Essentials of College Algebra 11th

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Chapter 4
INVERSE, EXPONENTIAL, AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Section 4.1 Inverse Functions 11. y = 36 − x2
1. Yes, it is one-to-one, because every number in If x = 6, y = 36 − 62 = 36 − 36 = 0 = 0.
the list of registered passenger cars is used If x = − 6,
only once.
y = 36 − (−6) = 36 − 36 =
2
0 = 0.
2. It is not one-to-one because both Illinois and

Texas are paired with the same range element, Since two different values of x lead to the
49. same value of y, the function is not one-to-
one.
3. This is a one-to-one function since every
horizontal line intersects the graph in no more i t the−graph
100 x2 in two points.
than one point. n
6. This is not a one-to-one function since there
t
4. This is a one-to-one function since every isa horizontal line that intersects the graph
e
horizontal line intersects the graph in no more in more than one point. (Here a horizontal
r
than one point. line intersects the curve at two points.)
s
5. This function is not one-to-one because there e 7. This function is one-to-one because
are infinitely many horizontal lines that c everyhorizontal line will intersect the
414 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 graph in exactly one point. 12. y = −
8. This is a one-to-one function since every If x = 10, y = − 100 − 102 = − 100 − 100
horizontal line intersects the graph in no more
than one point. =− = −0 = 0. If x = −10,

y =− =−
=− = −0 = 0. Since two different values of
x lead to the same value of y, the function is
not one-to-one.

13. y = 2x3 − 1
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83,
we can see that it appears that any horizontal
line passed through the function will intersect
the graph in at most one place.
9. y = 2x − 8
Using the definition of a one-to-one function, Another way of showing that a function is one-
to-one is to assume that you have two equal
we have f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 2a − 8 = 2b − 8 ⇒

2a = 2b ⇒ a = b . So the function is one-to- y-values ( f (a) = f (b)) and show that they
one. must have come from the same x-value

10. y = 4x + 20
( a = b) .
Using the definition of a one-to-one function, f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 2a3 − 1 = 2b3 − 1 ⇒
3
a3 3
b3
we have f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 4a + 20 = 4b + 20 ⇒ 2a3 = 2b3 ⇒ a3 = b3 ⇒ = ⇒a=b

4a = 4b ⇒ a = b . So the function is one-to- So, the function is one-to-one.

one.

414 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 4.1 Inverse Functions 415

14. y = 3x3 − 6 We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies

Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83, a = b.
we can see that it appears that any horizontal f (a ) = f (b ) ⇒ 4
= 4
⇒

line passed through the function will intersect 4(b − 8) = 4(a − a −8 b −8 = a−8⇒ a =b

the graph in at most one place. 8) ⇒ b − 8

So, the function is one-to-one.

17. y = 2(x + 1)2 − 6

Another way of showing that a function is one-
to-one is to assume that you have two equal
y- values ( f (a) = f (b)) and show that they
must have come from the same x-value
( a = b) .
f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 3a3 − 6 = 3b3 − 6 ⇒
3a3 = 3b3 ⇒ a3 = b3 ⇒ 3 a3 = 3 b3 ⇒ a = b
So, the function is one-to-one.
1 So, the function is not one-to-one.
15. y = −
x+2
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83,
we can see that it appears that any horizontal
line passed through the function will intersect
the graph in at most one place.
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83,
we can see that it appears that any horizontal
line passed through the function will intersect
the graph in two places, except a horizontal
line through the vertex. For example,
f (0) = 2(0 + 1)2 − 6 = −4 and
f (−2) = 2(−2 + 1)2 − 6 = −4
18. y = −3(x − 6)2 + 8
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-84,
we can see that it appears that any horizontal
line passed through the function will intersect
the graph in two places, except a horizontal
line through the vertex. For example,
f (4) = −3(4 − 6)2 + 8 = −4 and
f (8) = −3(8 − 6)2 + 8 = −4.

We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies

a = b.

f (a ) = f (b ) ⇒ − 1
=− 1
⇒
a+2 b+2
b+2= a+2⇒b= a

So, the function is one-to-one. So, the function is not one-to-one.

4 19. y = −3
16. y =
x−8 Looking at this function graphed on a TI-84,
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83, we can see that it appears that any horizontal
we can see that it appears that any horizontal line passed through the function will intersect
line passed through the function will intersect the graph in at most one place.
the graph in at most one place.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 (continued on next page)

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

416 Chapter 4 Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions
(continued)
We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies
a = b.
f (a) = f (b) ⇒ –3= –3⇒
= ⇒ a +1 = b +1 ⇒ a = b
So, the function is one-to-one.
20. y = − 3 x + 2 − 8
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-84,
we can see that it appears that any horizontal
line passed through the function will intersect
the graph in at most one place.
We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies
a = b.
f ( a) = f ( b) ⇒ − 3 a + 2 − 8 = − 3 b + 2 − 8 ⇒
−3 a + 2 = −3 b + 2 ⇒ a + 2 = b + 2 ⇒ a = b
So, the function is one-to-one.
21. For a constant function defined over the set of
real numbers, f (x) = c for all values of c.
Therefore, the function is not one-to-one.
22. (a) Answers will vary. A polynomial of even
degree has end behavior pointing in the
same direction. This would indicate that
the function would not pass the horizontal
line test and cannot have an inverse.
(b) Answers will vary. A polynomial of odd
degree has end behavior pointing in
opposite directions. Depending on
whether or not the function has turning
points, the function may or may not be
one-to-one. If the function has turning
points, then it is not one-to one. If it does
not have turning points, then it is one-to-
one.
23. In order for a function to have an inverse, it
must be one-to-one.
24. If f and g are inverses, then ( f ∘ g)(x) = x ,
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
26. If the point (a, b) lies on the graph of f, and f
has an inverse, then the point (b, a) lies on the
graph of f −1.
27. It is false that if f (x) = x2, then
f − 1 (x ) = because f is not a one-to-one
function and, hence, does not have an inverse.
28. If the function f has an inverse, then the graph
of f −1 may be obtained by reflecting the
graph of f across the line with equation y = x.
29. If a function f has an inverse and f (−3) = 6,
then f −1 (6) = −3.
30. If f (−4) = 16 and f (4) = 16, then f does not
have an inverse because it is not one-to-one.
31. The inverse operation of tying your shoelaces
would be untying your shoelaces, since
untying “undoes” tying.
32. The inverse operation of starting a car would
be stopping a car, since stopping “undoes”
starting.
33. The inverse operation of entering a room
would be leaving a room, since leaving
“undoes” entering.
34. The inverse operation of climbing the stairs
would be descending the stairs, since
descending “undoes” climbing.
35. The inverse operation of screwing in a light
bulb would be unscrewing the light bulb.
36. The inverse operation of filling a cup would be
emptying a cup, since emptying “undoes”
filling.
37. For each point (x, y) for the first function,
there is a point (y, x) for the second function,
so f (x) and g(x) are inverses of each other.
38. The point (−2, −8) is on f (x), but the point
(−8, −2) is not on g(x) (there are other
examples), so the functions are not inverses of
each other.
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