / Future kombinasyonda da çalışırlar. Bu kombinasyonda her iki eylem de
gelecekte gerçekleşecektir. Ancak cümleler oluşturulurken yan cümlecik (bağlacın verildiği kısım) present
form ile, temel cümle ise future form ile verilir. By the time ve while bağlaçları hariç hemen hemen tüm
bağlaçlarda Present / Future kombinasyon bu şekilde yapılır. By the time temel cümlesinde Future Perfect
Tense (Future Perfect Tense konusunda ele alınacaktır.), while ise genellikle Continuous Tense’ler ile
tercih edilir.
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After
144444442444444443
Before
As soon as
Once
Now that Simple Present / Present Perfect , will / be going to
When
Until
The moment
etc.
Not: Gelecekte bir eylem tamamlandıktan sonra diğerini yapacağımızı vurgulamak istersek, yukarıdaki
dizilimde görüldüğü gibi Simple Present yerine Present Perfect kullanabiliriz.
Not: Now that bağlacı past tense'ler ile birlikte kullanılamaz.
A Now that the party is over, we will go home.

Mademki parti bitti, eve gideceğiz.
A Once you have learned the functions of this computer, you’ll advance more quickly in your studies.
Bu bilgisayarın fonksiyonlarını öğrendiğinde çalışmalarında daha hızlı ilerleyeceksin.
A Will you help me with this until we finish it?

Bunu bitirene kadar bana yardım eder misin?
A When I graduate / have graduated from the university, I will work in the construction sector.
Üniversiteden mezun olunca inşaat sektöründe çalışacağım.
A While I’m away, will you take care of my children?

Ben yokken çocuklarımla ilgilenir misin?
A I’ll be travelling across Eastern Europe while you’re preparing for the exam.
Sen sınava hazırlanırken ben Doğu Avrupa’da seyahat ediyor olacağım.
Grammar Tip
Zaman bağlacının verildiği kısımda (yan cümlecikte) will kullanılmaz.
After I will get up in the morning, I will drink a cup of coffee.
get up
Örnek Soru:
A new study has figured out after you ---- a sleepless night, you ---- more calorie-dense, high-
fat foods the next day.
A) will have / crave
B) have had / will crave
C) had / are craving
D) will be having / have craved
E) are going to have / will crave
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Çözüm: Soru kökünde tense bilgisi test edilmektedir. A new study has figured out ifadesinden de
anladığımız gibi seçenekleri incelerken öncelikle Present / Future dizilimlere yoğunlaşacağız. Present
/ Future dizilimler arasında yan cümleciğin (bağlaçlı cümlecik), future form alamayacağını göz önünde
bulundurarak A, D ve E seçeneklerini eleriz. C seçeneği ise, hem past form’da verilmiştir hem de zaman
bağlaçlarının kullanımına aykırı bir biçimde bu seçeneğin diziliminde zaman uyumsuzluğu (Past / Present)
mevcuttur. Uygun bir dizilimin (Present / Future) verildiği B seçeneği boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde cümlede
anlam genel olarak “Yeni bir çalışma, uykusuz bir gece geçirdikten sonra ertesi gün canınızın daha
yüksek kalorili ve yağlı yiyecekler isteyeceğini bulmuştur.” şeklindedir. B seçeneği cümleyi yapı ve
anlam olarak doğru bir biçimde tamamlamaktadır. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
EXERCISE 12
Combine the two sentences using the words in parentheses. For the subordinate clause, use
Simple Present (do / does) and / or Present Perfect (have / has done) or Present Continuous (am /
is / are doing). For the main clause, use a form of will and / or be going to.
1. He will become a member of the Academy of Medicine, and immediately afterwards he will enter the
Academy of Sciences, of which he wants to become the perpetual secretary. (once)
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
2. The woodman will stir the fire. The flames will leap high and the sparks will flow out of the roof hole.
(until)
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
3. We will wait for the food to arrive. During that time, we will be happy to sit and chat in relaxing
surroundings. (while)
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
4. You will brush your teeth. You will eat dinner. (after)
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
5. The companies will make an agreement. But, first of all, they will negotiate for days. (before)
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
6. I live only a few blocks from work. I will walk to work and enjoy it. (now that)
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
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EXERCISE 13
Fill in the blanks with will or be going to forms of the verbs in the parentheses. In some of the
sentences, both are true.
1. A: How about going to the cinema tomorrow? I’ve heard there is a very good movie.
B: I’d like to, but I can’t. I ____________________________ (see) my dentist tomorrow. I have an
appointment.
2. Child: Mommy, I’m out of money.
Mother: Don’t worry dear, I ____________________________ (give) you some pocket money.
3. I like travelling. When I grow up, I am sure I ____________________________ (be) a pilot.
4. He has a lot of arrangements today. First, he ____________________________ (have) a meeting
with his business partners and then in the evening, he ____________________________ (participate
in) a cocktail party.
5. Sally should finish the reports until Tuesday; otherwise, she ____________________________ (not /
get) the promotion she has been longing for over the past few months.
6. I’ve just learned that tomorrow is the due day for our assignment, so I
__________________________ (have to / work) very hard until late hours tonight.
7. The students have been studying for their exam for so long that we are certain that they
____________________________ (pass) the exam.
8. Do you see these dark clouds? A storm ____________________________ (break out) tonight.
9. According to economists, it is likely that the interest rates ____________________________ (stay) at
the same level.
10. My brother has been working in the same company for three years and he hasn’t got any salary
increase or promotion so far. He ____________________________ (quit) his job as soon as he finds
a better one.
11. The police is blocking the streets to make sure that nobody ____________________________ (get
through) the banned area.
12. I believe she ____________________________ (not / be) home tonight because I have seen her
carrying the luggage to her car in the morning.
13. I ____________________________ (send) the invoice to the customer once the company's request
gets ready and the packages arrive at my home.
14. The scientists have never thought about the future of their research so far, but now they think it
___________________________ (become) a success seeing that the results are promising.
15. There is a competitive environment in the parliament, but the Tea Party
____________________________ (definitely / win) the election as they have more votes than the
other party according to the last survey.
16. A: Today, it’s Evren’s birthday.
B: Really! Then I ____________________________ (give) him a call and
____________________________ (wish) him a happy birthday.
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2-12 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I will be playing. I will not be playing. Will I be playing?
You will be playing. You will not be playing. Will you be playing?
He will be playing. He will not be playing. Will he be playing?
She will be playing. She will not be playing. Will she be playing?
It will be playing. It will not be playing. Will it be playing?
We will be playing. We will not be playing. Will we be playing?
You will be playing. You will not be playing. Will you be playing?
They will be playing. They will not be playing. Will they be playing?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
tomorrow between 6 o’clock and 8 o’clock this time next week / next year etc. then
next month / year / week etc. at this time / hour tomorrow etc.
in four years / two hours etc. tomorrow
USAGE
a) Future Continuous Tense gelecekte bir noktada yapıyor olacağımız eylemleri belirtmek için kullanılır.
Future Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense’in future eş değeri olarak düşünülebilir.
A - What will you be doing next year in March?

Gelecek sene Mart ayında ne yapıyor olacaksın?
- I will be preparing for my exam then.
O vakitler sınavıma hazırlanıyor olacağım.
A At this time next month, I will be working in my father’s company.

Gelecek ay bu zamanlarda babamın şirketinde çalışıyor olacağım.
105
b) Ricalarda, Future Continuous Tense kullanılabilir.
A - Will you be using your car tomorrow afternoon?

Yarın öğleden sonra arabanı kullanacak mısın?
- No. I don’t suppose. Why are you asking?
Hayır, sanmıyorum. Neden sordun?
- If you don’t, would you please lend it to me?
Eğer kullanmayacaksan bana ödünç verebilir misin?
c) Özellikle stay ve travel gibi fiillerle, geleceğe dönük tatil / seyahat organizasyonlarından söz ederken
Future Continuous Tense kullanılır. Bu anlamda Present Continuous Tense’i de kullanabiliriz.
A I will be staying in my uncle’s house during my vacation in Aydın next spring.

I am staying in my uncle’s house during my vacation in Aydın next spring.
Gelecek bahar tatilimde Aydın’da amcamların evinde kalacağım.
EXERCISE 14
Fill in the blanks with Simple Future (will do) or Future Continuous (will be doing) forms of the
verbs in the parentheses.
1. Seismologists predict that a series of earthquakes ________________________ (rattle) the regions
throughout Central Europe next month.
2. You might not be able to talk to me tomorrow afternoon because I ________________________ (fly)
to London at this time tomorrow.
3. I’ve seen the teacher entering the class. I guess the lesson ________________________ (start) soon.
4. He ________________________ (set) the table while you are cooking the meal.
5. I’ve read on the papers that they ________________________ (release) the new book of Dan Brown
in Canada in 2021, but it is still not certain when they ________________________ (publish) it in
other countries.
6. _________________ you _________________ (use) your phone during the lesson? If not, can I
borrow it?
7. While you are on your way home, I ________________________(wait) for you.
8. A: Can I get an appointment from Dr. Peterson for tomorrow at 3 o’clock?
B: I’m afraid not. Because he ________________________ (operate) one of his patients then.
9. I ________________________ (meet) my classmates next Tuesday. I wonder how they all
________________________ (look) after so many years.
10. Thanks to a bionic hand developed by the scientists working at NEBIAS lab, it is suggested that it
________________________ (offer) a great opportunity to prosthetic users to feel objects again.
11. He is a great athlete. He ________________________ (run) in the next year’s Boston Marathon.
12. The guests ________________________ (stay) in a five-star hotel during the conference week.
13. They are going to stay in a luxurious residence in Bali for their honeymoon. I believe they
________________________ (have) a great time there.
106
14. According to Bill Gates, who has made many successful predictions so far, better fertilizers in Africa
________________________ (cause) quality crops leading to greater productivity in the future.
15. I guess I ________________________ (not / be able to / attend) your birthday party tomorrow as I
________________________ (take) my final examination tomorrow afternoon at four o’clock.
16. Demographers forecast that the world population ________________________(reach) almost 8
billion in 2022.
2-13 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
FORM
I will have slept by 10 p.m. I will not have slept by 10 p.m. Will I have slept by 10 p.m?
You will have slept by then. You will not have slept by then. Will you have slept by then?
He will have slept by noon. He will not have slept by noon. Will he have slept by noon?
She will not have slept by 3 Will she have slept by 3

She will have slept by 3 o’clock.
o’clock. o’clock?
It will have barked for a few It will not have barked for a few Will it have barked for a few
minutes. minutes. minutes?
We will have learnt to play the We will not have learnt to play Will we have learnt to play the
guitar by the time the course the guitar by the time the course guitar by the time the course
finishes. finishes. finishes?
You will have swum before the You will not have swum before the Will you have swum before
summer is over. summer is over. the summer is over?
They will have finished the They will not have finished the Will they have finished the
report by next week. report by next week. report by next week?
Be: will have been
TIME EXPRESSIONS
by 2050 by that time before

by then by Wednesday in a week / year / month etc.
USAGE
Future Perfect Tense gelecekte olan iki eylemden daha önce gerçekleşecek olanı ifade etmek için kullanılır.
YDT’de Future Perfect Tense içeren seçeneği işaretlerken dikkatli olmalıyız. Çünkü Future Perfect Tense
sınırlı sayıda bağlaç ve zaman zarfı ile birlikte kullanılabilir. By the time, when ve before bağlaçları ile by,
before, in a month, in five years etc. zaman zarfları bu tense ile birlikte sıklıkla kullanılan yapılardır.
107
A By next July, we will have lived abroad for ten years.

Gelecek Temmuz’a gelindiğinde 10 yıldır yurt dışında yaşıyor olacağız.
A She will have completed her homework by 5 o’clock.

Saat 5’e gelindiğinde ödevini bitirmiş olacak.
A By the time his wife finishes the laundry, he will have arrived home.
Eşi çamaşır yıkamayı bitirdiğinde o eve varmış olacak.
A Before the race takes place, I will already have finished my preparations.
Yarış başlamadan önce hazırlıklarımı çoktan bitirmiş olacağım.
A By this time next year, before you go to Madrid, you will have improved your Spanish much
more here, in this course.
Seneye bu zamanlarda, sen Madrid’e gitmeden önce, bu kursta İspanyolca’nı daha fazla
geliştirmiş olacaksın.
A I am sure they will have finished the construction of the new building by the time the opening
day comes.
Eminim açılış günü geldiğinde yeni binanın inşaatını bitirmiş olacaklar.
A When the coach comes into the pitch, we will have finished the warm-up training.
Koç sahaya geldiğinde biz ısınma antrenmanını bitirmiş olacağız.
Not: Future Perfect Tense’in be form’u, will have been şeklindedir. Ancak by the time bağlacı ile be
form’u kullanırken cümlede süreç verilmişse will have been, süreç yoksa will be kullanılması
gerekir.
A By the time my aunt comes, I will be 16 years old.

Teyzem geldiğinde 16 yaşında olacağım.
A By the time I resign from my job, I will have been in this company for 10 years.
İşimden istifa ettiğimde, bu şirkette 10 yıldır çalışıyor olacağım.
Not: Soru çözerken until ve by the time bağlaçları arasındaki farklara dikkat etmemiz gerekir. Until
bağlacı, temel cümlesinde sürerlik bildiren fiillerle kullanılırken, by the time ile bir anda olup biten
eylemler tercih edilir. Öte yandan until bağlacının temel cümlesinde, bir anda olup biten eylem
verilecekse, until olumsuz bir fiil yapısı ile kullanılabilir.
A Until I move abroad, I will work in this company.

Yurt dışına taşınana kadar bu şirkette çalışacağım.
Until I move abroad, I won’t leave this company.

Yurt dışına taşınana kadar bu şirketi bırakmayacağım.
A By the time I finish my thesis report, my children will have already arrived home.
Tezimi bitirdiğimde çocuklarım çoktan eve gelmiş olacaklar.
108
EXERCISE 15
Fill in the blanks using until or by the time.
1. The employee will have finished writing the report ________________________ the meeting starts.
2. Jane will be in Rome ________________________ I graduate from Bilkent University.
3. I will read The Roots by Alex Haley ________________________ I fall asleep.
4. Jane will have finished cleaning the house ________________________ her children arrive home.
5. ________________________ I went to Italy, I had never eaten ravioli and fettuccine alfredo.
6. You won’t make any progress ________________________ you begin to study harder and harder.
7. The rescue operation was already under control ________________________ the mayor arrived in
the province.
8. The show won’t start ________________________ the director has completed all the final checks.
9. She waited ________________________ her coffee had cooled down before she took a sip.
10. The children will have slept ________________________ we arrive at home.
EXERCISE 16
Fill in the blanks using Simple Future (will do), Near Future (am / is / are going to do), Future
Perfect (will have done) or Simple Present (do / does) forms of the verbs in the parentheses.
1. Please don’t lean on that shelf. It looks as if it ________________________(fall down) on you.
2. That exercise you are dealing with now ______________________ (look) difficult. I
______________________ (help) you.
3. The police have another twenty miles to come at the crime scene. I’m afraid by the time they
_______________________ (arrive), the criminals _______________________ (already / get out) of
the town.
4. Clare ________________________ (be) a teacher of English for twenty five years when she
________________________ (retire) next June.
5. We have made all the preparations so we ________________________ (start) the delivery process
tomorrow.
6. She ________________________ (be) very good at her job, so I think ________________________
(probably / stay) here till next year.
7. Your train ________________________ (leave) at 10:20 tomorrow. When
________________________ you ________________________ (pack) your stuff?
8. According to the schedule, the inspector ________________________ (arrive) here this
afternoon. I hope by the time she ________________________ (come) in the office, the staff
________________________ (finish) the necessary arrangements.
9. By the time the boss ________________________ (call) me, I ________________________ (finish)
writing the report.
10. While I ________________________ (understand) your point of view, I also
________________________ (have) some sympathy with Michael's.
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2-14 THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I will have been playing. I will not have been playing. Will I have been playing?
You will have been playing. You will not have been playing. Will you have been playing?
He will have been playing. He will not have been playing. Will he have been playing?
She will have been playing. She will not have been playing. Will she have been playing?
It will have been playing. It will not have been playing. Will it have been playing?
We will have been playing. We will not have been playing. Will we have been playing?
You will have been playing. You will not have been playing. Will you have been playing?
They will have been playing. They will not have been playing. Will they have been playing?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
for
USAGE
d) Gelecekte belirli bir süre devam edecek olan eylemlerde Future Perfect Continuous Tense kullanılır.
Bu tense’te eylemin ne kadar süreceği bilgisi önemlidir. Bu nedenle cümlelerde, süreç bildiren for
zaman zarfını kullanmamız gerekir.
A By next year, I will have been learning Spanish for three years.
Gelecek yıla gelindiğinde üç yıldır İspanyolca öğreniyor olacağım.
A Susan will have been attending volunteer work for two years by the time she becomes eighteen.
Susan, 18 yaşına geldiğinde iki yıldır gönüllü işte çalışıyor olacak.
Not: Bir anda olup biten eylemler (finish, leave, arrive, complete etc.) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
ile kullanılmazlar. Future Perfect Continuous Tense sürerlik ifade eder ve leave, work, stay, study
gibi fiiller ile tercih edilir.
A By the time you visit me, I will have been finishing the reports.
By the time you visit me, I will have finished the reports.
Beni ziyaret ettiğinde raporlarımı bitirmiş olacağım.
A By the time you visit me, I will have been living in Ankara for fifteen years.
Beni ziyaret ettiğinde 15 yıldır Ankara’da yaşıyor olacağım.
110
EXERCISE 17
Fill the blanks with Future Perfect Tense (will have done) or Future Perfect Continuous (will have
1. By next September, she ________________________________ (attend) the university for three
years.
2. My brother ________________________________ (study) Medicine for six years by this time next
year.
3. I am sure John ________________________________ (graduate) from the high school by 2022.
4. If we work hard enough, we ________________________________ (complete) the science project
that we’ve been working on by the end of this month.
5. When I turn thirty, I ________________________________ (play) the piano for twenty one years.
6. The company executives ________________________________ (decide) which candidate they will
hire for the managing director position by the end of this week.
7. By the time he gets retired, he ________________________________ (serve) as a soldier in the
naval forces for seventeen years.
8. They ________________________________ (drive) for 455 km since the beginning of their journey
by the time they arrive in the city.
9. I think they ________________________________ (arrive) there by six o’clock.
10. In September, the head teacher ________________________________ (teach) at the school for 20
years.
2-15 TENSE AGREEMENT IN TIME CLAUSES
İngilizcede time clauses (zaman bağlaçları) ile kurulan cümlelerde zaman uyumu kurallarına dikkat
etmemiz gerekir. Present yapılar, present ve future yapılar ile; past yapılar da yine past yapılar ile
kullanılırlar.
PRESENT → PRESENT / FUTURE
PAST → PAST
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Present → Present Future:

everybody usually applauds.
genelde herkes alkışlar.
everybody is going to applaud.

herkes alkışlayacak.
everybody will applaud.

herkes alkışlayacak.
A When the president finishes / has
finished his speech,
everybody will be applauding him.
Başkan konuşmasını bitirince / bitirdiğinde
herkes onu alkışlıyor olacak.
a few people will have left the conference room.

birkaç kişi konferans salonundan ayrılmış olacak.
almost everybody will have been listening to him

for an hour.
neredeyse herkes onu bir saattir dinliyor olacak.
Past → Past:
everybody applauded.
herkes alkışladı.
everybody was talking to each other.

herkes birbiriyle konuşuyordu.
A When the president finished his speech,
Başkan konuşmasını bitirince / bitirdiğinde a few people had left the conference room.
birkaç kişi konferans salonundan ayrılmıştı.
almost everybody had been listening to him for

an hour.
neredeyse herkes onu bir saattir dinlemekteydi.
Not: When bağlacı, past kombinasyonda ardıl eylemleri vurgulamak için verilirken yan cümlecikte (bağlaçlı
cümlecik) hem Simple Past hem de Past Perfect, önce olan eylemi belirtmek için kullanılabilir.
A When the president had finished / finished his speech, everybody applauded him.
Başkan konuşmasını bitirince / bitirdiğinde herkes onu alkışladı.
EXERCISE 18
Fill the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in the parentheses.
1. Modern planting ___________________________ (tend) to be done in large blocks, not for shelter
but generally as a crop.
2. A: How long ___________________________ you ___________________________ (work) in here?
B: For three years.
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3. The tailor ___________________________ (already / finish) sewing the blazer by the time his
customer ___________________________ (come) to his store an hour ago.
4. When I ___________________________ (see) him next week, I ___________________________
(explain) him all the things that you ___________________________ (tell) me so far.
5. She ____________________ no sooner ____________________ (graduate) from university than
she ___________________________ (find) a good job in a prestigious law firm last year.
6. Ever since he ___________________________ (get) a promotion at work, he
___________________________ (not / spend) enough time with his family.
7. After his husband ___________________________ (disappear), she
___________________________ (not / know) what to do, so she ___________________________
(ask) Sherlock Holmes to investigate the case.
8. When she ___________________________ (realize) a minute ago that she
___________________________ (forget) her car keys, she ___________________________ (go)
back to the office.
9. She is a cheerful employee. Whenever I ___________________________ (run into) her, she always
___________________________ (smile) at me.
10. He ___________________________ (be) normally quite a hardworking student but he
___________________________ (change) since he ___________________________ (lose) his
father.
11. I ___________________________ (have) a lot to do today, so I ___________________________
(not / be) available until 4 o’clock.
12. While her roommate ________________________ (sleep) in the next room, Rita
_________________________ (study) for her exam yesterday.
13. By this time next week, Spencer ___________________________ (submit) his dissertation to his
professor at university.
14. Once she ___________________________ (take) her children from school this afternoon, she
___________________________(drive) them to the Six Flags Great America.
15. While the kids ___________________________ (play) in the backyard tomorrow evening, their
parents ___________________________ (plan) their summer trip.
16. My sister ___________________________ (never / eat) chocolate because she
___________________________ (be) allergic to cacao bean.
17. I __________________________ (have) a penfriend named Lily and I __________________________
(be) in contact with her since we first __________________________ (meet) in England.
18. Atatürk ___________________________ (establish) the TDK (Turkish Language Association) on 12th
July 1932.
19. In the last century, the labour productivity in the USA ___________________________ (grow)
dramatically.
20. A: Shall we go on a tour this week?
B: I’d love to, but my sister ___________________________ (get) married this weekend so I
___________________________ (be) very busy these days.
21. The number of new-born pandas in the zoo ___________________________ (increase) day by day.
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22. The National Police ___________________________ (start) using a new identification system by
next January when the government ___________________________ (approve) the draft.
23. Mr. Gray usually ___________________________ (drink) a single shot of espresso
every morning while he ___________________________ (travel) to work; however, he
___________________________ (have) a cup of latte early this morning.
24. Most people ___________________________ (criticise) the individuals around themselves without
thinking about the consequences of what they ___________________________ (say).
25. Just as the woman ___________________________ (step into) the bus, the driver suddenly
___________________________ (move).
26. It ___________________________ (be) nearly midnight by the time they
___________________________ (leave) the town without informing anyone last weekend.
27. She ________________________ (clean) the table and then ________________________ (go out)
to the porch to remove an empty bird nest because her son was feeling uneasy about the nest.
28. Born in modern-day Croatia, Tesla ___________________________ (come) to the United States
in 1884 and briefly ___________________________ (work) with Thomas Edison before the two
___________________________ (part) ways.
29. We ___________________________ (have) enough to be concerned with today's problems without
having to clutter our minds about the happenings of a century ago.
30. To understand this series of Lotze's writings, it ___________________________ (be) necessary to
begin with his definition of philosophy.
EXERCISE 19
Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses.
In 1800, a French named Georges Cuvier ________________________ (1. publish) his Leçons
d’anatomie comparée (Lessons on Comparative Anatomy). Before then, he ________________________
(2. release) his Tableau élémentaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux (Elementary Survey of the Natural
History of Animals), a popular work based on his lectures. In this work, he ________________________
(3. put forward) his principle of the “correlation of parts”, according to which the anatomical structure of
every organ ________________________ (4. be) functionally related to all other organs in the body
of an animal, and the functional and structural characteristics of organs ________________________
(5. result from) their interaction with their environment. Moreover, according to Cuvier, the functions
and habits of an animal ________________________ (6. determine) its anatomical form, in contrast
to his contemporary Geoffroy, who ________________________ (7. hold) the reverse theory – that
anatomical structure preceded and ________________________ (8. make) necessary a particular
mode of life. Cuvier also ________________________ (9. argue) that the anatomical characteristics
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distinguishing groups of animals ________________________ (10. be) evidence that species
________________________ (11. change) since the Creation. He further ________________________
(12. maintain) that each species was created for its own special purpose and each organ for its special
function. In denying evolution, Cuvier also ________________________ (13. disagree) with the views of
his colleague Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who ________________________ (14. come up with) his theory
of evolution in 1809 as he did with Geoffroy, who in 1825 ________________________ (15. publish)
evidence concerning the evolution of crocodiles.
EXERCISE 20
Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses.
Paleontologists still ________________________ (1. identify) the exact family of prehistoric
reptiles that ________________________ (2. spawn) modern turtles and tortoises, but they
________________________ (3. know) one thing: It ________________________ (4. not / be) the
placodonts. Lately, the bulk of the evidence ________________________ (5. point) to an ancestral
role for Eunotosaurus, a later kind of reptile whose wide, elongated ribs ________________________
(6. curve) over its back. Eunotosaurus itself ________________________ (7. seem) to have
been a pareiasaur, an obscure family of ancient reptiles the most notable member of which
________________________ (8. be) the completely unshelled Scutosaurus. Until recently, fossil
evidence linking the land-dwelling Eunotosaurus and the giant, marine turtles of the late Cretaceous
________________________ (9. be) sorely lacking. That all ________________________ (10. change)
in 2008 with two major discoveries: First up ________________________ (11. be) the late Jurassic,
Western European Eileanchelys, touted by researchers as the earliest marine turtle yet identified.
Unfortunately, only a few weeks later, Chinese paleontologists ________________________
(12. announce) the discovery of Odontochelys, which ________________________ (13. live) 50 million
years earlier. Crucially, this soft-shelled marine turtle ________________________ (14. possess) a full
set of teeth, which subsequent turtles gradually ________________________ (15. shed) over tens of
millions of years of evolution. Over the past few years, researchers ________________________
(16. conduct) new studies as to the origin of turtles and they ________________________ (17. identify)
a late Triassic proto-turtle, Pappochelys, that ________________________ (18. be) intermediate in form
between Eunotosaurus and Odontochelys and thus ________________________ (19. fill) an important
gap in the fossil record.
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TENSES - TEST 01 YDT 12 / 01
1. When the Founding Fathers ---- in 5. Hundreds of thousands of commuters and

Philadelphia during the 1787 Constitutional holidaymakers ---- five days of travel chaos
Convention in the USA, they ---- a loosely as conductors ---- the longest rail strike in
held confederacy of Atlantic states almost 50 years.
recently freed from British rule. A) faced / have begun
A) had met / have represented B) are facing / had begun
B) met / represented C) would face / have been beginning
C) meet / will represent D) had faced / would begin
D) were meeting / would represent E) face / begin
E) have met / represent
2. More than three million people including 6. Iced drinks and desserts ---- around since
over 58,000 Americans ---- in the Vietnam at least 4000 B.C., when nobles along the
War by the time it ---- to an end in 1975. Euphrates River ---- icehouses to take the
edge off the Mesopotamian summer heat.
A) died / had come
A) are / were building
B) have died / came
B) had been / have built
C) will die / comes
C) have been / built
D) had died / came
D) will be / build
E) were dying / has come
E) were / have built
3. Historians ---- almost nothing about

Indian civilization until 1920s when the
Archaeological Department of India ---- 7. Over the last decade, the United States
excavations in the Indus Valley wherein the ---- its influence into what, for centuries,
ruins of the two old cities – Mohenjodaro Russia ---- its influence.
and Harappa – were unearthed. A) had expanded / was exercising
A) knew / had carried out B) has expanded / exercised
B) have known / will carry out C) was expanding / had exercised
C) know / carried out D) expands / exercises
D) will know / has carried out E) is expanding / would exercise
E) had known / carried out
8. Reflexologists ---- that reflex points ---- to

4. No one ---- when the first printing press
different body organs and systems, and
was invented or who invented it, but the
that pressing them has a beneficial effect
oldest known printed text ---- in China
on the person's health.
during the first millennium A.D.
A) had believed / are corresponding
A) has known / had originated
B) believe / correspond
B) knows / originated
C) have believed / would correspond
C) will know / has originated
D) would have believed / had corresponded
D) knew / will originate
E) were believing / will correspond
E) had known / would originate
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YDT 12 / 01 TENSES - TEST 01
9. The great composer Frederic Chopin, who 13. The average age that children move out of
regularly ----, probably ---- temporal lobe their parents' homes ---- older and older by
epilepsy throughout his short life. the year and until now it ---- shockingly at
A) hallucinated / went through around the age of 30.
B) hallucinates / has gone through A) is getting / has nestled
C) is hallucinating / had been going through B) has got / will have nestled
D) has hallucinated / goes through C) was getting / is nestling
E) had hallucinated / would go through D) will be getting / nestles
E) has been getting / nestled
10. When South Korea’s economy got into 14. Marrying a divorced person ---- taboo
trouble in December 1997, it ---- that its among the British monarchy for hundreds
foreign currency reserves were $30 billion of years before Prince Harry ---- the mold
when in fact they ---- only $10 billion. by marrying a divorced American actress
A) had been told / had been in 2018.
B) was told / were A) has been / broke
C) will be told / would be B) was / had broken
D) has been told / will have been C) will be / breaks
E) would be told / have been D) is / has broken
E) had been / broke
11. The Freudian psychology is a systematic

account of the human mind which ---- 15. Aborigines ---- some of the earliest art in
to stand beside the chaotic mass of the world and art ---- to play a major role in
psychological insights which literature ---- aboriginal culture, particularly as it relates
through the centuries. to spirituality.
A) will have deserved / is accumulating A) have produced / was continuing
B) had deserved / has been accumulating B) are producing / had continued
C) is deserving / had accumulated C) were producing / would continue
D) deserves / has accumulated D) will produce / continued
E) will deserve / accumulates E) produced / continues
12. Many folklore customs in England ---- their 16. Casual observers of catastrophe ---- to
roots firmly back in the Dark Ages, when distinguish between human-caused and
the ancient Celts ---- their year by four natural disasters, but in either case ----
major festivals. them to be unforeseeable events.
A) had / divide A) have been continuing / will have considered
B) have had / will have divided B) continued / have considered
C) would have / have divided C) have continued / had considered
D) have / divided D) continue / consider
E) had had / had divided E) are continuing / had been considering
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17. Biologists and philosophers of science 21. Poorer nations already plagued by climate
---- whether evolution’s winding paths that nightmares ---- a harder time cutting their
---- to today’s living world are predictable GHG levels, which is why wealthier nations
and repeatable, or unpredictable because ---- to contribute billions in aid payments
of chance events. to ease their transition from fossil fuels to
A) long wondered / lead renewables.
B) have long wondered / led A) have had / had agreed
C) long wonder / have led B) have / would have agreed
D) had long wondered / will lead C) had / will have agreed
E) would long wonder / are leading D) will have / have agreed
E) had had / agree
18. While the study of animal behavior ---- at

least as far back as ancient Greece, 19th
century British naturalist Charles Darwin 22. By examining the cooling rate of rocks that
---- responsible for turning it into a true ---- more than 10 miles beneath the Earth's
scientific discipline. surface, scientists ---- that water probably
A) extended / has been penetrates deep into the crust and upper
mantle at mid-ocean spreading zones.
B) extends / was
A) have formed / found
C) has extended / is
B) were forming / find
D) had extended / would be
C) form / had found
E) would extend / had been
D) formed / have found
E) will have formed / will find
19. Ever since the late 1970s, when China

---- the process of reforming and opening
up its economy, Western observers ---- to
predict the future path of Chinese society
23. For some diseases, ---- the body has
and politics.
produced many copies of a given antibody,
A) was beginning / had struggled it can respond quickly to another attack,
B) began / have struggled making the individual immune to that
C) had begun / had been struggling disease.
D) begins / are struggling A) just as B) once
E) has begun / were struggling C) while D) by the time
E) afterwards
20. By 1953, nationalism ---- to many parts of

the world, and in Africa, nationalist leaders
were determined ---- the privileges of the
24. ---- a new product is launched in the
European minorities.
market, the social networking sites are
A) was spreading / to have ended overwhelmed with reviews and comments
B) spread / having ended about it.
C) had spread / to end A) By the time B) Afterwards
D) spreads / end C) Since D) During
E) is spreading / ended E) Whenever
118
1. Many of the greatest researchers of the 5. It is feared that by the year 2100, global
physicists of the nineteenth century ---- warming ---- sea levels to rise by 1 to 3
from suggestions that Professor William meters, which ---- islands, their flora, fauna
Thomson ---- out at his lectures at Glasgow and inhabitants.
University. A) would have caused / will have strongly
A) have come / had thrown affected
B) would come / was throwing B) will have caused / will strongly affect
C) came / threw C) has caused / had strongly affected
D) will come / is throwing D) would be causing / will be strongly affecting
E) had come / throws E) causes / is strongly affecting
2. Researchers ---- light on how hunter- 6. Since 2013, exploration and survey of
gatherers first ---- farming and how crops around 70 cave systems ---- that Mona's
were domesticated to depend on humans. caves ---- the greatest diversity of
preserved indigenous iconography in the
A) were shedding / have begun
Caribbean.
B) shed / would begin
A) had revealed / included
C) have shed / began
B) revealed / have included
D) are shedding / begin
C) have revealed / include
E) had shed / were beginning
D) reveal / were including
E) will have revealed / will include
3. By the mid-19th century, industrialization

---- throughout the western part of Europe 7. His experiences in prison ---- the basis for
and America’s northeastern region and his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol
by the early 20th century, the U.S. ---- the after writer Oscar Wilde ---- out of jail.
world’s leading industrial nation. A) have become / got
A) was being well established / becomes B) will have become / gets
B) was well established / will become C) had become / got
C) has been well established / became D) became / had got
D) had been well established / has become E) will become / has got
E) was well established / had become
8. Agatha Christie never spoke about the

4. More than 550 million years ago, the missing eleven days of her life and over
oceans ---- with flat, soft-bodied creatures the past years there ---- much speculation
that ---- on microbes and algae and could about what really ---- between 3 and 14
grow as big as bathmats. December 1926.
A) teem / feed A) was / was happening
B) had been teeming / have fed B) had been / happens
C) were teeming / had fed C) has been / happened
D) teemed / fed D) is / happens
E) had been teeming / have been feeding E) will be / was happening
119
9. New analysis of two fossil specimens 13. Heat waves ---- hotter, longer and more
recently found in Greece and Bulgaria frequent in recent decades, and scientists
---- a team of international scientists to a predict that climate change and the growth
stunning conclusion: The fossilized lower of cities, which trap heat, ---- more deaths.
jawbone and teeth ---- not to an ape but to A) have become / will lead to
a hominine.
B) are becoming / will have led to
A) was leading / had belonged
C) became / would lead to
B) has led / belonged
D) were becoming / led to
C) leads / have belonged
E) become / have led to
D) led / will belong
E) will have led / belong
14. A new report ---- by an organization called

10. As Tanzania ---- to introduce free basic the Institute for Economics and Peace
education for all, the government has says the world ---- slightly more peaceful
warned that it ---- parents who fail to than it was a year ago.
ensure their children to go to school. A) making / has been
A) was preparing / would punish B) made / is
B) prepares / will punish C) having made / was
C) prepared / punished D) being made / would be
D) is preparing / has punished E) having been made / had been
E) has prepared / will have punished
11. Annual wages growth ---- to keep pace with 15. In 1485, Henry Tudor, who ---- much of his
consumer price inflation in 13 out of the life in exile in Brittany, ---- Richard III at the
75 quarters since the middle of 1998, when Battle of Bosworth Field, thereby bringing
the Bureau of Statistics ---- its Wage Price 85 years of civil war between two rival
Index survey. families to an end.
A) failed / has begun A) spent / had been defeating
B) has been failing / was beginning B) was spending / had defeated
C) has failed / began C) has spent / would defeat
D) had failed / would have begun D) had been spending / defeats
E) had been failing / would begin E) had spent / defeated
12. Amazon’s television series The Man in the

High Castle, based on the classic novel by 16. The patients in the clinic ---- the results of
Philip K. Dick, ---- a nightmarish alternative their blood tests that will determine whether
in 1962 in which Japanese empires ---- a they ---- the blood-borne infections.
fractured, defeated United States. A) have been anxiously awaiting / will be
A) had presented / were occupying contracting
B) presents / occupy B) were anxiously awaiting / had contracted
C) presented / have been occupying C) anxiously awaited / have been contracting
D) has presented / had occupied D) are anxiously awaiting / have contracted
E) will present / would occupy E) anxiously await / will have contracted
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17. The Syrian Civil War ---- an on-going multi- 21. The coronavirus pandemic ---- our lives,
sided armed conflict with international our economy and nearly every corner of
interventions ---- place in Syria. the globe and it ---- more than 191 million
A) was / taken people worldwide so far.
B) has been / being taken A) affected / had sickened
C) would be / to take B) is affecting / will have sickened
D) will be / to have taken C) has affected / has sickened
E) is / taking D) will affect / will be sickening
E) affects / sickens
18. Today, most lighthouses ---- automatic

electric lights that ---- a full-time resident 22. One who ---- through the Universal
operator. Declaration of Human Rights ---- that the
A) will have used / won’t require document pays particular attention to
education.
B) have been using / aren’t requiring
A) is reading / had discovered
C) have used / did not require
B) reads / would discover
D) use / do not require
C) has read / would have discovered
E) are using / won’t have required
D) read / will have discovered
E) had read / discovers
19. The Cherokee were native people of the

Americas and before Europeans ---- in
North America, the Cherokee ---- a large 23. The potentially devastating consequences
region of the continent. of repeated head injuries in American
football has become a point of public
A) arrived / controlled discussion ---- the recent release of the
B) had arrived / controlled film “Concussion”.
C) were arriving / have controlled A) as B) by
D) arrive / have been controlling C) since D) when
E) had been arriving / were controlling E) while
20. Cities ---- to evolve in prehistoric times 24. ---- the 18th century drew to a close,
when groups of nomadic hunters and France’s costly involvement in the
foragers ---- a settled agricultural life. American Revolution and extravagant
A) would start / had launched spending by the King had left the country
B) start / launch on the brink of bankruptcy.
C) will start / will launch A) By the time B) After
D) had started / have launched C) As soon as D) Once
E) started / launched E) While
121
1. Scientists and philosophers, from very 5. The reigning champion Connor Fields
early times, ---- to define life, and even to ---- enough to qualify for the final in the
prove that all living things ---- souls. Olympic men’s BMX race, but his hopes of
A) had attempted / are possessing a second successive gold medal ---- to an
end in brutal fashion on July 30, 2021.
B) have attempted / possess
A) will have already done / are coming
C) would attempt / will possess
B) already did / had come
D) attempt / will have possessed
C) has already been doing / have come
E) attempted / will have been possessing
D) had already done / came
E) will be already doing / were coming
2. Increased human population who ----

development in diverse sectors ---- in 6. Consumers and producers obviously ----
unexpected disturbances in forest decisions that ---- the economy, but there
ecosystem. is a third major element to consider: the
A) demanded / had resulted role of the state.
B) is demanding / would result A) have made / had molded
C) demands / has resulted B) make / mold
D) had demanded / would have resulted C) made / will have molded
E) has demanded / will have resulted D) had made / have molded
E) are making / would have molded
3. The psychological traits that we ---- today 7. All living things ---- usually by absorbing
exist because they ---- our ancestors to oxygen and after certain chemical
survive. reactions ----, they give off carbon dioxide.
A) maintained / have helped A) have respired / take place
B) maintain / helped B) are respiring / will take place
C) will maintain / help C) respire / have taken place
D) had maintained / would help D) had respired / took place
E) are maintaining / had helped E) will respire / had taken place
4. The two basic elements in the Egyptian 8. As the temperature of the gas ----, the
character gave birth to writing; it was the volume that the gas ---- increases, which
Nile that ---- administration, and the desire means that volume is directly proportional
for continued life that ---- records. to the temperature of the gas.
A) had produced / creates A) increased / had occupied
B) has produced / would create B) will have increased / has occupied
C) produced / created C) increases / occupies
D) will produce / will have created D) will increase / would occupy
E) is producing / had created E) has increased / will have occupied
122
9. The coalition war against Louis XIV which 13. Perhaps, the most radical change in recent
---- at the beginning of the 18th century and times ---- the emergence of the ‘digital
those against Bonaparte ---- us less of an age’, as we increasingly ---- our lives
insight into Austrian weakness than do the online.
conflicts in between. A) has been / live
A) was starting / was giving B) had been / are living
B) started / give C) will be / lived
C) has started / gave D) would be / had lived
D) started / had given E) is / were living
E) would start / will give
14. SARS, Flu, MERS, Ebola, and Zika are just

10. Mineralogists ---- a group of minerals five diseases that ---- major epidemics
that ---- their existence to human activity, since the start of this century, and there's
supporting the idea that it might be time to no doubt that many others ----.
designate a new geological time period. A) cause / follow
A) identified / will owe B) caused / will follow
B) have identified / owe C) had caused / would follow
C) had identified / have owed D) have caused / will follow
D) will identify / had owed E) are causing / followed
E) identify / owed
15. By the time author Vincent Gaddis ---- the

11. More than half of the plastic waste that phrase “Bermuda Triangle” in a 1964
---- into the oceans ---- from just five magazine article, additional mysterious
countries: China, Indonesia, Philippines, accidents ---- in the area, including three
Vietnam and Sri Lanka. passenger planes that went down.
A) will flow / has come A) will have coined / occur
B) had flown / will come B) coined / had occurred
C) would flow / was coming C) coins / have occurred
D) is flowing / will have come D) would coin / will occur
E) flows / comes E) had coined / occurred
12. Many people ---- to bottle water in order

16. Those who ---- they came down with the
to avoid drinking tap water lately and at
flu after getting vaccinated ---- from an
first glance, this ---- to make perfect sense,
unrelated upper-respiratory sickness.
except for the expense of buying bottled
water. A) have believed / will have most likely
suffered
A) have turned / will have seemed
B) believe / were most likely suffering
B) turned / had seemed
C) believed / would have most likely suffered
C) have been turning / would seem
D) will believe / had most likely suffered
D) would turn / seems
E) will have believed / most likely suffered
E) will turn / will seem
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17. In the late fourth century, the Western 21. With his voyage to Americas, Columbus
Roman Empire ---- after a nearly 500-year ---- a host of new diseases that ----
run as the world’s greatest superpower dramatic long-term effects on native
and historians ---- the collapse on people in the Americas.
hundreds of different factors ranging from A) had introduced / will have
military failures and crippling taxation to
B) has introduced / have
natural disasters.
C) was introducing / have had
A) crumbles / had blamed
D) introduced / would have
B) crumbled / have blamed
E) had been introducing / had
C) would crumble / blame
D) has crumbled / will be blaming
E) was crumbling / will have blamed
18. The largest dam in the world at the time of

its completion in 1935, Hoover Dam on the 22. Right before the French Revolution, in
Arizona-Nevada border ---- enough water some districts of the country, a peasant
in Lake Mead to irrigate 2 million acres and was like a slave who was bought and sold
---- as a popular tourist destination. with the land ---- it had changed hands.
A) has stored / would serve A) before B) once
B) was storing / had served C) by the time D) while
C) will store / will have served E) during
D) stores / serves
E) is storing / would have served
19. Human activities, like nuclear tests and

radio transmissions, ---- near-Earth space 23. ---- the birth of the American republic,
and weather in the last century, and ---- authors in the US have pointed out the
artificial radiation belts, damaged satellites defects in their society and demonstrated
and induced auroras. the need for reform.
A) had been changing / created A) Until B) Before
B) have changed / will have created C) During D) Since
C) have been changing / have created E) As soon as
D) are changing / would create
E) change / will create
20. For grain crops like cereals, the hallmark

of domestication is the loss of natural
seed dispersal; even so, seeds no longer 24. KFC is a fast-food chain that has been
---- plants naturally but ---- dependent on around for a long time now and is very
humans or machines to spread them. much one of the 'big three' ---- it comes to
A) fell off / would have become your options for where to get a burger and
B) had fallen off / become fries.
C) fall off / have become A) after B) before
D) are falling off / would become C) by then D) until
E) have been falling off / will have become E) when
124
1. Corn and potatoes ---- in both North and 5. Globally we ---- a decline in pollinators
South America long before Europeans nowadays, such as wild bees, honeybees
arrived, and wheat and barley ---- and hover flies because of the destruction,
throughout the Near East well before the which mostly climate change ----.
time of the pharaohs of Egypt. A) witness / had caused
A) would grow / have been distributed B) witnessed / causes
B) were grown / were distributed C) have witnessed / will cause
C) had grown / had been distributed D) are witnessing / has caused
D) had been grown / have distributed E) had witnessed / is causing
E) would be grown / were distributing
6. Some researchers found on March 27,

2. Compelling evidence ---- females ---- mates 2020 that half of the patients they ---- for
with better cognitive abilities in a number mild COVID-19 infection ---- coronavirus
of animals and even humans. for up to eight days after symptoms
disappeared.
A) has shown / would prefer
A) have treated / will still have
B) shows / prefer
B) would treat / had still had
C) will show / had preferred
C) will treat / are still having
D) is showing / had been preferring
D) treated / still had
E) would show / have preferred
E) had treated / still have
3. A malicious, deceptive and bitter usurper 7. Freedom of speech which the ancient
who ---- England’s throne by vicious Greeks ---- as a democratic principle is an
means, Shakespeare’s famous character, ideal that ---- to ancient Greece.
Richard, ---- delight in his own villainy.
A) had pioneered / dated back
A) seized / will take
B) were pioneering / has dated back
B) would seize / had taken
C) would pioneer / is dating back
C) is seizing / took
D) pioneered / dates back
D) seizes / takes
E) pioneer / had dated back
E) has seized / is taking
8. Once Native American children ---- home

from the boarding school that forcibly
4. Wales ---- a new £21 million programme separated them from their parents, they ----
in order to strengthen the food and drink to relate to their families after being taught
industry. that it was wrong to speak their language.
A) was setting up A) returned / had struggled
B) has set up B) have returned / will struggle
C) will have set up C) return / will have struggled
D) set up D) had returned / struggled
E) had set up E) were returning / would struggle
125
9. The rising young Republican politician, 13. The director of the National Employment
Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly ---- Agency ---- Swedish Television that
the 26th president of the United States in Sweden ---- an annual influx of 64,000
September 1901, ---- the assassination of people of working age to make up for a
William McKinley. shortage in the labor market.
A) has become / before A) told / will have needed
B) had become / upon B) had told / will need
C) becomes / until C) has told / needs
D) became / after D) tells / would have needed
E) will become / during E) is telling / would be needing
14. Headless human and animal symbols

10. On May 16, 1997, President Bill Clinton carved into stone in Turkey ---- the story of
---- a formal apology for the Tuskegee a devastating comet impact that ---- a mini
Syphilis Study, a notorious research ice age more than 13,000 years ago.
project involving hundreds of poor African-
American men that ---- from 1932 to 1972 in A) have told / triggers
Macon County, Alabama. B) tell / triggered
A) had issued / would have taken place C) told / is triggering
B) issued / took place D) were telling / had been triggering
C) was issuing / has taken place E) will tell / had triggered
D) issues / was taking place
E) has issued / took place
15. Many protested against the transition to

the new time zone because they ---- that it
---- the health of the residents in the Irkutsk
11. Queen Liliuokalani (1838-1917) ---- the last
region.
sovereign of the Kalākaua dynasty, which
---- a unified Hawaiian kingdom since 1810. A) had believed / adversely affects
A) has been / had been ruling B) were believing / will adversely affect
B) was / has ruled C) believe / had adversely affected
C) was / had ruled D) have believed / will have adversely
affected
D) would be / ruled
E) believed / would adversely affect
E) had been / rules
12. The civilizations that ---- in Greece and 16. By the time “The Star-Spangled Banner"
Rome from the Bronze Age to the fourth officially ---- the country’s anthem in
century AD have profoundly influenced the 1931, it ---- one of America’s most popular
way we ---- about the world today. patriotic tunes for more than a century.
A) were flourishing / had thought A) had become / was
B) had flourished / are thinking B) has become / has been
C) have flourished / would think C) became / had been
D) flourished / think D) will become / is
E) will flourish / have thought E) becomes / will be
126
17. As soon as he ---- the oath of office, 21. ---- the Antarctic ice sheet had first begun
President Ford ---- to the nation in a to spread its chilly fingers through the
television address, declaring, “My fellow world’s oceans around 38 million years
Americans, our long national nightmare is ago, the cooling oceans allowed for the
over.” earth’s temperature swings to become
A) has taken / would speak stronger and stronger.
B) had taken / spoke A) By the time B) Now that
C) takes / was speaking C) No sooner D) Before
D) was taking / has spoken E) After
E) took / had spoken
18. Northwestern University researchers ---- a 22. ---- the 19th century, Britain and the other
new framework using machine learning that European powers had confined their
---- the accuracy of interatomic potentials imperial ambitions in Africa to the odd
- the guiding rules describing how atoms coastal outpost from which they could exert
interact - in new materials design. their economic and military influence.
A) had developed / will improve A) After B) While
B) were developing / had improved C) When D) Until
C) developed / will have improved E) During
D) have developed / improves
E) develop / would improve
23. Physical development allows children to

develop a positive sense of well-being
19. Hospital medical staff ---- a number of tests and to gain confidence in what they do ----
to find out what ---- the patient’s stroke and allowing them to feel the positive benefits
to decide on care and treatment. of being healthy and active.
A) will carry out / has caused A) since B) while
B) carried out / will cause C) once D) now that
C) has carried out / had caused E) during
D) carries out / were causing
E) is carrying out / will have caused
24. Mark Twain, even at the age of twenty, ----

20. Pollution levels increased drastically he embarked on a career as minister at a
between 1900 and 1989 ---- mining church, was already planning to write a work
expanded to copper and molybdenum and similar to the essays of Montaigne or Bacon.
the number of automobiles multiplied.
A) after B) as soon as
A) until B) ever since
C) once D) by the time
C) as D) during
E) no sooner
E) beforehand
127

12 01 Tenses

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12 01 Tenses

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UNIT 02 - TENSES YDT 12 / 01

2-1 THE VERB "BE"

I Be fiili temel fiil olarak üç şekilde kullanılabilir:

b) Be + noun: I was a university student twenty years ago.

c) Be + prepositional phrase: He has been in Ankara for a month.

I Be fiili yardımcı fiil olarak continuous (sürerlilik) bildiren fiillerle de kullanılır.

A We were leaving the house just as the phone rang.

A Sam will be travelling across Europe this time next year.

I Present Forms I Past Forms I Future Forms

2-2 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I get up early. I do not get up early. Do you get up early?

She does not go to school every Does she go to school every

It always sleeps. It does not always sleep. Does it always sleep?

We usually go swimming. We usually do not go swimming. Do we usually go swimming?

I Simple Present Tense’in Türkçede karşılığı “Geniş Zaman”dır.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I am at the cinema. I am not at the cinema. Am I at the cinema?

He is at the cinema. He is not at the cinema. Is he at the cinema?

It is at the cinema. It is not at the cinema. Is it at the cinema?

every day / week / month /

A I have breakfast every morning.

A - How often do you go to the cinema?

A - How many times a day do you brush your teeth?

A They are always here.

A We hardly ever meet after work.

Not: Ever ve never geniş zamanda soru-cevap uygulamalarında birlikte kullanılabilirler.

A - Do you ever go to the opera?

A Hardly ever does he make mistakes.

A She likes coffee, doesn’t she?

A She doesn’t like coffee, does she?

A She seldom drinks coffee, does she?

A The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

A Tea grows in Rize.

A Drinking green tea is good for health.

A The Earth revolves around the Sun.

A Water boils at 100°C.

Time Clauses with The Simple Present Tense

A I usually watch television after I get home.

A I always visit my aunt whenever / every time I go to İstanbul.

A Before she sleeps, she brushes her teeth.

I V1 / V1 (bilimsel / her zaman geçerliliği olan genellemeler)

A Demet teaches in DPELS.

A Do people work in this area?

A Every citizen has the right to vote in our country.

A Our class begins at 9 tomorrow.

A The semester ends in June.

A What time does your plane take off?

A Cannes Film Festival begins on May 12.

A Biden visits UK.

f) Hikaye ve masal anlatımlarında Simple Present Tense kullanılır.

A The prince kisses the princess after she wakes up.

g) Canlı yayın anlatımlarında Simple Present Tense kullanılır.

A And, Lionel Messi scores directly from the freekick.

h) Atasözlerinde Simple Present Tense kullanılır.

A Every cloud has a silver lining.

2-3 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I am working hard. I am not working hard. Am I working hard?

He is playing tennis. He is not playing tennis. Is he playing tennis?

I Present Continuous Tense’in Türkçe karşılığı “Şimdiki Zaman”dır.

now for the time being at the moment nowadays

right now currently still this term

just now at present these days today