Prof. Dr. L.C.M.

Itard
Performance comparison: guided example

Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020
 Prof. Dr. L.C.M. Itard
Performance comparison: guided example

Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020
 Choice of the energy supply of a building
Case 1: Office building in the Netherlands
Nominal Heating Load
450 = 421 kW
400

Hourly heating demand (kWh)

350

Heating load (kW)

300

250 Total energy demand

3000000
200
Space

Annual energy demand

150
2500000 cooling
100

50
2000000 Space
0 854052 heating

(kWh)
1 731 1461 2191 2921 3651 4381 5111 5841 6571 7301 8031
1500000
Time (hours) from January 1st,1:00 to December 31st, 24:00
59432 Hot tap
40 m

Space heating demand (kWh) per 1000000

water
hour during a typical year 500000
Electricity
1000
Nominal Cooling Load 0
= 921 kW
900

72 m
Hourly cooling demand (kWh)

800

Annual Space heating: 854052 kWh

700
Cooling load (kW)

600

500
Nominal power space heating: 421 kW
Cooling demand: 297 505 kWh.
400

300

200
Nominal power space cooling: 921 kW
100

0
1 731 1461 2191 2921 3651 4381 5111 5841 6571 7301 8031
Time (hours) from January 1st,1:00 to December 31st, 24:00
Options
1. Condensing gas boiler (η=0.95) + air chiller with SEER 2
2. Reversible ground source Heat pump with SCOP 5 for space
heating and SEER 4

€/kW €/kWh €/m3 €/kg

Cost data example NL: Gas boiler 70
Reversible Heat pump 1500
Chiller 1000
Grid electricity 0.22
Gas 0.65
Option 1: Gas boiler & Chiller
1a: gas boiler

Energy content fuel

9.8 kWh/m3

Annual Primary
Annual resource
Energy: 899 MWh
depletion: 91735 m3
gas
η PE to Final: 1 Specific emissions
NL: 0.2 CO2-eq/kWh PE
Annual heating Annual CO2-eq
demand: 854 MWh emissions fuels
Final annual NL: 180 t CO2-eq
energy: 899 MWh
Annual energy costs
η Final to Demand:
59628 €
0.95
Final Energy price
0.65 €/m3 Total annual
energy costs:
Annual equivalent 61593 €
Investments costs Investment costs Investment costs
70 €/kW 29470 € 1965 €

Nominal load
Service life: 15 years
heating 421 kW
Option 1: Gas boiler & Chiller
1b: Chiller
Energy content fuel
59%gas,with 9.8
kWh/m3; 14.4% coal
with 8.2 kWh/kg

Annual Primary Annual resource

Energy: 372 MWh depletion: 22398
m3 gas; 6.5 t coal
η PE to Final: 0.4 Emission factor:
0.46 kg CO2- Annual emissions
Annual cooling eq/kWhe electricity: 68 t CO2-
demand: 298 MWh Final annual eq
electricity: 149
η Final to Demand: MWh
Annual energy
2 costs: 32780€
Final Energy price
0.22 €/kWh Total annual
energy costs:
Annual equivalent 94180 €
Investments costs Investment costs Investment costs
75 €/kW 921000 € 61400 €

Nominal load
Service life: 15
cooling: 921 kW
years
Option 2: Reversible heat pump

Energy content fuel

59%gas,with 9.8
kWh/m3; 14.4%
coal with 82 kWh/kg

Annual Primary Annual resource

Energy: 612 MWh depletion: 36848
m3 gas; 1.1 t coal
η PE to Final: 0.4 Emision factor: 0.46
CO2-eq s Annual emissions
Annual cooling electricity: 68 t CO2-
demand: 298 MWh Final annual eq
Heating: 854 MWh electricity: 245
MWh
Annual energy
η Final to Demand:
costs: 53900€
4 (c), 5 (h)
Final Energy price
0.22 €/kWh Total annual
energy costs:
Annual equivalent 168900 €
Investments costs Investment costs Investment costs
1500 €/kW 1725000 € 115000 €

Nominal load
Service life: 15
heating:
years
921x5/4=1150 kW
 Summary of performances

Annual Primary Annual Res. Annual CO2 – Annual energy

Energy (MWh) depletion eq emissions costs

Combi gas boiler + chiller 899+372=1271 114133 m3 248 t 155733 € (61593

gas+ 0.6 t coal (h)+94180(c))

Reversible heat pump 612 36648 m3 gas 68 t (-85%) 168900 € (+ 8%)

+1.1 t coal
Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020