LESSON 1: WORLD ENGLISHES ● 5th Germanic Tribes colonized

British
World Englishes - variety of the English
● Anglo-Saxons - old english (art,
Language that developed and being used in
thou, thy)
different countries around the world.
● 16th Century Normans -> British
● 1770 - British Empire (America,
Varieties of English Language
Australia, South Africa)
● American English
● July 4, 1776 - Americans'
● British English
independence from the British
● Australian English
Empire
● Canadian English
● Indian English
PIDGINS - 2 groups having different
● Philippine English
languages
● Ugandan English
● New Zealand English CREOLE - a product of pidgins
● South African English - new language formed from pidgins
- own system of language
Braj Kachru's Concentric Circles - ex. Spanish & Bisaya = Chavacano
- Indianness of the Indian English

BRITISH ENGLISH
- "Mother of the English Language"
> colonized Americans
- words with the last letter "r" is not
pronounced
- -ou, -re in spelling (humour, centre)

AMERICAN ENGLISH
- words ending with "r" is pronounced
- humor, center
1. Inner Circle - English is their native
language
● American to British English Words
2. Outer Circle - English as second
elevator - lift
language (ESL)
garbage - rubbish
3. Expanding Circle - English as a
catalog - catalogue
foreign language (EFL)
- unofficial language

● Thomasites - first to teach Filipinos

 - rhythm of the local language
↳ rise-fall intonation
- distinct stress patterns in
polysyllabic words
- "ceremony (accent at first syllable)
- "indigent
- cleanliness (klen-li-nes)
- youtube (you-chub), cocoa (cocoa in
A.E)
LESSON 2: STANDARD AND - no distinction in /s/, /z/, /th/, /t/, /d/
↳ pleasure (ple-zur in AE)
NON-STANDARD ENGLISH
● Grammar
STANDARD ENGLISH
- use of present perfect for
- formal, used in formal settings
simple past
- no use of contraction
- ex. I have seen him
- must be grammatically correct
yesterday.
NON STANDARD
↳ I saw him yesterday.
- Informal but grammatically correct
- Make use of contractions
● Vocabulary
- Idiomatic expressions
- Open the light - Turn on the
SUB-STANDARD ENGLISH
light
- Informal and grammatically
- Joke only - It is just a joke
incorrect
> Local Coined Words
(Neologism)
LESSON 3: PHILIPPINE - words originated
ENGLISH from the locals
- legitimate nativized variety of - carnap - steal a car
English (Dayag, 2012) - presidentiables
- Legitimate: linguists came up with it - unli rice
- Nativized: in a natural way, suits the
needs of the Philippine society American English Philippine English
● Standard Filipino English (SFE) -
influenced by Spanish and primarily Based on Based from
of American English Result in Result to

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE Flexible work hours Flexitime

ENGLISH
● Pronunciation
 Hang on Hold on He studies spanish, Doesn’t he?

You studied for the Didn’t you?

test,
For a while Just a minute

● Code Switching
↳ Commute
LESSON 4: Language Register
- public transport or -how formal and informal a language is
own vehicle (AE) a. Frozen/ Static Register- old english;
- public no change
transportation, no b. Formal Register- used in
own vehicle (PE) professional and academic setting
↳ Motel c. Consultative Register-
- place where travelers communication between
stay professional and normal individual;
- hotel (bastos less formal
meaning) d. Casual Register- everyday
conversation
● Abbreviations e. Intimate Register- use of
↳ aircon - air conditioning endearments
↳ ref - refrigerator
LESSON 5: Culture
TAG QUESTIONS: ➢ beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,
A positive statement that you will make to laws, norms, artifacts, knowledge,
negative question and everything that a person learns
Ex. and shares as a member of society.
○ Material- house, money,
monument, clothes, and etc.
Positive Negative
○ Non-material- pagmamano,
You are a student, Aren’t you? saying po and opo
VALUES
He is very busy, Isn’t he?
➢ moral code that guide us and
He was happy, Wasn’t he? priorities that motivate us.
➢ Abstract such as respect, love,
They were Weren't they?
surprised, kindness, obedience
NORMS
You speak english, Don’t you?
 ➢ Standard behavior in a particular
group of people
➢ expectation on how people will act
and behave
➢ Normal practices in one society and
not true to all
MORES
➢ Based on moral value
➢ Presence of right and wrong
➢ Good and bad
➢ Two kinds:
○ Duty- positive mores; social
responsibility and ethically
right
○ Taboo- negative mores;
social prohibitions and
unethical
INTERCULTURAL
➢ Interactions between people from
different cultures
➢ Exchange of information/idea
➢ You adapt to the culture of others
CROSS CULTURAL
➢ Come across the culture
➢ There is dominant culture and
minority cultures
➢ Comparison of minority culture to
dominant culture
MULTICULTURAL
➢ Many distinct cultures
➢ Co-exist without minding each
other culture
SALAD BOWL THEORY
➢ Heterogeneous society
➢ Different culture co-exist but retain
their own distinct qualities
MELTING POT THEORY
➢ Abandoning their individual
cultures
➢ Fully assimilated into the
predominant society
➢ Hard to distinguish a person culture
because they already adapted to
other cultures
INTERACTIONS
➢ High context: rely on body language
and tone
➢ Low context: direct/straightforward
and explicit
ASSOCIATIONS
➢ High context: value relationship;
build slowly, stable and trust
➢ Low context: relationship is less
stable because of directness; don’t
value relationships; more interested
on the message
TEMPORALITY (TIME)
➢ High context: anything has its own
time; time is flexible
➢ Low context: one task at a time or
specific; time is of the essence
TEMPORALITY (SPACE)
➢ High context: stand close to each
other
➢ Low context: privacy is important so
they stand farther
LANGUAGE BARRIER
➢ Use of jargons, dialects that other
cannot understand
STEREOTYPES
➢ oversimplified idea or image about a
particular group of people that is
widely accepted by others
➢ Opinion based
PREJUDICE GENDER STEREOTYPE
➢ Pre judgment ➢ Preconception about attributes or
➢ Attitude that predisposes a person roles performed by men and women
to think, perceive, feel and act
➢ Baseless conclusion
DISCRIMINATION
➢ “majority” can use pre-existing
prejudices and enmity to oppress or
put a “minority” subgroup in a
disadvantage
➢ treated less favorably because of
some aspect of their identity (eg.
race, religion or gender).
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
➢ Sign- gesture or action used to
convey info
➢ Symbol- mark or character used as
a conventional representation of an
object
ETHNOCENTRISM
➢ Belief that one ethnic group is
superior to another
➢ In-group - think superior and think
out group are inferior
➢ Out-group - inferior; oppress and
discriminate group
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
➢ Not judging other culture more on
respecting and understanding other
culture despite of their differences.
GENDER AND SEX
➢ Gender- socially constructed
characteristic of women and men;
their preference. How they prefer to
express themselves
➢ Sex- biological and physiological
characteristic