11 Uniform Plane Wave 2018 MK

Nguyễn Công Phương
Engineering Electromagnetics
The Uniform Plane Wave

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Vector Analysis
III. Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
IV. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law & Divergence
V. Energy & Potential
VI. Current & Conductors
VII. Dielectrics & Capacitance
VIII. Poisson’s & Laplace’s Equations
IX. The Steady Magnetic Field
X. Magnetic Forces & Inductance
XI. Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations
XII. The Uniform Plane Wave
XIII. Transmission Lines
XIV. Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion
XV. Guided Waves & Radiation
Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

1. Wave Propagation in Free Space
2. Wave Propagation in Dielectrics
3. The Poynting Vector
4. Skin Effect
5. Wave Polarization

Wave Propagation in Free Space (1)
∂E
∇ × H = ε0
∂t
∂H
∇ × E = − µ0
∂t
∇ .E = 0
∇.H = 0

E = Exa x
Ex = E ( x, y , z ) cos(ω t + ϕ )
e jωt = cos ω t + j sin ωt
→ Ex = Re  E ( x, y , z )e j (ω t +ϕ )  = Re  E ( x , y , z )e jϕ e jω t 
Exs = E ( x , y , z )e jϕ
E s = Exs a x
Ex = Re  E xs e jωt 
 
Ex. 1
Find the time – varying function of the vector field:
E s = 100 30oa x + 20 − 50oa y + 40 210oa z V/ m
If f = 1 MHz
j 30o − j 50 o j 210o
E s = 100e a x + 20 e a y + 40e a z V/ m
(
→ Es (t ) = 100e j 30o
a x + 20e − j 50o
a y + 40e j 210o
)
az e j 2π 106 t
j (2π 106 t +30 o ) j (2π 106 t −50o ) j (2π 10 6 t + 210 o )

= 100e a x + 20e a y + 40e az
→ E(t ) = Re[ Es (t )] = 100 cos(2π 106 t + 30o )a x +

+ 20 cos(2π 106 t − 50o )a y + 40 cos(2π 106 t + 210o )a z
Ex = E ( x, y, z ) cos(ωt + ϕ )
∂E x ∂
→ = [ E ( x, y, z ) cos(ωt + ϕ ) ] = −ω E ( x, y, z )sin(ωt + ϕ )
∂t ∂t
{ }
Re  jω Exs e jω t  = Re jω  E ( x, y, z )e jω t  e jϕ
= Re  jω E ( x, y, z )e j (ωt +ϕ ) 
= Re {ω E ( x, y, z) j [ cos(ωt + ϕ ) + j sin(ωt + ϕ )]}
= Re {ω E ( x, y, z ) [ j cos(ωt + ϕ ) − sin(ωt + ϕ )]}
= −ω E ( x, y, z ) sin(ωt + ϕ )
∂E x
→ = Re  jω E xs e jωt 
∂t  
Ex = E ( x, y, z ) cos(ωt + ϕ )
∂E x
= Re  jω E xs e jωt  ↔ jω E xs
∂t  
∂E
∇ × H = ε0 ∇ × H s = jωε 0E s
∂t
∂H ∇× Es = − jωµ0 H s
∇ × E = − µ0
∂t
∇ .E s = 0
∇ .E = 0
∇.H = 0 ∇.H s = 0

∇ × E s = − jωµ0 H s → ∇ × ∇ × E s = ∇ × ( − jωµ 0 H s ) = − jωµ0 ∇ × H s
∇ × H s = jωε 0 E s
→ ∇ ×∇ × E s = ω 2 µ0ε 0E s
∇ × ∇× E s = ∇ (∇ .E s ) − ∇ 2Es
∇ .E s = 0 → ∇ (∇.Es ) = 0
→ ∇ 2E s = −k 02E s
k0 = ω µ0ε 0 (wavenumber)
∇ 2 Exs = −k02 Exs
∂ 2 Exs ∂ 2 Exs ∂ 2 Exs
→ + + = − k 2
E d 2
E xs
∂x 2
∂y 2
∂z 2 0 xs
→ 2
= − k 2
0 Exs
Suppose E does not vary with x or y
dz
xs
d 2 E xs
= −k02 E xs
dz 2
→ Exs = E x 0 e− jk0 z → Ex ( z, t ) = Ex 0 cos(ωt − k0 z )
E ′x ( z, t ) = E x′ 0 cos(ωt + k 0 z )
k0 = ω µ0ε 0 ω
1 → k0 =
= 2.998 × 108 ≈ 3 × 108 m/s c
µ0ε 0
 E x ( z, t ) = E x 0 cos[ω (t − z / c )]
→
 E ′x ( z, t ) = E ′x 0 cos[ω (t + z / c )]

 E x ( z , t ) = E x 0 cos[ω ( t − z / c )]

 E ′x ( z , t ) = E ′x 0 cos[ω ( t + z / c )]
dE xs
∇ × Es = − jωµ0 H s → = − jωµ0 H ys
dz
Exs = Ex 0e − jk0 z
1 − jk0 z ε 0 − jk0 z
→ H ys = − ( − jk0 ) E x 0 e = Ex0 e
jωµ 0 µ0
ε0
→ H y ( z , t ) = E x0 cos(ωt − k0 z )
µ0 Ex µ0
→ =
Hy ε0
Ex ( z , t ) = Ex 0 cos[ω (t − z / c )]
Ex. 2
Given H = Hmcos(ωt + βz)ax in free space, find E? Method 1
∂E
∇× H = ε 0
∂t
 ∂H z ∂H y   ∂H x ∂H z   ∂H y ∂H x  ∂E
→ − ax +  − ay +  − az = ε0
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  ∂t
∂ ∂E
→ H m cos(ωt + β z )a y = ε 0
∂z ∂t
∂E
→ − β H m sin(ωt + β z )a y = ε 0
∂t
β β
→ E = −  H m sin(ω t + β z )a y = H m cos(ωt + β z )a y
ε0 ε 0ω
Ex. 2
Given H = Hmcos(ωt + βz)ax in free space, find E? Method 2
β
E= H m cos(ωt + β z )a y H s = H m e jβ z a x = H xsa x
ε 0ω
∇ × H s = jωε 0Es
 ∂H zs ∂H ys   ∂H xs ∂H zs   ∂H ys ∂H xs 
→ − +
 x 
a −  a y +  ∂x − ∂y  a z = jωε 0E s
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   
→ jβ H m e jβ za y = jωε 0 Es
β H m jβ z
→ Es = e ay
ε 0ω
jω t  β H m j (ω t + β z )  β H m
→ E = Re E s e  = Re  e ay  = cos(ω t + β z )a y
 ε 0ω  ε 0ω
Ex. 3
Given a uniform plane wave whose E = 100cos(ωt + 6z)ax V/m in free space,
Find the wave frequency, the wavelength, & H?
ω
E x ( z , t ) = Ex 0 cos(ω t − k 0 z ), k0 = Ex µ0
c =
ω = k0 c = 6 × 3 × 108 = 1.8 × 109 rad/ s Hy ε0
c c 2π 2π
λ= = = = = 1.047 m
f ω / 2π k0 6
E s = 100e j 6 z a x = E xs a x
∂Exs
∇ × E s = − jωµ0 H s → a y = j 600e j 6 z a y = − jωµ0 H s
∂z
j 600e j 6 z 600e j 6 z
→ Hs = ay = − a = −0.2653e j6 z
a y A/ m
− jωµ 0 (1.8 × 10 )(4π ×10 ) −7
9 y
H = Re  H s e jωt  = Re  −0.2653e j (1.8×10 t +6 z ) a y  = −0.2653 cos(1.8 × 108 t + 6 z )a y A/ m

8
 
4. Skin Effect

Wave Propagation in Dielectrics (1)
∇ 2E s = −k02 E s → ∇2 E s = −k 2 E s
k = ω µε = k0 µ r ε r
µ µ0
η= , η0 = = 377 ≈ 120π Ω
ε ε0
d 2 E xs
= −k 2 E xs
dz 2
jk = α + j β
Exs = E x 0e− jkz = E x 0e−α z e − j β z
→ Ex = Re  E xs e jωt  = E x 0 e −α z cos(ωt − β z )
 
ε = ε ′ − jε ′′ = ε 0 (ε r′ − jε r′′)
k = ω µε = k0 µ r ε r
ε ′′
→ k = ω µ (ε ′ − jε ′′) = ω µε ′ 1 − j
ε′
µ = µ ′ − j µ ′′ = µ0 ( µ r′ − j µ r′′ )
1/ 2
µε ′   2
ε
  ′′
α = Re[ jk ] = ω 1 +   − 1
2   ε′  
 
1/ 2
µε ′   2
ε
  ′′
β = Im[ jk ] = ω 1 +   + 1
2   ε′  
 
−α z ω
Ex = Ex 0e cos(ωt − β z ) → v p =
β
2π
βλ = 2π → λ =
β
Ex µ E x 0 −α z − j β z
= = η → H ys = e e
Hy ε η
1/ 2
α = 0
µε ′   ε ′′ 
2
α = Re[ jk ] = ω 1 +   − 1 
2   ε′    β = ω µε ′ = ω µε
   ω 1 c
1/ 2 → v p = = =
β µε µrε r
µε ′  ε  
2
  ′′
β = Im[ jk ] = ω 1 +   + 1  2π 1 λ0
2   ε′    λ = = =
   ω µε f µε µr ε r
ε ′′ = 0
α =0  E x = E x0 cos(ωt − β z )

µ → Ex 0
 H y = η cos(ω t − β z)
Ex
= =η
Hy ε 

Ex. 1
Find the attenuation of a 2.5 GHz wave propagating in fresh water,
given ε’r = 78, ε’’r = 7, μr = 1.
1/ 2
µε ′   ε ′′ 
 2
α =ω 1 +   − 1
2   ε′  
 
ω µε ′ = k0 µrε r′
k0 = ω / c
1/ 2
78   2
2π × 2.5 × 109  7  1
→α = 1 +   − 1 = 21 Np/m → ≈ 4.8 cm
3 × 108 2   78   α
 
J =σE
∇ × H s = jωε Es
ε = ε ′ − jε ′′
→ ∇ × H s = jω (ε ′ − jε ′′)E s = ωε ′′Es + jωε ′Es
∇ × H s = J s + jωε E s
→ ∇ × H s = (σ + jωε ′) Es = Jσ s + J ds
 Jσ s = σ Es , J ds = jωε ′Es

→ σ
′′
 ε = ω
J ds = jωε Es
θ J s = (σ + jωε )Es
J σ s = σ Es
1/ 2
µε ′   2
ε
  ′′
α =ω 1 +   − 1 ε ′′ σ
2   ε′   Es tan θ = =
  ε ′ ωε ′
σ ε ′′ σ
ε ′′ = → =
ω ε ′ ωε ′
J σ s ε ′′ σ
Jσ s = σ Es , J ds = jωε ′Es → = =
J ds jε ′ jωε ′
ε ′′
Good dielectrics : ≪1
ε ′
σ
Conductor: ε ′ =
ω
ε′ σ
→ jk = jω µε ′ 1 − j = jω µε ' 1 − j
ε′ ωε ′
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x )n = 1 + nx + x + x + ...
2! 3!
 σ 1 σ 
2 
→ jk = jω µε ′ 1 − j +   + ...  = α + j β
 2ωε ′ 8  ωε ′  
 − j σ  = σ µ
 α = Re[ jk ] ≈ jω µε ′  2ωε ′  2 ε ′
  
→

 β = Im[ jk ] ≈ ω µε ′ 1 + 1  σ 
2
    ≈ ω µε ′
  8  ωε ′  
  σ  σ µ
 α ≈ jω µε ′  − j  =
  2ωε ′  2 ε ′
  1  σ 2 
 β ≈ ω µε ′ 1 +  ≈ ω µε ′
  
  8  ωε ′  
µ µ µ 1
η= = =
ε ε ′ − jε ′′ ε ′ 1 − j (ε ′′ / ε ')
µ  3 σ  σ  µ σ 
2
→η ≈ 1 −   +j ≈ 1 + j 
ε  8  ωε 
′ ′ 2ωε 
′ ε 
′ 2ωε ′ 

Ex. 2 Wave Propagation in Dielectrics (10)
E = 377cos(109t – 5y)az V/m represents a uniform plane wave propagating in the y direction
in a dielectric medium (μ = μ0, ε = εrε0), find the relative permittivity, the speed of propagation,
the intrinsic impedance, the wavelength, & the magnetic field intensity?
∇ 2 Es = − k 2 E s
E s = 377e − j 5 y a z → (− j 5) 2 377 e− j5 ya z = − k 2 377e − j 5 ya z
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
∇V = 2 + 2 + 2
2
→ k = 5 rad/ m
∂x ∂y ∂z
k = ω µε = ω µ0ε r ε 0
k2 52
→ εr = = −7 −12
= 2.2469
ω µ0ε 0 (10 ) (4π ×10 )(8.854 ×10
2 9 2
)
ω 109
vP = = = 2 × 108 m/ s
β 5
E = 377cos(109t – 5y)az V/m represents a uniform plane wave propagating in the y direction
in a dielectric medium (μ = μ0, ε = εrε0), find the relative permittivity, the speed of propagation,
the intrinsic impedance, the wavelength, & the magnetic field intensity?
µ0 4π × 10 −7
η= = −
= 251.33 Ω
ε rε 0 2.2469 × 8.854 × 10 12
2π 2π
λ= = = 1.257 m
β 5
 Ex = Ex0 cos(ωt − β z)

 Ex 0
 H y = η cos(ω t − β z )

Ez = 377 cos(109 t − 5 y )
377
→ Hx = cos(109 t − 5 y ) → H = 1.5 cos(109 t − 5 y )a x A/ m
251.33
A 2-GHz wave propagates in a medium whose μr = 1.6, εr = 25, σ = 2.5 S/m. The EFI in this region is
E = 0.1e–αzcos(2πft – βz)ax V/m. Find the propagation constant, the attenuation constant, the phase
constant, the intrinsic impedance, the phase speed, the wavelength, and the MFI?
ε = ε ′ − jε ′′
σ 2.5
σ → ε = ε rε 0 − j = 25 × 8.854 ×10−12 − j
ε ′′ = 2π f 2π × 2 ×109
ω
= 2.2135 × 10−10 − j1.9894 × 10 −10 F/ m
jk = jω µε = jω µ r µ0 ε ′ − jε ′
= j 2π × 2 × 109 1.6 × 4π × 10 −7 2.2135 × 10 −10 − j1.9894 × 10 −10

= j1.7819 ×10 7 2.9761 ×10− 10 − 41.9o
= 1.7819 × 107 90o × 1.7251× 10 −5 − 20.1o
= 307.40 69.0o = 110.03 + j 287.04 1/ m
jk = 307.40 69.0 = 110.03 + j 287.04 1/ m

o
α = Re[ jk ] = 110.03 Np/ m

β = Im[ jk ] = 287.04 rad/ m
µ µr µ0 1.6 × 4π × 10 −7
η= = =
ε ε ′ − jε ′′ 2.2135 × 10 −10 − j1.9894 × 10 −10
1.6 × 4π × 10−7
= = 6.7558 × 10 3 41.9o = 82.19 21.0 o Ω
2.9761× 10 −10 − 41.9 o
jk = 307.40 69.0 = 110.03 + j 287.04 1/ m

o
α = Re[ jk ] = 110.03 Np/ m

β = Im[ jk ] = 287.04 rad/ m
ω 2π × 2 × 109
vP = = = 4.38 × 10 7 m/ s
β 287.04
2π 2π
λ= = = 0.0218 m
β 287.04
1 1
= = 0.0091 m
α 110.03
α = 110.03 Np/ m; β = Im[ jk ] = 287.04 rad/ m; η = 82.19 21.0 Ω o
Ex E
= η → xs = η
Hy H ys
Exs = 0.1e −α ze − j β z = 0.1e −110.03z e − j 287.04z
E xs 0.1e −110.03z e− j 287.04z −110.03 z − j 287.04 z − j 21.0 o

→ H ys = = = 0.0012e e e
η 82.19e j 21.0o
→ H = 1.2e−110.03z cos(4π × 109 t − 287.04 z − 21.0 o )a y mA/ m

4. Skin Effect

The Poynting Vector (1)
∂D
∇×H = J +
∂t
∂D
→ E.∇ × H = E.J + E.
∂t
∇.(E × H) = − E.∇× H + H.∇ × E
∂D
→ H.∇× E − ∇.(E × H) = J.E + E.
∂t
∂B
∇ ×E = −
∂t
∂B ∂D
→ −H. − ∇.(E × H ) = E.J + E.
∂t ∂t
∂E ∂H
→ −∇.(E × H) = J.E + ε E. + µ H.
∂t ∂t
∂E ∂H
−∇.(E × H) = J.E + ε E. + µH.
∂t ∂t
∂E ∂  D.E 
ε E. = 
∂t ∂t  2 
∂H ∂  B.H 
µ H. = 
∂t ∂t  2 
∂  D.E  ∂  B.H 
→ ∇.(E × H) = J.E + + 
∂t  2  ∂t  2 
 
∂  D.E  ∂  B.H 
→ −  ∇ .(E × H)dv =  J.Edv +  dv +  dv
V V V ∂t 
 2 
 V 
∂t  2 
 S
D.dS =  ∇.Ddv
V
d 1 d 1
→ −  (E × H).d S =  J.Edv + V 2 D.Edv + V B.Hdv
S V dt dt 2
∂  ε E2 µH 2 
 S (E × H).dS = V J.Edv + ∂t V  2 + 2  dv
 
S = E × H W/m 2
Ex a x × H y a y = S z a z
Ex = Ex 0 cos(ωt − β z )
Ex20
→ Sz = cos2 (ωt − β z )
Hy =
Ex 0
cos(ω t − β z ) η
η
1 T Ex20 1 Ex20 T
S z, av = 0 cos (ωt − β z )dt =
2
0 [1+ cos(2ωt − β z)]dt
T η 2T η
T
1 Ex20  1  1 Ex20
= 1 +
 2ω sin( 2ωt − 2 β z )  = W/ m 2
2T η 0 2 η
Ex = Ex 0e−α z cos(ωt − β z) Ex 0
→ Hy = e−α z cos(ωt − β z − θη )
η = η θη η
Ex20
→ S z = Ex H y = e−2α z cos(ωt − β z ) cos(ωt − β z − θη )
η
Ex20 −2α z
= e [cos(2ωt − 2 β z − 2θη ) + cos θη ]
2η
1 E x20 −2α z 1
→ S z, av = e cosθη = Re E s × H
ˆ  W/ m 2
s
2 η 2
E s = Ex 0 e − jβ z a x
ˆ = Ex 0 e jβ z a = Ex 0 e jθη e j β z a
H
ηˆ η
s y y
Ex. 1 The Poynting Vector (5)
Given a uniform plane wave whose E = 100cos(ωt + 6z)ax V/m in free space,
Find the average power density in the medium?
ω = k0 c = 6 × 3 × 108 = 1.8 × 109 rad/ s
E s = 100e j 6 z a x = E xs a x
∂Exs
∇× E s = − jωµ0 H s → a y = j 600e j 6 z a y = − jωµ0 H s
∂z
j 600e j 6 z 600e j 6 z
→ Hs = ay = − a = −0.2653e j6 z
a y A/ m
− jωµ 0 (1.8 × 10 )(4π ×10 )
−7
9 y
H = Re  H s e jωt  = Re  −0.2653e j (1.8×10 t +6 z ) a y  = −0.2653 cos(1.8 × 108 t + 6 z )a y A/ m

8
 
1 ˆ  = 1 Re 100e j 6 z a × (−0.2653e− j 6 z a )  = −13.265a W/ m 2
Sav = Re  E s × H s
2 
x y  z
2
In a source-free dielectric region, there is a field E = Csinαxcos(ωt – kz)ay V/m.
Find the magnetic field intensity & the average power density?
E s = E ysa y = C sin α xe − jkza y
∇ × Es = − jωµ H s
 ∂Ezs ∂E ys   ∂Exs ∂E zs   ∂E ys ∂Exs 

→ − ax +  −  a y +  ∂x − ∂y  a z = − jωµ H s
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   
→ jkC sin α xe − jkz a x + α C cos α xe − jkz a z = − jωµ H s
kC αC
→ Hs = − sin α xe − jkz
ax + j cos α xe − jkz a z
ωµ ωµ
In a source-free dielectric region, there is a field E = Csinαxcos(ωt – kz)ay V/m.
Find the magnetic field intensity & the average power density?
E s = E ysa y = C sin α xe − jkza y

kC αC
Hs = − sin α xe − jkz
ax + j cos α xe− jkz a z
ωµ ωµ
1  ˆ 
S av = Re E s × H s
2
1
2 

(
= Re  C sin α xe − jkz  kC
ay × −
 ωµ
)
sin α xe a x − j
jkz αC
ωµ

cos α xe a z 
jkz

1  kC 2 α C 2
 kC 2
= Re  sin 2 α xa z − j sin α x cos α xa x  = sin 2 α xa z
2  ωµ ωµ  2ωµ
A 2-GHz wave propagates in a medium whose (μr = 1.6, εr = 25, σ = 2.5 S/m). The EFI in this region is
E = 0.1e–αzcos(2πft – βz)ax V/m. Find the average power density?
E s = 0.1e −110.03z e − j 287.04 za x V/ m

−110.03 z − j(287.04 z + 21.0 o )
H s = 0.0012e e a y A/ m
1  ˆ 
S av = Re E s × H s
2
=
1 
(
Re 0.1e
2 
−110.03 z − j 287.04 z
e )(
a x × 0.0012e −110.03 z + j (287.04 z + 21.0 o )
e ay  )

1   1 
= Re 121.7 × 10 e −6 −2 ×110.03 z j 21.0o
e a z = Re 121.7 ×10 e −6 −220.06 z j 21.0 o
e az 
2   2  
1
= 121.7 ×10−6 e −220.06 z cos 21.0o a z = 56.79e −220.06 z a z µ W/ m2
2
4. Skin Effect

Skin Effect (1)
σ σ
jk = jω µε ′ 1 − j ≈ jω µε ′ − j = j − jωµσ
ωε ′ ωε ′
− j = 1 − 90o
1 1
1 − 90 = 1 − 45 =
o
−j o
2 2
 1 1 
→ jk = j  −j  ωµσ = ( j1 + 1) π f µσ = α + jβ
 2 2
→ α = β = π f µσ
π f µσ
→ Ex = Ex0 e−α z cos(ω t − β z ) = Ex 0e − z cos(ωt − z π f µσ )
Skin Effect (2)
π f µσ
E x = E x 0e − z cos(ω t − z π f µσ )
Dielectrics
z
Ex z =0
= Ex 0 cos ω t 0
Conductor
π f µσ
J x = σ E x = σ E x 0e − z cos(ωt − z π f µσ )
1 1 1
δ= = =
π f µσ α β
0.066
δ Cu =
f
δ Cu ; 50 Hz = 9.3 mm
δ Cu; 10,000 MHz = 6.61 × 10−4 mm
Skin Effect (3)
1
α=β= = π f µσ
δ
2π
β=
λ
→ λ = 2πδ
ω
vp =
β
→ v p = ωδ
Skin Effect (4)
Ex.
Consider an 1 MHz wave propagating in seawater, σ = 4 S/m, ε’r = 81.
σ 4
= −
= 8.9 × 10 2
≫1
ωε ′ (2π × 10 )(81)(8.85 × 10 )
6 12
1 1
δ= = = 0.25 m
π f µσ −
(π × 10 )(4π × 10 )(4)
6 7
λ = 2πδ = 1.6 m
v p = ωδ = (2π × 106 )(0.25) = 1.6 × 106 m/s

Skin Effect (5)
µ µ jωµ
η= = = jωµ
ε ε ′ − jε ′′ σ + jωε ′ →η =
σ
σ ≫ ωε '
1
j = 1 45 o
δ=
π f µσ
2 45o 1 1
→η = = + j
σδ σδ σδ
− z π f µσ
Ex = Ex 0 e cos(ω t − z π f µσ ) = E x0 e − z /δ cos(ω t − z / δ )
Ex
=η
Hy
σδ Ex 0  z π
→ Hy = e − z / δ cos  ωt − − 
2  δ 4
Skin Effect (6)
x
− z /δ
Ex = Ex 0e cos(ωt − z / δ ) Conductor
σδ Ex 0  z π L
− z /δ
Hy = e cos  ω t − − 
2  δ 4 Dielectrics Jx0
1 z
Sav = Re  E s × H
ˆ 
s 0
2
|Jxs|
1 σδ E x20 −2 z / δ π 
→ Sav = e cos   b δ
2 2 4 y
1
= σδ E x20 e −2 z / δ
4
b L1 1
SL, av =  S z , av dS =   σδ Ex20e −2 z / δ dxdy = σδ bLE x20
S 0 0 4 4
z =0
Skin Effect (7)
1 x
SL, av = σδ bLE x20
4 Conductor
J x 0 = σ Ex 0 L
1 Dielectrics Jx0
→ SL , av = δ bLJ 2x 0
4σ z
∞ b 0
I= 0 J x dydz
0 |Jxs|
J x = J x 0e− z / δ cos (ωt − z / δ )
→ J xs = J x 0e− z / δ e− jz / δ b y δ
= J x 0 e−(1+ j) z / δ
∞
∞ b −(1+ j ) z / δ −(1+ j ) z / δ −δ J x 0bδ
→ Is =  0 J x 0e dydz = J x 0be =
0 1+ j 0 1+ j
J x0 bδ  π
→I = cos  ωt − 
2  4
Skin Effect (8)
x
J x 0bδ  π
I= cos ωt −
  Conductor
2  4
L
I J  π
→ J′= = x 0 cos  ωt −  Dielectrics Jx0
bδ 2  4
1 z
→ SL = ( J ′)2 bLδ 0
σ |Jxs|
J x20  π
= bLδ cos 2  ωt − 
2σ  4 b δ
1 2 y
→ SL, av = J x 0bLδ
4σ
(if the current is distributed uniformly throughout 0 < z < δ)
1 2
SL, av = J x 0bLδ
4σ
(if the total current is distributed throuthout 0 < z < ∞)
Skin Effect (9)
L L
R= =
σ S σ 2π aδ
103
RCu, 1MHz, a =1mm, l =1km = −3 −3
= 41.5 Ω
(5.8 × 10 )(2π )(10 )(0.066 × 10 )
7

4. Skin Effect

Wave Polarization (1)
• In the previous sections, E & H are supposed to lie in
fix directions
• However, the directions of E & H within the plane
perpendicular to az may change as functions of time and
position
• λ, vp, S, …
• The instantaneous orientation of field vectors
• Wave polarization: its electric field vector orientation as
a function of time, at a fixed point in space
• H can be found from E

Wave Polarization (2) y
E s = ( Ex 0a x + E y 0a y )e−α z e− jβ z E
Ey0
H s = ( H x 0a x + H y 0a y )e−α z e− j β z
H Hy0
 E y0 E x0  −α z − jβ z
= − ax + ay e e
 η η  x
Hx0 Ex0
1
Sz , av = Re[ Es × H ˆ ]
s
2
1
= Re  Ex 0 Hˆ y 0 (a x × a y ) + E y 0 Hˆ x 0 (a y × a x )  e −2α z
2
1  Ex 0 Eˆ x 0 E y 0 Eˆ y 0  −2α z
= Re  + e az
2  ηˆ ηˆ 

1 1
= Re    E x0 + E y 0  e−2α z a z W/m2
2 2
2 ηˆ   
Wave Polarization (3)
E s = ( E x 0a x + E y 0a y )e− j β z
→ E( z, t ) = Ex 0 cos(ωt − β z )a x + E y 0 cos(ωt − β z + ϕ )a y
→ E( z, 0) = E x 0 cos( β z )a x + E y 0 cos( β z − ϕ )a y
E(z, 0)
ϕ
Ex0 β Observer
a
Ey0 location
b
Wave travel

Ex. Wave Polarization (4)
If EFI in a region is given by Es = e–0.2ze–j0.5z(3ax + j4ay) V/m, find the polarization
of the wave?
E = Re  e−0.2 z e− j 0.5 z (3a x + j 4a y )e jωt 
 
= Re  3e −0.2 z e j (ωt −0.5 z )a x + j 4e −0.2 z e j (ωt −0.5 z )a y ) 
 
3e −0.2 z [cos(ω t − 0.5 z ) + j sin(ω t − 0.5 z )]a x + 
= Re  
−0.2 z
 + j 4e [cos(ω t − 0.5 z ) + j sin(ω t − 0.5 z )]a y 
3e −0.2 z [cos(ω t − 0.5 z ) + j sin(ω t − 0.5z )]a x + 
= Re  
−0.2 z
 +4e [ j cos(ω t − 0.5z ) − sin(ωt − 0.5z )]a y 
= 3e −0.2 z cos(ω t − 0.5z )a x − 4e −0.2 z sin(ω t − 0.5z )a y
 E x ( z , t ) = 3e−0.2 z cos(ωt − 0.5z )
→ −0.2 z
 y
E ( z , t ) = −4 e sin(ωt − 0.5z )
Ex. Wave Polarization (5)
If EFI in a region is given by Es = e–0.2ze–j0.5z(3ax + j4ay) V/m, find the polarization
of the wave?
 Ex ( z , t ) = 3e−0.2 z cos(ωt − 0.5z )
 −0.2 z
 y E ( z , t ) = −4 e sin(ωt − 0.5 z ) y
 Ex (0, t ) = 3 cos ωt 4
→
 E y (0, t ) = −4sin ωt
1 1 3 x
→ E x2 (0, t ) + E 2y (0, t ) = 1 0
9 16
E x (0,0) = 3 π E x (0, π / 2ω ) = 0

t=0→ t= →
E y (0,0) = 0 2ω E y (0, π / 2ω ) = −4

Q1Q2 Q
Q F= aR E= aR D =εE
4πε R 2
4πε R 2
Q
W = −Q  E.d L V = −  E.d L C=
V
∂B ∂D
dQ V ∇×E = − ; ∇×H = J +
I= R= ∂t ∂t
dt I
∇.D = ρv ; ∇.B = 0
I Φ
H= aϕ B = µH Φ =  B.d S L=
2πρ I
a dΦ N2Φ12
Vm,ab = −  H.dL B = ∇× A sđđ = − M12 =
b dt I1
F = − I  B × dL T = R×F
E( x , y , z , t ) S = E×H

11 Uniform Plane Wave 2018 MK

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Nguyễn Công Phương

The Uniform Plane Wave

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 4

e jωt = cos ω t + j sin ωt

j (2π 106 t +30 o ) j (2π 106 t −50o ) j (2π 10 6 t + 210 o )

→ E(t ) = Re[ Es (t )] = 100 cos(2π 106 t + 30o )a x +

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 8

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 10

H = Re  H s e jωt  = Re  −0.2653e j (1.8×10 t +6 z ) a y  = −0.2653 cos(1.8 × 108 t + 6 z )a y A/ m

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 15

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 19

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 24

= j 2π × 2 × 109 1.6 × 4π × 10 −7 2.2135 × 10 −10 − j1.9894 × 10 −10

jk = 307.40 69.0 = 110.03 + j 287.04 1/ m

α = Re[ jk ] = 110.03 Np/ m

jk = 307.40 69.0 = 110.03 + j 287.04 1/ m

α = Re[ jk ] = 110.03 Np/ m

α = 110.03 Np/ m; β = Im[ jk ] = 287.04 rad/ m; η = 82.19 21.0 Ω o

Exs = 0.1e −α ze − j β z = 0.1e −110.03z e − j 287.04z

E xs 0.1e −110.03z e− j 287.04z −110.03 z − j 287.04 z − j 21.0 o

→ H = 1.2e−110.03z cos(4π × 109 t − 287.04 z − 21.0 o )a y mA/ m

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 31

H = Re  H s e jωt  = Re  −0.2653e j (1.8×10 t +6 z ) a y  = −0.2653 cos(1.8 × 108 t + 6 z )a y A/ m

E s = E ysa y = C sin α xe − jkza y

 ∂Ezs ∂E ys   ∂Exs ∂E zs   ∂E ys ∂Exs 

→ jkC sin α xe − jkz a x + α C cos α xe − jkz a z = − jωµ H s

E s = E ysa y = C sin α xe − jkza y

E s = 0.1e −110.03z e − j 287.04 za x V/ m

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 40

v p = ωδ = (2π × 106 )(0.25) = 1.6 × 106 m/s

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 44

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 49

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 50

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 51

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 53

E x (0,0) = 3 π E x (0, π / 2ω ) = 0

Uniform plane wave - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 55

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