 Geopolitics structure of the world

Introduction:
The term geopolitical structure refers to the arrangement of organization of power of
relationships between countries and regions in the context of geopolitics. It encompasses
the distribution of power, alliances, rivalries, in the overall framework that shape global
politics.
There are many factors in geopolitics such as,
1: Power distribution
2: Alliances and relationships
3: Security and Defence
4: Economic interactions
5: Territorial and border issues
6: Regional dynamics

The Geopolitics structure of the world explained us that why certain countries hold
influence, why alliances are found or broken, and how conflicts and cooperation’s emerge in
different regions of the world.
The word Geopolitical is a combination of two words which both of them have a deep way
of explanation.
In the first of introduction we must understand the geography mean and definition.
The word geography is derived from the Greek word ‘Gaya’ or ‘Gaea’ that mean ‘goddess of
the earth’ and graphy that derived from the other Greek word ‘graphika' which mean
writings.
According to the geographers ‘geography is the study about the earth physical stake.
Now let acknowledge from the history politics.
According to the ‘Father of Politics’ Aristotle viewed politics that is derived from the Greek
word ‘politika’ which base on two meanings:
 Organization of policy (polity/polities which mean state)
 Distribution of resources

 Dynamics or approaches of geography

Geography have a great influence on the human life

Geopolitics:
Who gets what where how of Earth’s physical space.
Geo-economic:
How to generate economy from the world.
Geostrategic:
Study about the military plans or tactics plans.
Geotechnology:
Refers to the use of technology and scientific knowledge to understand and manage the
Earth’s natural resources, landscapes, and environmental conditions. Regional to our subject,
which is Geopolitics.
 Geopolitics refers that who gets what where how of the earth physical space. The
abovementioned definition mean:
geopolitics is about understanding how geography and politics are connected and affect the
world. Like in the definition they mentioned:
Who gets what which means ‘the competition and negotiations between countries for
control over resources, territories, and other geopolitical assets’
“Where”: Geopolitics the geographical location and examines the strategic importance of
certain regions, borders, maritime areas, and other spatial dimensions in determining the
balance of power.
“How”: Geopolitics also examines the reason means and methods such as diplomatic
negotiations, economic cooperation, military actions, and alliances.
Geopolitics helps us understand why countries compete, how they make decisions, and how
power and resources are distributed globally.
This is the combined explanation of geopolitics.

Now what is the meaning and purpose of politics?

Definition;

Politics refers to what, where, when, and how you get from the competition between the actors.

In simple terms, politics refers to the way in which people or groups compete with each other to
gain power, influence, and achieve their goals. It involves decisions about who gets what, when, and
how. These decisions can be about resources, positions of authority, or policies that affect people’s
lives. Politics is all about the strategies, actions, and interactions between individuals or organizations
to shape outcomes in their favour.

Nevertheless, there is a direct or indirect relationship between geography, strategy, history, and
politics. If we exhibited the historical events of any geographical location which because of such
political events (revolutions, war, Or diplomatic relations) therefore, the same region have a great
strategically importance. These all are interacted with one an other which gives us the complete
sense of Geopolitics. Bear in mind, Politics is constant.

‘Scope of Politics or Geopolitics'

Since the very essential of human being the scope of geopolitics has very wide.

Politics plays a significant role in the concept of the geopolitical structure of the world. Geopolitics
refers to the study of how geography, power, and politics intersect and influence international
relations. It examines the relationships between states, their territories, resources, and strategic
interests.

Politics is how countries make decisions and interact with each other. In the concept of the
geopolitical structure of the world, politics determines who has power and influence.

For example, many countries have mutual strategic cooperation that also refers to politics in which
the participants (states) share efforts to get what they want according to their policies.

There are many structural organizations or cooperation in international politics that are recognized
for their strategic importance in today’s world politics such as:

1: NAFTA:
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed on December 17, 1992, was an
agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States that aimed to promote economic
integration and trade between the three countries. Its primary mechanism and goal were to
eliminate barriers to trade and investment, thereby facilitating the flow of goods, services, and
capital across borders.

2: CARICOM:

CARICOM stands for the Caribbean Community. Which was established through the signing of the
Treaty of Chaguaramas on July 4, 1973. The mechanism aim of CARICOM (Caribbean Community) is
to promote economic integration, cooperation, and development among its member states in the
Caribbean region. It seeks to enhance trade and investment, foster regional unity, and address
common challenges through collaboration and collective decision-making. CARICOM also aims to
strengthen political and social ties, promote sustainable development, and advance the well-being of
the Caribbean people.

3: European Union:

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member countries in Europe, signed
in 1991 and established in 1993. Its mechanism aim includes economic integration, political
cooperation, and the development of common policies to promote stability, prosperity, and peace
among member states. The EU also facilitates the free movement of goods, services, and people
while fostering democratic decision-making processes.

4: MERCOSUR:

MERCOSUR (Mercado Común del Sur) is a regional economic and political bloc in South America,
comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, with associate members and observers. It was
signed on March 26, 1991, with subsequent agreements and protocols. MERCOSUR’s mechanism aim
is to promote economic integration, trade liberalization, and political cooperation among member
states to foster development, enhance regional competitiveness, and strengthen regional ties.

5: SAARC:

SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is a regional organization comprising eight
member countries in South Asia, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It was signed on December 8, 1985. SAARC’s mechanism aim is to promote
regional cooperation and collaboration in various areas, including trade, economics, culture, and
security, to foster peace, stability, and development in the South Asian region.

6: ASIAN:

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a regional organization consisting of ten member
countries in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vieteam. It was signed on August 8, 1967. ASEAN’s mechanism
aim is to promote regional cooperation, economic integration, political dialogue, and cultural
collaboration to enhance peace, stability, and prosperity in Southeast Asia.

7: BRICS:

BRICS is an acronym for an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China,
and South Africa. It was not signed as a formal treaty or agreement but rather emerged as an
informal cooperation platform in 2006. The mechanism aim of BRICS is to enhance cooperation,
dialogue, and coordination among member countries in various areas such as economics, finance,
trade, and geopolitics, promote mutual development, influence global governance, and address
common challenges.

8: CPEC and BRI:

BRI: Belt and Road Initiative is China’s global infrastructure strategy.

CPEC: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a key project under BRI in Pakistan.

Both aim to enhance connectivity, trade, and economic development.

All the abovementioned multilateralism strategic cooperation’s the greatestt example of Geopolitics.
That determines us the scope of politics. However, Geopolitics, geo-economic, and geo-technology
are interconnected in shaping the global landscape.

Geopolitics looks at how politics and geography influence international relations. Geo-economics
examines how economics and resources impact geopolitics. Geotechnology explores how technology
and its applications affect both geopolitics and geo-economics. Together, these concepts help us
understand the complex interactions between politics, economics, geography, and technology in the
world.

Hearland theory

The heartland theory which was introduced by Halford J. Mackinder in 1904.

Halford J. Mackinder was a British Geographer and founder of London School. In 1904 he wrote an
article by the name of Geographic pivot of history’ where he mentions some main fingers of how a
state or regional power can dominate the world. But in the passage of time this article get more
importance in the form of theory.

Halford J. Mackinder mentioned:

1: Who ever rules Eastern Europe have dare or commands Heartland.

Heathland regions including 40% Russia, Bulgaria, Romania, Belgium, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia,
Poland, Siberia.

2: Whoever commands on the Heartland (can) commands the world islands.

World Islands includes European coastlines, Asian Coastlines (China, East, Indonesia etc), Arabian
Coastlines (Arabian Sahara )

3: Whoever rules the world Islands (can) commands the world.

The region has 2/3rd the mass of the world earth. This region has the work’s largest lalandmass. This
region is too rich in mineral resources as well.

 There are two groups (of power) in the Europe region

a) Inner Crescent includes the whole of Europe except Russia part, such as South Africa, and
most of the Middle East monsoon regions of South East Asia (India, etc.) In contrast to the
heartland, the inner crescent is an area of oceanic drainage and navigable rivers.
 b) Outer Crescent (Outer or Insular Crescent: North America, South America, Australia)

The heartland is surrounded by these above two groups.

The German Nazis have appeared on Heartland, they desired to have their control.

USSR in early 19th century also appeared to invade the heartland but was unsuccessful.

 In early 19th century, land have much significant for super powers, but, after WW2 (1945 to
2020) this land lost his significant because of less struggling from the Super powers. But,
after Russia attack on Ukraine in 2021 the heartland regions become more significant for
both Russian federation and Western NATO alliance.
 Some important Alternate points by Halford J. Mackinder

He mentioned alternative points in his Article, where he mentions that the Heartland regions are
tough, and difficult for super powers in capturing. Especially, the upper North Arctic ocean is
very problematic to capturing it.

As he was British-man, he also gave suggestion to the Great British government for
advancement of technology (give more importance) to capture and hold control on this region.

Furthermore, he also argued that Soviet Union (Russian-Tsarist) can hold a control or captures it
only when they contribute with China.

Criticism:

1: Halford Mackinder did not mentioned the Harsh climate of Heartland regions.

2: The Heartland is not rich on resources as much is explained in this Article.

3: As he argued that a single state or power is capable to control the heartland region. But the
criticism is on this theory that a single power is unable to control on this land.

4: Halford furthermore argued in his Article and predict the future of heartland region that, in 1904
earth was told to be flat then the region will be evolved and said to be spherical and accurately but
for the passage of time the prediction of Halford Mackinder related to map was wrong. The
prediction was based on the inaccurate result.

Personal perception:

As a IR student, I predict this theory as this lqmd have its geo-economic importance and it was a big
task for 17th century Empires to control on this land and they considered it essential for geopolitical
power. After WW2 the region lost its political and geo economic importance but after Russia invades
Ukraine, it regain its importance again.

 Rimland Theory

Rimland theory was introduced by Nicholas John Spykma17th-century 1943. Nicholas John Spykman
was a political scientist in America. His theory was published after his death in 1944. American
society is also geo-economic as the Father of classical Realism where he works in American foreign
policy. However American policy is based on realism therefore, considered as the American realism
theory founder.

Before we explaining the Rimland theory, let’s first understands the classical Realism.

Classical Realism is based on such perceptions of scholars:

1: State interest is superior

2: the nation of any country are survival*

3: there is a self help to progress the country

4: The state policies are based on Relative Gains

5: for surviving the country, the security and technical army is essential.

The Rimland theory is based on various fingers such as;

o Geography is vital and permanent;

Nevertheless, that geography is permanent and constant. You can change your policies or strategies
but you can not change your neighbours. There, Sir Nicholas explained the importance of geography
that you can not ignore your Geography because it plays vital role in state foreign policy structure.

o Location;

The location of the particular region is very essential because your country size is not important to
make you powerful. But, your region geography matters first. For instance, USA and Russia has
unique geography.

o Isolationism

He also change American policy from isolation to connecting with the rest of the world.

 Let’s discuss the Rimland theory according to the Nicholas John Spykman.

The Rimland regions is start from Asia-Minor countries includes the half of the Eastern Asia and half
of the European regions ( half of Eurasian part of the world) part of the modern day countries of
Italy, Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Egypt, Libya, Israel, Belgium, India, Korea, and
Lebanon. In also includes the ASEAN regions such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines e t c
However, the countries are based on the world’s crucial choke points. Which are economically
important. The mentioned regions faced wars in history. They were extremely insecure.

The question arises that why they are important for the world superpowers.

o Most population: The regions of Rimland are populous.

 o Sea power: Every Asian minor region has maritime or commercial areas including
choke points.
o Conflict ridden: If any power of the world resolve or settle down or settle down the
wars or conflict of these regions can solve the rest of the whole world conflicts.

 Sir Nicholas further explore that, The one who can control t American-Minor, can control the
Eurasia.
 The one who can control the Eurasia, would control the whole world.

Why the regions is considered more important than rest of the world according to this theory?

There are two facts according to the Nicholas John Spykman related to the importance of
Rimland regions.

 The world 40% of natural resources such as; oil, gas, non material, continental shelf
resources are founded in large scale. The region sea level down land is also refers to
continental area.
 The CLMV regions are also exists in Rimland areas. These regions includes Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, and Vietnam which are well developing, populous, large scale resources, and
strategic importance.

Anti-Heartland facts of Nicholas John Spykman in Rimland thesis

He further said, that there is a huge practical differences between Rimland theory and Heart land
theory however, heartland theory mainly focuses on Climate of the regions while the Rimland theory
focuses both on sea and land power.

Criticism on Rimland theory

The Rimland theory was also criticise by the period of time scholars and strategic makers.

 The Rimland theory mentioned that the powerful empire can dominate the whole Asian
minor regions but, it was criticized that no any world powerful empire is as powerful to
consulate the world most populous and largest landmass to capture and rule upon.
 However, the Rimland theory was considered as a theory in 1944 and Nicholas John
Spykman was unaware that in future the international organisations will be formed that
based on rules and regulations which will be also acceptable for the rest of the world. After
WW-II. Such as, UNO, NATO, OIC e t c. These all mentioned organizations are regulated throw
it’s international law.
 Nicholas John Spykman was unaware of modern technological advancements.

Conclusion
The Rimland theory, proposed by Nicholas Spykman, suggests that controlling the maritime
periphery (Rimland) of Eurasia is crucial for global power, emphasizing the significance of
 geopolitical dominance in this region. Thus, despite the criticism, one of his appreciable
works was he also criticize the isolationism policy or theory of America.

Alfred Thayer Mahan’s Naval theory

Alfred Thayer Mahan, was an American Naval officer, Historian, and strategist. He was born in 1840
and died in 1914. He introduced the Naval theory in 1890 which was based on sea power.

According to Alfred, national greatness was associated with the sea. He further sa that the countries
occupied the world if and only if they have strong sea or naval power. Alfred observed that the sea in
the time of peace can utilize as for commercial value and in during wartimes it can control the sea
lines or sea routes such as;

1:Choke points

Choke points, in a general sense, are strategic narrow route or strategic locations that provide
passage through or to another region. These strategic straits and canals or coaling station on choke
points often have a crucial role in transportation, trade, or military operations. But the today’s
regional power are utilized the choke points for their strategic interest where for the domination on
power they could be controlled, closed, or blocked, the choke points thereby exerting significant
influence over the flow of people, goods, or information and stop the sea traffic in which the entire
world economy can victimized.

Famous choke points of the world are

 Strait of Malacca

The strait of Malacca is a narrow stretch of water. It is located in the northeast of the Malay
peninsula and the southeast of the Indonesia island namely Sumatra. It connected the Andaman sea
and South China sea. It is the shortest sea route between India and China. It is the main and quickest
shipping channel between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. More than 400 shipping companies use
the straits to transport goods between over 700 ports around the world. The 80% of Chinese
products are transported from China to India and then all around the world.

 Strait of Hormuz

The world 30% of products is transported throw the strait of Hormuz.

 Bab el Mandeb

The Bab-el-Mandeb, or the Gate of Grief, or Gate of tears is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian
Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden
and Arabian sea. It is a vital strategic strait in the maritime trade route between the Mediterranean
sea and the Indian Ocean via the Red sea and Suez canal.

2: Canals

A canal is an artificial waterway that is created by humans for various purposes, such as
transportation, irrigation, drainage, or water supply. The Suez Canal is one of the most important
canals in the world. Recognized as the sea route, which cannot be closed even in the event of global
disasters. The uniqueness lies in the absence of gateways, the streams of sea water move freely
along the canal. They still play a vital role as conduits for transportation and fostering global
commerce. The Gulf of Aden is a vital waterway for shipping, especially for Persian seawater making
it an integral waterway in the world economy. Approximately 11% of the world’s seaborne petroleum
passes through the Gulf of Aden on its way to the Suez Canal or to regional refineries

3: Coaling station

Coaling stations are places where the ships replenished or refuelled their supply of coal.

o There are 6 conditions according to Alfred Thayer Mahan in the context of sea power.

o Advantageous Geographic conditions;

According to Alfred, the unique geographic condition play a huge advantage for any country with
strong naval power. such as Australia and the United Kingdom have unique Geographic location.
These regions are maritime or coastal countries. Thus, because of English channels (Coastlines or
Coaling stations) the UK (British’s) was considered as the most powerful Naval or sea power in the
late 19th century.

o Serviceable coastlines, abundant natural resources, favourable climate;

It is important for a country sea power to contain a serviceable coastlines (which are in service even
in war time), the large amount of minerals and natural resources, and normalized climate for
import/export. According to him it enable the state to dominate the sea power. For instance, why
Ukraine is important to Russia? However, the Russian region own Coastal areas have extremely rigid
climate which is from 6 to 7 month are totally frozen therefore, Russian Coastline are not in
serviceable condition because of their unfavourable climatic circumstances. In this case, Ukraine
territory is contains large number of resources, favourable climate, and because of climatic change
from Russian territory, the coastlines are in service. Thus, Ukraine is important for Russia to
dominate the economic power.

o Large population

A large scale of the population is essential for a country in which they can establish a large Naval
force, air force, or strong machinery includes ships in controlling the sea power. Thus, for the
territory a large population is enough to defend its country.

o Society with an aptitude of commercial enterprise and sea.

If the country people or society have business minded experiences and aware from the commercial
enterprises and have experience from the sea areas can be the potential influence in sea power. For
example, in history, the Vikings were particularly adventure to explore the sea territory and they
were so form in the sea. In today’s world, China products in the world are in demands because of
their commercial and economic enterprises experience and the Chinese society is business minded in
nature.

o Government with inclination to dominate the sea

For the countries, they should have such governments which have inclinations to have strong naval
power and have priorities in their foreign policy to dominate the sea. In history take the example of
the British that inclined to dominate the sea and in today’s world, India has an inclination or
preference to dominate the sea power in South Asia thus, they are working a lot in India’s ocean

o Extent of territory

The countries should enable to extend their sea land. If your country have island but still you must
extend your sea land. You also can not share the sea-land with others. In short, he says that the
country needs to have much extension to sea land that extends its territory. For instance, the
Thailand is unable to extend its sea land because they shared their sea land with rest of the countries
in during export/import.

Conclusion

Overall, according to Alfred, strategically the Asian minor and Eurasian countries have potential to
dominate the world large scale of sea land because they are populous, abundant in natural
resources, favourable climate, favourable geographic location, and based in the developing lines of
the world therefore, they have a potential to overtake the world sea or naval power.

Resources of Geography

Nevertheless, the resources play a crucial role in giving the geographical importance to any of the
land. They shape the social, political, environmental, and economical aspects of geography. Where
the rest of the world powers take their interest to how dominate the resourceful territory. This
resulted the conflicts or diplomatic relations as well. The father of resources geography
'Zimmermann ' define it,

Definition, Resources are not, they become. Or, Any substance that is technologically accessible,
economically feasible, and culturally acceptable are said to be resources.

This above-mentioned definition means, that we can call it the resources when it is Economically
feasible, Technologically accessible, and culturally acceptable. For instance, you have sun but, you
don’t know that how to converted it into solar energy or you have a water but, you don’t have
advance technology to convert it into electricity. It can be not the resources until it economically
feasible, technologically accessible, and culturally acceptable in any region. We can call it the neutral
stuff. In short, when you have a type of technology that can able to access the resource, taking
satisfaction with it's economic value. For example, you have gold but, you don’t have a knowledge of
its requirement, quantity, quality, fixture, and not acceptable for the living people because they are
unaware.

 Neutral stuff;

When we are unaware or have no knowledge of the quantity, quality, fixture, requirements, and
economical value of resources because of a lack of technological advancement is called neutral
stuff. For example, as it rains, our crops get the required water But suddenly there is heavy rain
which destroys our crops thus, if we have a dam to store the heavy rainwater this can be called
the resources and if we don't have a dam to store the water and utilized it as a natural resource
(because of lack in technology) can be called the neutral stuff.
  Resource

When you can technologically access (anything natural resources), economically feasible, and
culturally accepted by all can call the resource. Because you are acknowledged for the
advancement, economic value, and requirements of the natural resources can be a resource
when it is put into, use. For example, before the industrial revolution coal are founded on a large
scale but no one can take advantages from the coal-mining system this awareness of mining
process, of coal can be called a resource.

 Resistance

When the resource turned into a disaster, creates hardship, and converts into a natural disaster it can
be called resistance.

For example, water is a resource when it becomes the cause of flooding is called resistance. Or
Agriculture land is resourced and degraded land is a resistance.

Classification of Resource Geography

It is classified into the origin of two types:

1: Biotic-Resources;

The type of resources which are living things resource. Such as, Fishes, plants, crops e t c.

2: Abiotic Resources;

The type of resources which are non living resource such as, water metallic, coal, petroleum, gas,
gold, and all minerals resources that are found in any land.

The Abiotic type classification is based on exhaustibility and divided into two forms;
1: Renewable resources
All of those resources which can be exhausted or re-utilized is called Renewable resources
such as, solar, water, wind, gold e t c.
2: Non-Renewable resources
All of those resources which can be utilizes at once only and can not be exhausted such as,
Coal, petroleum, Gas e t c.

Resources are classified on the basis of Ownership

1: individual Resources
These kinds of resources that belong to one person. All kinds of personal resources called
individual resources. Such as, a land owned by one individual, a house owned by one
individual, or a factory owned by one person , also a business company owned by one
person.

2: Community Resources
All kinds of resources that owned by a community. Such as, Park, tube well, Masque, Gas
pipeline e t c.
 3: National resources
All these resources that owned or hold by one country, state, or nation called national
resources. Such as, Mountains, lakes, national park, rich area resources of Gas, Gold, petrol,
coal, or agriculture revenues, including nuclear technology.

4: International Resources

All the resources that shares and have combine ownerships by states level internationally. The
international resources are only shares to the states which are also recognized as a sovereign state in
international platform. (State attributions are the territory, constitution, population, sovereignty, and
recognition is also important) So, in international level the state who enable to complete all the
attributes of state is considered as a sovereign state. The UNO, WHO, LCJ, IMF, ICC, FIFA e t c all the
international platforms can shares their resources only and when the country has been completed
the 4 attributes of state that are, sovereignty, population, territory, constitution, and recognition. The
international resources are such as, ocean, seas beyond EEZ, international organisations resources of
WHO, UNESCO, IMF r t c.

4: Status of Development

The resources further classified on the basis of Potential, Developed, Stock, and Reserves.

1; Potential Resources

The resources which have potential to be utilized but they are not been utilized fully. For instance,
we utilise solar energy in individual level but, solar energy have a full potential to utilise it by giving
us the energy to the whole country but we are not utilise it fully. So, solar energy is the example of
potential resources that it have a potential to utilise or enrich but can not utilise or enrich fully or on
the full scale. Another example is uranium, we can fully utilise the uranium for other purposes (that
makes our life easy) but, we only utilise or enrich it for the military or nuclear purposes. Or artefacts,
We dig into the earth and extract fossil fuels that can be utilized for more things but can not fully
potential to enrich it.

2; Developed Resources

All the resources from which we are acknowledge or aware from the quantity and quality and also
been utilized or in the process of utilisation is called developed resources. We know from the
quantity, requirements, economic value and quality of gold, petrol, Gas, uranium or coal e t c and
also we utilise it for our satisfaction of life.

3; Stock Resources

Those resources which can satisfied human needs but could not be utilized because of lack of
technology. For instance, we have a water that has been utilized for the satisfaction of human needs
but, we can not separate (H2O) hydrogen from Oxygen and separately utilize it for the satisfaction of
human because we don’t the advance technology.

4; Reserved Resources

Reserved resources are the resources that are defined and their present amount is recognized, but
since they are reserved for the future, they are not being used.

Conclusion:
Overall, Resources play a crucial role in geography and have a significant impact on the economic,
social, and environmental aspects of a region. The resources are not, they became. Which easily
explains us that, the substance (any resource such as gold, petrol, Gas, uranium e t c) have no value
or importance until it can not economically feasible, technologically accessible, and culturally
acceptable. The substance can be only a neutral stuff.

 Water

Introduction:

Out of 100% of earth surface, the 29 % of earth surface base on land. Water covers about 71% of
the Earth’s surface, but most of it is in the form of saltwater in oceans and seas. Out of 71% that
we will count as 100% only 3% of water is freshwater that found in lakes, rivers, glaciers or
underground water which are able to drink for the living things. Over 97 percent of the earth’s
water is found in the oceans and seas as salt water called Saline (brackish water).

 It is often said that many wars and conflicts throughout history have arisen due to water. The
reason behind this is, that water is a human needs without water the country can not be
able to survived. From sea the states can promote their economic development. Especially
from freshwater the countries can promote their agriculture growth, industries, and electric
power which is essential for the development of societies. Without water, life can not be
possible. It is essential for our survival and the functioning of ecosystems. Let’s discuss some
major disputes of countries for the domination on water.

1. South Asia Major Disputes On Water Borders

A. India and Pakistan

In 1969, the Indus treaty agreement signed by both Pakistan and India in which it was decided that
the Easter rivers such as, Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus will be controlling by Pakistan and the Western
rivers such as, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas will be controlling by India. But, it directly violate the treaty
which was also the direct violation of international law (to builds the dams on the rivers that are
existed inside the neighbours borders. This act is against the international rules) by builds the dams
namely Kishan-gang and Baghlair. This cause that Pakistan is unable to run its agriculture growth
without the flows of these Western rivers control by India. According to the analysers, the Pakistan
and India war might be happened on this Water issue.

B. Afghanistan and Pakistan

From 2003 to 20021, their was a water dispute between Afghanistan and Pakistan on Kabul river
when the pro – western government was in the process of building the dams on Kunar, Jalalabad,
and Paktia province of Afghanistan to stop water flow to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. But, now it
has been stopped because of return of pro – Pakistan government namely Taliban. If the dams build
in these provinces, might be the reason of war between Afghanistan and Pakistan also can barren
the vast area of Khyber province.

 The flows of rivers not only help the countries to achieve the agricultural growth
development but, it's flows also beneficial to elaborated the countries underground surfaces
as well.
 C. China and India

The China – India have also dispute on freshwater River namely ‘Brahmaputra river’. This river starts
from Tibet to Eastern states of India. Now, China is trying to find a way to build a dam on this river
and of the flow of this river stopped by China it might be completely barren the eastern provinces of
India and the only reason of China India war. Because of this dam Bangladesh will be also surviving
while the Bangla – Delta can be effected because the Brahmaputra river water also flows to the
Bangla – Delta as well.

 What is Delta?
Delta is a landform which is very fertile land because it gets all the water flows of ocean,
seas, rivers or underground waters that make it well fertile.

2. Middle East Major Disputes On Water Borders

A. Turkey, Syria, and Iraq

The Turkey, Syria, and Iraq also disputes on Euphrates and Tigris rivers. These rivers support a large
part of area fertility land that helps the Iraq and Syria in agricultural development growth. But,
Turkey government is enabled to build a dam when it might be a big tassel or war between these
countries.

B. Jordan, Lebanon, and Israel

The Jordan River that starts from the Lebanon and flows from Jordan to Israel. While Lebanon is
enable to build a dam on this river namely Jordan River which is the direct violation of international
rules. This is considered a huge tussle between them. This river water also flows to black sea as well.
According to the analyser’s, if Lebanon build the dams it would also be vouch the black sea water.
Thus, Lebanon two military groups attack on Israeli called the Hamas and Hizbullah.

3. African countries Major Disputes On Water Borders

A. Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan

The African countries such as, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan have a conspiracies on Nile River. The Nile River
is historically play a crucial role in the fertility of land and agriculture growth development of ancient
civilizations and today’s African countries as well. The Nile River is sub-divided into two rivers, the
black Nile river and the white Nile river. The Nile River flows start from the Egyptian controlled area
thereby, is enable to build the Dam. Thus, the distribution on water creates a disputes among them.

4. South China sea water dispute

The south China sea, which is exist in the south of Hainan, west of Taiwan, and East of Vietnam. The
disputes creates among China and ASEAN countries such as, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines,
Vietnam, and South Korea. The China after 1945 social republican revolution, claims that according
to history of China, as far as the Chinese dynasties lived in those territories are considered as our
territories. There regional policies based on 9-Dash lines. The 9 dash lines also refers to eleven dash
lines mean that the ocean, islands and geographical land in which Chinese historical dynasties have
lived, all are belongs to China and that China has sovereign rights on these territories. The south
China sea is also based on two crucial islands which is the most important trade route for China,
about 80% of products are exported and imported from port of Shanghai to the world these are the
Paracel Island and Spartly Island. The China also have economic or trade claim on this sea.

After WWII, the capitalist western countries introduce the island chain strategy to restrain China
economic access to only South China regions. This strategic maritime containment plan first
conceived by American foreign policy statesman John Foster Dulles in 1951, during the Korean War. It
proposed surrounding the Soviet Union and China with naval bases in the West Pacific to project
power and restrict sea access. Thus, to continues this policy, the Western world also introduced such
international organisations that can asses to control on Pacific Ocean and make such barriers to stop
entrance of Chinese products on various ports. Such organisations as, ASEAN, QUAD, AUKUS e t c.
According to Chinese analysers, they claims that USA and Western alliance are in the process of
making 2-Chain Island policy against China. Thus, is introduced BRI including CPEAC by controlling the
Gwadar port and Arabian Coastal as well. It is said that the WW-III can be happened because of these
disputes among world two super powers.

5. Black sea

The crisis on black sea water existed between European countries such as, Russia, Ukraine, Crimea e
t c and one ASEAN country such as, Turkey. However, in 1923 Treaty of Lausanne signed between the
Ottoman empire and Greece. This Treaty was assigned when the Ottoman empire was formally in the
fall situation. The treaty of Lausanne is signed for 100 years. Thus, in this Treaty some of Ottoman
empire controlled territories were given to Russian and G-B. The black sea also founds in n these
regions. The black sea is thus important to the Russian, Ukraine, and, turkey because it also take
water from the Bosphorus river (Aegean sea) and straight of Marmara which are in the direct control
of Turkey government. Therefore, if the duration of the Lausanne treaty completes (which has been
already completed according to 2023 calendar) then Turkey have a right to block the Bosphorus,
Aegean sea, and straight of Marmara. In this consequence, the rest of the European countries
likewise, Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea might be faces water crisis because these mentioned rivers
large number of waters flows to the black sea.

Note: The port of Odesa, which is found in the south of Ukraine is also one of strategic port for
Russia. Thus, one of the reasons of Ukraine and Russia crisis is the importance of Odessa port which
have a acceptable climate for trade. Because of rigid climatic conditions, the Russian own straights
are only available for two months. They planned to took control on Odessa port and Crimean
peninsula as well. Thus, it can assess them to utilises the Odessa and Crimean peninsula for their
products trading’s.

 Oil and Gas Resources

Oil and gas resources play a crucial role in today’s Geopolitical structure. They are essential sources
of energy that power economies and industries worldwide. Countries that have a lot of oil and gas
can have a lot of power and influence in the world. If a country controls these resources, it can affect
how markets work, how countries trade with each other, and even how politics play out. That’s why
oil and gas are really important in how countries interact and make important decisions.

Let’s discuss that which states are the more producers and suppliers of Oil resource.

 Producers
 1. USA produce 13.9 million barrels per day.
2. KSA (kingdom of Saudi Arabia) produce 11.6 million barrels per day.
3. Russia produce 10.4 million barrels per day.

The USA is the world biggest producer of Oil but, the country not supplied own Oil resource to other
countries.

 Suppliers
1. KSA

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia supplies a large amount of oil to the Asian countries.

2. Kuwait

Kuwait together with KSA supplies oil to the Asian countries.

3. Russia

Russia supplies a large amount of oil to the European markets.

4. OPEC states

The Oil petroleum exploring countries also supplies the oil to the rest of the world.

 When the first conflict arise on oil resources?

1: Suez canal

The conflict arise on Suez canal crisis when Jamal Abdul Nasir start the project to naturalize the oil on
Suez canal. Jamal Abdul Nasir was a Egyptian leader. After this naturalization of oil the rest of the
world especially the Israel and British together to control the Suez canal. The US administration
participated in this minor and attempted to resolve the issue, but the USA sided with most of
Western countries (Israel and UK). Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia was the biggest supplier of the oil of
that duration. Thus, to resolve the issue, Saudi Arabia in 1973 embargo the Oil supplying of Suez
canal and after the embargo of the oil, the entire world was victimized. After the ban on oil, the
whole world countries realize and notice that how the oil is important to run the world industries.
This embargo on oil took three months. In this duration, KSA was the only supplier of oil but, many of
world top industries and companies survived from this ban of oil. This conflict first victimize country
was Iraq when the western alliance invaded Iraq (to exploit the oil resources in Iraq territory by
Western world) also include Lebanon. The west after exploit the Lebanon gain a large amount of oil
thus, the Western world gives the name of ‘Petro Aggressive leader to the Lebanon leader. The petro
aggression is a term which means, that the state which have large amount of oil should be not have
aggressive behaviour. The state leaders should not be shown the aggression on oil resource. If the
state and their leader have a aggressive behaviour towards his oil resource can be called the petro
aggressive leadership by Western world and from that aggressive behaviour the western alliance
must combine to fight all kinds of war against them. For instance, Russia is considered as the petro
aggression because Russia erupt a war against Ukraine and stopped all source of oil to the rest of the
European regions.

2: CASPIAN SEA and Lake

The Caspian sea is divided among Five countries which are Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and
Turkmenistan. The Caspian sea is a Landlocked sea (the Caspian sea water is not flow into any ocean
and the sea is locked among these mentioned five countries) thus, it is also called the lake. The other
reason of calling it the sea is it’s north water is saline and in it South the freshwater flows. These five
countries that sharing the Caspian water called it the lake because if they called it the sea than the
international law will be apply and according to the law of exclusive economic zone, 200 miles water
body has been under the reception of every country that are abounded to the Caspian water this 200
miles water territory came under these state own jurisdiction. Therefore, these shares countries had
such disputes or claims related to the Caspian water but, after the Caspian agreement or Caspian sea
convention, it was decided that these 5 countries called it lake and all country have equally divided
the lake. The other reason is, the sea is rich in oil and gas. It produce 50 billions barrels of Oil, 300 m3
cubic meters of gas and 90% of carrier (it is used in making the vitamins) to the world.

 Navigation on Caspian sea or lake

The share countries of CASPIAN’S water only have a claim on the resources which are found in the
sea. While, the rest of the competitor especially the Western countries are in the struggle to serve it
as the sea. The mechanism aim to calling the Caspian territory as the sea is to dominate the sea and
gains the economic advantages from it.

 Gas reserves (world top state that reserves the gas resource)

1; Namibia

2; Rwanda

3; Tunisia

4; Cuba

5; Russia

6; Bahrain

7; Iran

8; CARS countries

The above mentioned countries are the top gas reserves. That reserves more gas than the rest of the
world. There are many disputes among the various states such as, Russia have a dispute with Ukraine
(the world sections the Russia in return Russia seize the Gas supply pipe to the European regions
which had passed from the territories of Ukraine) e t c.

(Mention the Domestic dispute of Pakistan related to gas issue)

 Food resources

Food resources are very important because they provide us with the energy and nutrients we need
to stay healthy and grow. Without enough food, our bodies can become weak and we may not be
able to do our daily activities. It’s crucial to have access to a variety of foods to meet our nutritional
needs and maintain good health.

What are the various reasons which enables the individuals or countries that can approach the less
access of food resources.

1. Over population

The over population and urbanization can lead to increased demand for food, however, the land can
not be found to fertile the wheat or any food resources because of over population and this resulted
in limited food access. Additionally, deforestation can further exacerbate this issue or make the issue
more worse by reducing agriculture land and also the increases of pollution that disrupt the
ecosystem as well.

2. Climate change

The climate change is another reason of reducing the food resources in any area. The flooding issue,
deluge issue, hurricanes, or cyclones these all are the impacts of climate change that became the
reason of distractions of agriculture production. Secondly, when the climate change impacts or
disrupts the agriculture land then the food resources Confronting the diseases. For instance, the
wheat or rice is a food resources, they need 7 months of sunlight but, because of climate change
only 5 months sunlight raises are available. So, the diseases are increases because they can’t get
proper nourishment, proper water or sunlight raises. Thus, the shortages of food resources has been
confronted by the region where the impacts climate change existed. The agriculture growth has
weak.

3. Inflation

Throw such state policy the inflation confronted in which the food shortages occur because the
demand of food stuff increases. There are some state policies such as, direct or indirect taxes on food
that has been paid. Because other states also collect the taxes during transport or import the food
stuff. Thus, in this reason food shortages problems exist.

4. Food wastage

The western countries wasted billions of tone food stuff per day. But, in an other side, Ethiopia
where in every minute people are effective from the shortages of food stuff. This is also the reason of
shortages of food resources. Pakistan is the world number one in food wastage list.

5. Informal trade

The informal trade basically means illegal trade. For instance, Many of transporters businesses selling
the food stuff to the foreign countries in the greed of high monetary value or demands of food stuff
in others countries. But, their own country public demand has not been met yet. In this case, a
country confronted the food shortages.

6. War’s

The unsecure, chaos, or unrest environment in any region also become a reason of food crisis. For
instance, their is a conflicts of war between BLA or TTP and Pakistan army so, the route of importing
and exporting highways are also closes Thus, the Balochistan rest of districts faces the food shortages
problems. Take a example of Ukraine and Russia war. The European region 40% of wheat had been
exported and provided from the Russian territory. If we calculate it by 100%, the 90% of Russian
wheat had been exported to the African countries by utilising the trade route of Ukraine but, after
the war rest of the African countries are extremely impacts. According to the report, 58 million
people has been impacted from the food shortages in per day and every day 1 person has been died
in Africa ( China produce more wheat than Russia but China consume it, that why Russia is the first
exporter of wheat)

7. Blockades (Border problems)

When the food stuff has been delayed because of border issues among states or flow of food has
been stopped because of climate change or whether issues than it also resulted in the shortages of
food that can impact the human nutrition. For instance, Russia after a war, block their straits and
black sea route. So, with in 4 days, it resulted a huge impacts on rest of the world. Where they face
Hunger crisis.

8. Unequal distribution of food

The rich countries of this world including western countries or Golf states where the distribution of
food are distributed throw advance food packages while in rest of the poor countries distribute the
food stuff throw supplied. Thus, the western or golf states on advance food packages have huge
amount of food stuff while the poor countries supplied food have least amount of food stuff.

For instance, ABCD food cooperation is the world largest food provided cooperation. The Archer
Daniels Midland, Bunge, Cargill, and Louis Dreyfus is the international company that packaging,
processing of food, or fertilization processing are managed by these above mentions various
companies that are working combine. These cooperation’s applying the artificial inflation process for
their interests and profits because they confronted less cost while achieving more profit after
consuming the direct indirect taxes. This causes the food starvation in poor countries. Thus, they are
very much responsible for the food shortages crisis in the world. According to the report, In most of
Africa regions where 58 million people remain hungry per day and 1 person dies in per day.

 Major Boundary Dispute in the world:

1. Sankaku island

It is also called Diaoyu island is Chinese. On this island the China have dispute with Japan. The China
claim on this island as a part of nine-dash line map. They consider this island as their integral part.
But, now the island is under the control of Japan government. The disputes had been started in 2012
when the Japanese companies founds a large amount of oil and natural minerals. The island some
region had been given to the private families by the Chinese government in 2012, but, the private
families purchased this island some regions to the Japanese government. Thus, after this more
dispute has been escalated between Chinese and Japanese government.

2. Kuril island

It is the Archipelago area which means ‘an area that contains a chain or group of islands scattered in
lakes, rivers, or the ocean’. Because of archipelago that based on different islands resulted that both
Russia and Japan have disputes and both states claiming it as their integral part. During WW-II USSR
invaded few islands it resulted a big clash between Japan and USSR occurred. Japanese claiming the
Kuril island as their integral part and historical right. But, in during the Tartan or Tarta conference
these islands has been given to the Russia. It means that the Japanese government claim on these
Archipelago island is unnecessary. Now the island are under the control of Russian government yet.

3. Korean peninsula
During cold war the 3 years of war occurred among Korean nation. Because they are historically one
but, the south Korean government supported by USA and the north government supported by USSR
and Chinese Communist ideology. They both sides clashes with each other for 3 years. In during 3
years of duration, no one side, were even ready for the diplomatic resolutions. Thus, in the end, the
Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create a 4-
kilometre-wide (2.5-mile) buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone
(DMZ). Thus, both sides are unable to have any cooperation, agreement, or contract e t c. The
disputes are still occurring. They both still claim on Korean peninsula.

4. Western Sahara

The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Sahrawi Arab Democratic
Republic/Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco. The polisario group are still fighting for the
right of self determination with the Moroccan army. The polisario group are on and off attacking the
government administration and army or government officials e t c. Thus, to resolve the conflict, the
UNO takes interfere and decided to referendum it. But, according to the international law the
referendum can be possible only in a peaceful environment While the conflict is persistently goes on
between the Western Sahara freedom fighter and kingdom of morocco. The referendum had been
stopped because, the kingdom of Morocco is trying to residing their own people to the western
Sahara territory. But the international law didn’t allowed the right that, during referendum you can
not change the original population of any territory. The United Nations Mission for the Referendum
in Western Sahara (MINURSO) was established by Security Council resolution 690 of 29 April 1991 in
accordance with settlement proposals accepted on 30 August 1988 by Morocco and the Frente
Popular para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y de Río de Oro (Frente POLISARIO). This referendum
is still cease.

5. Somali land

The Somali land is in the south of Somalia-Africa region. The Somali land was a part of one of the
Great Britain colonies. Both the Spain colonizers and the British colonizer had a strong influence on
Somali land during the end of 19th century. But after the WW-II, the Somalia has been recognised as a
independent state. But, their southern part called the Somali land were not in the favour of this
decisions. Because they wanted to have a sovereign state. This resulted the conflict between both
the Somali land freedom fighter and Somalia government. For the self determination the Somali land
claim there-self as the independence. They claims that we have own territory, population,
government, and law thus, they consider themselves as a sovereign. But, according to the
international law, if a nation have territory, population, government, and law but the world can’t
recognise them as the sovereign state can not be a sovereign state to the world. Therefore, they have
not recognised as a sovereign state. They still have border disputes with Somalia government.

6. Taiwan

Before WW-II, Many of Chinese territory on nine-dash line including Taiwan had been controlled by
Japanese but, after a bloodshed defeat of Japan government in 1945 WW-II. All the invaded parts of
Japanese had been taken. The Taiwan which was also invaded by Japan were again giving to China
but, in during 1945 civil war between Chinese Communist party PROC (lead by Mao) and nationalist
ROC (lead by Chiang Kai-shek). The Communist party had supported by USSR while the nationalist
party had supported by USA and Western alliance. In this war, Communist party Became successful
to control the Chinese government but, the Chiang Kai-shek and his rest of army flees to Taiwan.
Taiwan is in the middle of China which is a island. But later China again claim it as their integral part
(according to the nine dash lines). But Taiwan have their own territory, population, government, law
but are still not recognised as a sovereign state in UNO. It is said, if the nuclear war occurred
between Chinese and USA, one of the factor will be the Taiwan issue. So, China have a dispute with
USA and Japan because of Taiwan.

7. Palestine and Israel conflict

The region is found in the middle East. Before the fall of Ottoman empire the Palestinians are living
peacefully in their own land known as the Palestine. But after the fall of Ottoman empire this
territory had been given to the Britain-mandate. Thus, after the Balfour Declaration was a letter
written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lionel Walter Rothschild, in which they
promised and aim to establish “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine where small
group of Jewish community were living. Palestine lands were gradually selling to the Israelis. While in
1948 Israel were liberal and became a independence state. The Balfour Declaration, which resulted
in a significant upheaval in the lives of Palestinians, was issued on November 2, 1917. The declaration
turned the Zionist aim of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine into a reality. But, todays the conflict
between Israel and Palestine is existing because the Gaza Strip and the West Bank which were the
two Palestinian territories or integral part that were part of Mandate Palestine and were captured by
Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967. There are over 5 million Palestinians combined living in the
two territories. Thus, the Palestinian are fighting for their integral mandated part and the war is
going on.

8. Crimea

Historically Crimea was a part of Tsarist dynasty, after the fall of Tsarist dynasty the region had
been taken by USSR. But, 1954 the USSR government includes the territory of Crimea under the
Ukraine. While, in 1991 after the fall of USSR many countries were disintegrate and recognise as
a new countries. Such as, Ukraine, Chechenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan e t c. But, the
conflict occurred when, European Union in 2010 offered the Ukrainian government to accept the
membership of European Union because if any country became a member of EU then the state
can trade without barriers ( barrier free market). The membership of European Union was a
greatest opportunity for Ukraine. But, Russian federation government threatening them that if
Ukraine governments sign the membership of EU, Russia will attach on Ukraine. Thus, a large
number of revolutionary protesters awake and people demands, once our country government is
ready to be a part European Union than no any other power (especially Russia government) have
a right to stop it because we are the sovereign state, we have a sovereign right to make our
decision. Further in 2014, Zelensky had been selected as a new president of Ukraine. Zelensky is
a Pro-Western. Russia at that duration make a referendum in Crimea. Which after referendum it
was decided that Crimea has been included in Russian territory. The reasons of inclusion of
Crimea to the Russian territory and war against Ukraine are as follows;

1. Russia was vulnerable to the influence of NATO

2. Russia never want to compromise on their integral water sides or ports.
 3. Crimea is very important for Russia because the Crimea peninsula is also a part of Black sea.
Russia have a huge interest in Crimea peninsula because the Russian ports are only available
for 4 or 5 months because of rigid climatic conditions.

9. Antarctica issue

Before cold war, many of states including, United Kingdom, Norway, Australia, Argentina, France,
Chile, and New Zeeland claims on Antarctica as their own territory but, none of these claims have an
indigenous population because of rigid climatic conditions of this island. Temperature ranges from
about −10°C on the coast to −60°C. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December
1959 by the twelve nations that had been active during the IGY (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile,
France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States and USSR) and it
was decided that the Antarctic continent was made a demilitarized zone to be preserved for scientific
research only. No any country will utilise the region for any of nuclear explosion e t c.

10. Jammu and Kashmir issue

11. Durand line issue

 Global Choke points

A strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region.

A chokepoint is a strategic strait or canal. When powerful countries have control over choke points, it
helps them in negotiations and important decisions around the world. They can make sure their
interests are protected and limit what other countries can do. Choke points are really important in
today’s world because they give powerful countries an advantage in many ways such as, they can
control important resources, trade routes, and military movements.

1. Strait of Hormuz

A strait is a water passage that connects two water bodies. For instance, oceans, seas, bays, Gulfs, or
Rivers that are divided into two land masses.

The Strait of Hormuz is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It provides the only
sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world’s most strategically
important choke points. (The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Oman, also known as Gulf of Makran or Sea of
Makran, is a gulf that connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then runs to the
Persian Gulf. It borders Iran and Pakistan on the north, Oman on the south, and the United Arab
Emirates on the west). The strait of Hormuz from 2018 transmit approximately the 21 million barrels
of oil and LNG tanker’s per day. The world 1/3rd oil tanker and 1/4th LNG tanker are transported from
the strait of Hormuz.

- Importance

The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world’s most important straits due to its being the quickest route
for oil to be transported to other countries from the Middle East. It is located in the Middle East,
bordering Iran, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of
Oman. Another important facts of strait of Hormuz is it is deep and relatively free of maritime
hazards.
 2. Strait of Malacca

The Strait of Malacca is located on the Western perimeter of the South China Sea. Running between
the Eastern coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra and the Western coast of Malaysia. It stretches
65-250 km wide and 800 km long. The Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia are utilising the strait of
Malacca regularly. While, the strait has been controlled by Malaysian government.

- Importance

It transmit or the 40% trade route of the world goods. It is the vital rout for the whole world.
Approximately, 3.5 trillion of trades per year. The strait is the shortest route China to Indian Ocean.
For China it is very important rout for trade while the strait transmit the 80% of Chinese products. 50
thousand ships are passes through Malacca strait in each year. Thus, it important for the world. If in
case it would block the world especially China victimize first.

3- Suez Canal

The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the
Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The 193.30 km long canal is a
popular trade route between Europe and Asia. In 1859 to 1869 the Suez canal was build by Egyptian
Pasha and France Suez canal company. The purpose was to connect Mediterranean sea and Red sea.

- Importance

1:The Suez canal takes its importance when the Egyptian President Jamal Abdul Nasser naturalized
the Suez canal from the British and French owned company that managed it. But, when he was
enable to construct the Aswan High Damn on Suez canal but, the capitalist western countries were
not in the favour of this dam and they stopped their financial support for the construction of dam.
Because on the other side, USSR starting to financially support them. Thus, in 1956 the western
alliance including France, Jordan and Israel wages a war against Jamal Abdul Nasser. There are many
factors of war,

- Communist financial support to Jamal Abdul Nasser

- Capitalist western countries needed this route however the canal was rich in
minerals resources and oil

2:It is the shortest maritime rout between Asia and Europe. This canal was man made trade route
which was build by Egyptian Pasha and France company in 1869. The Suez canal transmitted 20 lake
ships in each year.

3: one of the heavy shipping canal and a shortest route between Mediterranean sea and Red sea.

4: now it is in the control of Egypt government. Where they earn 8 to 10 billion $ per year.

4-strait of Gibraltar

The strait of Gibraltar is also known as the straits of the Gibraltar. It is a narrow strait that connects
the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean sea and separates Europe from Africa. The strait connect
Spain from the Europe continent and Morocco from the African continent. The has been utilized by
many countries around the Mediterranean sea as a means to trade goods for their economy
including Spaniards and Egyptians. But, The United Kingdom also claims 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5
mi) around Gibraltar on the northern side of the Strait, putting part of it inside British territorial
waters. A Peace treaty signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht (known as the Treaty of Utrecht) granted
Britain the permanent rights to govern Gibraltar. Thus, in 1713 the strait of Gibraltar was ceded to
the Britain.

- Importance

The sea bed in the Strait area is of great natural wealth, with extensive sea grass meadows, bearing
witness to the environmental quality of the water, and this may further develop more. This name
was given by Tariq Bin Zeyad (from Umayad-Tribe) who were invaded Spain by passing this strait.
Thus, he used the word Jabr (area) and Tar (name).

5- Bab el Mandeb

The Bab-el-Mandeb, or the Gate of Grief, is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, and
Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. This maritime
trade route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez
Canal. [1] On one side of the narrow strait lies the Arabian Peninsula. It is also called the ‘Gate of
Tears ‘ by the uncertainty (pirates) activity.

- Importance

The strait of Bab el Mandeb is one of the busiest maritime route. It transmit a large amount of LNG
and petrol tankers. It collects heavy transmit fees. It is under the control of British government. It is
the alternative route toward the ( back door of) Suez canal. It link the red sea with the Indian Ocean
and Arabian sea.

6- Panama canal

The canal is located between the South of America and the United States of America. In 1914 after
the canal was constructed by Panama government thus, USA offer the Panama government that they
are interesting to buy the canal by 10 million dollars. But, they reject their offer and demands 2
billion dollars. The US government started a massive war against the Panama government. The war
took massive amount of impacts on Europe. This extreme level attitude of US also introduce the bad
image of US government to the world and rest of European governments have begun speaking
negatively about US government. Thus, after massive conflicts the European world pressure the US
to return the canal. After a period of joint American–Panamanian control, the canal was again return
to the Panamanian government in 1999. Because US was exposed by the European governments of
hitting the territorial integrity of others.

- Importance

It is the shortest route between Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. The Panamanian government is
controlling the canal. Approximately, 2 billion $ transit fee are collected annually.

(Voesh-the journey of sea)

  Core and periphery

The abovementioned headings is the terminology of international relations that classified the world
into two class. Where according to this terminology the economic wealth are distributed. This
classification is not only found in international level even it is also exists in many of countries as well.

- Core

The countries that are highly developed and accumulate the 90% wealth of the world these countries
are also called the HDC. The HDC stands for Highly developed countries are the sovereign states that
has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to
other less industrialized nations. Such as, united states, Canada, Italy, KSA, Japan, Germany, United
Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, or Australia e t c.

Nevertheless, the core countries governed all over the world. However, in today’s political strategies
of core countries tactics of controlling their regions after indirectly ruled the periphery countries
government system. By interfering their political affairs and even compel them (such as, Pakistan
faced bankruptcy after taking loans with IMF, same as Pakistan set up their Foreign policies according
to the taste of China because Pakistan is the participant of BRI and cooperated Allie of CPEAC ) to
makes their foreign policies according to the teste of Core countries.

According to the report of Oxfam organization ( Oxfam is a global movement of people who are
fighting inequality to end poverty and injustice. It is found in 1942) the 90% of the world wealth is
gains by the Core countries such as, Norway, France, USA, Germany, Spain, UK, Sweden, Denmark,
Finland, Japan, Australia, Netherland, or Scotland including South Korea. These are the wealthiest
countries of the world. Now the question has emerged that why the core countries of the world are
much wealthiest than the peripheral class?

1- Colonization

As we discuss it before that these countries have a potential to indirectly colonized the periphery
countries throw it’s tactics strategies by make them depended on the economic wealth, less
exporting trade, and by giving them loans with IMF and then dictate the Periphery countries by
accepting their various stimulations. Thus the periphery countries economy has been more
dependent on the core countries. In this situation, they colonized them indirectly. – after the
colonization the core countries get benefits from the hidden natural resources of the periphery
countries. Take a example of Reko Diq. The Reko Diq represents one of the largest copper and gold
reserves in the world having estimated reserves of 5.9 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.41% copper
and gold reserves amounting to 41.5 million oz. This project take mining life of at least 40 years. But
the advantages of this project was owned by the capitalist class or Core countries where 50% by
Barrick (A western company) 25% by three federal state-owned enterprises, 15% by the Province of
Balochistan on a fully funded basis and 10% by the Province of Balochistan on a free carried basis. In
short, the benefits of Reko Diq project gains by the HDC states while Pakistan ( the region where the
world undeveloped gold mines was explored) gains only 7% of benefits. Thus, it means they
colonized them and took benefits from their unexplored minerals and by compelled them to utilises
the same products which are invented from the minerals resources armament after exploring them
from the south or East Least developing (Ironic) regions.

2- Scientific innovation
From the initial of civilizations, many of innovations are invented by the Western world more. Thus,
in today’s the modern scientific innovation are also discovered by the Core countries. Because the
HDC are highly developed and the whole world countries are dependent or counted on their
invented technologies. For instance, the YouTube, Tweeter, or Snapchat e t c owners are the western
residents which are utilized by all over the world for adds or advertisement thus, from these
advertisement the Core countries or companies gains billions of revenues.

3- Population Decline

If we examine the population of all the HDC states, they all are less in population wise. This is the
main factor of why every individual or their citizen can afford a better lifestyle, advance education,
and highly developed employment opportunities because they are less in population and every
individual can easily get life facilities. The countries residents gains the facilities of own inverted
technologies as well.

4- Educational opportunities

The core countries provides the opportunities to their skilful youngsters in their educational
institutions. On the bases of merit. Such as, the world top higher level education institutions system
are found in the western countries likewise, the Oxford university or the Harvard university e t c.

5- Brain Drain

The brain Drain are those of personalities who are highly trained and qualified people from a
particular developed countries that knows the better standard of living and quality of life, higher
salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places
worldwide. Therefore, most of the high brain Drain personalities are t found in the HDC states. Such
as, Microsoft office head, tweeter head, or YouTube head, in today’s world the head of AI Chat-Gpt is
also from the Core country and all the USMLE medical exam topper are the core countries talented
people. The brain Drain forum also introduced the full bright scholarships that gave beneficiaries of
progressive life.

6- Service based countries

The HDC states are the world top of the countries that provides services to all over the world. Where
in one side, they have a positive reputation and in another side, they gained a large amount of
revenues as well. Such as, KFC, Macdonald, Apple company or Honda company e t c.

7- Bretton wood system controller

The Bretton Woods system was an international monetary agreement that standardized currency
exchange rates. Currencies belonging to various nations were pegged against the US dollar. The US
dollar itself was pegged against the price of gold. It aimed to bring uniformity to global exchange
rates. It was established in 1944. Thus, all the international economic development organisation are
working under the rules of Bretton wood system. Nevertheless, the international economic
development organisation such as, IMF, WB, GATT, WTO e t c are directly holding by the HDC states.
Where there trading system are free without any tariffs. But, they first provides free loans to the LDC
pore countries such as IMF had provided free loans to the Pakistani government. But when the
Periphery pore countries have no potential to return their loans in a given timing then, they ensured
their conditions or stimulations but if the country is enable to accept the given conditions then the
IMF has been compelled them to pay GST taxes and must pay the tariffs from the annual GDP of the
country.
 - Periphery

The countries that are not developed and can not take advantages from the globalization are called
the periphery class or LDC. The LDC stands for ‘Least developed countries’. The 46 countries currently
on the list LDCs includes: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Dem. Thus, Uno is also
providing them preferential market access, aid, special technical assistance, and capacity-building on
technology among other concessions.

 Therefore, the HDC are the Highly developed countries while the LDC are the least
developed countries.
1; Core
2; Semi periphery
3; Periphery

• Criticism on the Core countries

Critics of core countries or higher developed countries often highlight several concerns. One
criticism is that these countries tend to dominate global economic and political systems,
creating an imbalance of power and perpetuating global inequalities. They argue that core
countries exploit resources and the labour are from the periphery countries which gains only
small salaries or benefits. Another criticism is that core countries their own economic
interests over global concerns like environmental sustainability and social justice, often
outsourcing labour to countries with weaker regulations, which worsens income inequality.
Additionally, critics argue that core countries impose their values and lifestyles on other
nations, eroding local cultures and diversity. Some also criticize core countries for their role
in exacerbating climate change, as they historically contribute significant carbon emissions
and have not done enough to address the issue.

 Buffer Zones

Buffer zones are the land to use and avoid a direct war by the imperialist or omnipotent powers.

An area between 2 super powers to avoid the direct confrontation. In history, the superpowers
utilized many regions as buffer zones. Historically, when the region utilizes buffer zones are never
developed because the region has been consistently victimized by war or confrontation. The buffer
zones geography is proximity is not in confrontation it became a battlefield. For instance, during the
cold war, many regions became buffer zones between capitalists and communists such as
Afghanistan, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, and eventually East
Germany.
  Imperialism

There are two kinds of Imperialism.

 Formal

When one power Invades another country physically or for territorial expansion and is responsible
for the area that is invaded. The region was often a part of old empire. The imperials formally not
invade the region for the economic vassals, but for the their political strategies and for their prestige.
This type of invasion called the formal imperialism.

1- England (1500 to 1600)

The Great Britain needed the world ports for their political strategies and for the prestige thus, they
invade the world. In this case, they also made the East India company so, that they easily dominate
their government structure.

2- Scotland

In 1644 Scottish invade new land. But they became imperials when they shared with England after
the Scotland unified under the Great Britain Empire and became a imperialist of invading the world
for the political strategies or prestige. Thus, the Great Britain invade the South Asia, Gulf regions,
African countries and some of European areas.

1: Informal imperialism

A kind of imperialism where the imperialist does not conquest the political system or directly govern
the region but, this type of imperialism is the control on the economic and culture system of the
region indirectly. This type of imperialism is often found in todays era.

 There are three types of Imperialism

1- Colonization

The types of imperialism where the direct physical control of imperialist power. Where they take
control on the natural resources and take the economic values. They control their Bureaucratic
system, government structure, and policies making in their own hands. The invasion of South Asia
including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Srilanka are the example of Colonization.

2- Sphere of influence

A sphere of influence is when a powerful country claims rights and special privileges over a certain
area or region. It’s usually for things like trade and investments, but sometimes it also includes
military purposes. This often occurred in lands that bordered an already existing colony.

For instance, Azerbaijan policies are usually in the favour of Russia. Because of indirect influence of
Russia in their decision making process. Therefore, Russia claims it as their sphere of influence.

The USA and China are proximity strategic policies related to Pakistan. Thus, Pakistan is consider for
both USA and China as sphere of influence. Thus, Pakistan every foreign or internal policies are
arranges according to the interest of China and USA.
 3- Protectorate

A territory largely controlled by but not annexed to a stronger state. The relation of a protecting state
to its protected territory.

During Yemen war, when Iran starts interfering in the war, thus, the direct interfere of Arab had seen
because YEMEN is important for Saudi Arabia and Yemen is the protectorate of Saudi Arabia.

Same case with in Panama, when in USA claims it as a protectorates of United States of America.
Same as in Namibia, Macedonia, Syria or Pergamum.

 Formal imperialist of history

Historically, the their are many of conquerors that established a large empire of world and are the
common examples of imperialism.

1- The Napoleonic wars 1803 to 1815

Napoleon Bonaparte who was a imperialist. He invaded the 90% of the Europe territory except the
Britain and Russia. While he was defeat in the battle of Waterloo.

2- British Empire 1500 to 1945

The Great Britain is one of the most powerful imperialist. They started invasion of Gulf regions, south
Asia, and African continent. But, because of rising of nationalism which initially started in East Asian
Gulf regions. Thus, the Great Britain wages the wars and battles against revolutionary protesters.
Nevertheless, great Britain recognised for their military power and economic power but, after the
wars they faces the economic crisis. In those conditions, the USA starts the Marshal plans for helps
the warlords European regions thus, USA get a reputation. So, the Great Britain have a huge history
of imperialism.

3- Scramble of Africa, 1870 to 1900.

Before 1870, Africa was under the control of Ottoman empire. They had a direct influence on African
regions. But, after the ottoman empire loses their political power, the African region was colonized
by imperialistic powers of Europe such as, French, Dutch, Portugal, German, and British because a
large number of metallic resources had been existed. After all, all the European colonizers Fought
with each other for the domination on scramble of Africa during 1870 to 1900 thus, the advantages
were given to the developed countries on the bases of no potential government.

4- American expansion 1803 to 1853

In the American expansion of 1803 where the transaction with France, signed on April 30, 1803, the
United States purchased 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.

The American/Mexican war was also waged where massive bloodshed occurred where after the
independency of America, they directly or indirectly start an invasion as an imperialist for the
expansion of their territory.

Thus, after a huge attack and direct/indirect influence of America across Europe for the expansion of
their territory, the Treaty of Louisiana was signed in 1923. Further, the American policy of expansion
of territory was controlled. The current example of America’s expansion policy that so applied in
Cuba.
 5- Russia expansion

The Russian Tsarist dynasty and USSR expansion is also one of the example of imperialism where
expansion starts from 1721 to 1919 to expand their territory. They invade these rgion as well.

 Conclusion

Imperialism is a ideology or strategic planning that is utilized for the domination of power. It is based
on political interest, military interest, and economic value.

 Revolutionary Heritage

The meaning of revolutionary heritage is the historical legacy and cultural significance left behind by
a revolution or significant social change. It refers to the values, ideals, and achievements of past
revolutions that continue to influence and shape society. Revolutionary heritage can include
important events, symbols, leaders, and ideas that are celebrated and remembered as a source of
inspiration and guidance for future generations.

- Definition of heritage

Any building, peace of art, values, utensils that has historical connection.

- Definition of Revolutionary Heritage

Transfer of one revolutionary values to another region or to follow one revolution struggles heritage
to other regions for the banish of colonizers.

For instance, when the French Bourbon Dynasty sent their troops to wages a war against American
revolutionist combine with the British troops. After return of French army, thus, they adoposted such
revolutionary slogans or ideas as equality, liberty, fertility, equal economic distribution, right to
freedom of speech, or ending of despotism e t c. This is also considered as one of the reasons for the
French Revolution This, adoption of new ideas related to equality which sparkling in another region is
known as the revolutionary heritage.

 Historical Revolutionary Heritages

1- American Revolution 1775 to 1783
2- French Revolution 1789
3- Greece Revolution 1821
4- Russia Revolution 1917 1923
5- Chinese Revolution 1949
6- Iranian Revolution 1978 to 1979

All the above-mentioned revolutions are directly or indirectly similar legacies. Such as the Iranian
Revolution follows the model of the French Revolution in the abolishment of despotism, feudalism,
and monarchy system.
  Common grounds causes of the above-mentioned revolutions
1- Oppression
2- Inequality
3- Injustice
4- Ethnic/color/religious segregation
5- Poverty
6- Unjust taxes

Conclusion;

Therefore, the colonizing regions realized that if the colonizers have democracy why w do not have
it? So, these types of notions had been founded after the American RevRevolutionhey have the same
model.

 Neo imperialism

It is a new form of imperialism, when a colonizer does not endorse the country physically. It means
that they don’t send theisendoops or army for a direct war, and they don’t possessiopossesse of the
land of others. But, they compel them into slave in two pose.

1- Economically

For instance, Today’s banking system of every single country it according to the USA and Western
Alliance banking systems. For instance, IMF loans gradually dictate your country by opposing their
rules. The situation of Pakistan. According to Islamic Sharia, the concept of loan is a sine but, the
Western banking system is opposed to us. This is economic imperialism where we are indirectly
colonized.

2- Culturally

In today’s era, throw technological advances and soft power our culture is distorted. We follow the
lifestyle of Western countries. We follow the education system of the West. We forget our norms,
values, or even our religious values for the yearning to become as modern as Western.

Such examples are;

o Education system
o Dress up
o Language

We are culturally distorted by the western Lifestyle where the role of media is rarely mobilizing our
perceptions which gradually changing our life.