A

Project report submitted on

DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

FOR RTU KOTA
In partial fulfillment for award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Guided by: Submitted by:

Mr. CHANDRA KAILASH MALAV PAWAN KUMAR (17EBRCE002)

Assistant Professor RAVI CHHONKAR (17EBRCE004)
Department of Civil Engineering SHUBHAM SHARMA (17EBRCE005)
GECB, Baran Civil (4th year 8th Semester)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
Government Engineering College
Baran,
Batawadi, Baran
February 2021

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

PAWAN KUMAR (17EBRCE002)

RAVI CHHONKAR (17EBRCE004)

SHUBHAM SHARMA (17EBRCE005)

Civil (4th year 8th Semester)

have submitted the project report entitled “Design of sewage treatment plant for Rtu
Kota” in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology (Civil
Engineering).The report has been prepared as per the prescribed format and is approved
for submission and presentation.

Signature
Chandra Kailash Malav
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
GECB, Baran.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very grand to expose our sincere and lovable memorial thanks to our
Management for having on hand the facilities for the triumphant completion of the
project.

We have glad to express our subterranean gratitude to Mr. Kartar Singh,

Principal (GECB, Baran), for his invaluable motivation and encouragement in every
thread of our course.

On the very outset of this report, we would like to extend our sincere and
heartfelt obligation towards all the personages who have helped us in this endeavour.
Without their active guidance, help, cooperation and encouragement, we would not have
made headway in the project.

We express our deepest thanks to Mr. Chandra Kailash Malav Head of the
Department, Civil engineering, intended for giving valuable guidance, steady support and
encouragement to approving our project work with great interest and more over for
giving necessary guidance and advices to make our project work smooth, knowledgeable
and fruitful.
Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future.
Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.

iii
 ABSTRACT

A Study has been conducted to carry out analysis and design of sewage treatment plant in
Rajasthan Technical University (RTU) Campus Kota as a part of our final year project
work. The steady increase of population in campus results in the increase of sewage
generation. So it has been proposed to construct a sewage treatment plant with sufficient
capacity to treat the increased sewage for next 30 years. The RTU campus is situated on
Rawatbhata Road, about 14 km from Kota railway station and 10 km from Kota bus
stand. The lush green campus is at the bank of river Chambal in an area of More than 385
acres. The project deals with design of sewage treatment plant and its major components
such as screening chamber, Grit chamber, skimming tank, sedimentation tank, and sludge
drying beds. It is recommended that the treated water may be supplied for gardening and
the remaining sludge after treatment can be used as manure. The use of treated Water will
reduce the ground water use. By the execution of project the entire sewage of the campus
can be treated effectively and efficiently for next 30 years.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Page No

Chapter 1: Introduction 1-5

1.1 General
1.2 Important terms
1.2.1. Sewage
1.2.2. Sewer
1.2.3. Sewerage System
1.2.4. Sullage
1.2.5. Sanitary sewage
1.3 Wastewater Volumes in India
1.4 Need and Benefit of Domestic Sewage Treatment
1.5 Background and Rainfall of Kota district
1.6 Objectives of the project

Chapter 2: Literature Review 6-10

2.1 Previous studies

Chapter 3: Materials and Method 11-35

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials
3.2.1. Brick
3.2.2. Concrete
3.2.3. Precast Concrete
3.2.4. Cast-in-situ Reinforced Concrete
3.2.5. Cast iron
3.2.6. Non-Metallic Non-Concrete Synthetic Material Pipes
3.2.7. UPVC Pipe
3.2.8. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes
3.3 Treatment of Sewage
3.3.1. Preliminary Treatment
3.3.2. Primary Treatment
3.3.3. Secondary Treatment
3.3.4. Tertiary Treatment
3.4 Sewage impurity
3.5 Degree of Treatment
3.6 Design Period
3.7 Estimation of Sewage volume
3.8 Location of Treatment Plant
3.9 Layout of Treatment Plant
3.10 Design Consideration
3.11 Design of Receiving Chamber
3.12 Screening

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 3.12.1. Purpose of Screening
3.12.2. Coarse Screens
3.12.3. Design of Coarse Screen
3.13 Design of Grit Chamber with Aeration
3.14 Design of Skimming Tank
3.15 Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank
3.16 Design High Rate Trickling Filter
3.16.1. Estimation of BOD in Raw Sewage
3.16.2. Filter Area
3.16.3. Design of Rotary Distribution
3.17 Activated Sludge Process
3.18 Stabilization
3.19 Design of Sludge Drying Bed
3.20 Design of Sewer Pipe line
3.20.1. Forces Acting on Sewer pipe line
3.20.2. Criteria for selecting the Material of Sewer pipe line
3.20.3. Operation and Maintenance of Sewers

Chapter 4: Result and Discussion 36-52

4.1 Estimation of Sewage volume
4.2 Receiving Chamber
4.3 Coarse Screen
4.4 Grit Chamber
4.5 Skimming Tank
4.6 Primary Sedimentation Tank
4.7 High Rate Trickling Filter
4.8 Sludge Drying Beds
4.9 Sewer Pipe Lines

Chapter5: Conclusion 53

REFERENCES 54-55

ANNEXURE 56-68

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

1 Flow Chart of Processes of Sewage Treatment Plant 18
2 Design dimensions of Receiving Chamber 39
3 Design of Coarse screen 41
4 Design of Grit Chamber 43
5 Design of Skimming chamber 45
6 Design of primary Sedimentation tank 47
7 High Rate Trickling filter 49
8 Sludge drying beds 51
9 Sewer design 59

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No
1 Average rainfall of Kota district 4
2 Chemical Quality of raw and standard sewage 20
Recommendations of National Buildings Organization
3 (N.B.O.) on Non – Scouring Limiting Velocities in 34
Sewers and Drains
4 Manhole spacing as per IS 1742 – 1960 35
Minimum internal dimensions for Manhole Chamber as
5 35
per IS 1742 – 1960
Details of the design parameters of the primary sewage
6 36-37
treatment plant
Details of receiving chamber for primary sewage
7 38
treatment plant
Details of coarse screen for primary sewage treatment
8 40
plant
Details of grit chamber for primary sewage treatment
9 42
plant
Details of skimming tank for primary sewage treatment
10 44
plant
Details of primary sedimentation tank for primary
11 46
sewage treatment plant
Details of High Rate Trickling filter for primary sewage
12 48
treatment plant
Details of sludge drying bed for primary sewage
13 50
treatment plant
Details of sewer pipe line for primary sewage treatment
14 52
plant
15 Type and number of quarter in RTU campus 56
16 Number of Students in hostels 56
17 Sewage Characteristics 65

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

DO dissolved oxygen
Fig Figure
e.g. Example gratia. For example
etc. Etcetera
et.al et. Alibi and other
l/h/d liter head per day
COD Chemical oxygen demand
MLD million liter per day
MLSS Mixed liquor suspended solids
HRT hydraulic retention time
SRT Solids Retention Time
NPK nitrogen phosphorus potassium
H.P Horse power

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS

% Percentage or per hundred

ºC Degree Celsius
mm Meter
Cm Centimeter
mm Mille meter
Hrs. Hours
Vs. velocity of critical particle
Q Flow rate

A Area
Θ Kinematic viscosity
Ss Sp. Gravity of a particle
Dp Dia. of a critical particle
V Volume
d Depth
H Head loss
Va Aerated volume of chamber
L Length
W Width
D Diameter
Η Efficiency
Yo BOD at inlet
YE BOD at outlet
Xt MLSS
T HRT
Qr Sludge recirculation rate
ӨC SRT

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 Chapter - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
More than two billion people worldwide lives in regions facing water scarcity. Water
scarcity already affects every continent and more than 40 percent of the people on our
planet. By 2025,1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute
water scarcity, and two- thirds of the world’s population could be living under water
stressed conditions. Global water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of
population growth in the last century. About 1.1 billion people do not have access to
adequate water to meet their most basic needs. Around 1.2 billion people, or almost one-
fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical water scarcity, and 500
million people are approaching this situation (FAO, 2003)
India’s demand for water is growing at an alarming rate. India is surrounded by water
bodies on the three sides, yet we face water shortage every year. The per capita water
availability in India was 3450cu.m in 1951. By 2025 the annual per capita availability of
water is expected to rise drastically from the current 1800cu.m per person to 1200 – 1500
cu.m. The quality of available water is also fast deteriorating, over extraction of ground
water has led to salt water intrusion into coastal aquifer. It has also resulted into presence
of excessive fluoride, iron, arsenic and salinity in water affecting about 44 million people
in India. Groundwater is facing an equally serious threat from contamination by industrial
effluent and fecal matter as well as pesticides and fertilizers from runoff. Unless priority
is given quickly to creating an infrastructure to assure availability of water, there may be
no water to meet agricultural, domestic and industrial needs of a population that has
tripled in 50 years to one billion.
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and
household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical,
and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge
or reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated
with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds. Prime impurity of sewage is Organic
matter.

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1.2 Important terms
1.2.1. Sewage
Sewage is a dilute mixture of water and liquid waste generated due to various types of
wastesfrom the residential, public and industrial places.
The sewage pollutant causes undesirable changes and it affects the land, water and air or
the environment as a whole. In the modern living the heavy industrialization and increase
of population increased the rate of water pollution.
3 types of sewage are –
a) Domestic sewage
b) Industrial sewage
c) Storm water or Drainage or Runoff
1.2.2. Sewer
The pipe or conduit used for carrying sewage from one point to another point in a
seweragesystem.
1.2.3. Sewerage system
It is an entire process of collection, treatment and disposal of the sewage. Depending upon
modeof collection of sewage sewerage system generally of 3 types –
(i) Separate sewerage system
Separate pipes are provided to carry drainage and sanitary sewage.
(ii) Combined sewerage system
Only one pipe is provided to carry both sanitary and drainage sewage discharge.
(iii) Partially sewerage system
A certain portion of drainage, obtained from roofs and paved courtyard of individual
houses isallowed to mix with domestic sewage.
1.2.4. Sullage
Kitchen and bathroom waste taken together.
1.2.5. Sanitary sewage
Domestic sewage and industrial sewage taken together.
Prime impurity of sewage is Organic matter which may be either Biodegradable or non-
biodegradable.
Prime impurity of drainage is inorganic matter.
Sewage has 99.9 % water and 0.1% solids. Such that, if 1000kg sewage sample consider
thenit consist only 0.45kg of total solid

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1.3 Wastewater Volumes in India
Urban areas in India generated about 5 billion liters a day (bld) of wastewater in 1947
which has Increased to about 30 bld in 1997 (Winrock International, India 2007).
According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 16 bld of wastewater is
generated from Class-1 cities (population >100,000), and 1.6 bld from Class-2 cities
(population 50,000-100,000). Of the 45,000 km length of Indian rivers, 6,000 km have a
bio-oxygen demand above 3 mg/l, making the water unfit for drinking (CPCB 1998). An
estimated 80% of wastewater generated by developing countries, especially China and
India, is used for irrigation (Winrock International India 2007). In India, where
wastewater is mainly used in agriculture, a policy framework covering the issues
associated with this practice is lacking. Strauss and Blumenthal (1990) estimated that
73,000 ha were irrigated with wastewater in India. However, Buechler and Mekala (2003:
939) estimated that even just along the Musi River that runs through Hyderabad city in
Andhra Pradesh State, and the canals and tanks off this river approximately 40,000 ha of
land were irrigated with urban and industrial wastewater diluted with fresh river water
especially during the monsoon season. Untreated wastewater from domestic, hospital and
industrial areas pollute rivers and other natural water bodies. More than 80% (only 4,000
Million Liters per Day [MLD] out of 17,600 MLD wastewater generated in India is
treated) of wastewater generated is discharged into natural water bodies without any
treatment due to lack of infrastructure and resources for treatment (Winrock International
India 2007).

1.4 Need and Benefit of Domestic Sewage Treatment

Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing
contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and
domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove all the
pathogens, that it may not pollute the receiving water and make than unsafe for use, to
reduce the volume of sewage sludge, so that it can be easily disposed off. Sewage
treatment plant preserve natural environment against pollution. Installation of sewage
treatment plant reduces risk to public health and the environment. Wastewater treatment
systems eliminate disease-causing bacteria and kills harmful organisms.

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1.5 Background and Rainfall of Kota district
Kota district with an area of 5203.94 sq km is located between 24°32’ & 25°50 N
Longitude and 75°37’ & 76°34’ E Longitude in the southeast of the State of Rajasthan.
It is bounded on the north by Bundi and Sawai Madhopur districts, on the east by Baran
district, on the south by Jhalawar district and on the west by Chittorgarh distict.
In the northeast, the district is bounded by Madhya Pradesh. District is named after Kota
town and is part of Kota Division. The Rtu campus is located in Rawatbhata road, about
14 kms from Kota railway station and 10kms from Kota Bus stand. Rainfall received in
the district is fairly good. Most of the district received rainfall in the range of 600-700
mm in year 2010. The total annual average rainfalls 663.4 mm based on the data of
available blocks. Itawa block received highest rainfall (917.6 mm) whereas lowest was in
Sangod block (418.4 mm). Maximum average annual rainfall recorded in Itawa block
was about 773.6 mm. (District ground water brochure, Kota)

Table 1:- Average rainfall of Kota district

YEAR RAINFALL (MM)

2007 706

2008 812

2009 579

2010 592

2011 1234

2012 613

2013 1223

2014 770.3

2015 849.2

2016 836

2017 746

2018 772.8

2019 1259

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1.6 Objectives of the project
1. To estimate the volume of sewage water generated during the different periods
from RTU hostels and residential area.

2. To estimate the volume of sewage water to be generated during the next 30 years
from RTU hostels and residential area.

3. To design the primary sewage treatment units for the estimated sewage discharge

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 Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous studies

Jillies and Kushwaha (1990) reported that liquid digested sludge can be used as soil
amendment to provide low cost fertilizer and improve tilth. Dried digested sewage sludge
was mixed with soil in test plot near Saskatoon, Canada at application rate of 75 tones
sludge/hectare. The plots were irrigated with decent water from the sludge drying bed.

Tripathi and Dwivedi (1990) reported that the effect of irrigation with raw urban
sewage effluents mixes with industrial effluents, treated sewage effluents and tubewell
water potato yield anand plant and soil heavy metal content was content was studied in a
field experiment at benaras hindu university, Varanasi. Very low concentrations of heavy
metals were observed in rubbers from the raw sewage irrigation treatment, although Cu,
Zn, Fe in soil increased.

Korentajer (1990) reported the application of sewage sludge on agricultural land may
providean economical way to dispose of the increasing amount of sludge application may
be limited by its potential health.
Hundal and Sandhu (1992) reported that soil sample at varying distance along the
sewage from three tyres of field sewage waste water irrigated and tube well irrigated
were collected and analyzed for total and DTPA extractable toxic metal content.

Maiti et al. (1992) reported that the sewage effluent and sludge of Calcutta city was
made to assess their manorial values. Sewage were natural to slightly alkaline in reaction
and contained high level basic tons, particularly in winter, bicarbonate and chloride Ions
were at toxic levels. Although sewage effluents and slugged were rich in nutrient the
toxicity levels.

Welch et al. (1992) reported the zinc movement in sludge treated soils as influenced by
soil properties water quality and soil moisture level.

6
Hundal et al (1993) reported that the surface soil samples were collected from field
along a sewage drains which were irrigated with sewage effluents sewage effluents plus
tube well water or tube well water and their chemical properties were investigated. Zinc
and copper contents increased 3 and 8 times respectively in the sewage effluents treated
soils reaching toxic levels to plants.

Azad (1995) reported that the fate of Fe in sewage wastewater irrigated soil was
investigated in Punjab India. Total Fe content of normally irrigated soil ranges from 1.4-
3.2% in the 0-15 cm layer with mean value of 2.03% in soils receiving sewage
wastewater total Fe ranges from 2.2-4.1% with an average value 2.78% which was 36.9%
higher than in normal soils.

Mathan (1995) reported that the study conducted in a sewage farm of the Maduraei
Corporation in India to compare the effect of sewage effluent properties. The soil was
sandy loam and had been irrigated for 10-15 years. Soil irrigated by canal fed well water
had the highest bulk density.

Kuba et al. (1997) examined the role of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria
(DPB) in wastewater treatment plants using batch tests with activated sludge from two
plants in the Netherlands. DPBs appeared to be of little importance in one plant, but
contributed substantially to P removal in the other.

Singh and Varloo (1997) studied the accumulation and bioavailability of metals in semi
arid soil irrigated with the sewage effluent, the sewage had slightly lower pH but higher
organic carbon as compared to those receiving irrigation with tube well water.

Antil et al. (1998) reported that the raw sewer water sample was collected from various
sewer disposal sites in Haryana India where these waste water are directly used for
irrigating the crops. The chemical composition of sewer water varied from site to site.
The physicochemical properties DTPA extractable and total macro and micronutrients
and toxic the composition metals icons (CD, Ni) varies according to composition of the
sewer water.

7
Bednared and Tkaczy (1999) reported that the influence of treated municipal on
occurrence of soluble form of phosphorous potassium and magnesium in peat muck soil.
Municipal sewage did not change in reaction and value of hydrolytic acidity. Treated
municipal sewage caused contents of soluble potassium in upper layer (0-20) of soil.

Joshi and Pathak(2000) reported that the effect of sewage assessing the effect if sewage
application on sewage application on soil properties identified the problem.

Song et al. (2002) using thermodynamics, modeled the effects of P and Ca concentration,
pH, temperature, and ionic strength on theoretical removal.

Tchobanoglous et al (2003) Chemical precipitation has long been used for P removal.
The chemicals most often employed are compounds of calcium, aluminum, and iron.

Bradford et al. (2003) In the villages near Hubli-Dharwad in Karnataka, the main
wastewater irrigated agroforestry land uses are orchards and agrosilviculture which
consists of spatially mixed tree–crop combinations.

Zeng et al. (2004) High phosphate removal (> 95% in 10 min, batch system) was
obtained from a 33 mg/L P solution, but direct applicability to wastewater treatment
(lower concentrations, possible interferences) was not investigated. The gas
concrete‟s removal efficiency can be regenerated at low pH, with the resulting
concentrated phosphate solution potentially a source of recycled phosphate. Similarly,
iron oxide tailings were found to be effective for phosphorus removal from both pure
solutions and liquid hog manure

Chattopadhyay (2004) The East Calcutta sewage fisheries are the largest single
wastewater use system in aquaculture in the world. The wetland ecosystem of Kolkata
supports 100,000 direct stakeholders and 5,100 ha of cultivation. Annually, it provides
direct employment for about 70,000 people, produces 128,000 quintals of paddy, 69,000
quintals of fish and 7.3 quintals of vegetables.

8
Neethling et al. (2005) examined the factors that influence the reliability of EBPR in full-
scale plants. They concluded that P “concentrations <0.1 mg/L can be achieved for
extended periods (more than a month), 0.03 mg/L for a week, and even below 0.02 mg/L
for several sequential days. Excursions above these levels are common.” A sufficient
BOD/P ratio (>25:1) is one requirement for reliable high removal efficiencies. This might
be achieved by BOD augmentation through fermentation or addition of a fermentable
substrate. Control of recycle streams is also necessary, so that they do not bring too much
P back to the EBPR process. They also concluded that while GAOs can be problematic,
their presence does not preclude good P removal.

Mekala (2006) In Hyderabad, along the Musi River about 10,000 ha of land is irrigated
with wastewater to cultivate Para grass, a kind of fodder grass.

Randall (2006) discussed the use of carbon augmentation in EBPR. Short chain volatile
fattyacids (VFAs), particularly acetic and propionic acids, are most desirable. Some carbon
sources, such as some sugars and alcohols, may lead to production of GAOs, bulking, or
excessive exocellular polymer production. VFAs may be generated in the sewer system,
arise from industrial discharges, be added directly, or be generated on-site. For many
plants, on- site generation in the anaerobic zone may be sufficient. Alternatively,
fermentation of the primary sludge, primary effluent, or some of the activated sludge
might be practiced. In the PhoStrip process, fermentation also occurs in the stripping
tank.

Reardon (2006) reported on several plants achieving <0.1 mg/L TP in their effluent, and
suggested the current reliable limits of technology are 0.04 mg/L for MBRs and tertiary
membrane filtration, and 0.008 mg/L for RO.

Reardon, (2006) in plants with EBPR the P content is even higher. Thus sand filtration
or other method of TSS removal (e.g., membrane, chemical precipitation) is likely
necessary forplants with low effluent TP permits.

Strom, (2006) Assuming that 2-3% of organic solids is P, then an effluent total
suspended solids (TSS) of 20 mg/L represents 0.4-0.6 mg/L of effluent P.

Neethling and Gu, (2006) Chemical addition points include prior to primary settling,
during secondary treatment, or as part of a tertiary treatment process.

9
Neethling and Gu, (2006) the process is more complex than predicted by laboratory pure
chemical experiments, and that formation of and sorption to carbonates or hydroxides are
important factors. In fact, full-scale systems may perform better than the 0.05 mg/L limit
predicted.

Strom, (2006) Use of alum after secondary treatment can be predicted to produce much
less sludge, but the increase could still be problematic.

Moller (2006) reported on an iron reactive filtration system achieving <0.01 mg/L TP at
a 1.2 MGD (average flow) plant.

Woodard (2006) described a magnetically enhanced coagulation process that may

achieve <0.03 mg/L TP based on long term pilot tests.

James Barnard (2008) developer of the Bardenpho process, recently moderated a

session on the capabilities and constraints of EBPR, and discussed the requirements for
achieving effluent P concentrations <0.1 mg/L. He emphasized the need for production of
volatile fatty acids by fermentation in order to assure their availability for the PAOs.
Some of the factors contributing to the difficulty of achieving very low levels of both N
and P simultaneously were pointed out, including secondary release of P in anoxic zones.
The need to select for PAOs over the competing glycogen accumulating organisms
(GAOs) was also discussed, with the following factors favoring GAOs: high sludge age,
high temperature, longer un- aerated detention times, stronger wastes with low organic N,
polysaccharides fed to the anaerobic zone, and low pH.

Narayanan (2009). There is some concern about the effects of solids management
processes and return side streams on the ability to remove P to low levels. Processes that
destroy organic material (such as digestion) have the potential to release the particulate
organic present as soluble organic or inorganic P. In particular, anaerobic conditions are
likely to release soluble P from EBPR sludge and iron precipitates (ferrous phosphate is
much more soluble than ferric phosphate). Any released P may then be returned to the
main wastewater treatment process in high concentrations through recycle side streams,
thus requiring removala second time. Non-continuous processes may also lead to variable
loadings from side streams.

10
 Chapter -3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Introduction

Factors influencing the selection of materials for sewers are flow characteristics,
availability in the sizes required including fittings and ease of handling and installation,
water tightness and simplicity of assembly, physical strength, resistance to acids, alkalies,
gases, solvents, etc., resistance to scour, durability and cost including handling and
installation. No single material will meet all the conditions that may be encountered in
sewer design.

3.2 Materials

3.2.1. Brick

Brickwork is used for construction of sewers, particularly in larger diameters. Many old
brick sewers are still in use and the failures are mainly due to the disintegration of the
bricks or the mortar Joints. Because of the comparatively higher cost, larger space
requirement, slower progress of work and other factors, brick is now used for sewer
construction only in special cases. The advantage of Brick sewers is that these could be
constructed to any required shapeand size. Brick sewers shall have cement concrete or stone
for invert and 12.5 mm thick cement plaster with neat finish for the remaining surface. To
prevent ground water infiltration, it is desirable to plaster the outside surface. Inside
plaster can be with mortar using high alumina cement conforming to IS 6452 or polyurea
Coating and the outer surface shall be plastered with mortar using sulphate resistant
cement.

11
3.2.2. Concrete

The advantages of concrete pipes are the relative ease with which the required strength
maybe provided, feasibility of adopting a wide range of pipe sizes and the rapidity with
which the trench may be backfilled. However, these pipes are subject to crown corrosion
by sulphide gas, mid depth water line corrosion by sulphate and outside deterioration by
sulphate from soil water. These shall Be manufactured with sulphate resistant cement and
with high alumina coating on the inside at the manufacturers works itself. Protective
measures as outlined in corrosion protection in sewers shall be provided where excessive
corrosion is likely to occur.

3.2.3. Precast Concrete

Plain cement concrete pipes are used in sewer systems on a limited scale only and
generally, reinforced concrete pipes are used. Non-pressure pipes are used for gravity flow
and pressure Pipes are used for force mains, submerged outfalls, inverted siphons and for
gravity sewers where absolute water-tight joints are required. Non-pressure pipes used for
construction of sewers and Culverts shall confirm to the IS 458. Certain heavy-duty pipes
that are not specifiedin IS 458 should conform to other approved standards.

3.2.4. Cast-in-situ Reinforced Concrete

Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete sewers are constructed where they are more economical,
or when non-standard sections are required, or when a special shape is required or when
the headroom and working space are limited. The sewer shape shall be of an economic
design, easy to construct and maintain and shall have good hydraulic characteristics.

3.2.5. Cast iron

The advantage of cast iron pipes are long laying lengths with tight joints, ability when
properly designed to withstand relatively high internal pressure and external loads and
corrosion resistance in most natural soils. They are however subject to corrosion by acids or
highly septicsewage and acidic soils.

12
3.2.6. Non-Metallic Non-Concrete Synthetic Material Pipes

The main advantage of these pipes is their ability not to be affected by corrosion
from Sulphides or sulphates but they require precautions. An additional criterion
is the ability of these pipes to withstand the mechanical jet rodding machines.

3.2.7. UPVC Pipe

The chief advantages of UPVC pipe are resistance to corrosion, light weight for
transportation, toughness, rigidity, economical in laying, jointing, and
maintenance and easy to fabricate.

3.2.8. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes

The advantages of these pipes offering smooth interior surfaces and offering
relatively highest resistance to corrosion are recognized and they are available in
solid wall. When laid in straight gradients without humps or depressions, they can
easily offer longer life cycle.

3.3 Treatment of Sewage

The treatment of sewage consists of many complex functions. The degree of treatment
depends upon the characteristics of the raw inlet sewage as well as the required effluent
characteristics. Treatment processes are often classified as:

(i) Preliminary treatment

(ii) Primary treatment

(iii) Secondary treatment

(iv) Tertiary treatment.

13
3.3.1. Preliminary Treatment
Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating materials like tree
branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood etc. and heavy settable inorganic solids. It helps in
removal of oils and greases and reduces the BOD by 15% to 30%. The processes under this are-

 Screening – to remove floating papers, rags, clothes.

 Grit chamber – to remove grit and sand.
 Skimming tank – to remove oils and greases.

3.3.2. Primary Treatment

Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. It is usually
accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid effluent from the primary
treatment often contains a large amount of suspended organic material and has a high
BOD (about 60% of original).

The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and inorganic
solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum) by skimming.

3.3.3. Secondary Treatment

Here the effluent from primary treatment is treated through biological decomposition of
organic matter carried out either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

 Aerobic Biological Units

(i) Filters ( intermittent sand filters, trickling filters)

(ii) Activated Sludge Plant (feed of active sludge, secondary settling tank and aeration
tank)

(iii) Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons.

 Anaerobic Biological Units

(i) Anaerobic lagoons

(ii) Septic tanks

(iii) Imhoff tanks.

The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to 10% of original)
and may contain several milligrams per liter of DO.

14
3.3.4. Tertiary Treatment
The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent
quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.).
More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If
disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also known as “effluent
polishing”. The flow chart of sewage treatment plant is given in Fig.1

Sewage contains various types of impurities and disease bacteria. This sewage is disposed
of by dilution or on land after its collection and conveyance. If the sewage is directly
disposed of, it will be acted upon the natural forces, which will convert it into harmful
substances. The natural forces of purification cannot purify any amount of sewage within
specified time. If the quantity of sewage is more, then receiving water will become
polluted or the land will become sewage sick. Under such circumstances it becomes
essential to do some treatment of the sewage, so that it can be accepted by the land or
receiving water without any objection. These treatment processes will directly depend on
the types of impurities present in the sewage and the standard up to which treatment is
required.

3.4 Sewage impurity

Sewage contains various types of impurities and disease bacteria. This sewage is disposed
of by dilution or on land after its collection and conveyance. If the sewage is directly
disposed off, it will be acted upon the natural forces, which will convert it into harmful
substances. The Natural forces of purification cannot purify any amount of sewage within
specified time.

If the quantity of sewage is more, then receiving water will become polluted or the land
will become sewage sick.

3.5 Degree of Treatment

The degree of treatment will mostly be decided by regulatory agencies and the extent to
which the final product of treatment are to be utilized. The regulatory bodies might have
laid down standard for the effluent or might specify the condition under which the effluent
must be discharged into the natural stream. The method of treatment adopted should not
only meet the requirement of the regulatory bodies, but also result in the maximum use of
the end product with economy.

15
3.6 Design Period

A sewerage scheme involves the laying of underground sewer pipes and construction of
costly treatment units, which cannot be replaced or increased in their capacities easily or
conveniently at a later date. In order to avoid such complications, the future expansions of
the hostels and residential area, consequent increase in the sewage quantity should be
forecasted to serve the community satisfactorily for a reasonable year. The future period
for which the provision is made in designing the capacities of various components of the
sewerage is known as design period. This sewage treatment plant is designed for 30 years.
The treatment plant is normally designed to meet the requirement over a 30 year period
after it completion. The time lag between the design and completion should not normally
exceed 2-3 years. Care should be taken that the plant is not considerably under loaded in
the initial stages, particularly the sedimentation tank. The ultimate design period should be
30 year and to that extent sufficient accommodation should be provided for all the units
necessary to cater to the need of ultimate population. In some cases, it may be necessary to
combine a number of sewage systems with a common sewage treatment plant.

16
3.7 Estimation of Sewage volume
Present population

• Hostels = 1112

• Residential area = 555

Population by the year 2051 considered for design

• Hostels = 2000 persons

• Residential area = 750 persons

• Day scholars students and teachers = 2300

• Total Population predicted by the year 2051 = 4417 (excluding day scholars)

• Ultimate design period = 30 years

• Water supply per capita

• Hostels = 135 lpcd

• Residential area = 135 lpcd

• Sewage generation per day = 80% of supplied water

Total amount of sewage = sewage produced in hostels + sewage produced in

Residential area

17
Fig 1:- Flow Chart of Processes of Sewage Treatment Plant

18
3.8 Location of Treatment Plant
The treatment plant should be located as near to the point of disposal as possible. If the
sewage as to be disposed finally in to the river, the plant should be located near the river
bank. Care should be taken while locating the site that it should be on the downstream side
of the city and sufficiently away from water intake works. If finally the sewage as to be
applied on land, the treatment plant should be located near the land at such a place from
where the treated sewage can directly flow under gravitational forces toward the disposal
point. The plant should not be much far away from the hostels to reduce the length of the
sewer line. On the other hand the site should not be close to the hostel and residential area
that it may cause difficulties in the expansion of town and may pollute the general
atmosphere by smell and fly nuisance.

3.9 Layout of Treatment Plant

The following point should be kept in mind while giving layout of any sewage treatment
plant:

a) The plant should be located in the order of sequence, so that sewage from one process
should directly go to other process.

b) Possible all the plant should be located at such elevation that sewage can flow from one
plant into next under its force of gravity only.

c) All the treatment units should be arranged in such a way that minimum area is required
it will also ensure economy in its cost.

d) Sufficient area should be occupied for future extension.

e) Staff quarter and office also should be provided near the treatment plant, so that
operators can watch the plant easily.

f) The site of treatment plant should be very neat and give very good appearance.

g) Bypass and overflow weir should be provided to cut out of operation any unit when
required.

All channels, conduits should be laid in such a way as to obtain flexibility, convenience
and economy in the operation.

19
3.10 Design considerations
Following points are considered during the design of sewage treatment unit:

a) The design period should be taken between 25 to 30 years.

b) The design should not be done on the hourly sewage flow basis, but the average
domestic flow basis.

c) Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two numbers small units
should provide, which will provide in operation as well as no stoppage during
maintenance and repair of the plant.

d) Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the particular operation if
desired. Self-cleaning velocity should develop at every place and stage.

e) The design of the treatment units should be economical; easy in maintenance should
offer flexibility in operation.

Table 2:- Chemical Quality of raw and standard sewage

Parameters Raw Sewage Effluent (Expected)

pH 6.4 5.5 - 9.0

BOD 200 mg/l ≤20 mg/l

COD 600 mg/l ≤ 250 mg/l

oil and grease 50 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l

total suspended solids 600 mg/l ≤ 30 mg/l

Nitrogen 61 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l

ammonia nitrogen 50 mg/l ≤ 50 mg/l

total phosphorous 5 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l

total coli form 100000 MPN/ml ≤ 1000 no / 100 ml

20
3.11 Design of Receiving Chamber
Receiving chamber is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected through Under
Ground Sewage System. It is a rectangular shape tank constructed at the entrance of the
sewage treatment plant. The main sewer pipe is directly connected with this tank.
Design flow = 0.021 cumec

Setting velocity of a critical particle (Vs.)

……………………………………….….....……………………… ...……………. (3.1)

Where –
Q = flow rate, m3

A = area of surface of tank, m2

As per the Stock law

Vs. = (Ss-1) dp² .............................................................................................. (3.2)

Where -

Vs. – Settling velocity (m/s)

– Kinematicviscosity of water

Ss – sp. Gravity ofparticle

Dp – dia. of a critical particle (m)

Volume of receiving chamber (V)

V = flow x detention time ................................................................................ ... (3.3)

Area of receiving chamber (A)

………………………………………………………………………….. (3.4)

Where -

A = area, m2

V = volume, m3

d = depth, m

Length and Breadth ratio of receiving chamber

Length: Breadth = 2:1

21
3.12 Screening
Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment plant and consists of
passing the raw sewage through different types of screens so as to trap and remove the
floating matter such as tree leaves, paper, gravel, timber pieces, rags, fiber, tampons, cans,
and kitchen refuse, etc.

3.12.1. Purpose of Screening

Screening is essential in sewage treatment for removal of materials which would

otherwise damage the plant, interfere with the satisfactory operation of treatment unit or
equipment.

a) To protect the pumps and other equipment’s from the possible damages due to floating
matter.

b) To remove the major floating matters from the raw sewage in a simple manner before it
reaches into the complex high energy required process.

3.12.2. Coarse Screens

The coarse screens essentially consist of steel bars or flat placed 30° to 60° inclination to
the horizontal. The opening between bars are 50mm or above. These racks are placed in
the screen chamber provided in the way of sewer line. The width of the rack channel
should be sufficient so that self-cleaning velocity should be available and a bypass
channel should be provided to prevent the overtopping. The bypass channel is provided
with vertical bar screen. A well-drained trough is provided to store the impurities while
cleaning the rack. These racks are cleaned mechanically.

22
3.12.3. Design of Coarse Screen

Assume the velocity at average flow is not allowed to exceed 0.8 m/s.

The net area screen opening required (A)

...............................................................................……………….. (3.5)

Clear opening between bars = 20 mm = 0.02 m

Size of the bars = 10 mm x 50 mm (width x depth)

Thickness of bar = 10 mm

The screen bars are placed at 60° to the horizontal.

Clear area

………………………………….…… (3.6)

No of clear openings

………………………………………. (3.7)

Head loss

Head loss through the screen

H = 0.0729 ( – ) ……………………………………………………………… (3.8)

Where

H = head loss

V = velocity through the screen when opening get half clogged.

V = velocity through the screen

When the screen openings get half clogged then the velocity through the screen

V = allowed velocity x 2

23
3.13 Design of Grit Chamber with Aeration
Grit removal basins are the sedimentation basins placed in front of the fine screen to
remove the inorganic particles having specific gravity of 2.65 such as sand, gravel, grit,
egg shells and other non-putrescible materials that may clog channels or damage pumps
due to abrasion and to prevent their accumulation in sludge digesters. The grit chamber is
designed to scour the lighter organic particles while the heavier grit particles remain
settled.

Here the horizontal flow type grit chamber is designed to give a horizontal straight line
flow velocity, which is kept constant over varying discharge.

Peak flow of sewage = 0.021 m3/s

Assume average detention period = 180 s

Volume of chamber

Volume = Peak flow x Detention period ………………………………………….. (3.9)

In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning and maintenance two
chambers are used.

Therefore –

Volume of one chamber

………………………………………………………………………….….. (3.10)

Where –

V = Volume of one chamber, m3

Va = Volume of chamber, m3

Depth of 1.5m and width to depth ratio 1.5:1

Length of channel

…………………………………………………………………………… (3.11)

Where,

L = length of chamber, m

d = depth of chamber, m

W=width of chamber, m

Increase the length by about 30% to account for inlet and outlet

24
3.14 Design of Skimming Tank
Skimming tanks are the tanks removing oils and grease from the sewage constructed
before the sedimentation tanks. Municipal raw sewage contains oils, fats, waxes, soaps,
fatty acids etc. The greasy and oily matter may form unsightly and odorous scum on the
surface of settling tanks or may interfere with the activated sludge process.
In skimming tank air is blown along with chlorine gas by air diffuser placed at the bottom
of the tank. The rising air tends to coagulate and solidify the grease and cause it to rise to
the top of the tank whereas chlorine destroys the protective colloidal effect of protein,
which holds the grease in emulsified form. The greasy materials are collected from the top
of the tank and the collected are skimmed off by specially designed mechanical
equipment’s.

Surface Area of the Tank

A = 6.22 x10-3 x q / Vr m2 ……………………………………......……………… (3.12)

q = rate of flow sewage in m3/ day

Vr = minimum rising velocity of the oily material to be removed in m/min.

Provide the depth of the skimming tank is 0.5m

The length breadth ratio is 1.5: 1

25
3.15 Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank
In Primary sedimentation tank organic suspended solids are settled. They have generally
specific gravity 1.2.

Surface loading

……………………………………………………………... (3.13)

Where –

Q = Discharge

A = surface area of tank, m2

Settling Velocity

Vs = (Ss-1) dp²…………………………………………………………………. (3.14)

Where –

Vs – Settling velocity, m

- Kinematic viscosity of water

Ss – sp. Gravity of a particle dp – dia. of a critical particle, m

dp – dia. of a critical particle, m

Diameter of the tank (D) was calculated by the formula

D= …………………………………………………...………. (3.15)

Surface area of tank (A) was calculated by the formula

A = V / d. ………………………………………………………………………… (3.16)

V = volume of tank, m3

d = depth of tank (m)

Depth of Tank (d) was calculated by the formula

d = capacity /area………………………………………………………………… (3.17)

26
3.16 Design of High Rate Trickling Filter
The improved form of conventional filters known as high rate trickling filters are now
almost universally adopted for treatment to sewage. These filters consist of tanks of
coarser filtering media, over which the sewage is allowed to sprinkle or trickle down, by
means of spray nozzles or rotary distributors. The percolating sewage is collected at the
bottom of the tank through a well-designed under – drainage system. Trickling filter tanks
are generally constructed above the ground. They may either be rectangular or more
generally circular. The circular filter tanks are provided with rotary distributors having a
number of distributing arms (generally four arms are used).

The rate of revolutions varies from 2 RPM for small distributors to less than ½ RPM for
large distributors. The distributing arms should remain about 15 to 20 cm above the top
surface of the filtering media in the tank.

Data regarding the discharge of sewage passing through the filter was used for the design
of high rate trickling filters with the assumption that the BOD concentration in raw
sewage should be 330 mg /l.

3.16.1. Estimation of BOD in Raw Sewage

The BOD present in the raw sewage was estimated using the formula with the assumption
that the percentage of BOD removed in primary tank is within the 30%

BOD = Total quantity of sewage x BOD concentration in sewage……………… (3.18)

The BOD left in the sewage, Total BOD and BOD removed by the filter was estimated
using the following formulas with assumption that the concentration of final effluent BOD
is within the 20 mg per lit per day.

BOD Left = Total BOD x 0.7…………………………………………………….. (3.19)

Total BOD Left = total quantity of sewage x desire BOD concentration………... (3.20)

BOD removed by the filter = [BOD left in the sewage entering per day] – [Total BOD left
in the effluent per day]……………………………………………………….. (3.21)

27
3.16.2. Filter area (A)

 Filter area (A) was calculated by the formula

…………………………………………………………………. (3.22)

Where –

A = filter area, m2

 Efficiency of the filter (η)

η = BOD removed / total BOD…………………………………………………….. (3.23)

Volume of the Filter (V)

.…………………………………………………………………… (3.24)

Where -

Y = total BOD in kg.

F = recirculation factor.

Recirculation factor (F) =

……………………………………………………………………. (3.25)

Where-

Surface area of the tickling filter

……………………………………………………………... (3.26)

Diameter (d) of circular tickling filter was calculated by the formula

………………………………………………………………………….. (3.27)

28
3.16.3. Design of Rotary Distribution

The rotary distributer of tickling filter was designed by the assumption of the velocity at
central column of the distributor is within 2 m/s
• The diameter of central column (D) was calculated by the formula

………………………………………………………………. (3.28)

• Velocity (V) at central column was calculated by the formula

…………………………………………………….. (3.29)

Design of Arms

In design of spray type rotary reaction distributor arms were considered.

Discharge per arms (Q) was calculated by the formula

Q = average flow / number of arms………………………………………………… (3.30)

Length of arm was calculated by the formula

Arm length = (diameter of filter – 2) / 2……………………………………………. (3.31)

29
3.17 Activated Sludge Process
The activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological sewage treatment system to treat the
settled sewage consist a variety of mechanisms and processes that use dissolved oxygen to
promote the growth of biological floc that substantially removes organic material. The
essential units of the process are an aeration tank, a secondary settling tank, a sludge
return line from the secondary settling tank to the aeration tank and an excess sludge waste
line.

Atmospheric air is bubbled through primary treated sewage combined with organisms to
develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content of the sewage. The Mixed
Liquor, the combination of raw sewage and biological mass is formed. In activated sludge
plant, once the effluent from the primary clarifier get sufficient treatment, the excess
mixed liquor is discharged into settling tanks and the treated supernatant is run off to
undergo further treatment. Part of the settled sludge called Return Activated Sludge
(R.A.S.) is returned to the head of the aeration system to re-seed the new sewage entering
the tank. Excess sludge which eventually accumulates beyond R.A.S known Waste
Activated Sludge (W.A.S.) is removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio of
biomass to food supplied (F: M) ratio. W.A.S is further treated by digestion under
anaerobic conditions.

3.18 Stabilization
Microorganisms consume organics in the contact tank.

Effluent from primary clarifier flows into the contact tank where it is aerated and mixed
with bacteria.

Soluble materials pass through bacterial cell walls, while insoluble materials stick to the
outside.

30
3.19 Design of Sludge Drying Beds
Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land is sludge drying and such open beds of
land are known as sludge drying beds. The digested sludge from digestion tank contains a
lot of water. So it is necessary to dry up or dewater the digested sludge before it disposed
of dumping.

The sewage sludge is brought and spread over the top of drying beds to a depth of 20 to 30
cm, through distribution troughs. A portion of the moisture drains through the bed while
most of it gets evaporated to the atmosphere. In hot countries like India it takes 6 to 12
days to dry. After the period the sludge cakes are removed with spades and they are used
as manure as it contains 2 to 3% of NPK.

Sludge drying beds are open beds of land 45 to 60 cm deep, 30 to 45 cm thick graded
layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15cm at bottom and 1.25 cm at top.
Open jointed under drain pipes of 15 cm diameter are laid below the gravel layers. Large
beds are portioned by concrete walls, and a pipe header from the digesters with gated
openings allows application of sludge independently to each cell. Seepage collected in the
under-drains is returned to the plant wet well for treatment with the raw wastewater.
Volume of sludge, number of cycle, Volume of sludge per cycle and required bed area
were calculated using the following formulas

A. Volume of sludge

Volume of sludge = ………………………………. (3.37)

B. No of cycle each year

Number of cycle each year was calculated by the formula with the assumption that the
drying period is 8 days for sewage drying bed in Kota district.

Number of cycle in one year = 360 / period of each cycle………………………… (3.38)

C. Volume of sludge per cycle

Volume of sludge per cycle = volume of sludge x period of each cycle…………... (3.39)

D. Required bed area

Required bed Area = volume of sludge per cycle / depth of per spreading layer….. (3.40)

31
3.20 Design of Sewer pipe line
A Sewer consists of collection of sewage water from the source, carrying it or transporting
it to the treatment plant and finally distributing the treated water among the use. Separate
sewer system is used for transporting the sewage material.

A Separate Sewer System is the sewerage system in which the domestic sewage is not
carried with the storm water in the rain season. Shape of sewer design was considered.

3.20.1. Forces Acting on Sewer pipe line

The following forces are acting on the sewer pipe line

a) Internal pressure of sewage

b) Pressure due to external loads
c) Temperature stresses
d) Flexural stresses

3.20.2. Criteria for selecting the Material of Sewer pipe line

For selecting the material for sewer pipe the following points were considered.
1) Resistance to corrosion.
2) Resistance to abrasion.
3) Strength and durability.
4) Light weigh.
5) Imperviousness.
6) The economy and cost.

A. Discharge through sewer pipe line was calculated by the formula

Q = A x V………………………………………………………………………….... (3.41)

B. Cross - Section Area of sewer pipe line was calculated by the formula

A = π D 2 / 4 or π r2………………………………………………………………..... (3.42)

Where r is the radius of sewer, m

Cross-section area of pipe was calculated considering the pipes are running half full and
by using the following formula

A = πD2 / 8………………………………………………………………………….. (3.43)

32
C. Wetted perimeter (P) of pipe

P = πD………………………………………………………………………………. (3.44)

D. Flow velocity in sewers pipe line and drain pipe line

V = 0.85 C R0.63 S0.54 (Hazen-William's formula)………………………………… (3.45)

Where –

V= Velocity, m/s;

R = Hydraulic radius, m

S= Slope,

C= Hazen-William's coefficient,

V = 1/n R 22/3 S1/2 (Manning's formula) )………………………………………… (3.46)

Where,

V= Velocity, m/s;

R= Hydraulic radius, m

S= Slope

n= Manning's coefficient

Darcy-Weisbach formula

= …………………………………………………………………. (3.47)

Where –

hL = head loss

L = length of sewer, m

U = flow velocity, m/s

D = diameter of sewer, m

F = Darcy –Weisbach coefficient

33
E. Self-cleaning velocity (VS ) of sewage fluid was calculated by the formula

Vs = = 1/n (R1/6 √kd (G - 1)) ……………………………………………………... (3.48)

Where –

n= Manning's coefficient

r= radius of sewer

k= dimensional constant

d= effective diameter of sewer

G = specific gravity of sewage particle

3.20.3. Operation and Maintenance of Sewers

A system is subject to a variety of operational problems, Depending on the wastewater

flow characteristics, surrounding soils condition, and quality of construction, the pipeline
can suffer from clogging, scouring, corrosion, collapse, and, ultimately, the system's
deterioration. The collection system is designed to serve for a specific useful life. To
incumbent of the City provided following adequate operation and maintenance structure
and machineries are Manholes, Drop manholes, Lamp holes, Clean – outs, Street
inlets(gullies), Catch basins, Flushing tanks, Grease and oil traps, Inverted siphons, Storm
regulators to maximize the benefit throughout its designed useful life.

Table 3:- Recommendations of National Buildings Organization (N.B.O.) on Non –

Scouring Limiting Velocities in Sewers and Drains

S. NO Sewer Material Limiting Velocity in m/sec

1. Vitrified Tiles and Glazed Bricks 4.5 - 5.5

2. Cast Iron Sewers 3.5 - 4.5

3. Stone Ware Sewers

3.0 - 4.0
4. Cement Concrete Sewers 2.5 - 3.0

5. Ordinary Brick - Lined Sewers 1.5 - 2.5

6. Earthen Channels 0.6 - 1.2

34
 Table 4:- Manhole spacing as per IS 1742 – 1960

Recommended Spacing of Manholes on

Straight Reaches of Sewer Line as per IS
Size of the Sewer 1742- 1960

Dia. up to 0.3 m 45 m

Dia. up to 0.6 m 75 m

Dia. up to 0.9 m 90 m

Dia. up to 1.2 m 120 m

Dia. up to 1.5 m 250 m

Dia greater than 1.5m 300 m

Table 5:- Minimum internal dimensions for Manhole Chamber as per IS 1742 – 1960
S. No. Depth Min. Size Specified

1. 0.8 m or less 0.75 m x 0.75m

2. 0.8 and 2.1 m 1.2 m x 0.9m

Circular chambers with min.

dia. of 1.4 m; or rectangular
3. > 2.1 m
chambers with min
dimensions of 1.2m x 0.9 m

Min. wall thickness up to

4. (a) 1.5 m depth 20 cm
(b) > 1.5 m depth
30 cm

35
 Chapter-4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the various results on design of primary sewage treatment plant for
staff residential area and hostels of RTU campus Kota. The detail descriptions of the
results are given as under Table 6.

4.1 Estimation of Sewage volume

For the estimation of sewage water volume used for design of primary sewage treatment
plant the Present population of RTU hostels and residential area was estimated. The
present population was found 1667 for estimation of sewage discharge. In future, after 30
years we assume 2000 more students living in the hostels as more hostels are constructed
in future and facilities in the hostel will increasing. As Rtu staffs will be increasing in
future so we also assume 150 more quarters are constructed for all staffs and we assume in
1 quarter 5 members are living. So total forecasted population by the year 2051 considered
for design is 4417. The design discharge was estimated as described in Article 3.7 and the
results are given in Table 6. The table value shows that the design period was considered
30 years.

Table 6:- Details of the design parameters of the primary sewage treatment plant

S.No.
Design parameter Value

1. Design period 30 years

4417(excluding day
2. Estimated population by the year 2051
Scholars)

In hostels = 135 lpcd

3. Water supply per capita
In quarters = 135 lpcd

Total Volume of sewage water estimated from the

4. 0.6
population of RTU hostels and residential area (MLD)

5. Average discharge 0.0069

6. Maximum discharge 0.021 Cumec

Length – 2m
7. Dimensions of Receiving Chamber
Width – 1m

36
 Depth – 0.8m

Free board – 0.3m

Width – 0.62m
8. Dimension of Coarse screen
Depth – 0.85m

Length – 1.3m

9. Dimension of Grit chamber Width – 1.8m

Depth – 1.2m

Length – 0.4m

Width – 0.4m
10. Dimension of Skimming Tank
Depth – 1.5m

Free board – 0.3m

Length – 13.3m

Width – 3.4m
11. Dimension of Primary sedimentation tank
Depth – 4.5m

Free board – 0.5m

Diameter – 22.5m
12. Dimension of Trickling filter
Depth – 4m

Length – 12.5m

13. Dimension of Sludge drying bed Width – 8m

Depth – 3m

14. Efficiency of STP 93.9%___

37
4.2 Receiving Chamber
For the design of receiving chamber of the primary sewage treatment plant the influent
volume has been estimated as 0.021 cumec with an assumed detention period of 60 sec
and 0.8 m depth .The planned cross-section of the designed chamber is given in Fig 2. The
detention period for receiving chamber was 60 seconds. The volume of sewage water
required at receiving chamber was estimated 1.26 m3. The ratio of length and width is
taken as 2:1. The design dimensions of receiving chamber to carry the required volume
was calculated width of the chamber is 1m, length of the chamber 2m and the depth was
0.8 m with total cross-section area of 1.575 m2 . A free board of 0.3 m was provided for
the safety purpose to avoid the overflow.

Table 7:- Details of receiving chamber for primary sewage treatment plant

S.No. Design parameter Value

1 Average flow in receiving chamber 0.021 cumec

2 Detention time 60 sec

3 Required volume of receiving chamber 1.26 m3

4 Surface area of the receiving chamber 1.575 m2

5 Depth of receiving chamber 0.8 m

6 Length of receiving chamber 2m

7 Width of receiving chamber 1m

38
 PLAN

Cross section

Fig. 2:- Design dimensions of Receiving Chamber

39
4.3 Coarse Screen
For the designing of Coarse Screen, no. of opening of coarse screen was estimated as the
formula given in article 3.12 and accordingly the width and depth of channel to carry the
sewage discharge paring through the design coarse screen was estimated 0.62 m and 0.85
m respectively,0.3 m free board was proceed for safety factor. The coarse screen is made
of steel bares at 60 inclination to horizontal with 20 mm opening between the bars. The
steel bares size 10 mm x 50 mm (width x depth) was recommended for the coarse screen.
The detailed result are and the head losses occurring due to the coarse screen and sewage
movement through the channel was also estimated and given in Table 8.

Table 8:- Details of coarse screen for primary sewage treatment plant

S. No. Design parameter Value

1 Pick flow through core screen 0.021 m3 /s

2 Velocity through the screen 0.2 m / sec

3 Clear opening area 0.105 m2

4 Clear opening between bars 0.02 m

5 Width of channel for coarse screen 0.62 m

6 Depth of channel for coarse screen 0.85 m

7 Head loss through the screen 2.1 mm

8 Head loss when screen openings get half 10 mm

40
Fig. 3:- Design of Coarse screen

41
4.4 Grit Chamber
For the design of Grit Chamber to carry the sewage passing through the coarse screen the
dimension of the grit chamber was designed as discussed on article 3.13 and result are
shown in Table 9. The specific gravity of sewage water screened through coarse screen
was assumed 2.65 and the detention period was considered 180 sec respectively for design
of grit chamber. It was also suggested that in order to the maintain the grit chamber
efficient, periodically two chamber should be used. The detailed result of the dimension of
grit chamber and the Aerated volume of grit chamber was also estimated and given in
Table 9.

Table 9:- Details of grit chamber for primary sewage treatment plant

S. No. Design parameter Value

1 Peck flow of sewage in grit chamber 0.021 m3/sec

2 Detention period 180 sec.

3 Aerated volume of one grit chamber 1.89 m3

4 Depth of grit chamber 1.3 m

5 Width of grit chamber 1.8 m

6 Length of grit chamber 1.2 m

42
Fig. 4:- Design of Grit Chamber

43
4.5 Skimming Tank
For the designing of the Skimming tank, the estimation of the area of tank, discharge and
dimension of the tank is given in the Article 3.14 and the results are shown in the table 10.
The depth of the skimming tank was assumed as 1m and the length to the breadth ratio
was taken as 1: 1.

Table 10:- Details of skimming tank for primary sewage treatment plant

S. No. Design parameter Value

Peak flow of sewage in skimming
1 1814.4 m3/day
tank
2 Area of skimming tank 0.05 m2
3 Width of skimming tank 0.4 m
4 Length of skimming tank 0.4 m
5 Depth of skimming tank 1.5 m

44
 . PLAN

Fig. 5:- Design of Skimming chamber

45
4.6 Primary Sedimentation Tank
For the designing of the Primary sedimentation tank estimation of the dimension of tank,
volume of sewage, and surface area of tank as given in the Article 3.15 and the result are
shown in Table 11. The tank provided a fairly high percentage of removal of suspended
solids as 65% of the suspended solids and 30% of the BOD from the sewage. The
detention period was assumed as 2 hrs. and the depth was 4.5 m. 0.3 m free board was
provided for the safety purpose to avoid the over flow and 0.5 m extra provided for
sludge.

Table 11:- Details of primary sedimentation tank for primary sewage treatment
plant

S. No Design parameter Value

1 Quantity of sewage 1.8 MLD

2 Volume of tank 152 m3

3 Detention period 2 hrs.

4 Surface area of primary sedimentation tank 45 m2

5 Depth of primary sedimentation tank 4.5 m

6 Dimension of primary sedimentation tank (m) 13.3 x 3.4 x 4.5

46
Fig. 6:- Design of primary Sedimentation tank

47
4.7 High Rate Trickling Filter
For Design of High Rate Trickling Filter the estimation of total BOD present in the raw
sewage, diameter of the trickling filter and the central column, Efficiency of the filter have
been done as given in the Article no 3.16 and the result is shown in the Table no 12. The
concentration of BOD in raw sewage was 330 mg/l and the percentage removal in primary
tank was assumed as 30% and the final BOD concentration in effluent was estimated as 20
mg/l.

Table 12:- Details of High Rate Trickling filter for primary sewage treatment plant

S. No. Design parameter Value

1 Quantity of sewage flowing into the filter 0.6 MLD

BOD left in the sewage entering per day in filter

2 138.6 kg.
unit

3 Total BOD left in the effluent per day 12 kg

4 BOD removed by the filter 126.6 kg

5 Efficiency of the filter 93.7 %

6 Surface area 400 m2

7 Filter depth 4m

8 Dia. of trickling filter 22.5 m

9 Diameter of central column 0.08 m

10 Arm’s length 10.3 m

48
Fig. 7:- High Rate Trickling filter

49
4.8 Sludge Drying Beds
For the designing of the Sludge Drying Bed, estimation of volume of sludge, no of cycle
per year and dimension of beds was done as given in Article no 3.19 and the result are
shown in Table no 13.

The number of dry has been taken as 2. The solid content present in the sludge was
assumed as 2% and the drying period of the sludge was assumed to be done in 8 days.

Table 13:- Details of sludge drying bed for primary sewage treatment plant

S. No. Design parameter Value

1 Sludge applied to the dry bed 140 kg/day
2 Specific gravity 1.015
3 Volume of sludge 7.38 m3/day
4 Number of cycle in one year 46
5 Drying Period of each cycle 8 day
6 Area of bed required 196.8 m2
7 No of dry bed 2
2
8 Area of each bed 100 m
9 Depth of Spreading layer per cycle 0.3 m
10 Length of dry bed 12.5 m
11 Width of dry bed 8m

50
Fig. 8:- Sludge drying beds

51
4.9 Sewer Pipe Line
For the designing of a Sewer pipe, estimation of the dia. of pipe, self-cleaning velocity and
slope of the sewage pipe was done as given in the Article no 3.20 and the result are shown
in Table no 14. The shape of the pipe was taken as circular and R.C.C was used as the
material for sewer pipe building. The limiting velocity of sewage in the sewer pipeline
was taken between 2.5 to 3.0 m/s according to the N.B.O.

Self-cleansing velocity

Self-cleansing velocity is that velocities which do not permit silting of solid in sewer
moreover also carries out removal of solids which have already settled in it.

Self-cleansing velocity for 1mm inorganic particle and 5mm organic particle is 0.45 m/s.
these are the size of particles which are generally present in sewage.

Table 14:- Details of sewer pipe line for primary sewage treatment plant

S. No. Design parameter Value

1 Self-cleaning velocity in sewer pipe line 0.45 m/sec
2 Diameter of sewer pipe line 150 mm
3 Slope of pipe line 1 in 100

52
 Chapter-5
CONCLUSION
In the present study, detailed design of the primary treatment and management of sewage
generated in RTU campus Kota, including its hostels and residential area has been
developed. The total sewage generated per day is 0.6 MLD. The treated water will be
supplied for gardening purposes inside the campus and the remaining sludge after treatment
will be used as manure on farms. Somedesign parameters are given below:

a) The design of primary sewage treatment is for the predicted population of 6717
(includingday scholars) and estimated sewage of 0.6 MLD.
b) The dimension of receiving chamber is 2 m x 1m x 0.8m (SWD) + 0.3m (FB).
c) The dimension of grit chamber with aeration is 1.3 m x 1.8 m x 1.2 m + 0.5 m (F.B)
d) The dimension of the primary sedimentation tank is 13.3 m x 3.4 m x 4.5 m.
e) The dimension of the trickling filter is diameter of 22.5 m and depth of 4 m.
f) The dimension of sludge dry bed is length of 12.5 m and width 8 m

The use of treated water will reduce the groundwater use and additionally the treated
sludge will be very useful for increasing the fertility of the soil. The important units of the
treatment system have been designed as per the CPHEEO Manual on Sewerage and
Sewage Treatment Systems andrelevant IS codes.

We design separate sewage system in which only sanitary sewage is treated and storm
water or drainage is disposed off without any treatment. We suggested that use proper Rain
water harvesting system for Rainwater discharge and use this water for various purposes
like gardening, cleaning of roads, etc. The construction of the sewage treatment plant will
treat the wastewater and the use of treated water will reduce the surface water and
groundwater contamination in the campus.

Sewage treatment plant preserve natural environment against pollution. Installation of

sewage treatment plant reduces risk to public health and the environment and eliminates
disease-causing bacteria.

53
 REFERENCES
Azad, A.S. (1995). “Design of primary sewage treatment plant”. Madras Agricultural
Journal 1994, 81:5, pp 272 – 273;

Besnarek, W. and Tkaczyk , P. (1999) folia – “Waste water treatment and disposal”
agricultural journal 2001, pp 50 – 72;

Bose, P. and Reckhow, D. A. (2007). Effect of Ozonation on Natural Matter Removal by

Alum Coagulation. Water Research, 41: 1516-1524.

Caroline Snyder (2005). "The Dirty Work of Promoting "Recycling" of

America‟s Sewage Sludge". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Health 11: 415–427.

Cha, J. and A. M. Cupples. (2009). "Detection of the antimicrobials triclocarban and

triclosan in agricultural soils following land application of municipal biosolids." Water
Research 43: 2522-30.

Cha, J., and A. M. Cupples. (2010). "Triclocarban and triclosan biodegradation at field
concentrations and the resulting leaching potentials in three agricultural soils."
Chemosphere 81: 494-9.

Diouf, Jacques , Journal of FAO,2003 Q&A with FAO Director-General.

Environmental Health Perspectives. February (2004) Journal. A High-Level

Disinfection Standard for Land Applying Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)”.

Birdie, G.S and J.S. Birdie (1997) .Water supply and sanitary engineering. Published by
Rai & dhanpat Ed. PP 50 -120;

Harrison EZ, Oakes SR (2002). A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health

Policy 12(4): 387–408 "Investigation of Alleged Health Incidents Associated with Land
Application of Sewage Sludges.

Horenstein, B., Hernandez, G., Rasberry, G., Crosse, J. (1990). “Successful

dewatering experience at Hyperion wastewater treatment plant”, Water Science and
Technology, v. 22, p. 183- 191

54
International Journal of Environment and Pollution 11 (1): 1–36. (1999)."Land
application of sewage sludges: an appraisal of the US regulations".

Jones, Lepp, T. and Stevens, R. (2007). “Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in
biosolids/sewage sludge: the interface between analytical chemistry and regulation”,
Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, v. 387, p. 1173–1183.

Kumar, A., Saroj, D. P., Tare, V. and Bose, P. (2006). Treatment of Distillery Spent-
Wash by Ozonation and Biodegradation: Significance of pH Reduction and Inorganic
Carbon Removal Prior to Ozonation. Water Environment Research. 78(9): 994-1004.

McBride M. (2003). Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils: has promotion of

beneficial use discounted the risks.

Garg, S.K. (2006 ). Sewage disposal and air pollution engineering. TMH publishing Ed
by laxmi publication, PP 219 – 300.

Srivastava, S., Bose, P., and Tare, V. (2006). Enhancement of COD and Color Removal
of Distillery Spent-Wash by Ozonation. Water Environment Research. 78(4): 409-420.

Tare, V., Bose, P. and Gupta, S. K. (2003). Suggestions for a Modified Approach
towards Implementation and Assessment of „Ganga Action Plan‟ and Other Similar
„River Action Plans‟ in India. Water Quality Research Journal, Canada, 38: 607-626.

Tare, V., Gupta, S. and Bose, P. (2003). Case Studies on Biological Treatment of
Tannery Effluents in India. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 53: 976-
982.

Tare, V., Yadav, A.V.S and Bose, P. (2003). Analysis of Photosynthetic Activity in the
Most Polluted Stretch of River Ganga. Water Research, 37: 67-77.

Turek et al. (2005). Removal of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge Used as Soil
Fertilizer.

Wu, C., A. L. Spongberg, J. D. Witter, M. Fang, and K. P. Czajkowski. (2010)

“Uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products by soybean plants from soils
applied with biosolids and irrigated with contaminated water.” Environmental Science &
Technology44:6157-6161.”.

55
 ANNEXURE
Calculation of sewage treatment plant
A. Population forecasting :

First of all, an estimate of population is done by counting all residential quarters and
hostels and considering an average of 5 members in a family in quarters. Tables given
below and data is taken from RTU official website

Table 15:- Type and number of quarter in RTU campus

Type of quarters Number of quarters

A type 1
B type 12
C type 16
D type 34
th
5 type (Non-teaching staff) 32
th
6 type ( Non-teaching staff) 16
Total 111

Table 16:- Number of Students in hostels

Number of
Hostel Hostel Name
students
Boys
Hostel I Visvesvaraya Bhawan 108
Hostel II JC Bose Bhawan 108
Hostel III Vikram Sarabhai 108
Hostel IV Bhaskar Bhawan 201
Hostel V Aryabhata Bhawan 319
Girls
Girls Hostel
Meera Bhawan 112
(old)
Girls Hostel
Gargi Bhawan 156
(new)
Total 1112

56
Considering an average of 5 members in a quarter, there are 111 quarters in the campus.
So, a total of 555 persons are living in 111 quarters. So, there are total 1667 (555 + 1112)
persons living in the campus. Further, future population growth in the campus is based on
the following assumptions:
It is assumed that there may be a construction of 150 quarters for teaching staff in
future. Again considering 5members in a quarter, a total of 750 persons will be living in
the campus.
It is assumed that in the next 30 years, RTU campus will be providing hostel facility for
every student. So, 2000 students will be living in hostels in future.
Hence, total forecasted population by the year 2051 considered for design is
= 1667+750+2000 = 4417 persons.

B. Sewage Generation:

Ultimate design period = 30 years

Forecasted population in 2051 = 4417 persons

According to IS 1172 (1993), requirement of water supply for quarters and

hostels is taken as135 LPCD respectively.

Average sewage generation (quarters + hostels) = 80% of supplied water

= 80% x 135 x 4417= 0.477 MLD or 0.00551 cumec

Also, considering the generation of wastewater by floating population of day scholar

students and teachers, approximately 2300 persons (day scholars) are generating
wastewater in the campus.

And as per IS 1172 (1993), water supply requirement for flushing and other domestic
purposesis taken as 45 LPCD.
Average sewage generation (day scholars) = 80% x 45 x 2300
= 0.083 MLD or 0.00095 m 3/sec
Total quantity of sewage generation = sewage generation in quarters and hostels +
sewage generation due to floating population
= 0.477 + 0.083 = 0.560 MLD, say 0.6 MLD or 0.0069 m3/sec.

Average sewage generation = 0.6 MLD or 0.0069 m3/sec

Maximum sewage flow = 3 x 0.6 MLD (considering peak factor as 3)

= 1.8 MLD or 0.021 m3/sec

57
C. Design of sewer:
For designing sewer lines, estimation of the diameter of pipe and slope of the sewer is
taken as per IS 1742. Considering diameter of sewer pipes as 150 mm, the gradient
according to IS 1742 will be 1 in 100.
The shape of the pipe is taken as circular and R.C.C. is used as the material for sewer
lines.
Cross-section area of sewer is calculated considering the sewers as running half full and
by Using the following formula, A = πD2 / 8 = 0.00883 m 2 ( D = diameter of sewer)
Wetted perimeter (P) of the sewer P = πD = 0.471 m

Flow velocity in sewers pipe line using Manning’s formula

V = 1/n R2/3 S½

Where,

V = velocity of flow in the sewer, m/sec

R = Hydraulic mean depth of flow, = A/P,

A = Cross section area of flow, m 2

P = Wetted perimeter (m), S = slope

N = Rugosity's coefficient, depends upon the type of the channel surface,

0.013V = (1/0.013) x (0.019) 0.666 x (1/200) 0.5 = 0.388 m/s

Discharge through sewer pipe line was calculated by the formula:

Q = A x V = 0.0088 x 0.388 = 0.00341 m3/s.

58
 Fig. 9:- Sewer design

D. Design of Manhole:

As diameter of sewers is 150 mm, the recommended spacing of manholes on straight

reaches of manhole of sewer line as per IS 1740-1962 is 45 m. Depth of manhole is
considered as 1 m for design, with length of 0.8 m and width of 0.8 m. Rungs shall be
provided in drop manhole, the top rung shall be 450 mm below the manhole cover and
lowest not more than 300 mm above the benching as per IS 1740 -1967.

59
E. Design of Inlet Chamber:

Inlet chamber is the first structure to receive the raw sewage collected through
underground sewer It is a rectangular shaped tank constructed at the entrance of the
sewage treatment plant. The main sewer is directly connected to this tank.

Design flow discharge = 0.021 cumec

Detention time = 60 sec

Volume of inlet chamber required = Vreq = flow x detention time = 0.021 x 60 = 1.26 m3

Assuming depth = 0.8 m,

Area = Vreq / D = 1.575 m 2

Where,

D = depth

Now, assuming

length: width = 2: 1

Lx B = 2B x B = 2B 2 = 1.575 B = 0.887 m ≈ 1 m

L = 1.774m ≈ 2 m

Check:

Volume designed Vdes = 2 x 1 x 0.8 = 1.6 m 3

Whereas as above,

Vreq = 1.26 m 3,

So Vdes > Vreq, hence OK.

Receiving chamber is designed for the size of 2 m x 1m x 0.8m (SWD) + 0.3m (FB)

{SWD: side water depth} so after providing free board of overall depth of the tank will
be 1.1m.

60
F. Design of Screening:

Assuming the velocity at average flow is 0.2 m/s for hand cleaned bar screens. Vertical
projected area of screen openings: A = pickup flow / velocity of flow = 0.021 / 0.2 =
0.105 m 2

Clear spacing between bars = 20 mm = 0.02 m,

Shape of bars = M.S. Flats Size of the bars = 10 mm x 50 mm (width x depth),

Thickness of bars = 10 mm

These bars are welded together with plate from downstream side to avoid deformation.
Assuming the channel has width W and depth D

Efficiency coefficient of bars = (clear spacing between bars) / (clear spacing between
bars + thickness of bars) = 20 / (20+10) = 2/3

Vertical projected gross area of screen: = 0.105 x 3/2 = 0.1575 m 2

If 20 bars are provided, the number of openings will be 21. The gross width of screen and
thus the screen channel is obtained as

w = {(20 x 10) / 1000 + (21 x 20) /1000} = 0.62 m

So, depth of the screen channel D = 0.1575 / 0.62 = 0.256 m ≈ 0.3 m

Assuming top of the screen to be 0.25 m above the highest flow level, and a free board of
0.3 m, we obtain

Total depth of screen channel: D = d + (0.25 + 0.3) = 0.3 + 0.25 + 0.3 = 0.85 m Velocity
of flow in screen channel V=Q / D = 0.021 / (0.62 x 0.3) = 0.113 m/s

Head loss through the screen = 0.0729 (V 2 - v 2) = 0.0729 {(0.2) 2 – (0.113) 2} = 2.1 m
this will be the head loss when screen is clean. However, if the screen is half clogged, V
= 2 x 0.2 = 0.4 m/s

Then Head loss = 0.0729 {(0.4) 2 – (0.113) 2} = 10 m

61
G. Design of Grit Chamber:

Here the horizontal flow type grit chamber is designed to give a horizontal straight line
flow velocity, which is kept constant over varying discharge.

Peak flow of sewage = 0.021 cumec

And assuming average detention period = 180 s

Volume of grit chamber = Peak flow x Detention period, V = 0.021 x 180 = 3.78 m3

In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning and maintenance two
chambers is used.

Therefore,

Volume of chamber = V = 3.78 / 2 = 1.89 m3

Assuming depth as 1.2 m and width to depth ratio 1.5:1,

Width will be 1.8 m.

Length of channel L = V / dw = 1.89 / (1.2 x 1.8) ≈ 1 m

Where

L = length of chamber,

d = depth of chamber,

w = width of chamber Increasing the length by about 30 % to account for inlet and outlet,
providing length = L’ = L + 30% L = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3 m.

Therefore, grit chamber is designed for 1.3 m x 1.8 m x 1.2 m + 0.5 m

62
H. Design of Skimming Tank:

Surface Area of the Tank, A = 6.22 x 10 -3 x q / V r m 2

Where

q = rate of flow sewage in / day

and Vr = minimum rising velocity of the oily material to be removed in m/min

Providing depth of skimming tank as 1.5 m with detention time 3 minutes and length to
breadth ratio as 1: 1.

q = 0.021 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 1814.4 m 3 / day

Vr = 0.25 m/min = 0.25 x 60 x 24 = 360 m/day

A = 6.22 x 10-3 x 1814.4 / 360 ≈ 0.05 m 2

Therefore, L = B = 0.33m ≈ 400 mm

Skimming tank is designed for the size 0.4 m x 0.4 m x 1.5 m + 0.3m (FB)

63
I. Design of Primary Sedimentation tank

Average quantity of sewage = 0.6 MLD, Maximum quantity of sewage = 1.8 MLD
Assuming surface loading rate = 40 m3 / m2 / day

Therefore, the surface area of tank= 0.6 x 10 6 x 10 -3 / 40 = 15 m2

Check for peak flow condition:

The surface overloading rate (SOR) at peak flow = 1.8 x 10 3 / 15 = 120 m3/ m2/day

This is just greater than the recommended value at peak flow. So, design for peak flow.
Now, surface area = 1.8 x 10 6 x 10 -3/ 40 = 45 m2

Assume detention time = 2 hours

Volume of tank = discharge x detention time = 0.021 x 2 x 60 x 60 = 152 m3

Depth of Sewage = vol. / surface area = 152 / 45 = 3.4 m

Assume L / B = 4

Area = L x B = 4B 2 = 45

B = 3.4 m and L = 13.3 m

Flow through velocity of average flow = qavg / b x h = 0.0069 / 3.4 x 3.4 = 0.06 cm/sec <
1 cm/sec.

Flow through velocity of maximum flow = qmax / b x h = 0.021 / 3.4 x 3.4 = 0.18 cm/sec
< 1 cm/sec

Now,

Total depth = 3.4 + 0.3 (freeboard) + 0.8 (sludge) = 4.5 m

So,

Dimension of tank = 13.3 m x 3.4 m x 4.5 m

Design volume = 13.3 x 3.4 x 4.5 = 203.49 m3

Required volume = 152 m3

VDesign > Vrequired hence OK

64
Characteristics of Raw Sewage:

The table shows the characteristics of sewage found in RTU campus.

Table 17:- Sewage Characteristics

Characteristics Value
pH 8.1
Total dissolved solids 1600 mg/l
Temperature 33*C
BOD 330 mg/l
COD 700 mg/l

(Laboratory test data)

So, estimated BOD of raw sewage from laboratory tests is found as 330 mg/l. The BOD
left in the sewage and BOD removed by the filter is estimated with assumption that the
concentration of final effluent BOD is within 20 mg/l.

J. Design of High Rate Trickling filter:

Quantity of sewage flowing into the filter = 0.6 MLD We assume BOD remove in
primary tank = 30%

BOD left in sewage entering per day in filter unit (Kg) = Total BOD x 0.7 x quantity of
sewage

= 330 x 0.7 x 0.6 = 138.6 kg

Total BOD left in the effluent per day = total quantity of sewage x desired BOD
concentration = 0.6 x 20 = 12 kg

BOD removed by the filter = BOD left in sewage entering per day – BOD left in effluent
per day = 138.6 – 12 = 126.6 kg

Filter area (A) is calculated by the formula,

A = Vol. of sewage/surface loading rate = 600 (m 3/day) / 40 (m 3/m 2/day) = 15 m2

Efficiency of the filter (η) = BOD removed / total BOD = 126.6 / 138.6 = 0. 9267

= 92.67 %

65
Recirculation factor,

F = 1+R / (1+0.1R) 2

Where,

R = 1.5 {as per IS: 8413 (part 1)} and hence F = 1.89

Volume of the Filter =

Where,

Y = total BOD in Kg,

F = recirculation factor,

So, V = 1597.67 m3

Surface area of trickling filter = volume / depth = 1598 / 4 = 400 m 2 (assume depth = 4)
Diameter (d) of circular tickling filter is calculated by the formula

= 22.5 m.

Design of Rotary Distribution: The rotary distributer of tickling filter is designed by the
assumption that velocity at central column of the distributor is within 2 m/s{as per IS
8413 (part 1)}

Diameter of central column (D) is calculated by the formula =

= 0.076 m = 8.0 cm

Velocity (V) at central column is calculated by the formula,

(Average flow / (0.785 x (diameter of central column) 2)) 1/2

= 1.172 m/s = 1.2 m/s

66
Design of Arms: In design of spray dryer type rotary reaction distributor, 4 arms have
been considered.

Discharge per arms (Q) is calculated by the formula,

Average flow / number of arms = 0.0069/4 = 0.0017 m3

Length of arms is calculated by the formula,

Arm length = (diameter of filter – 2) / 2 = (22.5 – 2) / 2 = 10.3 m

K. Design of Sludge Drying Beds:

Sludge drying beds are the final unit of a sewage treatment plant where the sludge
obtained from primary sedimentation.

Tank is allowed to get dried before final disposal as manure or some other purpose.

Volume of sludge per cycle and required bed area are calculated using the following
formula:

Volume of sludge = (Sludge applied / solid content x 1000 x specific gravity)

= 140 / (0.02 x 1000 x 1.015) = 7.38 m3 / day.

Number of cycles each year is calculated by the formula with the assumption that the
drying Period is 8 days.

Number of cycles in one year = 365 / period of each cycle = 365 / 8 = 46

Volume of sludge per cycle = volume of sludge x period of each cycle

= 7.38 x 8 = 59.04 m3

Required bed area = volume of sludge per cycle / depth of per spreading layer

= 59.04 / 0.3 = 196.8 m2 (assume depth = 0.3 m)

Assume, L / B = 2

Hence,

Number of dry beds = 2,

Area of each bed = 100 m2

Length of dry bed = 12.5 m,

Width of dry bed = 8 m

67
L. Efficiency of Sewage Treatment Plant:

From the above design parameters, we have noticed that influent BOD in sewage
treatment plant is 330 mg/l and the Effluent BOD is assumed as 20 mg/l.

Therefore,

BOD removal efficiency % = [(BOD influent – BOD effluent) / BOD influent] x100

= (330 – 20 / 330) x 100 = 93.94%

The treated water is proposed to be used for gardening and the remaining sludge after
treatment may be used as manure.

We design Separate Sewage system in which only sanitary sewage is treated and storm
water or drainage is disposed off without any treatment. We suggested that use proper
Rain water harvesting system for rainwater Discharge and use this water for various
purposes like gardening, cleaning of roads, etc.

Hence, the use of treated water will reduce the groundwater use in the campus.

68