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Heat ExpansionThermometers2 (2020)
Heat ExpansionThermometers2 (2020)
Expansion &
Measuring temperature
Part 2
Definitions of Temperature
Temperature is…
• a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
• is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in an object.
• the property of a system that determines whether or
not it will be in thermal equilibrium with another object.
It is measured in…
• °C = degrees Celcius (degrees centigrade)
• K = Kelvin (standard unit, absolute scale)
• °F = degrees Fahrenheit
Thermometers
Liquid-bulb thermometer & Constant volume gas thermometer
bimetallic strip
Linear scales
Freezing point of water
(at 1 atm)
𝟓𝟓
𝐓𝐓 ℃ = . 𝐓𝐓 ℉ − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟗𝟗
Units & Scales for Temperature
𝐕𝐕 ∝ 𝐓𝐓 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊
𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝐏𝐏
Gay-Lussac’s Law
𝐓𝐓 𝐊𝐊 = 𝐓𝐓 ℃ + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
273.51 K
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ≡ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°
Thermal Expansion
For T > 4° C
…expected behavior
…V⇧ when T⇧
Ice is less
For 0° < T < 4° C dense
…anomalous behavior than water
…V⇩ when T⇧
When water cools below 4°C, it starts to expand, becoming less dense
than the slightly warmer water ⇒ ice forms on the surface and not
further down, allowing aquatic life to survive during icy winters.