M53 Lec2.1 The Derivative and Differentiation Rules

Slopes and the Derivative
Differentiation Rules
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 1 / 38
For today
1 The Tangent Line
2 Definition of the Derivative
3 Differentiability
4 Differentiation Rules
5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
For today
1 The Tangent Line
3 Differentiability
Tangent Line to a Circle
Tangent line to a circle at point P
Tangent Line to a Circle
Tangent line to a circle at point P
How about tangent line to a curve?
Secant Line
Q
y = f (x)
P( x0 , f ( x0 )) - point on the graph of f
Q( x1 , f ( x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f
Secant Line
←→
PQ is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
P
P( x0 , f ( x0 )) - point on the graph of f
Q( x1 , f ( x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f
Secant Line
←→
Q
f ( x1 )
curve).
P
f ( x0 )
←
→
What is the slope of PQ?
x0 x1
Secant Line
←→
Q
f ( x1 )
curve).
f ( x0 ) P
f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m←→ =
PQ x1 − x0
x0 x1
Secant Line
←→
Q
f ( x1 )
curve).
f ( x0 ) P
f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m←→ =
PQ x1 − x0
x0 x1
Let ∆x = x1 − x0
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m←→ =
PQ ∆x
The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P
Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Q
f ( x1 )
y = f (x)
f ( x0 ) P
x0 x1

Q
f ( x1 )
y = f (x)
Q −→ P
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0
x0 x1

Q
f ( x1 ) y = f (x)
Q −→ P
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0
x0 x1

y = f (x)
f ( x1 )
Q
Q −→ P
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0
x0 x1

y = f (x)
Q −→ P
Q
f ( x1 )
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0
x0 x1
` Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

y = f (x)
Q −→ P
P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0
←
→
The line PQ will approach the line `.
The Tangent line to the graph of f at ( x0 , f ( x0 ))
` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 → x0 x1 − x0
The Tangent line to the graph of f at ( x0 , f ( x0 ))
` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 → x0 x1 − x0
Recall: ∆x = x1 − x0
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m` = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
The line ` is called the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at P.
The Tangent Line
Definition
If the function f is defined on an open interval containing x = x0 , then the
tangent line to the graph of f at the point P( x0 , f ( x0 )) is the line
The Tangent Line
Definition
1 passing through P whose slope is given by
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m = lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
provided that this limit exists.
The Tangent Line
Definition
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m = lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
2 with equation x = x0 if
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞ and
∆x →0− ∆x
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞
∆x →0+ ∆x
The Tangent Line
Definition
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m = lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
2 with equation x = x0 if
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞ and
∆x
∆x →0−
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞
∆x →0 + ∆x
Otherwise, there is no tangent line to the graph of f at P.
The Tangent Line
Remarks
1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the
“flatness” or “steepness” of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f
rises or falls at P.
The Tangent Line
Remarks
1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the
“flatness” or “steepness” of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f
rises or falls at P.
2 The tangent line to the graph of a function may intersect the graph at points
other than the point of tangency.
P
`
The Normal Line
Definition
The line normal to the graph of f at the point P is the line perpendicular to the
tangent line at P.
TL
NL
Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1.
x
Example
1
x
Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y − y0 = m( x − x0 )
Example
1
x
Solution.
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
Example
1
x
Solution.
mTL = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) at (1, 1)
f (1 + ∆x ) − f (1)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Example
1
x
Solution.
f (1 + ∆x ) − f (1)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
1
− 1
= lim 1+∆x
∆x →0 ∆x
Example
1
x
Solution.
f (1 + ∆x ) − f (1)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
1
− 1
= lim 1+∆x
∆x →0 ∆x
1 − (1 + ∆x )
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x )
−∆x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x )
−∆x

0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−∆x

0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
−∆x

0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1
−∆x

0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1
∴ Tangent Line: y − 1 = −( x − 1)
−∆x

0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1
∴ Tangent Line: y − 1 = −( x − 1)
mTL = −1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.
−∆x

0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1
∴ Tangent Line: y − 1 = −( x − 1)
mTL = −1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.
∴ Normal Line: y − 1 = ( x − 1)
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.
Example
Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Example
Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Example
Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Example
Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Example
Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim (4 + ∆x )
∆x →0
Example
Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim (4 + ∆x )
∆x →0
= 4.
Example
Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim (4 + ∆x )
∆x →0
= 4.
Note: We can compute the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2
for any value of x.
For today
1 The Tangent Line
3 Differentiability
Definition of the Derivative
Definition
The derivative of a function f ( x ), denoted f 0 ( x ), is the function
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
f 0 ( x ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
It is defined at all points x in the domain of f where the limit exists.
Remarks
Remarks
1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
Remarks

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 ( x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at point P( x0 , f ( x0 )).
Remarks

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
Remarks

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
Alternatively, by setting ∆x = x − x0 ,
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
x → x0 x − x0
Remarks

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
x → x0 x − x0
dy d
4 Other notations: y0 if y = f ( x ), , [ f ( x )] , Dx [ f ( x )].
dx dx
Remarks

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
x → x0 x − x0
dy d
4 Other notations: y0 if y = f ( x ), , [ f ( x )] , Dx [ f ( x )].
dx dx
5 The process of computing the derivative is called differentiation.
Example
√
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x.
Example
√
Solution. Using the definition, we have
Example
√

√ √
x + ∆x − x
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Example
√

√ √
x + ∆x − x
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
√ √ √ √
x + ∆x − x x + ∆x + x
= lim ·√ √
∆x →0 ∆x x + ∆x + x
Example
√

√ √
x + ∆x − x
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
√ √ √ √
x + ∆x − x x + ∆x + x
= lim ·√ √
∆x →0 ∆x x + ∆x + x
( x + ∆x ) − x
= lim √ √
∆x →0 ∆x ( x + ∆x + x )
1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x
1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x
1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x
1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x
1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x
Note:
1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x
1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x
Note:
dom f = [0, +∞)
1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x
1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x
Note:
dom f = [0, +∞)
dom f 0 = (0, +∞)
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.
Example
√
3
Solution.
Example
√
3
Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√ √
0
3
x− 3 0
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
Example
√
3
Solution.
√
√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
Example
√
3
Solution.
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1
= lim 2
x →0 x 3
Example
√
3
Solution.
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1 1
= lim 2
x →0 x 3
Example
√
3
Solution.
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1 1
= lim 2
x →0 x 3 0+
Example
√
3
Solution.
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1 1
= lim 2
x →0 x 3 0+
= ∞
Example
√
3
Solution.
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1 1
= lim 2
x →0 x 3 0+
= ∞
Because the limit does not exist, f 0 is undefined at x = 0.
For today
1 The Tangent Line
3 Differentiability
Differentiability
Definitions
Differentiability
Definitions
1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

x = x0 exists.
Differentiability
Definitions

x = x0 exists.
2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real

number in ( a, b).
Differentiability
Definitions

x = x0 exists.

number in ( a, b).
3 A function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at every real

number.
Differentiability
Definitions

x = x0 exists.

number in ( a, b).
3 A function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at every real

number.
Remark
The function f ( x ) is differentiable at x = x0 if and only if x0 ∈ dom f 0 .
Example
Example
√ 1
We know that Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x
Example
√ 1
2 x
√
=⇒ f ( x ) = x is differentiable at any positive real number x
Example
√ 1
2 x
√
=⇒ f ( x ) = x is differentiable at any positive real number x
=⇒ f is not differentiable at x = 0.
For today
1 The Tangent Line
3 Differentiability
Theorem
Theorem
Let f and g be functions and c ∈ R.
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.
(Sum Rule) If h( x ) = f ( x ) ± g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) ± g0 ( x ), provided both

f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) exist.
Theorem
(Product Rule) If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.
Theorem
(Product Rule) If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
f (x)
(Quotient Rule) If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5)
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
Dx [ x ]
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ]
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
D x [ x 5 ] = 5 · x 5−1
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √
x
dx
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √ d 1/2
x = x
dx dx
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √ d 1/2 1 −1/2
x = x = x
dx dx 2
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √ d 1/2 1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √ d 1/2 1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x
d 1
dx x2
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √ d 1/2 1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x
d 1 d −2
2
= [x ]
dx x dx
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √ d 1/2 1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x
d 1 d −2
2
= [ x ] = −2x −3
dx x dx
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
D x (5) = 0
D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1
Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4
d √ d 1/2 1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x
d 1 d −2 2
2
= [ x ] = −2x −3 = − 3
dx x dx x
Theorem
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ]
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ]
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x )
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x
If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) =
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x
If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) = a.
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

Dx [(2x )5 ]
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ]
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ] = 32 · 5x4
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ] = 32 · 5x4 = 160x4
Theorem
Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ] = 32 · 5x4 = 160x4
(Note that the derivative is not 5(2x )4 which is 80x4 .)
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ]
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ]
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x +
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
√
d 4 x
2x4 − +7
dx 5
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
√
d 4 x
2x4 − + 7 = 8x3
dx 5
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
√
d 4 x 4 1
2x4 − + 7 = 8x3 − · √
dx 5 5 2 x
Theorem
exist.
Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
√
d 4 x 4 1 2
2x4 − + 7 = 8x3 − · √ = 8x3 − √
dx 5 5 2 x 5 x
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
Using the Product Rule,
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)]
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3
If y = ( x − 3)(2x2 − 3),
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3
If y = ( x − 3)(2x2 − 3), then y = 2x3 − 6x2 − 3x + 9 and so
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3
If y = ( x − 3)(2x2 − 3), then y = 2x3 − 6x2 − 3x + 9 and so
y0 = 6x2 − 12x − 3.
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1 √
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )(4x3 − 5 3 x )
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1 √ 4
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )(4x3 − 5 3 x ) + (3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1 √ 4 2
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )(4x3 − 5 3 x ) + (3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(12x2 − 53 x − 3 )
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
1
2x3 − +4
If f ( x ) = x3 , then
3x − 5
f 0 (x) =
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
1
2x3 − +4
3x − 5
(3x − 5)
f 0 (x) =
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
1
2x3 − +4
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 )
f 0 (x) =
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
1
2x3 − +4
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 ) − (2x3 − x −3 + 4)
f 0 (x) =
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
1
2x3 − +4
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 ) − (2x3 − x −3 + 4)(3)
f 0 (x) =
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
1
2x3 − +4
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 ) − (2x3 − x −3 + 4)(3)
f 0 (x) =
(3x − 5)2
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
√
2x4 − x + 2

d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
√
2x4 − x + 2

d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )
=
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
√
2x4 − x + 2

d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √
2 x
)−
=
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
√
2x4 − x + 2

d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1 √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √
2 x
) − (2x4 − x + 2)
=
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
√
2x4 − x + 2

d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1 √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √ ) − (2x4 − x + 2)(6x2 − √2 − 3)
2 x x
=
f (x)
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
√
2x4 − x + 2

d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1 √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √ ) − (2x4 − x + 2)(6x2 − √2 − 3)
2 x x
= √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )2
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.
Example
where x = 1.
f (1) = 2
Example
where x = 1.
f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)
Example
where x = 1.
f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)
f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1
Example
where x = 1.
f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)
f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1 ⇒ f 0 (1) = 5
Example
where x = 1.
f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)
f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1 ⇒ f 0 (1) = 5 ⇒ Slope of TL: 5
Example
where x = 1.
f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)
f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1 ⇒ f 0 (1) = 5 ⇒ Slope of TL: 5
Equation of TL: y − 2 = 5( x − 1)
For today
1 The Tangent Line
3 Differentiability
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem
Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Theorem
Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Proof.
Dx [ sin x ]
Theorem
Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Proof.
sin( x + ∆x ) − sin x
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Theorem
Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Proof.
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin x cos(∆x ) + cos x sin(∆x ) − sin x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
Theorem
Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Proof.
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin(∆x ) 1 − cos(∆x )

= lim cos x · − sin x ·
∆x →0 ∆x ∆x
Theorem
Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Proof.
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin(∆x ) 1 − cos(∆x )

∆x →0 ∆x ∆x
= (cos x )(1) − (sin x )(0)
Theorem
Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Proof.
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin(∆x ) 1 − cos(∆x )

∆x →0 ∆x ∆x
= (cos x )(1) − (sin x )(0)
= cos x
Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x
Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x
Theorem
d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ]
dx
Theorem
d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x
dx
Theorem
d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x )
dx
Theorem
d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x ) = 3 cos x + 7 sin x
dx
Theorem
d
dx
Dx [sec x csc x ]
Theorem
d
dx
Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )
Theorem
d
dx
Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )(csc x )
Theorem
d
dx
Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )(csc x ) + (sec x )
Theorem
d
dx
Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )(csc x ) + (sec x )(− csc x cot x )
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )
f 0 (x) =
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x
f 0 (x) =
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1)
f 0 (x) =
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )
f 0 (x) =
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2
Dx [sin(2x )]
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2
Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ]
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2
Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

=2
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

= 2 · (cos x
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

= 2 · (cos x · cos x
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x · (− sin x ))
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x · (− sin x )) = 2(cos2 x − sin2 x )
Theorem
cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x · (− sin x )) = 2(cos2 x − sin2 x ) = 2 cos(2x )
Exercises
1 Use the definition to find the derivative of f ( x ) = x2 − 3x + 1.

1
2 Find f 0 ( x ) given f ( x ) = x3 − 3 .
x
3 Find the equation of the normal line to the graph of f ( x ) = x4 + 2x + 3 at the
point where x = 1.
dy
4 Find if y = 2x cos x.
dx √
x−8 4 x
5 Differentiate:
sec x − 3 cot x

M53 Lec2.1 The Derivative and Differentiation Rules

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Slopes and the Derivative

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Tangent line to a circle at point P

Tangent line to a circle at point P

How about tangent line to a curve?

P( x0 , f ( x0 )) - point on the graph of f

Q( x1 , f ( x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f

P( x0 , f ( x0 )) - point on the graph of f

Q( x1 , f ( x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

` Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

` Slope of the line `

` Slope of the line `

The line ` is called the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at P.

mTL = −1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.

mTL = −1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

Solution. Using the definition, we have

Solution. Using the definition, we have

Solution. Using the definition, we have

Solution. Using the definition, we have

Because the limit does not exist, f 0 is undefined at x = 0.

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real

3 A function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at every real

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real

3 A function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at every real

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .