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1. Define and illustrate Camber, Tumblehome, rise of floor and Rake................................................................ 5
2. What are meant by deck beam, beam knees, stringer and floor. ...................................................................... 5
3. Define entrance, flare, and parallel middle body and run. .............................................................................. 5
4. What is meant by main deck and tween decks. ................................................................................................. 5
5. What are meant by double bottom and single bottom. ..................................................................................... 5
6. What are meant by aft peak, fore peak, bow and stem. .................................................................................... 6
7. Explain the following holes, air holes, man holes, port holes and drain holes................................................ 6

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8. What are meant by bedplate, false floor, pillar and coffin plate. ..................................................................... 6
9. Define the following, statical stability, Initial stability, Righting moment and righting lever. ........................ 6

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10. What are meant by Bilge keel and Bilge radius. .............................................................................................. 7
11. What are meant by moulded depth, extreme depth moulded beam extreme beam. .......................................... 7
12. State the following, rudder post, rudder stock and rudder stop. ...................................................................... 7

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13. Define hatch coaming, hatch cover, hatch beam and cleating arrangement. .................................................. 7
14. Explain shortly. Heaving, swaying, racking and deflection. ............................................................................ 7
15. Describe shortly Frames, Floors, Intercoastal and Breast hook. .................................................................... 8

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16. Describe briefly the cofferdam, striker plate, collision bulkhead, and rise of floor. ....................................... 8
17. With respect to Hull structure, list at least 10 numbers of structural components. ......................................... 8
18. Explains where the deck line is marked. What is freeboard deck? What is freeboard? ................................. 8
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19. What are meant by, forward perpendicular (FP), after perpendicular (AP) ................................................... 9
20. What are LOA and LBP ? ................................................................................................................................ 9
21. Explain with and aid of sketch, six degrees of ship motion. ............................................................................ 9
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22. Describe dead weight, light weight and displacement of a ship and state how they are related? ................. 10
23. What is meant by ‘Hogging’ and ‘Sagging’. ................................................................................................. 10
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24. Lists the Anchor handling arrangement from hawse pipe to spurling pipe................................................... 10
25. What is the purpose of clench pin? 10
26. Explains how to secure anchor. 11
27. Describes the construction and use of an anchor cable stopper. 11
28. How do you understand the terms angle of loll? ........................................................................................... 11
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29. How to construct the bow framing? ............................................................................................................... 11

30. What is Breast hooks? Where is it located? How is it constructed? ............................................................. 12
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31. State with reasons, what is the main purpose of bulbous bow....................................................................... 12
32. How many types of bulkhead to be found on board? .................................................................................... 12
33. What are the functions of watertight bulkhead? ............................................................................................ 12
34. Explains why transverse bulkheads have vertical corrugations and longitudinal bulkheads have horizontal
corrugations. .................................................................................................................................................. 13
35. How many minimum number of bulkheads in a ship. ................................................................................... 13
36. What is collision bulkhead? ........................................................................................................................... 13
37. What is wash bulkhead and purpose of it? Where are they located? ............................................................ 13

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38. What is 'Bulwark'? Describe briefly about its construction. ......................................................................... 14
39. Describe the Roller fairlead, Multi-angle fairlead, Pedestal fairlead and Panama fairlead. ....................... 14
40. What is freeing port and state purpose of it? ................................................................................................. 14
41. What is Coaming? What is purpose for it? .................................................................................................... 14
42. Explains compensation for loss of strength at hatch openings. Compensation for loss of strength at hatch
openings are as follows: ................................................................................................................................. 15
43. How many types of cranes for ship are available and where are they used? ................................................ 15

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44. Describes how to get the corrosion onboard. ................................................................................................ 15
45. What is meant by a term ‘cross flooding’? .................................................................................................... 15

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46. What are the purposes of constructing cofferdam and state where they are located? .................................. 16
47. What is dead light and where it is fitted? ....................................................................................................... 16

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48. How to arrange the fire main pipe line?........................................................................................................ 16
49. How many fire pumps are fitted on ships? Where is location of emergency fire pump and how to drive it? 16
50. What are meant by fish plate, fashion plate? ................................................................................................ 17

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51. What is free surface and explain adverse effects on ship? ............................................................................ 17

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52. What is freeboard of a ship? What are the lines to be used with the load line mark? .................................. 17
53. What is the purpose of freeboard? ................................................................................................................. 17
54. What is the floor? State how many type of floors is used in ship construction. ............................................. 18
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55. What is the Gross tonnage? ........................................................................................................................... 18
56. What is the Net tonnage? ............................................................................................................................... 18
57. How many types of keels are used in ship construction? Explain duck keel. ................................................ 19
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58. What is ‘keel’ of a ship? Describe types of keel used in ship construction. Sketch one type of keel. ............ 19
59. Describe the purpose of bilge keel and how they are attached to the ship’s side. ......................................... 19
60. States that each section of bilge system is fitted with a screw-down non-return suction valve. ................... 20
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61. What are meant by margin plate? .................................................................................................................. 20

62. Describes the hold drainage systems with sloping margin and flat margin plate. ........................................ 20
63. Describe the ship’s masts. .............................................................................................................................. 20
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64. What is meant by ‘Pounding’ or ‘Slamming’ and state which part of the ship is affected? ......................... 20
65. What is Pillars and purposes of it? How they connect to the surrounding structure with the brackets? ...... 21
66. What is meant by ‘Panting’ and state which part of the ship is affected? ..................................................... 21
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67. With respect to local stress, explain the “Panting”. ...................................................................................... 21

68. With respect to Bilging: What is meant by Permeability? What is the permeability of completely empty
compartment? ................................................................................................................................................. 21
69. Describes a ship’s propeller and defines Boss, Rake of propeller ................................................................ 22
70. What is meant by ‘Racking’? ......................................................................................................................... 22
71. Describe reserve buoyancy and explain importance of reserve buoyancy. ................................................... 22
72. Describes the rudder trunk. ........................................................................................................................... 23

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73. Lists the various type of rudder and explain them. ........................................................................................ 23
74. Explain the purpose of rudder carrier bearing.............................................................................................. 23
75. Explain the principle of screw propulsion. .................................................................................................... 23
76. Describe the construction of Samson post. .................................................................................................... 24
77. Explain briefly the Sea chest. ......................................................................................................................... 24
78. What is meant by seaworthy? ......................................................................................................................... 24
79. Explains why the shaft tunnel must be of watertight construction and how water is prevented from entering

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the engine room if the tunnel becomes flooded. ............................................................................................. 24
80. What are the functions of the stern frame?.................................................................................................... 24

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81. What is sheer and state purpose of providing sheer in a ship?...................................................................... 25
82. What are the purposes of a stern tube?.......................................................................................................... 25

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83. What is the stringer and where they are fitted? ............................................................................................. 25
84. What is tank top? What purpose of it? ........................................................................................................... 25
85. Explain function of deep tank? What tanks are called deep tanks onboard? ................................................ 26

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86. State double bottom tank? ............................................................................................................................. 26

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87. What are the functions of wing tank? ............................................................................................................ 26
88. Where are following parts fitted at sounding pipe in engine room? ............................................................. 26
89. Describes the fitting of air pipes to ballast tanks or fuel oil tanks. ................................................................ 27
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90. With respect to double bottom construction what is raising tank?................................................................ 27
91. What are the function of saddle tank and wing tank. .................................................................................... 27
92. What is meant by the wetted surface area...................................................................................................... 27
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93. Describes and sketches a bilge strum box. .................................................................................................... 28

94. What is meant by trimming lever? ................................................................................................................. 28
95. What is meant by longitudinal centre of floatation (LCF)? ........................................................................... 28
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96. What is meant by tonne per centimeter immersion TPC? Explain why TPC varies with different draught. . 29
97. What is slack tank? Describe the effects of slack tank. ................................................................................. 29
98. With reference to stability at large angle of heel. What is meant by righting lever? Draw a sketch showing
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location of righting lever. ............................................................................................................................... 30

99. For small angle of heel define the transverse Metacentre............................................................................. 30
100. Write down what the liquid pressure depend on. ..................................................................................... 30
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101. What is centre of pressure? ...................................................................................................................... 31

102. What is centre of gravity?......................................................................................................................... 31
103. What is the block coefficient and write down formula of block coefficient? ........................................... 31
104. What is Midship section area Am and write down formula for Cm? ....................................................... 32
105. What is Waterplane area coefficient Cw and write down formula for Cw? ............................................ 32
106. Lists the parameters of a screw propeller and state formula to calculate ship speed in knot. ................. 32
107. Parameter of propeller.............................................................................................................................. 32

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108. Write down the Denny formula to calculate the wetted surface area and explain the formula .............. 33
109. How do you understand the terms ‘tender ship’ and ‘stiff ship’?............................................................ 33
110. What is MCT 1cm and write down the formula for MCT 1 cm. ................................................................. 33
111. What is meant by 'Statical stability'? ....................................................................................................... 34
112. With respect to load line, explain fresh water allowance. ....................................................................... 34

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1. Define and illustrate Camber, Tumblehome, rise of floor and Rake.
Camber: The transverse curvature of the deck from the centerline down to the side.
This camber is used on exposed decks to drive water to the side of the ship.
Tumblehome: The inward curvature of the side shell above the summer load line.
Rise of floor: The rise of the bottom shell plating line above the base line.
This rise is measured at the line of moulded beam.
Rake; The slope of the stem, which is not usually vertical, but slopes aft from top to bottom.

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2. What are meant by deck beam, beam knees, stringer and floor.

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Deck beam: It is a stiffener located beneath a deck and running transversely across the ship.
Beam knees: Which are inverted bracket, metal plate joining the frame with it, longitudinal

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bulkhead.
Stringer: is a horizontal stiffener fitted along the ship’s side or a longitudinal bulkhead, in order

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to provide strength and rigidity.

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Floor: is transverse vertical plate fitted in a double bottom.

3. Define entrance, flare, and parallel middle body and run.

Entrance: the immersed body of the ship forward of the parallel middle body.
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Flare: an outward curvature of the side shell at the forward end above the water line.
Parallel middle body: is the ship’s length for which the midship section is constant in area and
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shape.
Run: is the immersed body of the ship aft of the parallel middle body.
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4. What is meant by main deck and tween decks.

Main deck: The upper most continuous weathering deck which has adequate longitudinal strength
and resistance to bending
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Tween decks: The upper cargo stowage compartments or space between any two adjacent decks.

5. What are meant by double bottom and single bottom.

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Double bottom: A structural arrangement which were an inner and outer shell with supporting by
plate floor in between shells.
Single bottom: A structural arrangement in oil tanker and small vessels which was bottom shell
with supporting by plate floor.

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6. What are meant by aft peak, fore peak, bow and stem.
Aft peak: A compartment after most watertight bulkhead which is often used a water storage
tank.
Fore peak: A compartment foremost watertight bulkhead which is often used a water storage
tank.
Bow: The underwater forward end of the ship.
Stem: The most forward part of the hull structure it consists of a stem bar from the keel to the

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load water line and a stiffened plated structure up to the forecastle.

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7. Explain the following holes, air holes, man holes, port holes and drain holes.
Air holes: Small hole cut in the upper parts of floors, side girders, etc., to allow air to pass from

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space to space in the double bottom.
Man holes: These are holes cut in plates in order to allow men to pass through into a

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compartment.

means of escape.
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Port hole: is a circular opening in the ship’s side to provide light and ventilation and a

Drain hole: is for removing out the waste water and condensation from the tank.
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8. What are meant by bedplate, false floor, pillar and coffin plate.
Bedplate: A structure which provides the base of a machine upon which the chocks and
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frame are mounted.

False floor: A perforated horizontal floor which is fitted at the bottom of chain locker to
provide a drainage well and keep the cable out of mud and water.
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Pillar: A supporting member between the decks of a ship.

Coffin plate: The aftermost plate of the keel which is welded to the sold piece of the stern
frame.
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9. Define the following, statical stability, Initial stability, Righting moment and righting lever.
Statically stability: It is a measure of the tendency of a ship to return to the upright if inclined by an
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external force e.g. righting lever GZ.

Initial stability: It is a measure in terms of GM (Metacentric height).
Righting moment: is buoyancy multiply by the perpendicular distance of buoyancy and
CG of ship.
Righting lever: is perpendicular distance of the path of buoyancy force and CG of ship.

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10. What are meant by Bilge keel and Bilge radius.
Bilge keel: A vane mounted on the outside of a ship at the perpendicular to the hull to reduce
rolling effect.
Bilge radius: The radius of plating joining the side shell to the bottom shell at mid ships

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11. What are meant by moulded depth, extreme depth moulded beam extreme beam.
Moulded depth: is the depth of the ship from the upper deck to the base line measured at
the midship section.

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Extreme depth: is the depth of the ship from the upper deck to the underside of the keel.
Moulded beam: is the greatest breadth of the ship, measured to the inside edges of the

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shell plating.
Extreme beam: is the maximum breadth over the extreme point’s port and starboard of
the ship.
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12. State the following, rudder post, rudder stock and rudder stop.
Rudder post: is the vertical of a stern frame to which the rudder is attached.
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Rudder stock: is the shaft which connects the rudder to the steering gear.
Rudder stop: is a lug for limiter for rudder movement to about 37 degrees, port or
starboard.
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13. Define hatch coaming, hatch cover, hatch beam and cleating arrangement.
Hatch coaming: is vertical plating which surrounds a hatch opening.
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Hatch cover: is wooden or steel cover which creates a water tight to protect the cargo.
Hatch beam: is removable beam which is fitted over a hatch opening. It is usually used for
wooden hatch cover.
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Cleating arrangement: is to secure the hatch cover with hatch way got water tightness.

14. Explain shortly. Heaving, swaying, racking and deflection.

Heaving: is the up and down linear motion of the ship in the sea.
Swaying: is the side to side linear motion of the ship in the sea.
Racking: is the transverse distortion of a ship structure due to heavy rolling.
Deflection: is the localized distortion of a ship structure due to static water pressure

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15. Describe shortly Frames, Floors, Intercoastal and Breast hook.
Frames: are the transverse structural member. It is used to give stiffness between bottom
structure and side shell plating.
Floors: They are transverse vertical plates in the double bottom tank. There are water tight
floors, solid floors and bracket floors.
Intercoastal: is a separate part of girder which is non continuous stiffener for special purpose.
Breast hook: A horizontal flat plate which stiffens the stem structure.

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16. Describe briefly the cofferdam, striker plate, collision bulkhead, and rise of floor.

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Cofferdam: an empty space between two bulkheads or floors which prevents liquid leakage
from one to other.

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Striker plate: it is the metal plate underneath vertical sounding pipe to reduce the wear and tear.
Collision bulkhead: the foremost major watertight bulkhead which extends from the bottom to

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the main deck.

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Rise of floor: is the height of the bottom shell plating above the base line.

17. With respect to Hull structure, list at least 10 numbers of structural components.
1. Keel,
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2. Half Siding of Keel,
3. Garboard strake,
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4. Rise of Floor,
5. Bottom shell plating,
6. Side shell plating,
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7. Bilge keel,
8. Sheer strake,
9. Tumblehome,
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10. Flare.

18. Explains where the deck line is marked. What is freeboard deck? What is freeboard?
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Deck line: is marked at both side of amidships.

The top of the deck line is level with the top surface of the freeboard deck.
Freeboard deck: is the uppermost continuous deck exposed to weather and sea,
It has permanent means of closing all openings.
Freeboard: is the distance measured from the summer load waterline to the upper edge of the deck
plating at the side of the freeboard deck amidships.

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19. What are meant by, forward perpendicular (FP), after perpendicular (AP)
Forward perpendicular (FP); is an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the waterline at the point
where the forward edge of the stem intersects the summer load line.
After perpendicular (AP); is an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the waterline, either where
the after edge of the rudder post meets the summer load line, or in case
where no rudder post is fitted, the centerline of the rudder pintle is taken.

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20. What are LOA and LBP ?
Length over all (LOA)

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− The extreme length of a ship measured from the foremost point of the stem to the aftermost part of the
stern.

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− It is applied for ship maneouvring, anchoring and alongside.
Length between perpendiculars (LBP)

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− The length of a ship between the forward and after perpendiculars.

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− The forward perpendicular is a vertical line at the intersection of the fore side of the stem and the
summer load waterline.
The after perpendicular is a vertical line at the intersection of the summer load waterline and the after
side of the rudder post or stern post, or the centreline of the rudder stock if there is no rudder post or
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stern post.
− It is applied for cargo calculation and ship stability calculation.
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21. Explain with and aid of sketch, six degrees of ship motion.
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A ship among waves has three linear motions:

1. Vertical movement: heaving
2. Horizontal transverse movement: swaying
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3. Fore and aft movement: surging

And three rotational motions:
1. Rolling about longitudinal axis
2. Pitching about transverse axis
3. Yawing about vertical axis.

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22. Describe dead weight, light weight and displacement of a ship and state how they are related?
Deadweight:
- This is the weight that a ship carries.
- It can be made up of oil fuel, fresh water, stores, lubricating oil, water ballast, crew and effects, cargo
and passengers.
Lightweight:
- This is the weight of the ship itself when completely empty, with boilers topped up to working level.

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Displacement: This is the weight of the volume of water that the ship displaces:
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + Dead weight

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𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Displacement (ton): lightweight (ton) + deadweight (ton)

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23. What is meant by ‘Hogging’ and ‘Sagging’.

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Hogging

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− The buoyancy amidships is increased while at the end is reduced.
− This causes the ship to hog. It can be known that the ship will curve upwards.

−
Sagging
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The buoyancy amidships is reduced while at the end is increased.
− This causes the ship to sag. It can be known that the ship will curve downwards.
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24. Lists the Anchor handling arrangement from hawse pipe to spurling pipe.
1. Hawse pipe
2. Bow stopper
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3. Devil’s claw
4. Cable drum gypsy
5. Windlass
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6. Break
7. Spurling pipe
8. Clench pin
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25. What is the purpose of clench pin?

The purpose of clench pin:
− To secure the final link of anchor chain to the ship structure.
− The ship does not allow time to raise the anchor, to raise the pin and release the link on deck.
− To leave the ship free from danger.

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26. Explains how to secure anchor.
Securing of Anchor:
− The bow stopper is fitted in line with the run of the anchor cable.
− It is used to hold the anchor cable in place when the anchor is fully housed or after anchoring.
− Devil’s claw is provided to avoid chain vibration between bow stopper and cable drum.
− Frictional break is applied after stopping hydraulic motor.

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27. Describes the construction and use of an anchor cable stopper.
Cable stopper:

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− It consists of the heavy plate with a roller which the cable passes over.
− A hinged bar is designed to fall between two vertical links and hold the cable in place.

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− The cable stopper is welded or bolted on to a heavy insert plate in the deck and is additionally
stiffened by brackets.

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− The anchor cable stopper is used to hold the anchor cable in place when the anchor is fully housed or
after anchoring.
28. How do you understand the terms angle of loll?
Angle of loll: (P
− When a ship has negative GM, ship will be a small angle of heel due to wave and wind.
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− The centre of buoyancy B will move outward from centre.
− Thus the righting lever and the righting moment will be zero due to G and M coincide.
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− This situation is call angle of Loll due to no capsizing lever.

− If ship heel further, positive GM is obtained.
− Ship will come back to angle of loll position.
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− If the ship heel less than angle of loll position.

− Negative Gm and capsizing lever appear.
− Vessel oscillates about angle of loll degree.
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29. How to construct the bow framing?

⚙ Bow frame is provided to withstand panting and pounding stress.
⚙ Solid stem bar runs from the keel to the load waterline.
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⚙ Break hook support back of stem bar 1 meter apart.

⚙ Panting Stringers are fitted to the shell at intervals of 2 meters below the lowest deck.
⚙ Panting beams are placed at alternate frames by brackets.
⚙ The side frames are spaced 610 mm apart.
⚙ Solid floors at each frame and side girders are fitted at bottom shell.
⚙ A partial wash-plate and vertical angle pillars are fitted on the centerline.

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30. What is Breast hooks? Where is it located? How is it constructed?

Breast hooks:
− The plate stem is supported at intervals of about 1m by horizontal plates known as breast hooks.
− They extend from the stem to the adjacent transverse frame.
− The breast hooks are welded to the stem plate and shell plating and are flanged on their free edge.
− To resist panting stress.

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31. State with reasons, what is the main purpose of bulbous bow.

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It is a bulb shaped underwater bow.
− A wave is created just behind the sphere and it interferes with the normal bow wave.
− Reduce wave making resistance, and increasing ship speed.

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− It can reduce SFOC under full speed and loaded condition.
− Increase buoyancy forward, and hence reduce pitching of the ship.
−

32. How many types of bulkhead to be found on board?

Types of bulkhead:
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Greater degree of plate curvature is involved, to resist high water pressure.
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1. Class A division bulkheads
2. Class B division bulkheads
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3. Class C division bulkheads

4. Transverse and longitudinal Bulkheads
5. Watertight Bulkheads
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6. Oil-tight bulkheads.
7. Non-watertight bulkhead
8. Collision bulkheads
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9. Wash bulkheads

33. What are the functions of watertight bulkhead?

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Functions of watertight bulkhead:

− To increase transverse strength of ship, particularly against racking stresses.
− To divide the ship into watertight compartments.
− To give protection against fire.
− To prevent undue distortion of side shell.
− To restrict volume of water, which may enter the ship, if shell plating is damaged.

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34. Explains why transverse bulkheads have vertical corrugations and longitudinal bulkheads have
horizontal corrugations.
Corrugations for transverse and longitudinal bulkheads:
− In corrugations, the troughs are purpose for carry the load as stiffeners and no stiffeners at corrugation
bulkheads.
− In transverse bulkheads, vertical stiffeners are fitted for vertical strength. In longitudinal bulkheads,
horizontal stiffeners are fitted for longitudinal strength of the ship.

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− Therefore, the troughs are vertical on transverse bulkheads but no on longitudinal bulkheads.
− They must be horizontal to get the longitudinal strength of the ship.

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35. How many minimum number of bulkheads in a ship.

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Minimum numbers of bulkheads:
− The ship with aft machinery room requires minimum 3 numbers of bulkhead.

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− They are collision bulkhead, forward machinery room bulkhead and aft-peak bulkhead.

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− The ship with mid machinery room requires minimum 4 numbers of bulkhead.
− They are collision bulkhead, forward & aft machinery room bulkhead, and aft-peak bulkhead.

36. What is collision bulkhead?

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Collision bulkhead:
− It is the foremost major watertight bulkhead
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− It is located at a distance of L/20 from forward perpendicular of ship.

− It is stiffened by vertical bulb plates spaced about 600 mm apart inside the peak.
− It is purpose for strengthening of the ship fore end structure to resist the effect of panting and
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pounding.

37. What is wash bulkhead and purpose of it? Where are they located?
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Wash Bulkhead:
− Wash bulkhead is the non-watertight bulkhead.
− Its purpose is to reduce the free surface effect.
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− They are located in fore peak tank, deep tank and liquid cargo tank such as tanker.

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38. What is 'Bulwark'? Describe briefly about its construction.
Bulwark:
− Bulwark is to protect the personnel or objects falling over board due to ship rolling excessively.
They two type:
− The solid type is of plate construction and the open type consist of railing
− The upper edge is stiffened by a ‘hooked bulb angle’.
− The lower edge is riveted to the sheer strake.

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− Bulwarks in exposed positions must be at least 1meter height.
− Large openings, known as freeing ports, must be cut in the bottom of the bulwark to allow the water to

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flow off the deck.

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39. Describe the Roller fairlead, Multi-angle fairlead, Pedestal fairlead and Panama fairlead.
Fairlead:

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Roller fairlead: A roller fairlead is one or more vertical rollers on a steel base which may fasten

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directly to the deck or to the deck and bulwarks.
Multi-angle fairlead: A multi-angled fairlead consists of two horizontal and two vertical rollers with
the wire passing through the hole between the rollers.
Pedestal fairlead: A pedestal fairlead consists of a single horizontal or vertical roller mounted on a
ne
raised pedestal or seat.
Panama fairlead: The panama fairlead is an almost elliptical opening formed in a casting which is
ho

fitted into a suitably stiffened aperture in the bulwark.

40. What is freeing port and state purpose of it?

rP

Freeing port:
− An opening in the lower portion of a bulwark, which allows deck water to drain overboard.
− The lower edge of the freeing port should be as close to the deck as possible.
ya

− Two-thirds of the freeing area should be located near the lowest point of the sheer curve where sheer
exists on the deck.
− Openings are restricted in height to 230 mm by bars being placed across them.
Sa

41. What is Coaming? What is purpose for it?

− The coamings of the upper or weather deck hatches are raised above the deck.
− To reduce the risk of flooding in heavy seas.
− To prevent person falling down from deck to space below.
− On the weather deck the coamings must be at a minimum height of 600 mm.
− It supports the hatch cover and reduces the risk of water entry to the holds.

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42. Explains compensation for loss of strength at hatch openings.Compensation for loss of strength at
hatch openings are as follows:
− At the hatch openings, the changes of plating material should be gradual and well radius.
− Any sharp corner can be crack by stresses.
− Well-radius corners must be used at the hatch corners.
− The corners of openings are fitting the doubling plates or thicker insert plates.
− If the elliptical corners are used no need to fit the doubling plates

i)
43. How many types of cranes for ship are available and where are they used?

m
Types of cranes:
− Three basic types of cranes are available as (a) general cargo cranes,

ra
(b) grabbing cranes and
(c) twin-crane arrangements.

a
− The general cargo crane is for use on cargo ships and bulk carriers.
− The grabbing crane is for use with a mechanically-operated grab when handling bulk materials. It requires

− (P
a multiple-wire arrangement for the operation of the grab.
Twin cranes use standard cranes which can be twinned or operated in unison to lift heavier loads
such as containers.
ne
44. Describes how to get the corrosion onboard.
ho

Corrosion onboard:
− When steel is exposed to oxygen and moisture, the oxidizing or rusting will take place.
− A ship is always in sea water, an electro-chemical reaction take place on unprotected steel surfaces and
rP

forming a corrosion cell.

− The electrical potential difference between two metals in sea water, occur the current flow.
− This current flow results in metal being removed from the anode metal or positive electrode.
− Such the wastage is called corrosion.
ya

45. What is meant by a term ‘cross flooding’?

Sa

Cross flooding:
− When the ship is bilging, compartment which located opposite cross side of bilging are flooded to
keep the ship to avoid the large heels.
− This is termed counter-flooding or cross flooding.
− The ship will sink deeper in water but this is a less dangerous than large heeling condition.

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46. What are the purposes of constructing cofferdam and state where they are located?
Purpose of cofferdam and its location:
− It is to separate different contents such as LO and bilge water.
− It prevents from leakage between adjacent compartments.
− Early indication of tank leak by taking sounding.
− They are narrow void space and located between two transverse bulkheads or floors.
− In tankers, between cargo tanks, In Engine room, between Double bottom lube oil tank (sump tank)

i)
and adjacent tanks.
− Maximum width = 760 mm.

m
47. What is dead light and where it is fitted?

ra
Dead light:
− Metal covers are fitted inside portholes, it known as dead light.

a
− To prevent the ingress of water if the porthole leaks, or the glass becomes broken.

48. How to arrange the fire main pipe line?

−
Fire main pipe line arrangement: (P
Fire mains of sufficient diameter to provide an enough water supply for the simultaneous operation of
ne
two fire hoses must be connected to the fire pumps.
− An isolating valve is fitted at the machinery space fire main to enable the emergency fire pump for
ho

supplying the deck lines, if the machinery space main is broken or the pump is out of action.
− Relief valve are fitted at either end of main to ensure that working pressure is not exceeded.
− Drain valve is provided for cold weather purpose.
rP

− Additional lines are led to the hawse pipe for anchor washing.

49. How many fire pumps are fitted on ships? Where is location of emergency fire pump and how to drive
ya

it?
Fire pumps fitted on ship:
− All passenger ships of 4000 gross tons and above must have at least three power-driven fire pumps.
Sa

− All cargo ships of above 1000 gross tons must have at least two independently driven fire pumps.
− An emergency fire pump must be located remote from the machinery space.
− The emergency fire pump must be independently driven by a compression ignition engine or emergency
power supplied electric pump.

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50. What are meant by fish plate, fashion plate?
Fish plate: the name fish plate or curtain plate is often applied to the narrow plate which runs fore
and aft along the heads of the stanchions supporting a boat deck.
It might be described as a kind of sheer strake, fitted at a boat deck.
Fashion plate: a metal plate, fitted at the end of a superstructure deck and shaped with a curved edge
To minimize discontinuities and improve the appearance of the vessel.

i)
51. What is free surface and explain adverse effects on ship?
Free Surface:

m
− If a tank is not completely full of liquid, free surface appear between liquid surface and tank top.
− When the ship heels, the liquid moves across the tank in the same direction as heel.

ra
− Thus raise up the centre of gravity G to G2 on the vertical axis.
− Reducing the metacentric height GM and righting lever GZ.

a
− The ship will be tender due to reduce in righting moment.

(P
− Tender ship is dangerous due to chance of capsizing, when force acting again to angle of heel.

52. What is freeboard of a ship? What are the lines to be used with the load line mark?
53. What is the purpose of freeboard?
ne
Freeboard: is the distance measured from the summer load waterline to the upper edge of the deck
plating at ship side amidships.
ho

The load lines mark are:

Deck line = Top of Deck line is same level with the top surface of the freeboard deck.
S = Summer load line in sea water
rP

F = Summer load line in fresh water

T = Tropical zone load line in sea water
TF = Tropical zone load line in fresh water
ya

W = Winter load line

WNA = Winter North Atlantic load line (For ship length of 100m or less).
Purpose of freeboard:
Sa

− To ensure that ship cannot be loaded beyond her strength.

− To get the enough Reserved Buoyancy.
− To keep the deck high enough from water.

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54. What is the floor? State how many type of floors is used in ship construction.
Floors:
− There are three type of floor: 1) water tight floor,
2) solid floor and
3) bracket floor.
− The floors are transverse vertical plates those run across the bottom of the ship from the centre girder
to the bilge.

i)
− The floors are connected to side frames with tank brackets.
− Water tight or oil-tight floors are used to divide the double bottom space into suitable tanks.

m
− Non-water type floors are used for supporting the tank top.

ra
55. What is the Gross tonnage?
Gross Tonnage (GT): is the function of the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship.

a
It shall be determined by the following formula:

Where: 𝐾1 = 0.2 + 0.02 𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑉

(P
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝐺𝑇) = 𝐾1 × 𝑉
ne
V = Total volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship (M3)
− Gross tonnage forms the basis of for manning regulation, safety rules and registration fees.
ho

− Both Gross and Net tonnage are used to calculate port dues.

56. What is the Net tonnage?

rP

Net tonnage (NT): is produced by the formula which is the function of the moulded volume of all
Cargo spaces of the ship.
The Net tonnage shall not be taken as less than 30 % of the Gross tonnage.
ya

4𝑑 2 𝑁2
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑁𝑇) = 𝐾2 ∙ 𝑉𝑐 ( ) + 𝐾3 (𝑁1 + )
3𝐷 10
Sa

Where: 𝐾2 = 0.2 + 0.02 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑉

𝐺𝑇+10.000
𝐾3 = 1.25 10,000

D = Moulded depth amidship (m)

d = Moulded draught amidship (m)
𝑁1 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 8 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠.
𝑁2 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠

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57. How many types of keels are used in ship construction? Explain duck keel.
There are: 1) Bar keel,
2) Flat plate keel and
3) Duct keel.
Duct keel
− Duct keel is provided in the double bottoms of some vessels.
− It runs from the engine room bulkhead to the collision bulkhead.

i)
− It is utilised to contain double bottom piping.
− It needs strengthening all round.

m
− Maximum width –2 meters
− May pose danger of allowing explosive gas mixtures to accumulate.

ra
58. What is ‘keel’ of a ship? Describe types of keel used in ship construction. Sketch one type of keel.

a
− Keel is back bone of the ship.

(P
− The keel runs along the centerline of the bottom plating of the ship, connecting the stem to stern.
− There are bar keel, flat plate keel and duct keel. For most of ship builds a flat plate keel.
ne
ho
rP

59. Describe the purpose of bilge keel and how they are attached to the ship’s side.
Bilge keels:
− Bilge keels are fitted at the turn of the bilge to resist rolling.
ya

− And it gives longitudinal strength to bilge strake.

− A flat keel fitted along the bilge radius either side of the ship nearly half its length.
− The bilge keel is fitted at right-angles to the bilge radius plating but does not extend beyond the
Sa

extreme breadth line.

− The bilge keels are usually attached to a continuous flat bar, welded to the shell plating.
− The outer joint may then be riveted or lightly welded so that outer joint is easy to break and leave the
hull undamaged.
− A doubling plate should be welded to both ends of the bilge plating and tapper at both ends.

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60. States that each section of bilge system is fitted with a screw-down non-return suction valve.
− The Suction valves for the individual compartments must be of the screw-down non-return type to
prevent reverse flow.
− All other valves must be of the non-return (NR) type to prevent intermixing.
− The port and starboard cargo hold bilge valves are usually grouped in distribution chests at the
forward end of the machinery space.
− Any bilge overboard must be fitted a screw-down non-return valve also.

i)
61. What are meant by margin plate?

m
− At the bilges the tank top is bended down to the shell by means of a tank margin plate.
− It sets at angle of about 45o to the tank top and meeting the shell almost at right angle.

ra
− Margin plate is a continuous watertight and attached to side frames with brackets.
− It provides a collecting well for bilge water.

a
− There has also flap margin plate which connects to side shell without bending.

2.
(P
62. Describes the hold drainage systems with sloping margin and flat margin plate.
1. The sloping margin requires the use of margin plates to connect with the side framing.
To provides a collecting well for bilge water.
ne
3. The flat margin must have bilge water collecting drain 'hats' fitted into it.
4. The flat margin is connected to the side framing by a flanged bracket.
ho

63. Describe the ship’s masts.

Ship’s Mast:
rP

− The ship’s mast acts as a lookout platform and a mounting point for navigation equipment such as
lights, radar, aerials, etc.
− Access to the upper platform is by a ladder which may be fitted externally or internally.
ya

− The upper platform is additionally supported by brackets to the outer plating of the mast.
− The mast is fully welded to the deckhouse on the forecastle deck and to the upper deck.
− A solid round bar is used to stiffen each of the free edges of plating.
Sa

64. What is meant by ‘Pounding’ or ‘Slamming’ and state which part of the ship is affected?
− When a ship pitches or heaves in a seaway, her bow may be lifted clear of the water, especially when
in light condition, and come slamming down with considerable force.
− This slamming down of the forward region on to the water is known as pounding.
− It is effect to fore end of underwater of hull.
− at 25-30% of the ship length from the aft of forward perpendicular.

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65. What is Pillars and purposes of it? How they connect to the surrounding structure with the brackets?
Purpose of Pillar:
− A supporting member between the decks of a ship.
− Increasing strength of the deck beams.
− They transfer the loads between the decks and structure.
Construction:
− They are solid round bars or tubes, but are sometimes of hollow square section, or built up of angles

i)
or channel bars.
− Usually fitted with brackets and welded on the doubler plate.

m
− They are usually fitted at alternate beams, with a “deck runner” at their heads.
− A series of pillars is fitted on the centerline to further support the structure.

ra
66. What is meant by ‘Panting’ and state which part of the ship is affected?

a
67. With respect to local stress, explain the “Panting”.
Panting:

−
−
(P
− The movement of waves along a ship causes fluctuations in water pressure on the plating.
This creates an in-and-out movement of the shell plating, known as panting.
The effect is particularly evident at the bow and stem as the ship pushes its way through the water.
ne
− Additional stiffening is provided in the form of panting beams and stringers.
ho

68. With respect to Bilging: What is meant by Permeability? What is the permeability of completely empty
compartment?
− Permeability 𝜇 is the volume of a compartment into which water may flow if the compartment is laid
rP

open to the sea expressed as a ratio or percentage of the total volume of the compartment.
− Thus. If a compartment is completely empty, the permeability is 100 per cent.
− The permeability of a machinery space is about 85 per cent and accommodation about 95 per cent.
ya

− The permeability of a cargo hold varies considerably with the type. of cargo but an average value
may be taken as 60 per.
Sa

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69. Describes a ship’s propeller and defines Boss, Rake of propeller
A ship's propeller:
− It is a combination of concentric helices, or rather a multi-thread screw, rotating in water with its axis
parallel to the direction of the ship's motion.
− It is placed at the stern of the ship.
Boss:
− Solid cylinder located at the center of the propeller.

i)
− It is bored to pass through the engine propeller shaft.
Rake:

am
− Rake is the degree that the blades slant forward or backwards in relation to the hub.
− Rake can affect the flow of water through the propeller.

ar
70. What is meant by ‘Racking’?
Racking:

−
distort it.
This condition is known as racking.
(P
− A ship may be “racked” by wave action, or by rolling in a seaway.
− When a ship is rolling it is accelerated and decelerated, resulting in forces in the structure tending to
ne
− Its greatest effect is felt when the ship is in the light or ballast condition.
− The stress comes mainly on the corners of the ship, that is, on the tank side brackets and beam knees,
ho

which must be made strong enough to resist it.

− Transverse bulkhead, web frames, or cantilever frames provide very great resistance to this stress.
rP

71. Describe reserve buoyancy and explain importance of reserve buoyancy.

Reserved buoyancy:
ya

− Watertight volume of a ship above the water line is called the reserved buoyancy.
− It can be defined as the buoyancy, a ship can call upon, to meet losses of buoyancy in case of damage
to main hull.
Sa

Purpose:
− To meet loss of buoyancy, in case of hull damage.
− To provide sufficiency of freeboard, to make the vessel seaworthy.

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72. Describes the rudder trunk.
Rudder trunk:
− The rudder trunk is open at the lower end and a watertight gland is fitted at the top of the trunk for the
entry of the rudder stock into the steering flat.
− A platform is sometimes fitted midway up the trunk to fit a watertight gland.
− A watertight door is fitted at upper side of trunk to access the gland.
− This trunk is kept reasonably short so that the stock has a minimum unsupported length.

i)
73. Lists the various type of rudder and explain them.

m
They are three type: (1) Unbalance rudder, (2) Semi-balanced rudder and (3) Balanced rudder.
Unbalanced Rudder:

ra
− Rudder with all of its area, aft of the turning axis is known as unbalanced rudder.
Semi balanced rudder:

a
− Rudder with < 20% of its area, forward of the turning axis is known as semi balanced rudder.
− but is not perfectly balanced at any rudder angle.
Balanced rudder:
−
−
(P
Rudder with 25 ~ 30% of its area, forward of the turning axis is a balanced rudder.
In this rudder, there is no torque on rudder stock, at certain angle.
ne
74. Explain the purpose of rudder carrier bearing.
ho

Rudder carrier bearing:

− The rudder carrier supports the weight of rudder.
− The rudder weight is transferred to the lower bearing surface of the carrier.
rP

− This bearing pintle is only required to support the weight of the rudder in the event of the rudder
carrier failing.
− A rudder carrier may incorporate the watertight gland fitted at upper end of the rudder trunk.
ya

− If excessive wear down of the lower pintle occur, the weight of rudder will be taken by the carrier bearing.

75. Explain the principle of screw propulsion.

Sa

Principle of screw propulsion

1. When rotated, the screw thrusts its way through the water and giving momentum to the column of water
passing through it.
2. The thrust is transmitted along the shafting to the thrust block and finally to the ship’s structure. Then
the ship moves AHEAD or ASTERN.

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76. Describe the construction of Samson post.
Samson post:
− The Sampson post is used more specifically for supporting derricks.
− Sampson post construction is of tubular steel section, stiffened internally by webs.
− Thicker plating or doubling plates are provided where attachments are made to the post.

77. Explain briefly the Sea chest.

i)
Sea chest:
− An opening for supplying sea water to condensers, pumps, etc., and for discharging water from the

m
ship’s water systems to the sea.
− It is cast or built up structure located in the hull below the waterline.

ra
− To provide suction of high sea chest and low sea chest.
− High sea chest is used in shallow water to prevent mud and sand getting in the system.

a
− Low sea chest is used at sea to prevent air lock in the system due to bad weather.

78. What is meant by seaworthy?

− (P
Seaworthy: A vessel which is fit in all respects for the anticipated danger of the voyage and will
carry the cargo and crew in safe condition.
ne
− For instance, enough freeboard, adequate stability, strong hull structure, efficient crews and powerful
propulsion plant.
ho

79. Explains why the shaft tunnel must be of watertight construction and how water is prevented from
entering the engine room if the tunnel becomes flooded.
rP

Shaft Tunnel:
− Where a ship’s machinery space is not aft of ship, a tunnel is provided to lead the shafting to
the after peak bulkhead.
ya

− The tunnel must be watertight construction to provide incase of leakage from the shaft seal.
− The forward end of the tunnel is fitted with a sliding watertight door
− to prevent from water entering into engine room if the tunnel becomes flooded.
Sa

80. What are the functions of the stern frame?

Stern frame:
− It prevents the serious vibration at the after end of ship.
− There must be enough clearances between the propeller and stern frame.
− It provides for propeller shaft with stern tube seal.
− It will locate the right direction for rudder and propeller.

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81. What is sheer and state purpose of providing sheer in a ship?
Sheer:
− Curvature of decks in the longitudinal direction.
− Rising from mid-ship to a maximum at the ends.
− The sheer forward is usually twice that aft.
− Sheer makes a ship more seaworthy by reducing the volume of water coming on the deck.

i)
m
ra
82. What are the purposes of a stern tube?
Purpose of Stern tube:

a
− To prevent the water entering into the machinery spaces.
− To prevent the oil leaking through to sea.
− To support the tail shaft.
− To carry some potion of propeller weight. (P
ne
83. What is the stringer and where they are fitted?
Stringers
ho

− It is the longitudinal and horizontal plates along the ship’s side, inboard.
− They are thicker than the remaining deck plating.
− They are together with the frames give strength to the vessel.
rP

− They are fitted in fore peak as the panting stringers and at transom stern.
− They are form the important joint between the side shell and deck plating.
ya
Sa

84. What is tank top? What purpose of it?

Tank Top:
− It is the bottom of a hold which is also the top of the double bottom tanks.
− The tank top increases the longitudinal strength.
− It is strong enough to act as a platform for cargo and machinery.
− The plating is 10% thicker in the engine room.

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85. Explain function of deep tank? What tanks are called deep tanks onboard?
Deep tank:
− Deep tanks were fitted adjacent to the machinery spaces amidships to use as ballast tanks, improving the
draft with little trim, when the ship was light.
− It is also reducing the stresses in the ship when the loaded condition with the deep tank is left empty.
− These tanks were also used for carrying general cargoes and the liquid cargoes.
− The deep tanks and suitable for liquid cargo heating purposes such as FO Centre tank.

i)
86. State double bottom tank?

am
Double bottom tank:
− It is space between the bottom of the ship and the tank top.
− The transverse watertight floors and centre girder are divided to be individual tanks.

ar
− In the tank, non-watertight floors and side girders are fitted depend on length and width of tank.
− Then both sides of tanks are enclosed with watertight margin plates at bilge.

87. What are the functions of wing tank?

Wing tank:
(P
− Used for the carriage of ballast water, fresh water, bunker oil and strengthen the bottom shell.
ne
− To increase the transverse and longitudinal strength of ship.
− To store the fuel and dry cargo.
ho

− To store the ballast water for stability of the vessel.

− To use as the anti-rolling tanks.
− To prevent from water entering into ship due to ship’s shell damage.
rP

88. Where are following parts fitted at sounding pipe in engine room?
(a) Weighted cock, (b) Sounding cap, (c) Striking plate, (d) Close pipe arrangement.
ya

(a) Weighted cock is fitted at upper open end of sounding pipe.

(b) Sounding cap is fitted above the weighted cock at upper end of sounding pipe.
(c) Striking plate is fitted at the bottom plate of the tank under the lower end of an open pipe, where the
Sa

sounding rod falls.

(d) Close pipe arrangement is fitted at the bottom end of sounding pipe if a striking plate is not fitted.

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89. Describes the fitting of air pipes to ballast tanks or fuel oil tanks.
Air pipes:
− Ventilation of double-bottom tanks is provided by means of an air pipe.
− It is situated remote from the tilling pipe and usually at the highest point in the tank to avoid
unventilated pockets.
− The air pipe is led up to the weather deck to a gooseneck or patent type of head.
− Air pipes from fuel tanks are positioned in low risk areas and have flame screen gauzes fitted.

i)
90. With respect to double bottom construction what is raising tank?

m
Rising tanks:
− Double bottom spaces in which the inner bottom is higher at centre line than at sides.

ra
− This arrangement has the advantage of allowing moisture from the cargo drain into the bilge pockets
on each side.

a
(P
ne
91. What are the function of saddle tank and wing tank.
Saddle tank:
− The function of saddle tank is to raise the centre of gravity of vessel when carrying light cargo or
ho

ballast voyage.
Wing tank:
rP

− The function of wing tank is ballast capacity when carrying light cargo or ballast voyage.

92. What is meant by the wetted surface area.

ya

Wetted surface area:

− The wetted surface area of the ship is the area of the ship’s hull which is in contact with the water.
− This area may be found by putting the transverse girths of the ship, from the water line to water line
Sa

− To this area should be added the wetted surface area of appendages such as cruiser stern, rudder and
bilge keel.

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93. Describes and sketches a bilge strum box.
Strum box:

i)
A bilge strum box
−

m
Strum boxes are fitted on all but machinery and tunnel space suction pipes.
− Perforations of 10mm maximum diameter are made in the plate to provide a suction area at least twice
that of the suction pipe.

ra
− The use of strum prevents from the entry of large objects into the pipe line and damage to the internal
parts of pump.

Pa
94. What is meant by trimming lever? Draw a sketch showing location of trimming lever.
Trimming lever:
(
− When the LCB will not be in the same vertical line as G and the distance of the LCB and LCF from
ne
midship.
− A trimming moment acts on the ship.
− This trimming moment is the displacement multiplied by the longitudinal distance between B and G.
ho

known as the trimming lever.

rP
ya

95. What is meant by longitudinal centre of floatation (LCF)?

LCF:
Sa

− Centre of floatation (LCF) is the centroid of the waterplane and is the axis about which a ship changes
trim when a mass is added, removed or moved longitudinally.
− If a small mass (m) is added to a ship at the centre of flotation, there is an increase in mean draught
but no change in trim.
− A large mass which is more than one twentieth of the displacement, will cause a considerable increase
in draught and hence a change in waterplane area and centre of flotation.

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96. What is meant by tonne per centimeter immersion TPC? Explain why TPC varies with different draught.
− Tonne per centimeter immersion (TPC) of a ship at any given draught is the mass required to increase
the mean draught by 1cm.

D
raught

i)
m
T
PC

ra
− At different draughts variations in waterplane area cause variations in TPC.
− Values of TPC may be calculated for a range of draughts and plotted to form a TPC curve, from
which values of TPC may be obtained at intermediate draught.

a
Slack tank:
(P
97. What is slack tank? Describe the effects of slack tank.

− If a tank is not completely full of liquid, free surface appear between liquid surface and tank top.
ne
− When the ship heels, the liquid moves across the tank in the same direction as heel.
− Thus raise up the centre of gravity G to G2 on the vertical axis.
− Reducing the metacentric height GM and righting lever GZ.
ho

− The ship will be tender due to reduce in righting moment.

− Tender ship is dangerous due to chance of capsizing, when force acting again to angle of heel.
rP
ya
Sa

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98. With reference to stability at large angle of heel. What is meant by righting lever? Draw a sketch
showing location of righting lever.
− When the ship is inclined by an external force to an angle 𝜃, the centre of gravity remains in the same
position but the centre of buoyancy moves from B to B1.
− The buoyancy acts up through B1 while the weight still acts down through G.
− Creating a righting moment = ∆𝑔 × 𝐺𝑍
− GZ is the righting lever

i)
m
a ra
Transverse Metacentre (P
99. For small angle of heel define the transverse Metacentre.

− For small angles of heel, up to about 10°, the vertical through the new centre of buoyancy B 1 intersects
ne
the centre line at M the transverse metacentre.
GZ = GM sinθ
ho
rP
ya

100. Write down what the liquid pressure depend on.

Sa

Liquid pressure depends on

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝜌 𝑔 ℎ 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚3
Where:
Density of liquid ‘ρ’ (𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒⁄𝑚3 )
Gravitational acceleration ‘g’ (𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )
height of liquid ‘h’ (m)

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101. What is centre of pressure?
− The centre of pressure on an immersed plane is the point at which the whole liquid load may be
regarded as acting.

B I
N A N 0A
N A D -

i)
𝐶𝑝 =
2
𝐷 𝐶𝑝 =
1
𝐷 𝐶𝑝
05
= 𝐷
3 2 8

m
102. What is centre of gravity?

ra
− The centre of gravity of an object is the point at which the whole weight of the object may be regarded
as acting.

a
− If the object is suspended from this point, then it will remain balanced and will not tilt.
−

−
distance is denoted by KG.
(P
It is usual to measure the 'Vertical position of the centre of gravity of the ship above the keel and this

The longitudinal position of the centre of gravity (LCG) is usually given as a distance forward or aft
of midships.
ne
103. What is the block coefficient and write down formula of block coefficient?
ho

Block Coefficient (Cb)

− Block coefficient Cb is the ratio of the volume of displacement to the product of the length, breadth
and draught.
rP
ya

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Sa

𝐶𝑏 =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝛻
𝐶𝑏 =
𝐿×𝐵×𝑑

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104. What is Midship section area Am and write down formula for Cm?
− Midship section area Cm is the ratio of the area of the immersed portion of the midship section to the
product of the breadth and the draught.

𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐶𝑚 =
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐴𝑚
𝐶𝑚 =
𝐵×𝑑

i)
m
105. What is Waterplane area coefficient Cw and write down formula for Cw?
− Waterplane area coefficient Cw is the ratio of the area of the waterplane to the product of the length and

ra
breadth of the ship.

a
(P
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
ne
𝐶𝑤 =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑤
𝐶𝑤 =
𝐿×𝐵
ho

106. Lists the parameters of a screw propeller and state formula to calculate ship speed in knot.
rP

107. Parameter of propeller

𝑃 = pitch in m, the distance moved by propeller in one revolution of shaft
𝐷 = diameter in m, the circle or disc cut out by the blade tips.
𝑝 = pitch ratio, the face pitch divided by the diameter.
ya

𝑁 = revolution per min of propeller shaft.

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠
Sa

𝑃 × 𝑁 × 60
𝑉𝑇 =
1852
𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑇 − 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑠

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 % = × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑇

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108. Write down the Denny formula to calculate the wetted surface area and explain the formula
Denny formula as follow;
∇
𝑆 = 1.7 𝐿𝑑 +
𝑑
2
Where: S = wetted surface area in m
L = Length of ship in m
∇ = volume of displacement in m3

i)
d = draught in m

m
109. How do you understand the terms ‘tender ship’ and ‘stiff ship’?
Tender

ra
− A vessel is said to be tender if she has an abnormally small metacentric height.
− Such a ship may have a long period of roll but may list excessively in a strong wind and may be

a
dangerous if a hold is flooded following a collision.
Stiff

−
(P
− A vessel is said to be stiff if she has an abnormally large metacentric height.
− Such a ship may have a short period of roll and therefore will roll uncomfortably.
In extreme case may result in structural damage.
ne
110. What is MCT 1cm and write down the formula for MCT 1 cm.
ho

MCT1cm
− The MCT1cm is the moment required to change the trim of the vessel by 1 cm and can be calculated by
using the formula:
rP

∆ × 𝐺𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐶𝑇1𝑐𝑚 =
100 × 𝐿
ya

Where,
∆ = The vessel’s displacement in tones
Sa

GML = The longitudinal metacentric height in metres

L = Vessel’s length in metres

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111. What is meant by 'Statical stability'?
− Statical stability is a measure of the tendency of a ship to return to the upright if inclined by an
external force.
− In the upright position, the centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy are same vertical line, the ship is
in equilibrium.
− When centre of gravity G lies below transverse metacentre M, GM is said to be positive, the vessel is
stable.

i)
− If the centre of gravity G lies above transverse metacentre M, GM is said to be negative, the vessel is
unstable. It will increase the angle of heel.

m
112. With respect to load line, explain fresh water allowance.

ra
− When the ship is sail from sea water to fresh water, the ship drops more into fresh water due to
different water densities.

a
− So Fresh water freeboard F & TF = Deducting the Fresh Water Allowance from the summer (S) or
tropical (T) freeboard.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =

(P
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒)
40 × 𝑇𝑃𝐶
ne
− Where TPC is the tones per centimeter immersion in sea water at the summer load line.
ho
rP
ya
Sa

Oct 2018 Page 34