10 Time Varying Field 2019 MK

Nguyễn Công Phương
Engineering Electromagnetics
Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Vector Analysis
III. Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
IV. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law & Divergence
V. Energy & Potential
VI. Current & Conductors
VII. Dielectrics & Capacitance
VIII. Poisson’s & Laplace’s Equations
IX. The Steady Magnetic Field
X. Magnetic Forces & Inductance
XI. Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations
XII. The Uniform Plane Wave
XIII. Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion
XIV.Guided Waves & Radiation
Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2
1. Faraday’s Law
2. Displacement Current
3. Maxwell’s Equations in Point Form
4. Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form
5. The Retarded Potentials

Faraday's Law (1)
dΦ
emf = − V
dt
Emf is nonzero if one of any:
• A time-changing flux linking a
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electrom
stationary closed path ag/electricity/inductance.html
• Relative motion between a steady

flux and a closed path
• A combination of the two
Minus sign ?
Lenz’s law http://www.engineering-
timelines.com/how/electricity/transformer.asp
Faraday's Law (2)
dΦ
emf = −
dt
d
emf =  E.dL → emf =  E.dL = − dt S B.dS
B = B (t )
Φ =  B.d S
S ∂B
→ emf =  E.dL = −  . dS
S ∂t
Stokes' theorem:  E.dL =  ( ∇ × E).dS

S
∂B ∂B
→  (∇ × E).dS = − .dS → (∇ × E).dS = − . dS
S S ∂t ∂t
∂B
→∇×E = −
∂t
Faraday's Law (3)
∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
∂B  E.dL = 0
emf =  E.dL = −  .d S
S ∂t
∇×E = 0
∂B
= 0 (steady)
∂t

Faraday's Law (4)
B
z
y
v
x=d
x
Φ =  B.dS = Byd
S dy
→ emf = − B d = − Bvd
dΦ dt
emf = −
dt
Faraday's Law (5)
B
z
F = Qv × B
F y
→ = v×B
Q v
Em = v × B x=d
x
0
emf =  Em .dL =  ( v × B).dL = d vBdx = − Bvd

Faraday's Law (6)
∂B
emf =  E.dL = −  .dS +  ( v × B).dL
S ∂t

Ex. 1 Faraday's Law (7)
A single turn loop is situated in air, with a uniform magnetic field normal to
its plane. The area of the loop is 10 m2. If the rate of change of flux density
is 5 Wb/m2/s, what is the emf appearing at the terminals of the loop?
dΦ
emf = − N dB
dt → emf = − S = 5 × 10 = 50 V
dt
Φ = BS

I B
dρ
µ IL b + vt a v
Φ (t ) = 0 ln 0 ρ
2π a0 + vt L
d Φ (t ) µ0 IL (b0 − a0 )v a0 + vt µ0 IL (b0 − a0 )v
→ emf = − = . . = .
dt 2π ( a0 + vt ) b0 + vt
2 2π (a0 + vt )b0 + vt

Method 1
y
1
0.5 0
S
0 α B
z
-0.5
ω x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t [s] R 2L
0.5
0 Φ = BS cos ω t
-0.5
d Φ (t )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 → emf = − = BSω sin ωt
t [s] dt

Ex. 4 Faraday's Law (10) y
A conductive strip of length L pivoted at one end is

B = Ba z
rotating freely in the xy-plane with an angular frequency ω
ω
0
in a uniform magnetic flux B. Find the induced emf z x
between the two ends of the strip? dρ
emf =  ( v × B ).dL
v = ρωaϕ
v × B = ( ρωaϕ ) × ( Ba z ) = ρω Ba ρ
L L L Bω L2
emf =  ( ρω Ba ρ ).d ρ a ρ =  ρω Bd ρ = ω B  ρdρ =
0 0 0 2

Ex. 5 Faraday's Law (11) y
A conductive strip of length 2L pivoted at the midpoint is

B = Ba z
rotating freely in the xy-plane with an angular frequency ω
ω
0
in a uniform magnetic flux B. Find the induced emf z x
between the two ends of the strip? dρ
Bω L2
emf g =
2
Bω L2
emf r =
2
emft = emf g − emf r = 0

Method 2
y c
d 0
S
emf =  Em .dL =  ( v × B).dL α B
z b
=
b
+
c
+
d
+
a ω x
a b c d
c a R a 2L
b =
d
=0
b −L y
emf ab =  = [( Rωaϕ ) × ( Ba x )].(dza z ) B
a L v S
−L ω α
= [ BRω sin(ωt )(−a z )].(dza z ) x
L
−L
= − BRω sin ωt  dz = 2LBRω sin ωt
L
Method 2
y c
d 0
S
emf =  Em .dL =  ( v × B).dL α B
z b
ω x
emfbc = emf da = 0
R a 2L
emf ab = 2 LBRω sin ωt
y
B
emf cd = 2LBRω sin ωt v S
ω α
emf = emf ab +emf cd x
= 4 LBRω sin ωt = BSω sin ω t
Method 1
B = Bmsinωtaρ. y c
d 0
S
α
Φ =  B.dS =  ( Bm sin ωta ρ ).(dSa S ) b B
z
S S ω x
=  Bm sin ωt cos ω tdS R a 2L

S
1
= Bm sin ωt cos ω t  dS = Bm S sin ωt cos ω t = Bm S sin 2ωt
S 2
dΦ
emf = − = − Bm Sω cos 2ωt
dt
Method 2
d 0
S
∂B α
emf = − .dS +  ( v × B ).dL z b B
S ∂t
ω x
∂B  ∂ Bm sin ωt 
− .dS = −  a ρ  . ( dSa S ) R a
S ∂t S ∂t  2L
( )
= − Bmω cos ω ta ρ . ( dSa S )
S
= − Bmω cos ωt  a ρ .dSa S = − Bmω cos ωt  cos ω tdS

S S
= − Bmω cos 2 ωt  dS = − Bm Sω cos 2 ωt

S
Method 2
d 0
S
∂B α
emf = − .dS +  ( v × B).dL z b B
S ∂t
ω x
b
 ( v × B).dL = 2 ( v × B).dL
a
R a 2L
−L
= 2 [( Rωaϕ ) × ( Bm sin ωta ρ )].(dza z )
L
−L
= 2 [( Rω Bm sin 2 (−a z )].(dza z ) = Bm Sω sin 2 ωt
L

Method 2
d 0
S
∂B α
emf = − .dS +  ( v × B).dL z b B
S ∂t
ω x
∂B R a
− .dS = − Bm Sω cos 2 ωt 2L
S ∂t
 ( v × B ) . dL = Bm S ω sin 2
ωt
emf = − Bm Sω cos 2 ωt + Bm Sω sin 2 ωt = − Bm Sω cos 2ωt

A circular conducting loop of radius R lies in the xy plane. Find the emf of the loop
if B = 0.5sin500tax + 0.3sin400tay + 0.9cos314taz T?
Φ =  B.dS
S
=  (0.5sin 500ta x + 0.3sin 400ta y + 0.9cos314ta z ).(dSa z )

S
=  (0.9cos 314t )dS

S
= 0.9cos314t  dS
S
= 0.9cos 314t (π R2 )
dΦ d
emf = − = − (0.9π R 2 cos 314t ) = 888R 2 sin 314t V
dt dt
1. Faraday’s Law

Displacement Current (1)
∇ × H = J → ∇.∇ × H = ∇.J
∇ .∇× H = 0 ∂ρ
→ v = 0 (unreasonable)
∂ρv ∂t
∇.J = −
∂t
∇× H = J + G → 0 = ∇.J + ∇.G
∂ρ v → ∇.G = ∂ρ v
∇.J = − ∂ t
∂t
∇.D = ρ v
∂ ∂D ∂D
→ ∇.G = (∇.D) = ∇. →G = ∂D
∂t ∂t ∂t → ∇×H = J +
∂t
∇×H = J +G
∂D
∇×H = J +
∂t
→ ∇× H = J + J d
∂D
Define J d =
∂t ∂D
In nonconducting medium J = 0 → ∇ × H =
∂t
∂D
I d =  J d .dS =  .dS
S S ∂t
∂D ∂D
→  H.dL = I + I d = I + 
S (∇× H).dS = S J.dS + S ∂t .dS S ∂t
.dS
 H.dL = S (∇ × H ).dS
C
I
emf = V0 cos ωt k
→ I = −ωCV0 sin ωt
εS B
= −ω V0 sin ωt
d
 k
H.dL = I k
 V0 
D = ε E = ε  cos ωt 
d  → I = −ω ε S V sin ωt
∂D ∂D d
d
0
Id =  .dS = S
S ∂t ∂t

Ex. 1 Displacement Current (4)
Given a magnetic field in free space as H = H0sin(ωt – βz)ay A/m. Determine
the displacement current density.
∂D
Jd =
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J +
∂t
J=0
 ∂H z ∂H y   ∂H x ∂H z   ∂H y ∂H x 
→ Jd = ∇ × H =  −  x 
a + −  a y +  ∂x − ∂y  a z
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   
= H 0 β cos(ω t − β z )a x

Ex. 2 Displacement Current (5)
A parallel – plate capacitor consists of two circular plates of radius R. Suppose
that the capacitor is being charged at a uniform rate so that the EFI between the
plates changes at a constant rate dE/dt = 1012 V/m/s. Find the displacement
current for the capacitor?
∂D ∂E
Jd = = ε0
∂t ∂t
∂E ∂E
I d =  J d dS =  ε 0 dS =  ε 0 dS
S S ∂t S ∂t
∂E dE
= ε0 ε π
∂t S
dS = 0 R 2
dt
1. Faraday’s Law

Maxwell’s Equations in Point Form (1)
∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
∂D
∇×H = J +
∂t
∇ .D = ρv
∇.B = 0

Ex. 1 Maxwell’s Equations in Point Form (2)
Given an electric field E = Acosω(t – z/c)ay. Determine the time-dependent
MFI H in free space?
∂B ∂H
∇×E = − = −µ0
∂t ∂t
∂E y ω  z
∇× E = − a x = − A sin ω  t − 
∂z c  c
ωA  z
→H=  sin ω  t −  a x
c µ0  c
A  z
=− cos ω  t −  a x
c µ0  c
Given an electric field E = Acosω(t – z/c)ay. Determine the time-dependent
MFI H in free space?
−A  z
H= cos ω  t −  a x
cµ0  c
B0 cos(ωt + α )a z ( ρ ≤ a)
Find E if B =
0 ( ρ > a)
 E.dL = S (∇ × E).dS →  E.dL = 2πρ E

E = E (ρ )aϕ
∂B
∇× E = − = ω B sin(ωt + α )az
∂t
→  (∇ × E).dS = ω B sin(ωt + α )  dS
S S
ρ ≤ a → ω B sin(ωt + α ) dS = ω B sin(ω t + α )(πρ 2 )

S
ρ > a → ω B sin(ωt + α ) dS = ω B sin(ω t + α ) dS + 0  dS

S S ,ρ≤a S , ρ >a
= ω B sin(ω t + α )(π a 2 )
B0 cos(ωt + α )a z ( ρ ≤ a )
Find E if B =  E.dL = S (∇ × E).dS
0 ( ρ > a)
 E.dL = 2πρ E
ω B sin(ω t + α )(πρ 2 ) (ρ ≤ a )
S (∇ × E).dS = ω B sin(ωt + α )(π a2 ) (ρ > a)
ω B sin(ωt + α )(πρ 2 ) ( ρ ≤ a)
→ 2πρ E =
ω B sin(ωt + α )(π a2 ) ( ρ > a)
1
ω B ρ sin(ω t + α )aϕ (ρ ≤ a )
2
→E=
1 a2
ω B sin(ω t + α )aϕ ( ρ > a)
2 ρ
Given a magnetic field in free space where there is neither current density nor
charge, B = Asin(ωt – nx)ax + Ankcos(ωt – nx)ay (T) where A, n, & ω are constants.
Use a Maxwell equation to derive the time-dependent part of E?
∂D
∇× H = J + ∂D 1 ∂E ∂E
∂t → ∇× H = → ∇× B = ε 0 → ∇ × B = µ0 ε 0
∂t µ0 ∂t ∂t
J=0
 ∂Bz ∂By   ∂Bx ∂Bz   ∂B y ∂B x 
∇×B =  −  ax +  −  ay + −  az
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
= An 2 k sin(ωt − nx )a z
∂E
→ An k sin(ωt − nx )a z = µ0ε 0
2
∂t
An2 k t An 2 k
→E= a z  sin(ωt − nx)dt = cos(ωt − nx )a z
µ0ε 0 0 µ0 ε 0ω
1. Faraday’s Law

Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form (1)
∂B ∂B
∇×E = −  E.dL = −S ∂t .dS E t1 = E t 2
∂t
∂D ∂D
∇×H = J +
∂t  H.dL = I + S ∂t .dS H t1 = H t 2
∇ .D = ρv  S D.dS = V ρv dv DN 1 − DN 2 = ρ S
∇ .B = 0  B.dS = 0 BN 1 = BN 2
S

Ex. Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form (2)
Find E given an magnetic field B = B0ebtaz?
∂B
 E.dL = −  S ∂t
.d S
E = E ( ρ )aϕ
∂B
→ E.  d L = − . dS
∂t S
→ E (2πρ ) = −bB0ebt (πρ 2 )
1
→ E = − bB0ebtπρ
2
1
→ E = − bB0e bt πρaϕ
2
1. Faraday’s Law

The Retarded Potentials (1)
E = −∇V → ∇ × E = −∇ × (∇V ) → ∇ × E = 0
0 = ∇ × (∇ V ) ∂B
∂B → =0
∇ ×E = − ∂t
∂t (unreasonable)
E = −∇V + N → ∇ × E = −∇ × (∇V ) + ∇ × N
∇ × (∇V ) = 0 ∂B
→ ∇× N = −
∂B ∂t
∇×E = −
∂t B = ∇× A
∂ ∂A ∂A
→ ∇ × N = − (∇ × A ) → ∇ × N = −∇ × →N =−
∂t ∂t ∂t
∂A
→ E = −∇V −
∂t
B = ∇×A
∂A
E = −∇V −
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J +
∂t
∇ .D = ρv
1  ∂V ∂ 2 A 
 ∇ ×∇ × A = J + ε  −∇ − 2 
µ  ∂t ∂t 
→
  ∂ 
ε
   −∇.∇ V − ∇ .A  = ρ
∂t
v
 
1  ∂V ∂ 2 A 
 ∇ ×∇ × A = J + ε  −∇ − 2 
µ  ∂t ∂t 

  ∂ 
ε
  −∇.∇ V − ∇ .A  = ρ
∂t
v
 
  ∂ V ∂ 2
A
∇(∇.A ) − ∇ A = µ J − µε  ∇ + 2 
2

→  ∂t ∂t 
 2 ∂ ρv
∇ V + ∂t (∇.A ) = − ε
  ∂ V ∂ 2
A
∇(∇.A ) − ∇ A = µ J − µε  ∇ + 2 
2
  ∂t ∂t 

 2 ∂ ρv
∇ V + ∂t (∇.A ) = − ε
∂V
Define ∇.A = − µε
∂t
 2 ∂2 A
∇ A = −µ J + µε
∂t 2
→
∇ 2V = − ρv + µε ∂ 2V
 ε ∂t 2
ρv dv
V =
V 4πε R
→V = 
[ ρv ] dv
t′ = t −
R V 4πε R
v
  R 
Ex : ρ v = e cos ωt → [ ρv ] = e cos ω  t −  
−r −r
  v 
µJ µ[J ]
A= dv → A =  dv
V 4π R V 4π R

Q1Q2 Q
Q F= aR E= aR D =εE
4πε R 2
4πε R 2
Q
W = −Q  E.d L V = −  E.d L C=
V
∂B ∂D
dQ V ∇×E = − ; ∇×H = J +
I= R= ∂t ∂t
dt I
∇.D = ρv ; ∇.B = 0
I Φ
H= aϕ B = µH Φ =  B.d S L=
2πρ I
a dΦ N2Φ12
Vm,ab = −  H.dL B = ∇× A emf = − M12 =
b dt I1
F = − I  B × dL T = R×F

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Nguyễn Công Phương

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

• Relative motion between a steady

Stokes' theorem:  E.dL =  ( ∇ × E).dS

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 6

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 8

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 9

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 10

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 11

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 12

A conductive strip of length L pivoted at one end is

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 13

A conductive strip of length 2L pivoted at the midpoint is

emft = emf g − emf r = 0

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 14

=  Bm sin ωt cos ω tdS R a 2L

= − Bmω cos ωt  a ρ .dSa S = − Bmω cos ωt  cos ω tdS

= − Bmω cos 2 ωt  dS = − Bm Sω cos 2 ωt

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 19

emf = − Bm Sω cos 2 ωt + Bm Sω sin 2 ωt = − Bm Sω cos 2ωt

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 20

=  (0.5sin 500ta x + 0.3sin 400ta y + 0.9cos314ta z ).(dSa z )

=  (0.9cos 314t )dS

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 22

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 25

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 26

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 28

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 29

 E.dL = S (∇ × E).dS →  E.dL = 2πρ E

ρ ≤ a → ω B sin(ωt + α ) dS = ω B sin(ω t + α )(πρ 2 )

ρ > a → ω B sin(ωt + α ) dS = ω B sin(ω t + α ) dS + 0  dS

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 35

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 36

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 38

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 43

Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 44

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