Full em

19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)
Ms. R V Sanjika Devi,

Dr. Abhilash Ravikumar
Dr. Parul Mathur
Dept. of ECE, ASE, Bangalore.
9/15/2021 1
Syllabus:
Unit 1
Static Electric Fields - Co-ordinate systems – Review - Line integral - Surface integral – Gradient – Divergence -Curl- Stoke’s
theorem - Divergence theorem - Helmholtz theorem- Electrostatics - Postulates - Coulomb’s law - Gauss law - Electric potential -
Behaviour of conductors and dielectric in static fields - Dielectric constant - Poisson’s and Laplace equation.
Unit 2
Steady currents and magnetic fields - Current density - Point form of Ohm’s law – Continuity equation – Lorentz force - Magneto
statics – Postulates - Magnetic vector potential – Biot - savart law - Relative permeability – Hall effect.
Unit 3
Electromagnetic Fields - Faraday’s law of Induction - Maxwell’s equations - Differential and Integral Forms - Boundary Conditions
for electromagnetic fields - Wave equation - Time harmonic electromagnetic fields - Poynting vector and group velocity – Normal
incidence at conducting and dielectric boundary – Review of oblique incidence - Computation model- Solution via numerical
methods.
Text Book(s)
David K.Cheng, “Field and Wave Electromagnetics”, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2002.
Clayton R. Paul, Keith W. Whites, Syed A. Nasar, “Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields”, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited, Third Edition (Fifth Reprint), 2009.
Reference(s)
Kraus, Fleisch, “Electromagnetics with Applications”, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, Fifth Edition, 2004.
Constantine A. Balanis, “Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics”, Wiley, Second Edition, 2012.
9/15/2021 2
Course Plan
Lecture Topics Key-words Objectives Remarks
No(s)
1-3 Review of vector algebra: vectors, scalars, Vector, operation, Review of vector and scalar operations. Book 1:
vector operations (addition, subtraction, algebra 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
scalar and vector multiplications),
4-6 Orthogonal Coordinate systems Cartesian, Cylindrical Understanding the coordinate system. Book 1: 2.4
and spherical
7-11 Vector calculus (differentiation, grad, Vector calculus Introduction to vector calculus and Book1:
divergence, curl, line, surface volume applications 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10,
integrals), vector integral theorems: 2.11 & 2.12
Divergence, Stoke’s, Green’s.
12-13 Basics of Field theory, Coulomb’s law, Electric fields Understanding Basic electrostatics Book 1: 3.3
Electric field Intensity
14-17 Electric Field due to different charge Charge distributions, Understanding the distribution of Book 1: 3.3.2,
distributions. Electric Fields charge and its electric field intensities. Book 3: (4.3: Electric Fields
due to Continuous Charge
Distributions & 4.4 : Electric
Flux Density)
18-20 Gauss’ law and its Applications Gauss’s laws, Understanding coulomb’s and Gauss’ Book 1: 3.4 & 3.8
Electric Flux Density law and its applications Book 3: (4.4: Gauss’s Law &
4.5: Applications of Gauss’s
law)
9/15/2021 ECE Department 3
Periodical-II
21-25 Electric potential, work done, conductors, Electric potential Understanding concepts related to Book 1: 3.5, 3.6, 3.7
dielectrics and insulators, material electric potential towards future
properties antenna dipole
26-29 Electric boundary conditions & Laplace Understanding the Understanding the distribution charge Book 1: 3.9, 7.5, 4.2 & 4.3
and Poisson equations, electric boundary and fields across a boundary
conditions
30 - 32 Steady magnetic fields, Magnetic fields Introduction to magnetic field Book 1: 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
Biot-Savart Law and applications parameters
33-35 Ampere’s Circuital law and its applications Magnetic field Understanding the distribution of Book 1
intensity, current elements and its electric field (7.3 & 7.4: Applications of
Current elements intensities. Ampere’s circuital law)
36-38 Magnetic boundary conditions Boundary conditions Magnetic boundary conditions Book 1: 6.10 & 7.5
introduction
39-40 Magnetic vector potential, Magnetic Magnetic potential, Introduction to magnetic potential Book 1: 6.3 & 6.12
energy current laws concept and other important laws
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41-48 Consolidation of Gauss’ laws and first two Maxwell equations Maxwell’s equations and maxwell’s Book 1: 7.2, 7.3 &7.4
equations of Maxwell contribution
Faradays’ law, Ampere’s law, Maxwell’s 3rd
and 4th equations
52 - 53 Plane electromagnetic waves and time EM waves Intrduction to EM wave and different Book 1: 8.2 &8.3
harmonic waves representations
54-56 EM waves and other related concepts e.g. EM waves Applications Book 1: 8.4 &8.5
intrinsic impedance, skin-depth and
Poynting’s theorem.
Text Books
1. Field and Wave Electromagnetics: Second edition by David k. Cheng.
2. Engineering Electromagnetics: Eight edition by William Hayt, John Buck, Akhtar
3. Principles of Electromagnetics: sixth edition by Mathew N.O. Sadiku , S.V. Kulkarni
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I. Significance of Applied Electromagnetics in the present state of art
1. What is an electromagnetic wave?
2. Electromagnetic Spectrum
3. Why Applied electromagnetics? From physics to reality...
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Applications of electromagnetic waves
 Communication
- Radio and TV broadcast
- Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)
- Satellite communication
- Mobile communication
- WLAN, WiFi, WiMax, …
Fig: TV Broadcast
Fig: Wireless Local Area Network Fig: Direct Broadcast Satellite Fig: Mobile Communication
(WLAN)
9/15/2021 8
 RADAR
- Defence
- Aircraft/ ship guidance
- Smart weapons
- Collision Avoidance
- Law enforcement and highway security
- Through wall imaging
Fig: Collision avoidance
Fig: Through wall imaging Fig: Air defence radar Fig: StormBreaker Smart weapon
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 RADAR (cont…)
- Synthetic Aperture Radar used to create two-dimensional images or three-dimensional reconstructions of
objects, such as landscapes, surface of planets, etc. It also allows weather forecasters to view hurricanes in
fine detail.
Fig: Radar image acquired by the SAR radar on

Fig: Radar image showing the Fig: The surface of Venus, as
board the Space shuttle Endeavour showing
Hurricane Isabel imaged by the Magellan
the Teide volcano. [Source:Wikipedia]
probe using Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR)
9/15/2021 10
 Navigation
- Orientation and guidance of aircraft, ships and land vehicles
- Microwave Landing System (MLS)
- Global Positioning System (GPS) used to find one’s exact coordinates on the globe.
Fig: Microwave Landing System Fig: Global Positioning System

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 Remote sensing
- Monitoring of weather conditions
- meteorology for profiling of atmospheric temp, water vapour etc
- monitoring of ozone thickness
- disaster control for warning of sand and dust storms, flooding etc
- measurement of snow and iceberg thickness
- monitoring the natural resources such as forest and agricultural cover
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 Astronomy and Space Exploration
- radio telescopes, deep space probes, space monitoring etc.
Fig: Hubble Space Telescope
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 Medical applications
- Cautery (heating a wound to close it up and prevent it from
getting infected)
- selective heating
- haemorrhage control
- sterilization of medical equipment
Fig: Tissue ablation using high Fig: Microwave steam Fig: Magnetic Resonance
frequency EM waves sterilizer Imaging (MRI)
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 Medical applications (cont…)
- Radiography using X rays
- Human body imaging
- Detection of malignant tumors
Fig: CT - scan
Fig: X- rays
Fig: Detection of malignant

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 Domestic and Industrial applications
- Microwave Ovens
- chip defect / crack detection
- microwave drying
Fig: Microwave drying Fig: Non destructive testing of cracks by combining

electromagnetic excitation, induction heating and
inspection by transient infrared thermography technology.
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19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
9/21/2021 1
What is Electromagnetics?
9/21/2021 2
Vector Analysis
Vector Analysis is a mathematical tool with which electromagnetic concepts are most conveniently expressed and
best comprehended. The rules and techniques are important before applying.
9/21/2021 3
Orthogonal Coordinate System
A coordinate system is a system of reference axes used to uniquely describe the various quantities needed in
the study of electromagnetics. A system of coordinates forms a unique, universally understood reference by
convention.
An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates arc
mutually perpendicular.
(i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (coordinates are x,y,z)
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(i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)
Fig: Any point is obtained by the intersection The tick marks on the axes are one length unit apart. The black
of 3 planes (red -> constant x plane, yellow -> dot shows the point with coordinates x = 2, y = 3, and z = 4,
constant y plane and blue -> constant z plane) or (2, 3, 4).
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It is a right handed system with base vectors ax, ay and az
Since the angle between two unit vectors of the Cartesian

coordinate system is 90o
And the dot product of the unit vector with itself is unity.
Fig: The point P(x,y,z) in the Cartesian
coordinate system
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The ranges of the coordinate variables x, y, and z are

- < x < 
- < y < 
- < z < 
A vector A in Cartesian coordinates can be written as

A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz
The vector directed from the origin to the point P can be written
as ax + 2ay + 3az
The vector directed from the origin to the point Q can be written
as 2ax - 2ay + az
The location of points P(1,2,3) and Q(2,-2,1)
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The dot product of two vectors A and B is given by
The cross product of two vectors A and B is given by
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The differential length is given by
Differential elements
The length is given by
The differential areas are given by
The differential volume is given by
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(ii) Cylindrical Orthogonal Coordinate System (coordinates are ,,z)
The cylindrical coordinate system is the equivalent of

Polar coordinates in 2D.
Fig: The three unit vectors of the

cylindrical coordinate system
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(ii) Cylindrical Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)
Fig: Any point is obtained by the intersection Fig: The three mutually perpendicular
of 3 surfaces (red cylinder -> constant ρ plane, surfaces of the cylindrical coordinate system
yellow -> constant  plane and blue -> constant z plane)
9/21/2021 11
The ranges of the coordinate variables ,  and z are

0<
0   < 2
- < z < 
A vector A in Cylindrical coordinates can be written as

A = A a + A a + Azaz
The magnitude of A is
|A| = (A2 + A2 + Az2 )1/2
Fig: Cylindrical coordinate surfaces. The three orthogonal

components, ρ (green), φ (red), and z (blue), each increasing
at a constant rate. The point is at the intersection between
the three colored surfaces.
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It is a right handed system with base vectors a, a and az
9/21/2021 13

dl = a d + a d + az dz
9/21/2021 14
9/21/2021 15
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
9/28/2021 1

dl = a d + a d + az dz
9/28/2021 2
Relationship between Cartesian variables (x,y,z) and cylindrical coordinate variables (,,z)
Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinates
9/28/2021 3
Example 1:
Find the Cartesian coordinates of the point P(3, 60o, 2.5)
Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates
9/28/2021 4
Example 2:
Find the Cylindrical coordinates of the point P(-3.1, 2.6, -3)
9/28/2021 5
Example 3:
Find the Cylindrical coordinates of the point P(-3, -3, 2)
9/28/2021 6
Transformation of a vector from Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinate system:
0; cos 90 = 0
9/28/2021 7
Transformation of a vector from Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinate system (cont…)
0; cos 90 = 0
9/28/2021 8
Transformation of a vector from Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinate system:
Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinate system
Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinate system
9/28/2021 9
Example 4:
Transform the vector A = 10 ax - 8 ay + 6az at the point P(10, -8, 6) to cylindrical coordinate system.
9/28/2021 10
Example 5:
Transform the vector H = 20 a - 10 a + 3az at the point P(x=5, y=2, z=-1) to cartesian coordinate system.
Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinate system
9/28/2021 11
(iii) Spherical Orthogonal Coordinate System (coordinates are r,,)

spherical coordinate system
9/28/2021 12
Fig: The three mutually perpendicular

Fig: Any point is obtained by the intersection surfaces of the spherical coordinate system
of 3 surfaces (red sphere -> constant r surface,
blue -> constant  plane and yellow -> constant  plane)
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The ranges of the coordinate variables r,  and  are

0r
0 
0    2
A vector A in spherical coordinates can be written as

A = Ar ar + A a + A a
The magnitude of A is
|A| = (Ar2 + A 2 + A 2 )1/2
Fig: Spherical coordinate surfaces. The three orthogonal

surfaces, r (yellow),  (green), and φ (red), each increasing
at a constant rate. The point is at the intersection between
the three colored surfaces.
9/28/2021 15
It is a right handed system with base vectors ar , a and a

spherical coordinate system
9/28/2021 16
9/28/2021 17
Relationship between Cartesian variables (x,y,z) cylindrical coordinate variables (,,z) and spherical
variables (r,,)
Cylindrical to Cartesian Spherical to Cartesian
coordinates coordinates
Cartesian to Cylindrical Cartesian to Spherical

coordinates coordinates
9/28/2021 18
Relationship between Cartesian variables (x,y,z) cylindrical coordinate variables (,,z) and spherical
coordinate variables (r,,)
Cartesian to Spherical
coordinates
Since 0    180o and 0    360o, care must be

taken to place the angles  and  in the correct
quadrants according to the signs of x, y, z.
For positive z, 0   < 90
For negative z, 90 <   180
9/28/2021 19
Example 6:
Convert point S(-3, - 4 , -10) from cartesian to cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Cartesian to Spherical
Cartesian to coordinates
Cylindrical
coordinates
9/28/2021 20
Home work 1:
Convert points P(1, 3, 5) and T(0, - 4 , 3) from cartesian to cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Solution:
(a) P(3.162, 71.56°, 5), P(5.916, 32.31°, 71.56°),
(b) T(4, 270°, 3), T(5, 53.13°, 270°)
9/28/2021 21
Transformation of a vector from Spherical to Cylindrical coordinate system:
0; cos 90 = 0
9/28/2021 22
Transformation of a vector from Spherical to Cylindrical coordinate system:
0; cos 90 = 0
9/28/2021 23
Transformation of a vector from Cartesian to Spherical coordinate system:
Spherical to Cartesian
coordinates
Inverse
Transformation of a vector from Spherical to Cartesian coordinate system:
9/28/2021 24
Transformation of vectors:
Inverse of an orthogonal matrix is

equal to its transpose
9/28/2021 25
9/28/2021 26
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
9/29/2021 1
Example 6:
Transform the vector to Cartesian coordinate system and cylindrical coordinate system.
Find B (-3, 4, 0) and B (5, /2, -2).
Solution:
Spherical to Cartesian coordinate system
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Solution(cont…)
9/29/2021 3
Solution(cont…)
Spherical to Cylindrical coordinate system
9/29/2021 4
Solution(cont…)
For positive z, 0   < 90

For negative z, 90 <   180
9/29/2021 5
Home Work 1:
Transform the vector 10ax to Spherical coordinate system at the point P(-3, 2, 4)
Solution:
9/29/2021 6
Example 7:
Given point P(-2, 6, 3) and vector A = yax + (x + z)ay, express P and A in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Evaluate A at P in the Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical systems.
Solution:
9/29/2021 7
Solution (cont…) Cartesian to Spherical coordinate system
The choice of the coordinate system does

Note that |A| is the same in the three systems; that is, not change the magnitude or the direction
of the vector.
9/29/2021 8
Vectors:  Ax, Ay and Az are called the
(i) Unit vector components of A in the x, y,
and z directions
 The magnitude of vector A is

given by
 The unit vector along A is given

by
Fig: (a) Unit vectors ax, ay, and az (b) components of A along ax, ay, and az
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Vectors (cont…)
(ii) Scalar component and vector components of a vector
9/29/2021 10
Example 8:
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
9/29/2021 11
Example 9:
If A = 10ax - 4ay+ 6az and B = 2ax+ ay, find: (a) the component of A along ay, (b) the magnitude of 3A - B, (c) a unit
vector along A + 2B.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
9/29/2021 12
Home Work 2:
If A = ax + 3az and B = 5ax+ 2ay - 6az, find: (a) the magnitude of A + B, (b) 5A - B, (c) the component of A along ay (d)
unit vector parallel to 3A + B.
Solution:
(a) 7,
(b) (0, - 2 , 21),
(c) 0,
(d) ± (0.9117, 0.2279, 0.3419).
9/29/2021 13
Vectors (cont…)
(iii) Position vector and distance vector
The position vector rP (or radius vector) of point P is the The distance vector is the displacement from one point to
directed distance from the origin to P. another.
9/29/2021 14
Example 10:
Points P and Q are located at (0, 2, 4) and ( - 3 , 1, 5). Calculate
(a) The position vector P
(b) The distance vector from P to Q (d) Let the required vector be A, then
(c) The distance between P and Q
(d) A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10
Solution: where A = 10 is the magnitude of A. Since A is

parallel to PQ, it must have the same unit
(a) vector as rPQ. Hence,
(b)
(c) Since rPQ is the distance vector from P to Q, the distance

between P and Q is the magnitude of this vector; that is,
9/29/2021 15
Home Work 3:
Given points P(l, - 3 , 5), Q(2, 4, 6), and R(0, 3, 8), find: (a) the position vectors of P and R, (b) the distance vector rQR,
(c) the distance between Q and R,
Solution:
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Homework 4:
Solution:
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Homework 4:
Solution cont…
9/29/2021 18
Scalar Triple Product
Given three vectors A, B, and C,
Since the result of this vector multiplication is scalar, the above equation is called the
scalar triple product.
Vector Triple Product

Given three vectors A, B, and C,
obtained using the "bac-cab" rule.
9/29/2021 19
Example 11:
Three field quantities are given by Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
9/29/2021 20
Example 11:
Three field quantities are given by Solution:
(e)
(f) A unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R is given by
(g)
9/29/2021 21
Home Work 5:
Let E = 3ay + 4az, and F = 4ax - 10ay + 5az
(a) Find the component of E along F.
(b) Determine a unit vector perpendicular to both E and F.
Solution:
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9/29/2021 23
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
10/5/2021 1
Recap of Differential elements
10/5/2021 2
Example 12:
Using the cylindrical coordinate system, find the area of the curved surface of a right circular cylinder where
=20m, z= 5m and 30   120
10/5/2021 3
Example 13:
Using spherical coordinates, determine the surface areas A and B as shown in the figure.
10/5/2021 4
Example 14:
Consider the object shown in Figure. Calculate
(a) The distance BC
(b) The distance CD
(c) The surface area ABCD
(d) The surface area ABO
(e) The surface area A OFD
(f) The volume ABDCFO
Solution:
10/5/2021 5
Example 13:
(d) The surface area ABO

(e) The surface area A OFD
(f) The volume ABDCFO
Solution (cont…)
10/5/2021 6
Home Work 6:
Consider the object which is part of a spherical shell as shown in Figure. It
may be described as 3  r  5 , 60°    90°, 45°    60° where surface
r = 3 is the same as AEHD, surface  = 60° is AEFB, and surface  = 45° is
ABCD. Calculate
(a) The distance DH
(b) The distance FG
(c) The surface area AEHD
(d) The surface area ABDC
(e) The volume of the object
Solution:
10/5/2021 7
Home Work 6:
Consider the object which is part of a spherical shell as shown in Figure. It
may be described as 3  r  5 , 60°    90°, 45°    60° where surface
r = 3 is the same as AEHD, surface  = 60° is AEFB, and surface  = 45° is
ABCD. Calculate
(a) The distance DH
(b) The distance FG
(c) The surface area AEHD
(d) The surface area ABDC
(e) The volume of the object
Solution:
10/5/2021 8
Cartesian system:
(i) Point
(ii) Infinite Lines
10/5/2021 9
Cartesian system:
(iii) Infinite Planes/surfaces
10/5/2021 10
Cartesian system:
(iv) Solid cube
10/5/2021 11
Cylindrical system:
(i) Point
(ii) Infinite Lines / curves
10/5/2021 12
Cylindrical system:
10/5/2021 13
Cylindrical system:
(iv) Solid cylinder
10/5/2021 14
Spherical system:
(i) Point
(ii) Infinite Lines / curves
10/5/2021 15
Spherical system:
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Spherical system:
(iv) Solid sphere
10/5/2021 17
Example 13:
Two uniform vector fields are given by . and Calculate
(a) |E X F|
(b) The vector component of E at P(5, /2, 3) parallel to the line x = 2, z = 3
(c) The angle E makes with the surface z = 3 at P
Solution:
10/6/2021 18
Example 13:
(b) The vector component of E at P(5, /2, 3) parallel to the line x = 2, z = 3
Solution (cont…)
10/6/2021 19
Example 13:
(c) The angle E makes with the surface z = 3 at P
Solution (cont…)
=3
10/6/2021 20
Example 14:
Solution:
(b) Any vector D can always be resolved into two orthogonal components: D = Dt + Dn
where Dt is tangential to a given surface and Dn is normal to it. In our case, since ar is normal to the surface r = 10,
10/5/2021 21
Example 14:
Solution (cont…)
10/5/2021 22
Home Work 7:
10/6/2021 23
Home Work 8:
10/5/2021 24
Home Work 7:
Solution:
10/5/2021 25
Home Work 7:
Solution (cont…)
10/5/2021 26
Home Work 7:
Solution (cont…)
10/5/2021 27
Home Work 8:
Solution:
10/5/2021 28
Home Work 8:
The vector component of A along az is
Solution:
10/5/2021 29
10/5/2021 30
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
10/12/2021 1
Vector Calculus:
Vector calculus deals with the application of calculus operations on vectors. We often need to evaluate
integrals, derivatives and other operations that use integrals and derivatives.
Integration: Vector Operators: Theorems:

Line integral Gradient Divergence theorem
Surface integral Divergence Stoke’s theorem
Volume integral Curl
10/12/2021 2
Line, Surface and Volume Integrals:
The line integral / path integral of a vector field A given by is the integral of the tangential component of A
along curve L.
Given a vector field A and a curve L, we define the integral as the line integral of A around L
Fig: Path of integration of vector field A.
If the path of integration is a closed curve such as abca in Figure
10/12/2021 3
One interpretation of the line integral of a vector field is the amount of work that a force field does on a particle as it
moves along a curve.
https://mathinsight.org/line_integral_vector_field_introduction
10/12/2021 4
Surface Integral:
Given a vector field A, continuous in a region containing the smooth surface S, we define the surface integral
or the flux of A through S as
For a closed surface
Fig: The flux of a vector field A

which is referred to as the net outward flux of A from S
through surface S.
10/12/2021 5
Surface Integral Interpretation:
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Surface Integral Interpretation:
10/12/2021 7
Volume Integral:
is the volume integral of the scalar v over the volume v.
10/12/2021 8
Example 15:
Solution:
10/12/2021 9
Example 15:
Solution cont…
10/12/2021 10
Example 15:
Solution cont…
10/12/2021 11
Home Work 9:
Solution:
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Home Work 9:
Solution cont…
10/12/2021 13
Example 16:
Solution:
10/12/2021 14
Example 16:
Solution cont…
10/12/2021 15
Example 16:
Solution cont…
10/12/2021 16
Solution cont…
10/12/2021 17
10/12/2021 18
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
10/12/2021 1
Vector Calculus:
Vector calculus deals with the application of calculus operations on vectors. We often need to evaluate
integrals, derivatives and other operations that use integrals and derivatives.
Integration: Vector Operators: Theorems:

Line integral Gradient Divergence theorem
Surface integral Divergence Stoke’s theorem
Volume integral Curl
Derivatives of a scalar field: Gradient

Derivatives of a vector field: Divergence
Curl
10/12/2021 2
The del operator:
The del operator, written , is the vector differential operator.  is otherwise known as the gradient operator
The operator is useful in determining

1. The gradient of a scalar V, written, as V
2. The divergence of a vector A, written as  • A
3. The curl of a vector A, written as  X A
4. The Laplacian of a scalar V, written as 2V
10/12/2021 3
The gradient of a scalar:
The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of the maximum space
rate of increase of V.
Examples of scalar field:
1. Temperature distribution in a building

2. The altitude of a mountainous terrain (various locations on the mountain have different altitudes)
3. Electric potential in a region.
Animations on Gradient concept:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ231k3zsAA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkB4vW16QHI
10/12/2021 4
The gradient of a scalar:
10/12/2021 5
Example 17:
Solution:
10/12/2021 6
Home work 10:
10/12/2021 7
Computational formulas on gradient:
Fundamental properties of the gradient of a scalar field V:
1. The magnitude of V equals the maximum rate of change in V per unit distance.
2. V points in the direction of the maximum rate of change in V.
3. The projection (or component) of V in the direction of a unit vector a is V • a

and is called the directional derivative of V along a. This is the rate of change of V
in the direction of a.
4. If A = V, V is said to be the scalar potential of A.
10/12/2021 8
Example 18:
Solution:
10/12/2021 9
Home work 11:
10/12/2021 10
Example 19:
An electric potential is given by V =(60 sin)/r2. Find V and E at P(3,60o,25o). The electric field intensity E is
negative gradient of the scalar potential.
Solution:
V = 60 sin 60 / 32 = 5.7735 V
10/12/2021 11
Home work 12:
An electric potential is given by V =Eo r cos. Find E at P(0,1,1).
10/12/2021 12
Divergence of a Vector:
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.
https://mathinsight.org/divergence_idea
10/12/2021 13
Negative Divergence Positive Divergence Zero Divergence
A positive divergence for any vector quantity indicates a source of that vector quantity at that
point. Similarly, a negative divergence indicates a sink
10/12/2021 14
10/12/2021 15
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
10/20/2021 1
Properties of the divergence of a vector field:
1. It produces a scalar field (because scalar product is involved).

2. The divergence of a scalar V, div V, makes no sense.
3.  • (A + B) =  • A +  • B
4.  • (VA) = V • A + A • V
10/20/2021 2
Divergence Theorem:
The divergence theorem states that the total outward flux of a vector field A through the closed surface S
is the same as the volume integral of the divergence of A.
10/20/2021 3
Example 20:
Solution:
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Example 20:
Solution cont:
10/20/2021 5
Home work 13:
10/20/2021 6
Example 21:
Solution:
10/20/2021 7
Example 21:
Solution cont:
10/20/2021 8
Example 21:
Solution cont:
10/20/2021 9
Example 21:
Solution cont:
10/20/2021 10
Example 21:
Solution cont:
10/20/2021 11
Example 21:
Solution cont:
Hence, the divergence theorem is proved

10/20/2021 12
Curl of a Vector:
The curl of A is an axial (or rotational) vector whose magnitude is the maximum circulation of A per unit area as
the area tends to zero and whose direction is the normal direction of the area when the area is oriented so as to make
the circulation maximum.
The curl provides the maximum value of the circulation of the

field per unit area (or circulation density) and indicates the Curl of a Vector
direction along which this maximum value occurs.
10/20/2021 13
Curl of a Vector:
Interpreting the curl: If we think of the vector field as a velocity vector field of a fluid in motion, the curl measures
rotation.
At a given point, the curl is a vector parallel to the axis of rotation of flow lines near the point, with direction
determined by the Right Hand Rule.
10/20/2021 14
Curl of a Vector:
10/20/2021 15
Curl of a Vector:
Properties of the curl:
10/20/2021 16
Stoke’s theorem:
Stokes's theorem states that the circulation of a vector field A around a (closed) path L is equal to the surface integral of
the curl of A over the open surface S bounded by L provided that A and  X A are continuous on S.
The surface-integral of the normal component of the curl of

a vector field over an open surface yields the circulation of
the vector field around its bounding contour.
10/20/2021 17
Proof of Stoke’s theorem:
The surface S is subdivided into a large number of cells as shown in the Figure. If the kth cell has surface area
Sk and is bounded by path Lk, then
As shown in Figure, there is cancellation on every interior path,

so the sum of the line integrals around Lk 's is the same as the
line integral around the bounding curve L.
Therefore, taking the limit of the right-hand side of the above eqn as
Sk —> 0 and incorporating the definition of curl leads to
10/20/2021 18
Example 22:
Solution:
10/20/2021 19
Example 22:
Solution cont…
10/20/2021 20
Example 22:
Solution cont…
10/20/2021 21
Home work 14:
10/20/2021 22
Example 23:
Solution:
LHS:
10/20/2021 23
Example 23:
Solution cont…
10/20/2021 24
Example 23:
Solution cont…
10/20/2021 25
Example 23:
Solution cont…
10/20/2021 26
Example 23:
Solution cont…
10/20/2021 27
Example 23:
Solution cont…
10/20/2021 28
Home work 15:
Compute the circulation of
Confirm using Stoke’s theorem.
10/20/2021 29
Home work 16:
10/20/2021 30
Solenoidal and Irrotational field:
A divergenceless field is called a solenoidal field  . A = 0
A curl free field is called an irrotational or a conservative or a potential field   x A = 0
From Stokes's theorem
Thus in an irrotational field A, the circulation of A around a closed path is identically zero. This implies that the line
integral of A is independent of the chosen path. Therefore, an irrotational field is also known as a conservative field.
Examples of irrotational fields include the electrostatic field and the gravitational field.
https://mathinsight.org/conservative_vector_field_determine
10/20/2021 31
Conservative field:
A vector field A is conservative if A possesses one of these two properties:
(a) The line integral of the tangential component of A along a path extending from
a point P to a point Q is independent of the path.
(b) The line integral of the tangential component of A around any closed path is zero.
Potential field:
The curl of the gradient of a scalar field is zero
For this reason, A may be called a potential field and V the

scalar potential of A. The negative sign in the equation has been
inserted for physical reasons that will become evident in
later classes.
10/20/2021 32
Classification of Vector fields:
A vector field is uniquely characterized by its divergence and curl. All vector fields can be classified in terms of their
vanishing or nonvanishing divergence or curl as follows:
Solenoidal and Non solenoidal and Solenoidal and Neither solenoidal nor
irrotational irrotational rotational irrotational
10/20/2021 33
Example 24:
Solution:
10/20/2021 34
Electrostatic Fields
Electric charges at rest has its effect in a region or a space around it called as electric field.
An electrostatic field is produced by a static charge distribution.
An electrostatic field is static (or time-invariant) electric fields in free space (or vacuum).
Applications of Electrostatic Fields

(i) Solid state electronics
The devices used in solid-state electronics are based on electrostatics. These include resistors, capacitors, and active
devices such as bipolar and field effect transistors, which are based on control of electron motion by electrostatic fields.
(ii) Electric power transmission, X-ray machines, and lightning protection are associated with strong electric fields and
will require a knowledge of electrostatics to understand and design suitable equipment.
10/20/2021 35
(iii) Ink Jet Printers and Electrostatic Painting
The ink jet printer, commonly used to print computer-generated

text and graphics, also employs electrostatics. A nozzle makes a
fine spray of tiny ink droplets, which are then given an
electrostatic charge.
Once charged, the droplets can be directed, using pairs of

charged plates, with great precision to form letters and images
on paper. Ink jet printers can produce color images by using a
black jet and three other jets with primary colors, usually cyan,
magenta, and yellow, much as a color television produces color.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/18-8-applications-of-electrostatics/
10/20/2021 36
(iv) In industry electrodeposition, electrochemical machining and separation of fine particles.
The electrostatic part of the

process places excess
(usually positive) charge on
smoke, dust, pollen, and
other particles in the air and
then passes the air through
an oppositely charged grid
that attracts and retains the
charged particles.
Large electrostatic precipitators are used industrially to remove over 99% of the particles from
stack gas emissions associated with the burning of coal and oil.
10/20/2021 37
(v) In medical work, diagnosis is often carried out with the aid of electrostatics, as incorporated in electrocardiograms,
electroencephalograms, and other recordings of organs with electrical activity including eyes, ears, and stomachs.
Electrostatic disinfecting
10/20/2021 38
Fundamental Laws governing Electrostatic Fields
(i) Coulomb’s Law  Finding electric field due to any charge distribution
(ii) Gauss’s Law  Finding electric field when charge distribution is symmetrical
10/20/2021 39
Coulomb’s Law
Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other. Such forces are described
by Coulomb's law. Even though electrostatically induced forces seem to be rather weak, some electrostatic forces
such as the one between an electron and a proton, that together make up a hydrogen atom, is about 36 orders of
magnitude stronger than the gravitational force acting between them.
10/20/2021 40
10/20/2021 41
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
10/28/2021 1
Fundamental Laws governing Electrostatic Fields
(i) Coulomb’s Law  Finding electric field due to any charge distribution
(ii) Gauss’s Law  Finding electric field when charge distribution is symmetrical
10/28/2021 2
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb's law quantifies the amount of electrostatic force that two charged
objects exert on each other, which causes an attraction or repulsion between them.
Even though electrostatically induced forces seem to be rather weak, some

electrostatic forces such as the one between an electron and a proton, that
together make up a hydrogen atom, is about 36 orders of magnitude stronger
than the gravitational force acting between them.
Coulomb's law is an experimental
law formulated in 1785 by the French
colonel, CharlesAugustin de Coulomb.
Coulomb's law states that the force F between two point charges
Q1 and Q2 is:
1. Along the line joining them.
2. Directly proportional to the product Q1Q2 of the charges.
3. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between
them.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYhHbHVphyQ
10/28/2021 3
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb's law states that the force F between two point charges
Q1 and Q2 is:
1. Along the line joining them.
2. Directly proportional to the product Q1Q2 of the charges.
3. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between
them. Where, o is the permittivity of free space
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

10/28/2021 4
Coulomb’s Law
If point charges Q1 and Q2 are located at points having position vectors r1and r2, then
the force F12 on Q2 due to Q1, shown in Figure, is given by
and
10/28/2021 5
Example 1:
A charge Q1 = -20 C is located at A(-6,4,7) and a charge Q2 = 50  C is located at B(5,8,-2) in
free space. Determine the vector force exerted on Q1 by Q2.
Solution:
10/28/2021 6
Example 1:
A charge Q1 = -20 C is located at A(-6,4,7) and a charge Q2 = 50  C is located at B(5,8,-2) in
free space. Determine the vector force exerted on Q1 by Q2.
Solution:
10/28/2021 7
Electric Field Intensity:
The electric field intensity (or electric field strength) E is the force per unit charge
when placed in the electric field.
The electric field intensity at point r due to a point charge located at r' is
For N point charges located at the electric field intensity at point r is
10/28/2021 8
Example 2:
Point charges 1 mC and – 2 mC are located at (3, 2, - 1 ) and (-1, -1,4), respectively.
Calculate the electric force on a 10-nC charge located at (0, 3, 1) and the electric field intensity at that point.
Solution:
10/28/2021 9
Home Work 1:
Point charges 5 nC and -2 nC are located at (2,0, 4) and (-3,0, 5), respectively.
(a) Determine the force on a 1 nC point charge located at (1, -3, 7).
(b) Find the electric field E at (1, - 3 , 7).
Solution:
10/28/2021 10
Example 3:
Calculate the electric field intensity at a point on the sphere of radius 3m, if a positive charge of 2 C is placed at the
origin of the sphere.
Solution:
10/28/2021 11
Electric fields due to continuous charge distributions:
The line charge density, surface charge density,

and volumecharge density are represented by L (in
C/m), s (in C/m2), and v (in C/m3), respectively
10/28/2021 12
10/28/2021 13
10/28/2021 14
Electric fields due to continuous charge distributions (cont…)
10/28/2021 15
Electric field intensity due to an infinite line charge
10/28/2021 16
Electric field intensity due to an infinite line charge (cont…)
10/28/2021 17
We know that
10/28/2021 18
In general
Note: E is inversely proportional to the distance for a line

Charge. For a point charge E is inversely proportional
to the square of the distance.
10/28/2021 19
Example 4:
A uniform line charge with density L =25 nC/m lies on the line x=-3m and y=4m in free space. Find the electric field
intensity at a point P(2,3,15)m.
Solution:
10/28/2021 20
Example 4:
A uniform line charge with density L =25 nC/m lies on the line x=-3m and y=4m in free space. Find the electric field
Solution cont…
10/28/2021 21
Example 5:
Two uniform line charges of density L =4 nC/m lie in the x=0 plane at y = 4m in free space. Find the electric field
Solution:
10/28/2021 22
Example 5:
Two uniform line charges of density L =4 nC/m lie in the x=0 plane at y = 4m in free space. Find the electric field
Solution:
10/28/2021 23
Home Work 2:
On a line described by x=2 m and y=-4 m, there is a uniform charge distribution of density L =20 nC/m. Find the
electric field intensity at a point P(-2,-1,4)m.
Solution:
10/28/2021 24
Example 6:
Charge is distributed along the z axis between z= 5 m with a uniform density L =20 nC/m. Determine E at P(2,0,0)m.
Solution:
10/28/2021 25
Example 6:
Solution cont…
10/28/2021 26
Example 6:
Solution cont…
10/28/2021 27
Home Work 3:
A uniform line charge of 2 C/m is located on the z axis. Find E at P(1,2,3) if the charge exists from: (a) - < z < ;
(b) -4  z  4.
Solution:
(a)
10/28/2021 28
Home Work 3:
(b) -4  z  4.
Solution cont…
(b)
10/28/2021 29
Home Work 3:
(b) -4  z  4.
Solution cont…
(b)
10/28/2021 30
Home Work 3:
(b) -4  z  4.
Solution cont…
Integration Formulas:
10/28/2021 31
Example:
Infinite uniform line charges of 5 nC/m lie along the (positive and negative) x and y axes in free space. Find E at
P(0,0,4).
Solution:
10/28/2021 32
Example:
A uniform line charge density of 20 nC/m lie on the z axis between z=1 and z=3 m. Find E at P(4,0,0).
Solution:
10/28/2021 33
Example:
A uniform line charge density of 20 nC/m lie on the z axis between z=1 and z=3 m. Find E at P(4,0,0).
Solution cont…
10/28/2021 34
Electric Field Intensity due to Surface charge Density
Solution:
10/28/2021 35
10/28/2021 36
10/28/2021 37
In a parallel plate capacitor, the electric field existing between the two plates having equal and opposite charges is
given by
10/28/2021 38
10/28/2021 39
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
10/29/2021 1
In a parallel plate capacitor, the electric field existing between the two plates having equal and opposite charges is
given by
10/29/2021 2
Example 7:
Three infinite uniform sheets of charge are located in free space as follows
3 nC/m2 at z=-4
6 nC/m2 at z=1
-8 nC/m2 at z=4
Determine E at (a) PA(2,5,-5) (b) P(4,2,-3) (c) PC(-1,-5,2) (d) PD(-2,4,5)
Solution:
10/29/2021 3
Example 7:
Three infinite uniform sheets of charge are located in free space as follows
3 nC/m2 at z=-4
6 nC/m2 at z=1
-8 nC/m2 at z=4
Determine E at (a) PA(2,5,-5) (b) P(4,2,-3) (c) PC(-1,-5,2) (d) PD(-2,4,5)
Solution cont…
10/29/2021 4
Example 8:
Charge lies in the z=-3 plane in the form of a square sheet defined by -2  x  2m, -2  y  2m with charge density
s =2(x2+y2+9)3/2 C/m2. Determine E at the origin.
Solution:
10/29/2021 5
Example 8:
Charge lies in the z=-3 plane in the form of a square sheet defined by -2  x  2m, -2  y  2m with charge density
s =2(x2+y2+9)3/2 C/m2. Determine E at the origin.
Solution:
10/29/2021 6
Home Work 5:
In the rectangular region defined by -2  x  2m, -3  y  3m, z=0, the surface with charge density is given by
s =(x2+y2+1)3/2 C/m2. Determine E at P(0,0,1).
Solution:
10/29/2021 7
Home Work 5:
In the rectangular region defined by -2  x  2m, -3  y  3m, z=0, the surface with charge density is given by
s =(x2+y2+1)3/2 C/m2. Determine E at P(0,0,1).
Solution:
10/29/2021 8
Electric field intensity at a point due to a charged circular ring:
10/29/2021 9
Electric field intensity due to a charged circular ring:
10/29/2021 10
Example 9:
Planes x=2 and y=-3 respectively, carry charges of density 10 nC/m2 and15 nC/m2. If the line x=0,z=2 carries charge
with density 10 nC/m, calculate E at P(1,1,-1) due to the three charge distributions.
Solution:
10/29/2021 11
Example 9:
Planes x=2 and y=-3 respectively, carry charges of density 10 nC/m2 and15 nC/m2. If the line x=0,z=2 carries charge
Solution:
10/29/2021 12
Home Work 6:
Planes x=2 and y=-3 respectively, carry charges of density 10 nC/m2 and15 nC/m2. If the line x=0,y=2 carries charge
Solution:
10/29/2021 13
Home Work 7:
The finite sheet 0 x  1, 0  y  1 on the z = 0 plane has a charge density
s = xy(x2 + y2 + 25)3/2 nC/m2. Find
(a) The total charge on the sheet
(b) The electric field at (0, 0, 5)
(c) The force experienced by a — 1 mC charge located at (0, 0, 5)
Solution:
10/29/2021 14
Home Work 8:
A square plate described by -2  x  2, -2  y  2, z = 0 carries a charge
12 |y| mC/m2. Find the total charge on the plate and the electric field intensity at (0, 0, 10).
Solution:
Q=
E=
10/29/2021 15
10/29/2021 16
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
11/19/2021 1
Gauss Law:
Gauss law states that the total electric flux 

through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface.
Johann Carl Friedrich

Gauss (1777-1855), German
Mathematician
Gauss's law constitutes one

of the fundamental laws of
electromagnetism.
11/19/2021 2
Gauss Law (cont…)
Integral form of
Gauss Law
Applying divergence theorem,
Comparing the two volume integrals,

From Gauss Law,
Differential or point
form of Gauss Law
The above equation is the first of the four

Maxwell’s equations.
11/19/2021 3
Gaussian Surface:
 Closed surfaces of various shapes can surround the charge.

 Only S1 is spherical
 The flux through all other surfaces (S2 and S3) are the same.
 These surfaces are called Gaussian surfaces
 The net electric flux through a closed surface

that surrounds no charge is zero.
 Gauss’s Law connects electric field with its
source charge.
11/19/2021 4
Application of Gauss’s Law:
Gauss's law provides an easy means of finding E or D for symmetrical charge distributions such as a point charge,
an infinite line charge, an infinite cylindrical surface charge, and a spherical distribution of charge.
Procedure:
1. Recognize the symmetry conditions.
2. Once symmetric charge distribution exists, we construct a mathematical closed surface (known as a Gaussian
surface).
3. The surface is chosen such that D is normal or tangential to the Gaussian surface. When D is normal to the
surface, D • dS = D dS because D is constant on the surface. When D is tangential to the surface, D • dS = 0.
Thus we must choose a surface that has some of the symmetry exhibited by the charge distribution.
(a) Point Charge
11/19/2021 5
(a) Point Charge Suppose a point charge Q is located at the origin. To determine D at a point
P, it is easy to see that choosing a spherical surface containing P will satisfy
symmetry conditions. Thus, a spherical surface centered at the origin is the
Gaussian surface in this case
Since D is everywhere normal to the Gaussian surface, that is, D = Dr ar

applying Gauss's law (= Qenclosed) gives
Fig : Gaussian surface

(a spherical surface)
around a point charge
11/19/2021 6
(a) Point Charge
11/19/2021 7
(b) Infinite Sheet of Charge
11/19/2021 8
11/19/2021 9
11/19/2021 10
(c) Infinite Line Charge
To determine D at a point P, we choose a cylindrical surface containing P to
satisfy symmetry condition as shown in Figure
D is constant on and normal to the cylindrical Gaussian surface; that is, D =

D a. If we apply Gauss's law to an arbitrary length l of the line
11/19/2021 11
(c) Infinite Line Charge (cont…)
11/19/2021 12
(c) Infinite Line Charge (cont…)
11/19/2021 13
Example 11:
Solution:
11/19/2021 14
Home Work 9:
11/19/2021 15
Example 12:
11/19/2021 16
Home Work 11:
A point charge of 30 nC is located at the origin while plane y=3 carries charge 10 nC/m2. Find D at (0,4,3).
Solution:
11/19/2021 17
(d) Determine D everywhere due to an uniformly Charged Sphere with charge density v C/m3
11/19/2021 18
(d) Determine D everywhere due to an uniformly Charged Sphere with charge density v C/m3 (cont…)
11/19/2021 19
(e) Determine D everywhere due to a spherical shell with surface charge density s C/m2 (cont…)
11/19/2021 20
(e) Determine D everywhere due to a spherical shell with surface charge density s C/m2
11/19/2021 21
Fundamental Postulates of Electrostatics:
11/19/2021 22
Fundamental Postulates of Electrostatics:
11/19/2021 23
11/19/2021 24
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
11/30/2021 1
Electric Potential:
Energy expended in moving a point charge in an electric field:
11/30/2021 2
Electric Potential:
Energy expended in moving a point charge in an electric field:
11/30/2021 3
Electric Potential:
11/30/2021 4
Electric Potential of a point charge:
11/30/2021 5
Electric Potential:
Potential calculation when reference is other than infinity
If the point charge Q is not located at the origin but at a point whose position
vector is r', the potential V(r) at r becomes
Electric Potential due to multiple point charges:
11/30/2021 6
Example 1:
Solution:
11/30/2021 7
Homework 1:
Three point charges 3 C, - 4 C and 5 C are located at ( 0, 0, 0), ( 2, - 1, 3) and (0, 4, - 2 ) respectively. Find the potential at
( - 1 , 5, 2) assuming zero potential at infinity.
Solution:
Answer: 10.23 kV.
11/30/2021 8
Example 2:
A point charge of 6nC is located at origin in free space. Find the potential at P (0.2, -0.4, 0.4) if
(a) V = 0 at infinity
(b) V = 20V at A (-0.5, 1, -1)
(c) V = 0V at B (1, 0, 0)
Solution:
11/30/2021 9
Example 2:
Solution cont…
11/30/2021 10
Example 2:
A point charge of 6nC is located at origin in free space. Find the potential at P (0.2, -0.4, 0.4) if
(a) V = 0 at infinity
(b) V = 20V at A (-0.5, 1, -1)
(c) V = 0V at B (1, 0, 0)
Solution cont…
11/30/2021 11
Potential difference due to an infinite line charge:
11/30/2021 12
Example 3:
A line y=1, z=1 carries a uniform charge of 2nC/m, find the potential at A(5,0,1) if
(a) V = 0 at the origin
(b) V = 100V at B (1, 2, 1)
Solution:
11/30/2021 13
Example 3:
A line y=1, z=1 carries a uniform charge of 2nC/m, find the potential at A(5,0,1) if
(a) V = 0 at the origin
(b) V = 100V at B (1, 2, 1)
Solution cont…
11/30/2021 14
Example 4:
A point charge 5nC is located at (-3,4,0) while line y=1, z=1 carries uniform line charge 2 nC/m.
(a) If V = 0V at the origin, find the potential at A(5, 0, 1)
(b) If V = 100V at B(1, 2, 1), find the potential at C(-2, 5, 8)
(c) If V = -5V at the origin, find VBC.
Solution:
11/30/2021 15
Example 4:
Solution cont…
11/30/2021 16
Example 4:
Solution:
11/30/2021 17
Example 4:
Solution:
11/30/2021 18
Example 4:
Solution:
(c) To find the potential difference between two points, we do not need a potential reference if a common
reference is assumed.
VBC= Vc - VB = 49.825 - 100 = -50.175 V
11/30/2021 19
Home work 2:
11/30/2021 20
Relation between E and V:
The potential difference between points A and B is independent of the path taken. Hence,
Applying Stokes's theorem
11/30/2021 21
Relation between E and V:
11/30/2021 22
Extra Numerical:
Solution:
11/30/2021 23
Practice Problem:
11/30/2021 24
Equipotential Surfaces:
An equipotential surface is a surface composed of all those points having the same value of potential. No work is involved in moving a
unit charge around on an equipotential surface and hence the potential difference between any two points on this surface is zero.
The equipotential surfaces in the potential field of a point charge are spheres centered at the point charge.
Fig: equipotential surfaces of a point charge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XI4D4SgHTw
11/30/2021 25
Properties of Equipotential Surfaces:
(i) The work done to move a charge q between any two points A and B, W = q (VB – VA). If the points A and B lie on the same
equipotential surface, work done is zero because VA = VB.
(ii) The electric field is normal to an equipotential surface.
Fig: Equipotential surfaces of a dipole
11/30/2021 26
Equipotential Surfaces of a dipole:
Electric field lines are

Equipotential Surfaces of two positive like charges : always perpendicular to
Equipotential surfaces
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA_wvBOcPb0
11/30/2021 27
Equipotential Surfaces of a charged wire:
11/30/2021 28
Electric Dipole:
An electric dipole is formed when two point charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign are separated
by a small distance.
11/30/2021 29
Electric Dipole cont…
If we define the dipole moment
If the dipole center is not at the origin but at r', then
11/30/2021 30
Electric Dipole cont…
11/30/2021 31
Example 5:
Two dipoles with dipole moments -5az nC/m and 9az nC/m are located at points (0, 0, - 2 ) and (0, 0, 3), respectively.
Find the potential at the origin.
Solution:
11/30/2021 32
Home work 3:
11/30/2021 33
11/30/2021 34
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
12/10/2021 1
Electric fields in material space:
(i) Convection and conduction currents:
The current (in amperes) through a given area is the electric charge passing through the area per unit time.
Thus in a current of one ampere, charge is being transferred at a rate of one columb per second.
If current I flows through a surface S, the current density is
assuming that the current density is perpendicular to the surface. If the current density is not normal to the surface,
Thus, the total current flowing through a surface S is
12/10/2021 2
(i) Convection and conduction currents:
Thus, the total current flowing through a surface S is
Depending on how I is produced, there are different kinds of current densities:

(i) Convection current density,
(ii) conduction current density,
(iii) displacement current density.
We will consider convection and conduction current densities here; displacement current density will be dealt later.
However, the above equation applies to any kind of current density.
Convection current, as distinct from conduction current, does not involve conductors and consequently does not satisfy
Ohm's law. It occurs when current flows through an insulating medium such as liquid, rarefied gas, or a vacuum. A beam
of electrons in a vacuum tube, for example, is a convection current.
12/10/2021 3
(ii) Convection current density:
Consider a filament of Figure. If there is a flow of charge, of density v,

at velocity u = uyay, the current through the filament is
The current density at a given point is the current through a unit normal area at that point.
The y-directed current density Jy is given by
Hence, in general J is the convection current density in

amperes/square meter (A/m2).
12/10/2021 4
(iii) Conduction current density:
12/10/2021 5
(iii) Conduction current density:
Thus the conduction current density is
12/10/2021 6
(iv) Conductors:
A conductor has abundance of charge that is free to move. When an external electric field Ee is applied, the positive
free charges are pushed along the same direction as the applied field, while the negative free charges move in the opposite
direction. This charge migration takes place very quickly.
The free charges do two things.

(i) They accumulate on the surface of the
conductor and form an induced surface
charge.
(ii) The induced charges set up an internal
induced field Ei, which cancels the
externally applied field Ee.
A perfect conductor cannot

contain an electrostatic field
within it.
12/10/2021 7
(iv) Conductors:
A conductor is called an equipotential body, implying that the

potential is the same everywhere in the conductor. This is based
on the fact that E = - V = 0.
According to Gauss's law, if E = 0, the charge density v must be

zero. We conclude again that a perfect conductor cannot contain an
electrostatic field within it. Under static conditions,
12/10/2021 8
Extra Numerical:
Solution:
12/10/2021 9
Extra Numerical:
Solution:
12/10/2021 10
Polarization in dielectrics:
Dielectrics are non-conducting substances which are the insulating materials and are bad conductor of electric current.
Dielectric materials can be made to hold an electrostatic charge while dissipating minimal energy in the form of
heat. Examples of dielectric are Mica, Plastics, Glass, Porcelain and Various Metal Oxides and even dry air is also
example of dielectric.
12/10/2021 11
When an electric field E is applied, the positive

charge is displaced from its equilibrium position
in the direction of E by the force F+ = QE while
the negative charge is displaced in the opposite
direction by the force F- = QE. A dipole results
from the displacement of the charges and the
dielectric is said to be polarized.
12/10/2021 12
https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=YKTZ6oWdSnI
12/10/2021 13
Hence, we conclude that the major effect of the electric field E on a dielectric is the creation of dipole moments that align
themselves in the direction of E. This type of dielectric is said to be nonpolar. Examples of such dielectrics are hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and the rare gases. Nonpolar dielectric molecules do not possess dipoles until the application of
the electric field.
Polar dielectrics have built-in permanent dipoles that are randomly oriented as shown in Figure(a). When an electric
field E is applied to a polar molecule, the permanent dipole experiences a torque tending to align its dipole moment parallel
with E as in Figure (b). Examples are water, sulphur-di-oxide, and hydrochloric acid.
12/10/2021 14
In the polarized state, the electron cloud is distorted by
the applied electric field E. This distorted charge
distribution is equivalent, by the principle of
superposition, to the original distribution plus a dipole
whose moment is
where d is the distance vector from —Q to +Q of the dipole as in Figure (b). If there are N dipoles in a volume v of
the dielectric, the total dipole moment due to the electric field is
The polarization vector P (in coulombs/meter square) is a measure of the intensity of polarization and is defined as the
dipole moment per unit volume of the dielectric; that is,
12/10/2021 15
A polarised dielectric gives rise to an equivalent polarization volume charge density pv and an equivalent polarization
surface charge density ps given by
pv and ps are the bound (or polarization) surface and volume charge densities, respectively, as distinct from
free surface and volume charge densities s and v.
Electric flux density:

Let us consider the case in which the dielectric region contains free charge. If v is the
Recall:
free charge volume density, the total volume charge density t is given by
Fundamental postulate
of electrostatics
12/10/2021 16
Electric flux density:
Hence, the net effect of the dielectric on the electric field E is to increase D inside it by amount
P. In other words, due to the application of E to the dielectric material,
the flux density is greater than it would be in free space.
The polarization P would vary directly as the applied electric field E. For some dielectrics, this is usually the case and we
have
where e, known as the electric susceptibility of the material, is more or less a measure of how susceptible (or
sensitive) a given dielectric is to electric fields.
12/10/2021 17
Dielectric constant and strength:
The dielectric constant (or relative permittivity) r, is the ratio

of the permittivity of the dielectric to that of free space.
When the electric field in a dielectric is sufficiently large, it begins to pull electrons completely out of the molecules,
and the dielectric becomes conducting. Dielectric breakdown is said to have occurred when a dielectric becomes
conducting. Dielectric breakdown occurs in all kinds of dielectric materials (gases, liquids, or solids) and depends on
the nature of the material, temperature, humidity, and the amount of time that the field is applied.
The dielectric strength is the maximum electric field that a

dielectric can tolerate or withstand without breakdown.
12/10/2021 18
Continuity equation:
Due to the principle of charge conservation, the time rate of decrease of charge within a given volume must be
equal to the net outward current flow through the closed surface of the volume. Thus current Iout coming out of the
closed surface is
(1)
where Qin is the total charge enclosed by the closed surface. The negative sign indicates it is an outward-flowing current.
Invoking divergence theorem
(2)
(3)
(4)
12/10/2021 19
Continuity equation:
which is called the continuity of current equation. It must be kept in mind that the continuity equation is derived from
the principle of conservation of charge and essentially states that there can be no accumulation of charge at any point.
For steady currents, dv/dt = 0 and hence  • J = 0 showing that the total charge leaving a volume is the same as the
total charge entering it. Kirchhoff's current law follows from this.
12/10/2021 20
12/10/2021 21
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
12/10/2021 1
Boundary conditions:
If the electric field exists in a region consisting of two different media, the conditions that the field must satisfy
at the interface separating the media are called boundary conditions.
These conditions are helpful in determining the field on one side of the boundary if the field on the
other side is known. There are three types of boundary conditions:
 dielectric (r1) and dielectric (r2)
 conductor and dielectric
 conductor and free space
To determine the boundary conditions, we need to use Maxwell's equations and the Gauss’s Law:
And the electric field intensity E and the flux density D are decomposed into two orthogonal components:
(i) tangential to the surface
(ii) normal to the surface
12/10/2021 2
(i) Boundary conditions - dielectric (r1) and dielectric (r2)
Consider the E field existing in a region consisting of two different dielectrics
characterized by 1 = 0 r1 and 2 = 0 r2 as shown in Figure
E1 and E2 in media 1 and 2, respectively, can be

decomposed as
Applying Maxwell’s equation to the closed

path abcda of Figure assuming that the path
is very small with respect to the variation of
E, We obtain
12/10/2021 3
The tangential components of E are the same on the two sides of the
boundary. In other words, E, undergoes no change on the boundary and it
is said to be continuous across the boundary.
Since D = E = Dt + Dn
Dt undergoes some change across the interface. Hence Dt is said

to be discontinuous across the interface.
12/10/2021 4
The boundary conditions on the normal components are found
by applying Gauss’s Law to the pillbox (Gaussian surface) of
Figure
where s is the free charge density placed deliberately at the boundary.
If no free charges exist at the interface s = 0
The normal component of D is continuous across the interface; that is,

Dn undergoes no change at the boundary.
The normal component of E is discontinuous at the boundary.
12/10/2021 5
Refraction of D at a dielectric interface:
Besides this, we can use the boundary conditions to
determine the "refraction" of the electric field across the
interface.
(1)
The ratio of the tangential components is given by
(2)
This is the law of refraction of the electric field at a boundary
free of charge (since s = 0 is assumed at the interface). Thus, in
(2) divided by (1) general, an interface between two dielectrics produces bending
of the flux lines as a result of unequal polarization charges that
accumulate on the sides of the interface.
12/10/2021 6
(ii) Boundary conditions – conductor and dielectric
The conductor is assumed to be perfect (i.e.,  —> ).
Although such a conductor is not practically realizable,
we may regard conductors such as copper and silver as
though they were perfect conductors.
Applying Maxwell’s equation to the closed

path abcda of Figure assuming that the path
is very small with respect to the variation of
E, We obtain
Dt = 0
12/10/2021 7
(ii) Boundary conditions – conductor and dielectric
The boundary conditions on the normal components are found
by applying Gauss’s Law to the pillbox (Gaussian surface) of
Figure
To summarize
Where  = or
12/10/2021 8
(iii) Boundary conditions – conductor and free space
This is a special case of the conductor-

dielectric conditions and is illustrated in
Figure. The boundary conditions at the
interface between a conductor and free
space can be obtained by replacing r by
1 (because free space may be regarded
as a special dielectric for which r = 1).
We expect the electric field E to be
external to the conductor and normal to
its surface. Thus the boundary conditions
are
12/10/2021 9
Example:1
12/10/2021 10
Solution cont…
12/10/2021 11
Solution cont…
12/10/2021 12
Homework:1
12/10/2021 13
Example:2
12/10/2021 14
Example:2
12/10/2021 15
Example 3:
At the boundary between glass (r = 4) and air, the lines of electric field make an angle of 40o with normal to the boundary. If
electric flux density in the air is 0.25 C/m2, determine the magnitude and orientation of electric flux density in glass.
Solution:
12/10/2021 16
Example 3:
At the boundary between glass (r = 4) and air, the lines of electric field make an angle of 40o with normal to
the boundary. If electric flux density in the air is 0.25 C/m2, determine the magnitude and orientation of
electric flux density in glass.
12/10/2021 17
When light travels from a rarer (air) to denser (glass) medium it bends towards the normal. Whereas electric
field is bending away from the normal when it is passing from air to glass.
Refractive index of air = 1; velocity of light in air = c = 3 x 108 m/s

Refractive index of glass = 1.5; velocity of light in glass = 2 x 108 m/s
Relative permittivity of air = 1; velocity of EM wave in air = c = 3 x 108 m/s

Relative permittivity of glass = 4; velocity of EM wave in glass = c/sqrt(r) = 2 x 108 m/s
12/10/2021 18
Home work:2
12/10/2021 19
Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equation:
The procedure for determining the electric field E has generally been using either Coulomb's law or Gauss's law when the
charge distribution is known, or using E = -V, when the potential V is known throughout the region. In most practical
situations, however, neither the charge distribution nor the potential distribution is known.
In practical electrostatic problems where only electrostatic conditions (charge and potential) at some boundaries are
known it is desired to find E and V throughout the region. Such problems are usually tackled using Poisson's1 or
Laplace's2 equation or the method of images, and they are usually referred to as boundary value problems.
Poisson's and Laplace's equations are easily derived from Gauss's law
(1)
(2)
Sub (2) in (1) gives (3)
For a homogeneous medium (4) Poisson’s Equation

12/10/2021 20
Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equation:
A special case of equation (4) occurs when v = 0 (i.e., for a charge-free region).
Laplace’s Equation
Laplace's equation is of primary importance in solving electrostatic problems involving a set of conductors
maintained at different potentials. Examples of such problems include capacitors and vacuum tube diodes.
12/10/2021 21
12/10/2021 22
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
12/22/2021 1
Magnetostatics or Static Magnetic Fields:
In the previous classes we limited our discussions to static electric fields characterized by E or D. We now focus our
attention on static magnetic fields, which are characterized by H or B. There are similarities and dissimilarities
between electric and magnetic fields. As E and D are related according to D = E for linear material space, H and B
are related according to B = H.
An electrostatic field is produced by static or stationary charges.

If the charges are moving with constant velocity, a static magnetic (or magnetostatic) field is produced. A magnetostatic
field is produced by a constant current flow (or direct current). This current flow may be due to magnetization currents as
in permanent magnets, electron-beam currents as in vacuum tubes, or conduction currents as in current-carrying wires.
There are two major laws governing magnetostatic fields:

(1) Biot-Savart's law
(2) Ampere's circuit law.
Like Coulomb's law, Biot-Savart's law is the general law of magnetostatics. Just as Gauss's law is a special case of
Coulomb's law, Ampere's law is a special case of Biot-Savart's law and is easily applied in problems involving
symmetrical current distribution.
12/22/2021 2
Biot-Savart’s Law:
Biot-Savart's law states that the magnetic field intensity dH produced at a point P, as shown in Figure, by
the differential current clement I dl is proportional to the product I dl and the sine of the angle  between
the clement and the line joining P to the element and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
R between P and the element.
12/22/2021 3
Biot-Savart’s Law:
The direction of dH can be determined by the righthand rule with the right-hand thumb pointing in the direction of
the current, the right-hand fingers encircling the wire in the direction of dH as shown in Figure. Alternatively,
we can use the right-handed screw rule to determine the direction of dH : with the screw placed along the wire and
pointed in the direction of current flow, the direction of advance of the screw is the direction of dH as in Figure
12/22/2021 4
Magnetic field due to a conductor carrying current:
We assume that the conductor is along the z-axis with its upper
and lower ends respectively subtending angles 1 and 2 at P,
the point at which H is to be determined.
If we consider the contribution dH at P due to an element dl at

(0, 0, z),
12/22/2021 5
H is always along the unit vector a (i.e., along concentric

circular paths) irrespective of the length of the wire or the point of
interest P.
12/22/2021 6
As a special case, when the conductor is semiinfinite (with respect to P)

so that point A is now at O(0, 0, 0) while B is at (0, 0, ); 1 = 90°, 2 =
0°, then the above equation becomes
Another special case is when the conductor is infinite in length.

For this case, point A is at (0, 0, -) while B is at (0, 0, ); 1 =
180°, 2 = 0°, then
12/22/2021 7
Example 1:
A current filament carries a current of 10A in the az direction on the z axis. Find the magnetic field intensity H at
point (1, 2, 3) due to this filament if it extends from (a) z = 5 to  (b) z = 0 to 5
12/22/2021 8
Example 1:
A current filament carries a current of 10A in the az direction on the z axis. Find the magnetic field intensity H at
point (1, 2, 3) due to this filament if it extends from (a) z = 5 to  (b) z = 0 to 5
12/22/2021 9
Example 2:
Find H at P (0.4, 0.3, 0) in the field of an 8A filamentary current directed inward from  to the origin on the positive
x axis and then outward to  along the y axis.
12/22/2021 10
Example 2:
12/22/2021 11
Example 2:
12/22/2021 12
Homework 1:
The positive y-axis (semi infinite line with respect to the origin) carries a filamentary current of 2 A in the -ay
direction. Assume it is part of a large circuit. Find H at
(a) A (2, 3, 0)
(b) B (3, 12, -4)
12/22/2021 13
Homework 2:
Find H at P (- 3 , 4, 0) in the field of a 3A filamentary current directed inward from  to the origin on the positive z
axis and then outward to  along the x axis.
Answer:
12/22/2021 14
Homework 3:
The conducting triangular loop in Figure carries a current of 10 A. Find H at (0, 0, 5)
due to side ‘1’ of the loop.
Answer:
12/22/2021 15
Homework 4:
The conducting triangular loop in Figure carries a current of 10 A. Find H at (0, 0, 5)
due to side ‘3’ of the loop.
Answer:
12/22/2021 16
Ampere’s Circuital Law:
Ampere's circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential component of H
around a closed path is the same as the net current Ienc enclosed by the path.
Ampere's law in integral

form
Ampere's law is similar to Gauss's law and it is easily applied to determine H when the current distribution is
symmetrical. It should be noted that the above equation always holds whether the current distribution is symmetrical
or not but we can only use the equation to determine H when symmetrical current distribution exists. Ampere's law
is a special case of Biot-Savart's law; the former may be derived from the latter.
By applying Stoke's theorem
12/22/2021 17
Ampere’s Circuital Law:
By applying Stoke's theorem
Comparing the surface integrals
Ampere's law in differential

(or point) form
we should observe that  x H = J  0; that is, magnetostatic field is not conservative.
12/22/2021 18
Applications of Ampere’s Law:
(i) Infinite line current:
Consider an infinitely long filamentary current I along the z-axis as in Figure.
To determine H at an observation point P, we allow a closed path passing
through P. This path, on which Ampere's law is to be applied, is known as an
Amperian path (analogous to the term Gaussian surface).
The concentric circle chosen as the Amperian path shows that H is constant
provided  is constant.
From Ampere’s Law,
12/22/2021 19
Different Current distributions:
12/22/2021 20
(ii) Infinite sheet of current:
Consider an infinite current sheet in the z = 0 plane. If
the sheet has a uniform current density K = Kyay A/m
as shown in Figure, applying Ampere's law to the
rectangular closed path (Amperian path) gives
(1)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkIyrOsCe8k
12/22/2021 21
To evaluate the integral, we first need to have an idea of

what H is like. To achieve this, we regard the infinite sheet
as comprising of filaments;
(2)
12/22/2021 22
(ii) Infinite sheet of current: (1)
(2)
(3)
Comparing (1) and (3)
12/22/2021 23
In general, for an infinite sheet of current density K A/m,
where an is a unit normal vector directed from the current sheet

to the point of interest.
12/22/2021 24
Example 3:
Planes z = 0 and z = 4 carry current K = -l0ax A/m and K = l0ax A/m, respectively.
Determine H at
(a) (1,1,1)
(b) (0, - 3 , 10)
12/22/2021 25
Homework 5:
12/22/2021 26
12/22/2021 27
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
12/22/2021 1
Magnetic flux density - Maxwell‘s equation
The magnetic flux density B is similar to the electric flux density D. As D = oE in free
space, the magnetic flux density B is related to the magnetic field intensity H according to
where o is a constant known as the permeability of free space. The constant is in

Henry/meter (H/m) and has the value of
The magnetic flux through a surface S is given by
where the magnetic flux  is in weber (Wb) and the magnetic flux density is in
Weber/square meter (Wb/m2) or Tesla.
12/22/2021 2
In an electrostatic field, the flux passing through a closed surface is the same as the charge enclosed. Thus it is
possible to have an isolated electric charge as shown in Figure (a), which also reveals that electric flux lines are not
necessarily closed. Unlike electric flux lines, magnetic flux lines always close upon themselves as in Figure (b).
This is due to the fact that it is not possible to have isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic charges). For example, if
we desire to have an isolated magnetic pole by dividing a magnetic bar successively into two, we end up with pieces
each having north and south poles as illustrated in Figure.
An isolated magnetic charge does not exist.
12/22/2021 3
Thus the total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero; that is,
This equation is referred to as the law of conservation of magnetic flux or Gauss's law for magnetostatic fields just as
is Gauss's law for electrostatic fields. Although the magnetostatic field is not conservative, magnetic
flux is conserved.
By applying the divergence theorem
12/22/2021 4
Maxwell‘s equations for static ElectroMagnetic Fields
12/22/2021 5
Magnetic scalar and vector potential:
The electric potential V is related to the electric field intensity E as E = -V. Similarly, we can define a potential
associated with magnetostatic field B. In fact, the magnetic potential could be scalar Vm or vector A.
To define Vm and A involves recalling two important identities:
which must always hold for any scalar field V and vector field A.
Just as E = -V, we define the magnetic scalar potential Vm (in amperes) as related to H according to
if J = 0 The scalar potential is a useful

quantity in describing the
magnetic field, especially for
The magnetic scalar potential Vm is only defined in a region where J = 0 permanent magnets.
12/22/2021 6
if J = 0
We should also note that Vm satisfies Laplace's equation just as V does for electrostatic fields; hence,
Laplace’s equation for scalar

magnetic potential
12/22/2021 7
The magnetic vector potential A is useful in studying radiation from antennas and radiation leakage from
transmission lines, waveguides and microwave ovens. The magnetic vector potential may be used in regions
where the current density is zero or non zero and can be extended to time varying case later.
The magnetic vector potential is preferred when working with

the Lagrangian in classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.
From Gauss law,
Flux density is the curl of the

Comparing the above two equations, magnetic vector potential A
By applying Stokes's theorem, we obtain
12/22/2021 8
Example 1:
Solution:
12/22/2021 9
Solution cont…
12/22/2021 10
Solution cont…
12/22/2021 11
Home work 1:
Answer
12/22/2021 12
12/22/2021 13
19ECE202/Applied
Electromagnetics
(4 credits)

Dr. Parul Mathur
1/6/2022 1
Forces due to magnetic fields:
There are at least three ways in which force due to magnetic fields can be experienced. The
force can be
(a) due to a moving charged particle in a B field,
(b) on a current element in an external B field, or
(c) between two current elements.
(a) Force on a moving charged Particle:
1/6/2022 2
(a) Force on a moving charged Particle:
Lorentz force equation
This is known as the Lorentz force equation. It relates mechanical force to electrical force. If the mass of the charged
particle moving in E and B fields is m, by Newton's second law of motion.
1/6/2022 3
Practice Problem:
1/6/2022 4
(b) Force on a differential current element:
1/6/2022 5
1/6/2022 6
The total force can be obtained by integration
If the current I is through a closed path L or circuit, the force on the circuit is given by
1/6/2022 7
(c) Force between differential current elements:
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Numerical 1:
Solution:
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Magnetic Boundary conditions:
We make use of Gauss's law for magnetic fields
The normal component of B is continuous at

the boundary. It also shows that the normal
component of H is discontinuous at the
boundary; H undergoes some change at the
interface.
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where aN12 is a unit vector normal to the interface and is directed

from medium 1 to medium 2.
If the boundary is free of current or the media are not

conductors (for K is free current density), K = 0 and above
equation becomes
Thus the tangential component of H is continuous while that of B is discontinuous at the

boundary.
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Dividing both the equations we get,
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Example 1:
Solution:
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Example 1:
Solution:
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Example 1:
Solution:
Homework 1:
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Example 2:
Consider an interface in the y-z plane. The region x < 0 is medium 1 with r1 = 4.5 and magnetic field H1 = 4ax +
3ay - 6az A/m. The region x > 0 is medium 2 with r2 = 6. Find H2 in medium 2 and angle made by H2 with
normal to the interface.
Solution:
1/6/2022 17
Example 2:
Solution:
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Example 3:
Solution:
1/6/2022 19
Example 3:
1/6/2022 20
Example 3:
1/6/2022 21
Example 4:
1/6/2022 22
Example 4:
Solution cont…
1/6/2022 23
Homework 2:
1/6/2022 24
Time varying fields and Maxwell’s equations:
1/6/2022 25
1/6/2022 26
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This is one of the rare
situations where
mathematical argument
paved the way for
experimental investigation.
1/6/2022 28
Bose wrote in a Bengali
essay, Adrisya Alok (Invisible
Light), "The invisible light can
easily pass through brick walls,
buildings etc. Therefore,
messages can be transmitted by
means of it without the
mediation of wires."
1/6/2022 29
Bose planned to "perfect his coherer" but never
thought of patenting it.
Bose went to London on a lecture tour in 1896 and

met Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who had
been developing a radio wave wireless
telegraphy system for over a year and was trying to
market it to the British post service. In an
interview, Bose expressed his disinterest in
commercial telegraphy and suggested others use
his research work.
1/6/2022 30
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According to Faraday's experiments, a static magnetic field produces no current
flow, but a time-varying field produces an induced voltage (called electromotive
force or simply emf) in a closed circuit, which causes a flow of current.
where N is the number of turns in the circuit and  is the flux through each
turn. The negative sign shows that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to
oppose the flux producing it. This is known as Lenz's law and it emphasizes the
fact that the direction of current flow in the circuit is such that the induced
magnetic field produced by the induced current will oppose the original
magnetic field.
Animation: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/faradays-
law/latest/faradays-law_en.html
1/6/2022 33
Transformer and Motional EMFs
For a circuit with a single turn (N = 1)
Replacing  with the surface integral of B
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A. Stationary Loop in Time-Varying B Field (transformer emf)
A stationary conducting loop is kept in a time-varying magnetic B field.
This emf induced by the time-varying current in a stationary loop is referred to as

transformer emf.
By applying Stokes's theorem
Maxwell’s equation in point form
Figure: Induced emf due to a

stationary loop in a time varying
B field.
1/6/2022 35
A. Stationary Loop in Time-Varying B Field (transformer emf)
Maxwell’s equation in point form
Recall
Figure: Induced emf due to a

stationary loop in a time varying
B field.
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B. Moving Loop in Static B Field (Motional emf)
If we consider a conducting loop, moving with uniform velocity u as

consisting of a large number of free electrons, the emf induced in the loop is
1/6/2022 37
B. Moving Loop in Static B Field (Motional emf)
This type of emf is called motional emf or flux-cutting emf because it is due to motional
action. It is the kind of emf found in electrical machines such as motors, generators, and alternators.
By applying Stokes's theorem
1/6/2022 38
C. Moving Loop in Time-Varying Field
This is the general case in which a moving conducting loop is in a time-varying magnetic
field. Both transformer emf and motional emf are present.
1/6/2022 39
Example 1:
Solution:
(a) In this case, we have transformer emf given by
The polarity of the induced voltage (according to Lenz's law) is such that
point P on the bar is at lower potential than Q when B is increasing.
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Example 1:
Solution cont…
(b) This is the case of motional emf:
1/6/2022 41
Example 1:
Solution cont…
(c) Both transformer emf and motional emf are present in this case.
1/6/2022 42
Home work 1:
1/6/2022 43
Displacement current:
For static EM fields, we recall that
(1)
But the divergence of the curl of any vector field is identically zero. Hence,
(2)
The continuity of current however, requires that
(3)
Thus eqs. (2) and (3) are obviously incompatible for time-varying conditions. Hence eqn (1) must be amended for time-
varying fields. To do this, we add a term to eq. (1) so that it becomes
(4)
Where Jd is to be determined and defined.
1/6/2022 44
Again, the divergence of the curl of any vector is zero. Hence:
(5)
In order for eq. (5) to agree with eq. (3),
(6)
(7)
Substituting eq. (7) in eq. (4), results in
(8) Maxwell's equation (based on Ampere's

circuit law) for a time-varying field
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Since the term D/ t results from a time-varying electric flux density, Maxwell termed it as displacement
current density. J is the conduction current density due to the motion of charges,
J = E
and the convection current density is the motion of volume charge density. Both are represented by J,
In a non conducting medium in which no volume charge density is present, J =0 and then,
1/6/2022 46
Notice the symmetry

between the two
equations
A time-varying A time-varying
electric field creates a magnetic field creates
magnetic field an electric field
The insertion of Jd into the above equation was one of the major contributions of Maxwell. Without the
term Jd, electromagnetic wave propagation (radio or TV waves, for example) would be impossible.
At low frequencies, Jd is usually neglected compared with J. However, at radio frequencies, the two terms
are comparable. At the time of Maxwell, high-frequency sources were not available and above equation
could not be verified experimentally.
1/6/2022 47
Nature of Displacement current density:
Based on the displacement current density,
we define the displacement current as
1/6/2022 48
Based on the displacement current density, we define the displacement
current as
Applying an unmodified form of Ampere's circuit law to a closed path L

shown in Figure (a) gives
where I is the current through the conductor and S1 is the flat surface
bounded by L. If we use the balloon-shaped surface S2 that passes
between the capacitor plates, as in Figure (b),
because no conduction current (J = 0) flows through S2. This is contradictory in view of the fact that the same
closed path L is used. To resolve the conflict, we need to include the displacement current in Ampere's circuit
law.
1/6/2022 49
This is contradictory in view of the fact that the same closed path L is
used. To resolve the conflict, we need to include the displacement
current in Ampere's circuit law.
So we obtain the same current for either surface though it is

conduction current in S1 and displacement current in S1
1/6/2022 50
Summary of Maxwell’s equations in Point form:
1/6/2022 51
Summary of Maxwell’s equations in Integral form:
Applying integration over a surface

and applying Stoke’s theorem to
Faraday’s law and Ampere’s circuital
law we obtain,
1/6/2022 52
Summary of Maxwell’s equations in Point form:
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1/6/2022 54

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19ECE202/Applied

Ms. R V Sanjika Devi,

Fig: Radar image acquired by the SAR radar on

Fig: Microwave Landing System Fig: Global Positioning System

Fig: Hubble Space Telescope

Fig: Detection of malignant

Fig: Microwave drying Fig: Non destructive testing of cracks by combining

Ms. R V Sanjika Devi,

(i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (coordinates are x,y,z)

It is a right handed system with base vectors ax, ay and az

Since the angle between two unit vectors of the Cartesian

The ranges of the coordinate variables x, y, and z are

A vector A in Cartesian coordinates can be written as

The dot product of two vectors A and B is given by

The cross product of two vectors A and B is given by

The length is given by

The differential areas are given by

The differential volume is given by

The cylindrical coordinate system is the equivalent of

Fig: The three unit vectors of the

The ranges of the coordinate variables ,  and z are

A vector A in Cylindrical coordinates can be written as

Fig: Cylindrical coordinate surfaces. The three orthogonal

It is a right handed system with base vectors a, a and az

The differential length is given by

The differential areas are given by

The differential volume is given by

Ms. R V Sanjika Devi,

The differential length is given by

The differential areas are given by

The differential volume is given by

Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates

Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinates

Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates

Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinates

Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinates

Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinate system

Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinate system

Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinate system

Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinate system

Fig: The three unit vectors of the

Fig: The three mutually perpendicular

The ranges of the coordinate variables r,  and  are

A vector A in spherical coordinates can be written as

Fig: Spherical coordinate surfaces. The three orthogonal

It is a right handed system with base vectors ar , a and a

Fig: The three unit vectors of the

The differential areas are given by

The differential volume is given by

Cartesian to Cylindrical Cartesian to Spherical

Since 0    180o and 0    360o, care must be

(a) P(3.162, 71.56°, 5), P(5.916, 32.31°, 71.56°),

(b) T(4, 270°, 3), T(5, 53.13°, 270°)

Inverse of an orthogonal matrix is

Ms. R V Sanjika Devi,

Find B (-3, 4, 0) and B (5, /2, -2).

For positive z, 0   < 90

Cartesian to Cylindrical coordinate system

The choice of the coordinate system does

 The magnitude of vector A is

 The unit vector along A is given

(b) (0, - 2 , 21),

(d) ± (0.9117, 0.2279, 0.3419).