Group - 2 - Design of RC T Girder Bridge

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
THAPATHALI CAMPUS
A FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT ON

“DESIGN OF RC T-GIRDER BRIDGE”
SUBMITTED BY:
Sapan Pokharel THA075BCE115
Subodh Subedi THA075BCE125
Tejendra Bist THA075BCE138
Vivek Pokharel THA075BCE142
Yuken Shrestha THA075BCE143
Yukesh Chaulagain THA075BCE144
A MAJOR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR’S IN CIVIIL ENGINEERING
PROJECT SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED TO:

Er. Biswa Kumar Balla Department Of Civil Engineering
Thapathali Campus
April 2023
COPYRIGHT
The authors of this report have granted permission for its free availability for inspection
by the Department of Civil Engineering, ThapathaliCampus Library. Additionally, the
authors have agreed that the Head of the Department where the report was completed
may authorize by the professors whosupervised the work, or in their absence, extensive
copying of this report for scholarly purposes. Proper recognition must be given to the
authors of the report or to the Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus in
any use of this report. It is strictly prohibited to copy or publish this report for financial
gain without written approval from both the Department of Civil Engineering,
Thapathali Campus and the authors of the report.
If you wish to request permission to copy or use any material from this report, either in
whole or in part, please direct your request to:
Head of Department
Dr. Indra Narayan Yadav, PhD
Department of Civil Engineering
Thapathali Campus
Institute of Engineering
Kathmandu, Nepal
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
THAPATHALICAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project work entitled Design of RC T-Girger Bridge" has
been examined and declared successful for the fulfilment of academic requirement
towards the completion of Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering.
Er, Biswa Kumar Balla

Project Supervisor
Dr. Gokana Bafhadur Motra, PhD

External Examiner
Dr. Indra Narayan Yadav, PhD

Head of Department
Department of Civil Engineering
Thapathali Campus
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Department of Civil Engineering,

Institute of Engineering, and Thapathali Campus for assigning us this project. We
would like to extend our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Er. Biswa Kumar Balla,
whose suggestions and direction made it easier for us to organize our project. The
design project proved to be a successful learning experience, thanks to his vast
knowledge, extensive experience, and professional expertise in bridge design, which
acted as a guiding light.
Er. Hari Shanker Joshi from LRBSU deserves our gratitude for coordinating the site
visit and providing the necessary design data. We are also thankful to the locals of
Golphubesi, Makwanpur for their cooperation during our site visit. Additionally, we
extend our appreciation to the Survey Department at Thapathali Campus for lending us
the surveying equipment required for the visit.
We also like to express our gratitude to all the Institute of Engineering, Thapathali
Campus, staff members who directly or indirectly assisted us in accomplishing the
project and preparation of this report.
iii
ABSTRACT
This report covers the analysis and design of the RC T-Girder Bridge, as well as the
design of its components The data obtained from LRBSU has been verified through
field observation, and a combination of structural, hydraulic, and geotechnical
processes have been used to analyze the data. The bridge's components have been
designed by the relevant IS and IRC codes of practice considering IRC Class A and
Class 70R vehicles. The effective width method has been used for the analysis of the
cantilever and restrained slab respectively. The analysis of the T-beam has been done
using Courbon's method and Influence Line Diagram. The laminated pad elastomeric
bearing has been chosen and designed as per the IRC code. Furthermore, the bridge
includes two identical abutments and a hammerhead pier dividing the bridge into two
equal spans which have been specifically designed to withstand both basic and seismic
load combinations. Open footing has been provided for both the abutment and pier. The
outcomes have been displayed through drawings.
iv
SALIENT FEATURES
Title of the Project – “Design of RC T-Girder Bridge”
Location
• Province- Bagmati Province

• District- Makwanpur
• Village/ Town - Bhimphedi Rural Municipality
• Right Axis: Golping Beshi
• Left Axis: Aapchour
Geographical Information
• Latitude: 27o31’47.54’’ N
• Longitude: 85o05’57.98’’ E
• Classification of Road : DRCN
• Type of the Road Surface: Earthern
• Terrain/ Geology: Hilly
Information on Structure
• Total Length of the Bridge: 45.8m

• Span Arrangement: 2x22m
• Total Width of the Bridge: 11m
• No. of Lanes: Two
• Carriageway: 7.5m
• Footpath: Provided
• Type of Superstructure: RC-T-Beam
• Type of bearing: Laminated Elastomeric Pad
• Type of Abutment: RCC Rectangular
• Type of Pier: RCC Hammer Head
• Type of Foundation: Open foundation
v
Design Data
• Live Load: IRC Class A and IRC 70R

• Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil: 370 kN/m2
• Design Discharge: 395 m3/s
• Linear Waterway: 44m
• Concrete in Superstructure: M30
• Reinforcement in Superstructure and Sub-Structure: TMT500D
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COPYRIGHT .................................................................................................................. i
CERTIFICATE ..............................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. iv
SALIENT FEATURES .................................................................................................. v
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... ix
NOTATION .................................................................................................................xii
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Title of Project ................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 2
1.3.1 General Objective .................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives .................................................................................. 2
1.4 Assumptions and limitations ........................................................................... 3
2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Acquisition of Data ......................................................................................... 4
2.2 Structural Planning and Preliminary Design ................................................... 5
2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Bridge Structure ................................................ 5
2.4 Design, Detailing and Drawings ..................................................................... 6
2.5 Project Flow Chart .......................................................................................... 7
3 Acquisition of Data ................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Topographic Study and Engineering Study .................................................... 8
3.1.1 Location Details of Bridge Site................................................................ 8
3.1.2 Topography .............................................................................................. 8
3.1.3 Engineering Survey Data ......................................................................... 9
3.2 Geological and Geotechnical data ................................................................. 10
3.2.1 Bore hole log .......................................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Safety against shear failure: ................................................................... 13
3.2.3 Settlement criteria .................................................................................. 14
3.3 Hydrological Study Data and Hydraulic Design ........................................... 15
3.3.1 Catchment Characteristics ..................................................................... 15
vii
3.3.2 Hypsometric Data of Catchment ............................................................ 17
3.3.3 Rainfall Analysis .................................................................................... 18
3.3.4 Design Flood .......................................................................................... 25
3.3.5 Hydraulic Deign ..................................................................................... 30
3.4 Traffic Study Data ......................................................................................... 36
3.5 Design Data . .................................................................................................. 36
4 Preliminary Design ............................................................................................... 37
4.1 Selection of Materials: .................................................................................. 37
4.2 Material Properties: ....................................................................................... 37
4.3 Preliminary Sizing of Superstructure Components: ...................................... 38
5 Analysis and Design of Bridge ............................................................................. 43
5.1 Analysis and Design of Superstructure ......................................................... 43
5.1.1 Analysis and Design of Deck Slab......................................................... 44
5.1.2 Analysis and Design of Longitudinal Girders ....................................... 60
5.1.3 Analysis and Design of Cross-Girders ................................................... 88
5.2 Analysis and Design of Bearing .................................................................. 106
5.2.1 Selection of Bearing and Design Method ............................................ 106
5.2.2 Design of Elastomeric Bearing ............................................................ 106
5.3 Analysis and Design of Seismic Arrester .................................................... 119
5.4 Analysis and Design of Sub-Structure ........................................................ 122
5.4.1 Analysis and Design of Abutments...................................................... 122
5.4.2 Analysis and Design of Pier ................................................................. 141
6 REFERENCES . .................................................................................................. 163
7 CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................ 164
ANNEX A . ................................................................................................................. 165
ANNEX B . ................................................................................................................. 203
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1: Google Earth Image of Bridge Site ............................................................ 8
Figure 3-2: X-section at proposed bridge site (Not in scale) ........................................ 9
Figure 3-3: L- section at the proposed bridge (Not in scale) ...................................... 10
Figure 3-4: Catchment of Rapati Khola at proposed bridge site from........................ 16
Figure 3-5: Delineated catchment and stream flow line ............................................. 16
Figure 3-6: LSAT Image of the catchment ................................................................... 17
Figure 3-7: Thiessen Polygon using ArcGIS ............................................................... 18
Figure 3-8: Extreme rainfall data for Chisapanigadi ................................................. 21
Figure 3-9: Extreme rainfall data for Daman ............................................................. 23
Figure 3-10: Stage-Discharge Relationship Curve for River at Bridge Site ............... 32
Figure 5-1: General arrangement of superstructure ................................................... 43
Figure 5-2: Vehicle wheel arrangement in Class-A .................................................... 45
Figure 5-3: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force design in Class-A................ 46
Figure 5-4: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R wheel ............................................... 47
Figure 5-5: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force in Class 70-R wheel ............ 48
Figure 5-6: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R Bogie ............................................... 49
Figure 5-7: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force in 70-R Bogie...................... 50
Figure 5-8: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R Track ............................................... 51
Figure 5-9: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force in 70-R Track...................... 52
Figure 5-10: Cantilever Slab ....................................................................................... 55
Figure 5-11: Wheel Arrangement for Class-A............................................................. 57
Figure 5-12: Transverse section of Bridge .................................................................. 60
Figure 5-13:Dead load arrangement in Intermediate Girder ..................................... 62
Figure 5-14: Transverse positioning of Class A Loads ............................................... 63
Figure 5-15: ILD for BM at 10.39m and Positioning of Class A load ........................ 64
ix
Figure 5-16: ILD for BM at quarter span and Positioning of Class A load ............... 65
Figure 5-17: ILD for SF at support and Positioning of Class A load ......................... 65
Figure 5-18: ILD for SF quarter span and Positioning of Class A load ..................... 66
Figure 5-19: Transverse positioning of 70R Wheeled Loads ...................................... 66
Figure 5-20: ILD for BM at 11.21m from support and positioning of 70R Wheeled load
...................................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 5-21: ILD for BM at quarter span and positioning of 70 Wheeled load ......... 67
Figure 5-22: ILD for SF at support span and positioning of 70R Wheeled load ........ 68
Figure 5-23: ILD for SF at quarter span and positioning of 70R Wheeled load ........ 68
Figure 5-24: Transverse positioning of 70R Tracked Loads ....................................... 69
Figure 5-25: ILD for BM at mid-span and positioning of 70R Tracked load ............. 70
Figure 5-26: ILD for BM at quarter span and positioning of 70R Tracked load ........ 70
Figure 5-27: ILD for SF at support and Positioning of 70R Tracked load ................. 71
Figure 5-28: ILD for SF at quarter span and Positioning of 70RTracked load.......... 71
Figure 5-29: Section of End Girder ............................................................................. 72
Figure 5-30: Dead Load on End Main Girder ............................................................ 74
Figure 5-31: Equivalent section of Intermediate longitudinal Girder ........................ 77
Figure 5-32: Equivalent section of End longitudinal Girder ...................................... 81
Figure 5-33: Plan of Girder ........................................................................................ 88
Figure 5-34:Type Section of Intermediate Cross Girder ............................................. 89
Figure 5-35:Dead load intermediate Cross Girder ..................................................... 90
Figure 5-36: Cross Girder Loaded with Dead Loads ................................................. 90
Figure 5-37: Wheel Placement of Class-A loading ..................................................... 91
Figure 5-38: Wheel Placement of Class 70-R Track Loading ..................................... 92
Figure 5-39: Wheel placement of Class 70-R Wheel loading...................................... 93
Figure 5-40: Section of a typical Cross Girder ........................................................... 99
x
Figure 5-41: End Cross Girder Loaded With Dead Load for Bearing Replacement Case
...................................................................................................................................... 99
Figure 5-42: End Cross Girder Loaded With Dead Load ......................................... 100
Figure 5-43: Vertical Reaction on a bearing due to braking load ............................ 108
Figure 5-44:Plan of a Bearing .................................................................................. 115
Figure 5-45:Section of Elastomeric Bearing ............................................................. 115
Figure 5-46:Dimensions of Seismic Arrester ............................................................ 120
Figure 5-47:Section of Seismic Arrester.................................................................... 120
Figure 5-48:Reinforcement of Seismic Arrester ........................................................ 121
Figure 5-49: Idealization of abutment and pier ........................................................ 122
Figure 5-50:Plan of Abutmrnt at Bearing Level........................................................ 122
Figure 5-51:Elevation of Abutment ........................................................................... 123
Figure 5-52:Section of Abutment Footing ................................................................. 133
Figure 5-53:Pier Cap ................................................................................................ 142
Figure 5-54:Pier Cap showing critical sections ........................................................ 147
Figure 5-55:Base Pressure for Mux .......................................................................... 159
Figure 5-56:Base Pressure for Muy .......................................................................... 160
xi
NOTATIONS
fck= Characteristic compressive Ir = Moment of Inertia of cracked

strength section (about NA)
EC = Modulus of elasticity δe = Total short term elastic deflection
fCr = Flexural Strength δcs = Shrinkage deflection
fy = Characteristic yield stress δcreep = Creep deflection
µ = Poisson ratio δallowable = Allowable value of

deflection
D = Thickness at the face of main
girder Wcr = Design crack width
d’ = clear cover Kp = Stress correction factor
Xu = Actual depth of neutral axis Kh = factor for induced tensile stresses
in reinforcing plate
(Ast)min = Minimum reinforcement
εc,d =Strain due to compressive design
S = Spacing
load
τu = Shear Stress
εq,d = Strain due to shear
τc,max = Maximum Shear Stress
εα,d = Strain due to angular rotation
τc = Shear Strength
G = Shear modulus of elasticity of
ɸ = Diameter of bar elastomer
L = Clear Span of slab in longitudinal S = Shape factor

direction
Ar = Reduced effective plan area due
B = Clear span of slab in transverse to the loading effects
direction
Psur = Surcharge Load
m1 , m2 = dead load moment
Pa = Active earth pressure
b = Contact width of vehicle
Ka = Active earth pressure coefficient
l = Contact length of vehicle
Psur = Earth pressure due to surcharge
beff = effective width load
w = Intensity of loading DLss = Dead load from superstructure
e = Eccentricity DLwc = Dead load of wearing coarse

xii
DLas = Dead load of approach slab Fep(H) = Horizontal component of
earth pressure force
LL = Live load from superstructure
Fsur(V) = Vertical component of due to
FVbr = Vertical load due to braking surcharge
FHbr = Horizontal load due to braking Fsur(H) = Horizontal component of due

to surcharge
FVw = Vertical load due to wind load
FLw = Wind load in longitudinal

direction
FTw = Wind load in transverse

direction
FTw sub = Wind load of substructure in

transverse direction
FLwc = Load due to water current in

longitudinal direction
FTwc = Load due to water current in

Wabt = Self weight of abutment
Wpier = Self weight of pier
Fbuoy = Buoyant force on pier
FLs sub = Longitudinal seismic force of

substructure
FTs sub = Transverse seismic force of

substructure
FLhyd = Hydrodynamic force in

longitudinal direction
FThyd = Hydrodynamic force in

Fabt.ses = Seismic load of abutment
Fep(V) = Vertical component of earth

pressure force
xiii
1 Introduction
RC T-girder bridges are a common type of bridge structure that are widely used in
modern transportation infrastructure. These bridges are known for their exceptional
strength and durability, making them ideal for carrying heavy loads.
The basic design of an RC T-girder bridge involves a reinforced concrete deck

supported by a series of T-shaped girders that run perpendicular to the direction of the
roadway. The T-girder configuration provides excellent lateral stability while
minimizing the amount of materials needed to construct the bridge, resulting in a cost-
effective and efficient design.
The use of reinforced concrete in the construction of T-girder bridges allows for a
high degree of customization, as the material can be easily molded to create complex
shapes and forms. Additionally, the inherent durability of reinforced concrete ensures
that these bridges can withstand years of heavy use without significant maintenance or
repair.
Overall, the design of RC T-girder bridges represents an important advancement in

modern bridge engineering, offering a versatile, cost-effective, and durable solution
for transportation infrastructure needs.
1.1 Background
The design and construction of bridges have been essential for the development of
modern transportation infrastructure. The use of bridges has allowed people and
goods to travel more easily and efficiently, enabling economic growth and societal
advancement.
The development of T-girder bridges, specifically, can be traced back to the mid-20th
century, with the advent of new technologies and construction techniques. The T-
girder configuration was initially designed to address the shortcomings of previous
bridge designs, such as the use of bulky steel trusses or concrete arches.
1
The use of reinforced concrete in T-girder bridges also allowed for greater
customization and flexibility in design. Engineers could create bridges with varying
spans, widths, and deck heights, providing greater versatility in meeting the needs of
different transportation infrastructure projects.
Today, RC T-girder bridges are widely used in a variety of settings, including

highways and railways. They are known for their durability, strength, and cost-
effectiveness, making them a popular choice for bridge construction projects around
the world.
In recent years, there has also been a growing focus on incorporating construction
practices in bridge design, including the use of recycled materials and energy-efficient
construction techniques.
1.2 Title of Project
The proposed title is “Design of RC T-Girder Bridge”.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The overall goal of this project is to design T-Beam bridge as part of a bachelor's degree
in Civil Engineering final year project work mandated by the Institute of Engineering's
syllabus.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
In addition to the above-mentioned goals, this project's specific goals are listed below.
• To acquire sufficient topographical, hydrological, and geotechnical
information from secondary sources.
• To perform hydrological analysis and geotechnical investigation.
• To carry out preliminary design.
• To carry out field visit and verify cross-section
• To plan, analyze, design, and detail each component of bridge.
2
1.4 Assumptions and limitations
This project will have following assumptions and limitations:
• The strength and durability test for the material to be used will not be carried
out, rather it is assumed to be the same as given in relevant IS code.
• Geotechnical and hydrological calculation will be done by using pre-collected

data obtained from secondary sources.
3
2 Methodology
2.1 Acquisition of Data
Primary Data Collection
Primary data collection involved on-site observation and interviewing local people to
understand their needs and bridge requirements. Additionally, the span, alignment,
and depth of foundation for the bridge were measured and arranged, and a
topographic survey of the bridge site was conducted.
Secondary Data Collection
a) Desk Study
Desk study was conducted, which involved a comprehensive literature review, past
report analysis, and the study of design codes, topography, catchment area, road and
river characteristics, and data provided by LRBSU.
b) Hydrological Analysis
Hydrological analysis was performed, utilizing data provided by LRBSU and the
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. The following important parameters/data
are collected by hydrological analysis.
• Maximum discharge
• Design discharge
• Linear waterway
• Scour depth
• High flood level
c) Geotechnical Study:
LRBSU provided all the data in the form of a soil test report. It included Dynamic
Cone Penetration Test (DCPT), sieve analysis, direct shear test, water content test,
and other investigations. Borehole log was available for both the banks of the river.
These were used to calculate safe bearing capacity of the soil, scour depth, etc.
4
2.2 Structural Planning and Preliminary Design
During the structural planning and preliminary design phase, we carefully considered
factors such as waterway requirements and geological conditions of the river-bed.
Based on our evaluation, we opted for a T-girder bridge with two spans, supported by
two abutments and an intermediate pier.
To ensure the design's safety and effectiveness, we conducted a thorough analysis of

various resources such as previous reports, design manuals, literature, and codes. This
allowed us to complete preliminary designs for different bridge components. The
codes that we used during the preliminary design of the RC T-girder bridge are listed
below:
• IRC 6: 2017 Loads and Stresses
• IRC 78: 2014 Foundation and Sub-structures
• SP 105: 2015
• IRC 112: 2020
• IS 456: 2000 Plan and Reinforced Concrete
• SP 16: 1980
• IRC 5: 2015 General Features of Design
2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Bridge Structure
The idealization and analysis of the bridge structure was a crucial stage in the design
process. Initially, we idealized the loads, structural components, and support
conditions. This involved developing an accurate and detailed model of the bridge,
incorporating the materials, dimensions, and other relevant factors.
Next, we conducted a thorough analysis of various bridge components, such as the

deck slab, girders, and bearings. We evaluated the components using the load
combinations specified in relevant IRC codes. This allowed us to calculate key
responses, such as longitudinal and transverse bending moments, shear force, and
axial forces. We utilized several approaches to evaluate the bridge structure, including
the influence line diagram, the effective width method, Pigeaud's method, and
Courbon's method.
5
Influence line diagram helped us determine the longitudinal placement of the live load
to obtain the maximum response. Effective width method was used to analyze the
cantilever slab and the restrained slab. Courbon's method and Influence Line Diagram
was utilized to determine the transverse distribution of load to the main girder.
Overall, the idealization and analysis of the bridge structure was a complex and
detailed process that required extensive knowledge of structural engineering
principles and relevant design codes. Our team carefully evaluated each component to
ensure the safety and effectiveness of the final design.
2.4 Design, Detailing and Drawings
The limit state design method has been used in the design of structural components for
bridges. The following codes were used:
• IRC 6-2017
• Nepal bridge standard-2067, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical
Planning and Works, Department of Roads
• Standard specification of roads and bridges, Government of Nepal, Ministry of
Physical Planning and works, Department of Roads
• IRC 83-2018(part II)
• IRC 78-2014 Foundations and substructures
• IRC 5-2015 Loads and Stresses
• IRC SP 105-2015
• IRC 112-2020
• IRC SP 114-2018
AutoCAD has been used to create plan, sectional and detailed drawings of various
bridge components on a standard scale.
6
2.5 Project Flow Chart
7
3 Acquisition of Data
3.1 Topographic Study and Engineering Study
Topographic map of the bridge site was provided by LRBSU. We conducted cross
section and longitudinal section levelling of the river at proposed bridge axis for
verification.
3.1.1 Location Details of Bridge Site
The bridge site over Rapati Khola Bridge is located in Bhimphedi Rular Municipality,
Makwanpur district. The geographical co-ordinates of the proposed bridge site are:
Latitude = 27°31’47.54’’N
Departure = 85°05'57.98"E
Figure 3-1: Google Earth Image of Bridge Site
3.1.2 Topography
The bridge site lies in the flood plain of the river with fairly level topography. The river
seems to carry large boulder during monsoon, so a large number of boulders were
deposited on the site. River is meandering at 300m U/S of the site and straight at D/S.
8
3.1.3 Engineering Survey Data
Topographical survey was conducted over a distance of 300 m upstream, 200 m

downstream and 100 m either side of the centerline from the proposed bridge axis.
Cross sections of the river were taken at an interval of 10 m. Longitudinal profile of the
river was taken for a distance of 15 m
X-SECTION
855
854
853
852
851
850
849
848
847
846
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
RL 853.822 852.804 851.886 849.322 849.062 849.254 851.075 851.292 851.841 852.815
Figure 3-2: X-section at proposed bridge site (Not in scale)
9
L-PROFILE
853
852
851
850
849
848
847
846
845
0+030 0+015 0+000 0+015 0+030 0+045 0+060
RL 847.779 848.346 849.062 849.917 850.739 851.571 852.323
Figure 3-3: L- section at the proposed bridge (Not in scale)
3.2 Geological and Geotechnical data
We were provided soil test report conducted by Agni Boring and Soil Test Pvt Ltd.
Borehole log and laboratory test data and their analysis were provided by LRBSU.
The following is the bore hole log of the bridge site.
10
3.2.1 Bore hole log
11
Using these N values, allowable safe bearing capacity is calculated. For safety in
bearing, two criteria must be fulfilled.
12
3.2.2 Safety against shear failure:
Teng relation for shear failure gives bearing capacity for different width of footing
and the depth of soil:
For square footing, qult = 2BN2Rw’ + 6(100 + N2) D Rw (Fps units)

Where, B = Width of footing
D= Depth
Rw= Water table correction = 0.5
N = SPT value
From this criterion, following table is obtained:

Allowable Safe bearing capacity (t/m2)
Depth (m)
Width of
footing B(m)
2 3 4.5 6 7.5
N 34 34 35 36 38
6.00 77.25 97.37 134.72 175.65 231.70
7.50 86.51 106.62 144.53 186.02 243.26
8.00 89.60 109.71 147.80 189.48 247.11
8.50 92.68 112.79 151.07 192.94 250.97
9.00 95.77 115.88 154.34 196.40 254.82
9.50 98.85 118.97 157.61 199.86 258.67
10.00 101.94 122.05 160.88 203.32 262.53
10.50 105.02 125.14 164.15 206.78 266.38
11.00 108.11 128.22 167.42 210.24 270.24
11.50 111.19 131.31 170.69 213.70 274.09
12.00 114.28 134.39 173.96 217.15 277.95
12.50 117.36 137.48 177.23 220.61 281.80
13.00 120.45 140.56 180.50 224.07 285.65
13
13.50 123.53 143.65 183.76 227.53 289.51
14.00 126.62 146.73 187.03 230.99 293.36
3.2.3 Settlement criteria
For rivers with gravel bed, the maximum permissible settlement is 40mm. For that
following equation is used: -
qa = 720 (N-3) ( (B+1) / 2B )2 Kd R’w
Where qa = Net allowable bearing pressure in psf for 1 inch settlement and B in ft.
Kd = (1+ D/B)
Since this formula gives qa for 1 inch (25mm) settlement, Qa = qa x 40/25
Qa for 40mm Settlement (t/m2)
Depth (m)
Width of footing
B (m)
2 3 4.5 6 7.5
6 32.09 36.10 43.47 51.24 61.14
7.5 29.90 33.04 38.98 45.23 53.30
8 29.36 32.30 37.88 43.76 51.38
8.5 28.89 31.64 36.92 42.47 49.70
9 28.47 31.06 36.07 41.33 48.22
9.5 28.10 30.55 35.32 40.32 46.91
10 27.77 30.09 34.64 39.42 45.73
10.5 27.48 29.67 34.03 38.61 44.67
11 27.21 29.30 33.48 37.87 43.71
11.5 26.96 28.96 32.98 37.20 42.84
12 26.74 28.65 32.53 36.59 42.04
12.5 26.53 28.36 32.11 36.03 41.32
14
13 26.34 28.10 31.72 35.52 40.65
13.5 26.17 27.86 31.37 35.04 40.03
14 26.01 27.63 31.04 34.60 39.45
It can be seen that allowable pressure is lower in settlement criteria. Therefore, 40mm
settlement criteria is used to calculate bearing capacity of the soil.
3.3 Hydrological Study Data and Hydraulic Design
The hydrological data of the catchment area is in the form of annual precipitation data
acquired from DHM provided by MLRBP. Hypsometric data of the catchment has
been deduced from Google Earth Pro and Global Mapper. The design was performed
by synthesizing the provided data by MLRBP in the early stage of the design. The
field observation was done after certain period of time and was checked with the
synthesized data and was corrected.
3.3.1 Catchment Characteristics
The bridge site in Rapati Khola is located at Latitude of 27031'47.54"N and Longitude
of 85005'57.98"E. The outlet elevation of the river at which bridge is situated is about
849.062m (from Google Earth Pro) and the elevation of headwater (Highest Point) is
about 2055.392m. The catchment area up to bridge site estimated by GIS is about
56.152 sq.km and main channel length is about 7.996 km. The perimeter of the
catchment is 36.64km. The stream slope of the river given by GIS is 8.09%. The field
observed slope is 5.03% and the time of concentration found with the help of Kirpich
equation is 39.45 minutes.
15
Figure 3-4: Catchment of Rapati Khola at proposed bridge site from
Google Earth Pro
Figure 3-5: Delineated catchment and stream flow line
16
Figure 3-6: LSAT Image of the catchment
3.3.2 Hypsometric Data of Catchment
The data presented below have been abstracted from Google Earth Pro and GIS.
Hypsometric Data of Catchment
Total Catchment Area in km2 56.152

Catchment area between 2000m and 3000m in km2 8.983
Catchment area between 1000m and 2000m in km2 29.602
2
Catchment area below 1000m in km 17.567
Average Catchment elevation 1454m
Average Catchment Slope(S) 14.37%
Length of Major River(L) 7.996 Km
Elevation difference between remotest point and outlet 1206.33m
17
Catchment area under different land use
Land Use /Land Area Covered

Coverage type (sq.km)
Dense Forest 20.325
Light Forest 18.589
Barren 10.932
Snow capped 0
Agriculture land 4.966
Settlement 1.310
3.3.3 Rainfall Analysis
Chisapanigadi rain gauge station lies inside the catchment whereas Daman, Rajaiya
and Daman lies outside of the catchment. The data were acquired from the MLRBP
for all the stations. The data obtained from Raijaiya and Lele were less than 25 years
while the data for Daman and Chisapanigadi was for more than 25years.
Figure 3-7: Thiessen Polygon using ArcGIS
18
Area
Index Percent
SN Name of the Station
No. Weightage
(sq.km.)
1 904 Chisapanigadi 46.4233 82.68
2 905 Daman 9.7282 17.32
3 925 Rajaiya 0 0
4 1075 Lele 0 0
Total 56.1515 100
Data from Thiessen polygon Method using ArcGIS.
19
Calculation of Design Rainfall (100 years return period)
Weibull Method
Chisapanigadi and Daman were used for rainfall analysis. Plot of extreme rainfall and
return period was made and extreme rainfall values were taken from the best fit curve.
Chisapanigadi:
Extreme
Extreme Probability Return
Rainfall in Rank
Station Year Rainfall (P)= Period,
decending (m)
(mm) (X) m/(N+1) T=1/P
order
1982 133.00 442.50 1 0.03 31.00
1983 131.50 344.20 2 0.06 15.50
1984 228.30 295.00 3 0.10 10.33
1985 131.00 262.10 4 0.13 7.75
1986 157.00 228.30 5 0.16 6.20
1987 126.00 219.50 6 0.19 5.17
1988 106.80 192.80 7 0.23 4.43

Chisapanigadi
1989 84.00 163.30 8 0.26 3.88
1990 137.00 162.00 9 0.29 3.44
1991 106.00 157.00 10 0.32 3.10
1992 58.00 156.00 11 0.35 2.82
1993 295.00 150.20 12 0.39 2.58
1994 96.40 146.00 13 0.42 2.38
1995 116.00 137.00 14 0.45 2.21
1996 150.20 135.50 15 0.48 2.07
1997 146.00 133.00 16 0.52 1.94
1998 98.30 131.50 17 0.55 1.82
20
1999 262.10 131.00 18 0.58 1.72
2000 162.00 126.00 19 0.61 1.63
2001 192.80 116.00 20 0.65 1.55
2002 442.50 106.80 21 0.68 1.48
2003 344.20 106.00 22 0.71 1.41
2004 156.00 104.00 23 0.74 1.35
2005 219.50 102.30 24 0.77 1.29
2006 163.30 98.30 25 0.81 1.24
2007 104.00 96.40 26 0.84 1.19
2008 56.10 84.00 27 0.87 1.15
2009 102.30 77.40 28 0.90 1.11
2010 77.40 58.00 29 0.94 1.07
2011 135.50 56.10 30 0.97 1.03
Chisapanigadi
500
450
400 y = 99.107ln(x) + 63.585
Extreme Rainfall (mm)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 10 100
Return Period,T
Figure 3-8: Extreme rainfall data for Chisapanigadi
21
Daman:
Extreme
Extreme Return
Rainfall in Rank Probability,
Station Year Rainfall Period,
decending (m) P= m/(N+1)
(mm) T=1/P
order
1982 59.00 373.20 1 0.03 31.00
1983 110.50 369.00 2 0.06 15.50
1984 90.50 319.30 3 0.10 10.33
1985 96.50 170.00 4 0.13 7.75
1986 151.00 168.00 5 0.16 6.20
1987 124.50 151.00 6 0.19 5.17
1988 61.50 140.40 7 0.23 4.43
1989 76.00 129.00 8 0.26 3.88
1990 100.80 126.20 9 0.29 3.44
1991 69.00 124.50 10 0.32 3.10

Daman
1992 55.00 120.00 11 0.35 2.82
1993 373.20 113.00 12 0.39 2.58
1994 74.50 110.50 13 0.42 2.38
1995 101.00 101.00 14 0.45 2.21
1996 113.00 100.90 15 0.48 2.07
1997 96.50 100.80 16 0.52 1.94
1998 140.40 96.50 17 0.55 1.82
1999 126.20 96.50 18 0.58 1.72
2000 319.30 90.50 19 0.61 1.63
2001 120.00 90.00 20 0.65 1.55
2002 369.00 85.00 21 0.68 1.48
22
2003 129.00 76.00 22 0.71 1.41
2004 168.00 74.50 23 0.74 1.35
2005 90.00 71.00 24 0.77 1.29
2006 71.00 69.00 25 0.81 1.24
2007 170.00 66.00 26 0.84 1.19
2008 39.20 61.50 27 0.87 1.15
2009 100.90 59.00 28 0.90 1.11
2010 85.00 55.00 29 0.94 1.07
2011 66.00 39.20 30 0.97 1.03
Daman
400
350 y = 93.804ln(x) + 36.203
Extreme Rainfall, mm
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 10 100
Return Period, T
Figure 3-9: Extreme rainfall data for Daman
Design rainfall for 100 years return period is 468.18 mm.

Weighted mean of Design Rainfall from two stations
= 0.8268 * 519.990 + 0.1732 * 468.186
= 511.015 mm
23
Gumbel Method:
Name Mean Reduced Variate

S.D., Reduced Reduce
of Rainfall Variate k X (100
mm Mean d S.D.
Station , mm (100 yrs) yrs)
Chisapa- 469.80
157.22 85.549
nigadi 0
3.65
0.5362 1.1124 4.6
32
433.22
Daman 124.88 84.403
0

= 0.8268 * 469.800+ 0.1732 * 433.220
= 463.46 mm
Log Pearson Type III Distribution Method:
Name Mean Coefficient Variate Rainfall

S.D.of Frequency
of Value of of skewness Z (100 (100
Z, mm Factor
Station Z, mm of Z yrs) yrs)
Chisapa
2.1462 0.207 0.3978 2.6184 2.6872 486.631
nigadi
Daman 2.0295 0.2295 0.8384 2.9163 2.6988 499.794

= 0.8268 * 486.631+ 0.1732 * 499.794
= 488.911 mm
Taking maximum Design Rainfall from three methods,
Design Rainfall for 100 years return period (R100) = 511.015 mm
Kirpich equation for time of concentration is:

𝑡𝑐 = 0.01947 × 𝐿0.77 × 𝑆 −0.385
Where, L=length of catchment and S is slope of catchment

t c = 0.01947 × 36.740.77 × 0.1437−0.385 = 39.54 minutes
24
Using Mononob’s method, calculating rainfall intensity:
2
𝑅100 24 3
I= ∗ (𝐷)
24
2
511.015 24 3
= ∗ (0.659)
24
= 233.941mm/hr
Thus, the design rainfall intensity is 233.941mm/hr.
3.3.4 Design Flood
The guidelines provided in cl.3.2 Nepal Bridge Standards, NBS-2067, for all
permanent bridges, flood having return period of 100 years has been used as design
flood for the bridge. The design life for the permanent bridge must be 50 years as
provided in the NBS-2067.
1
R = 1 − (1 − )n
T
1 50
R = 1 − (1 − 100) = 39.49%
The risk associated with this design flood magnitude is 39.5%.
3.3.4.1 Estimation of design flood by different methods
WECS/DHM (1990)
Total catchment area of the river section at a proposed bridge site = 56.152 sq.km
Catchment area below 3000m elevation at a proposed bridge site (A) = 56.152 sq.km
Return Period (T) = 100 years
Q100 = 14.639 × (A + 1)0.7342
= 14.639 × (56.152 + 1)0.7342
= 285.446 cumecs
DHM (2004)
Q100 = 20.7 × (A)0.72

= 20.7 × (56.152)0.72
= 376.282 cumecs
25
PCJ (1996)
In determining the floods of Rapati Khola, this method has been used for the average
value of hourly rainfall intensity at two representative stations, which are located near
the basin area and have comparatively good series of rainfall data. Using this method,
the maximum rainfall design discharge Qp for the required exceedance probability ‘p’
has been computed using the equation,
Qp = 16.67 × ap × op × ∅ × F × k f
Catchment Area below 5000m elevation (F) = 56.152 km2

Return Period (T) = 100 years
kt = Reduction coefficient of hourly rainfall intensity = 0.9036
Maximum Hourly
Station Name Average
Intensity in mm/min, ahr
Chisapanigadi 3.899
3.853
mm/min
Daman 3.807
Design rainfall intensity (ap in mm/min) = kt × ahr
= 0.9036 × 3.853 mm/min
= 3.482 mm/min
Infiltration Coefficient op = 0.95
Discharge reduction factor, Ф =0.1722
Kf = 0.9962
Qp = 16.67 × ap × op × ∅ × F × k f
= 16.67 × 3.4815708 × 0.95 × 0.1722 × 56.152 × 0.9962
26
= 531.103 cumecs
Medium Hydropower Study Project Method (1997) (Regional Approach)
𝐐 = 𝐊 × 𝐀𝐛
Where, K and b are constants depending upon return periods
For 100 years return period,
K= 21.5181 b = 0.7281
Q = 21.5181 × 56.5120.7281 = 406.011 cumecs
Dicken’s Method
3⁄
Q = CD × A 4
A = 56.152 km2
CD = 11.37 (taken as for northern India)
3⁄
Q = CD × A 4
3⁄
= 11.37 × 56.152 4
= 233.229 cumecs
Modified Dicken’s Method (1960)
This method is widely used in Nepal.

3⁄
Q= C×A 4
1185
Where, C = 2.342 × log(0.6T) × log ( )+4
𝑝
a+6 0+6
p= × 100 = × 100 = 10.685%
A+a 56.152
Where, a = snow covered area = 0
A + a = catchment area in sq. km = 56.152
T = return period in years = 100 years
1185
C = 2.342 × log(0.6 × 100) × log (10.685) + 4 = 11.753
3⁄
Q = 11.753 × 56.152 4 = 241.086 cumecs
Inglis Method (1930)
The method is used for the Maharastra State of India, but still used in Nepal due to
similarity.
27
124 × A 124 × 56.152
Qp = = = 853.506 cumecs
√A + 10.4 √56.152 + 10.4
Tahal et.al Method (2002)
The method uses index flood method for flood forecasting.

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑚 (0.3838 × ln(𝑇) + 0.6882)
where, Qt and Qm are flood flow of return period T and mean flood flow respectively.
Qm has been considered similar as to Narayani Basin, So:
𝑄𝑚 = 5.42 × (𝐴3000 )0.7572 = 5.42 × (56.152)0.7572 = 114.451
and,
QT = 114.451 × (0.3838 × ln(100) + 0.6882) = 281.053 cumecs
Fuller’s Method
0.8
𝐴 0.3
𝑄 = 1.03 × 𝐴 (1
× + (0.8 × log10 𝑇)) × (1 + (2 × ( ) ))
2.59
0.8
56.152 0.3
Q = 1.03 × 56.152 × (1 + (0.8 × log10 100)) × (1 + (2 × ( ) ))
2.59
= 405.373 cumecs
Rational Method
Since the catchment is big, this method is only used for comparison.
Area in sq.km Value of Weighted Average
S.N Type of land
coverage A C CA C
1 Dense Forest 20.325 0.2 4.065
2 Light Forest 18.589 0.6 11.153
3 Barren 10.932 0.4 4.373 0.407
5 Agriculture land 4.996 0.51 2.548
6 Settlement 1.31 0.55 0.721
28
I = 233.941 mm/hr
A = 56.152 sq.km
C×I×A 0.407 × 233.941 × 56.152
Q= = = 1473.224 cumecs
3.6 3.6
Design flood discharge from various methods
S.N. Methods Calculated Discharge, Q (cumecs)

1 Tahal et.al 114.451
2 Dicken's 233.229
3 Modified Dicken's 241.086
4 WECS/DHM (1990) 285.446
5 DHM (2004) 376.282
6 Fuller’s 405.373
7 MHSP 406.011
8 PCJ (1996) 531.103
9 Inglis 853.506
10 Rational 1411.38
Among ten methods used above, only seven methods of discharge calculations have
been considered based on suitability with the catchment.
Among seven methods, three methods produced nearest values were used. The
average of these three methods has been used as design discharge.
29
376.282+ 405.373 + 406.011
Design Discharge (Qd) = ≈ 395 m3 /s
3
Hence, Design discharge (Qd) = 395 m3 /s
3.3.5 Hydraulic Deign
3.3.5.1 HFL Calculation
Manning's Rugosity coefficient, n = 0.0251

1/6
d50
(From Stickler’s formula,n = , where d50 mean particle size in m)
21.1
Average slope of proposed bridge site, S0 = 1:18.85

For discharge,
1 2 1
Q= × A × R ⁄3 × S ⁄2
n
HFL has been calculated with the help of Manning’s equation for discharge. The cross
section plotted in AutoCAD from extracted data of field observation is used for
finding area and perimeter at certain depths.
Hydraulic
Depth RL Area Perimeter Velocity Discharge
Mean
(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m/s) (m3/s)
(m)
3.73 830.5 114.816 49.901 2.301 15.998 1836.83
3.23 830 89.744 45.829 1.958 14.368 1289.404
2.73 829.5 69.185 42.122 1.642 12.778 884.072
2.23 829 48.882 36.804 1.328 11.091 542.154
1.73 828.5 31.46530 31.423 1.00 9.187 289.085
1.23 828 18.3138 24.466 0.749 7.567 138.590
0.73 827.5 10.6726 18.158 0.588 6.441 68.741
0.23 827 1.1669 7.793 0.150 2.588 3.020
30
Estimation of stage from raking curve method and stage-discharge relationship:
Discharge
Depth(G) Y=logQ X=log(G-a) X2 X2 XY
(Q)
3.73 1836.830 3.264 0.571 0.3268 10.6541 1.8660
3.23 1289.404 3.110 0.509 0.2592 9.67451 1.5838
2.73 884.072 2.946 0.436 0.1902 8.68178 1.2851
2.23 542.154 2.734 0.348 0.1213 7.4754 0.9523
1.73 289.085 2.461 0.238 0.0566 6.0566 0.5858
1.23 138.590 2.141 0.089 0.0080 4.58701 0.1925
0.73 68.741 1.837 -0.136 0.0186 3.3753 -0.2511
0.23 3.020 0.480 -0.638 0.4073 0.2304 -0.3064
𝛴 18.975 1.418 1.3885 50.735 5.9082
Now with the help of discharge-stage relationship i.e. Q =Cr × (𝐺 − 𝑎)β , the stage at
given design discharge is calculated as:
N(ΣXY) − (ΣX)(ΣY)
β= = 2.237
N(ΣX 2 ) − (ΣX)2
ΣY − (β × (ΣX))
b= = 1.97
N
Cr = eb = 7.208
Q = Cr × (𝐺 − 𝑎)β
At design discharge Q = 395 cumecs and a=0, the value of G=1.89.

With reference to flood marks and field observations of the site, the HFL level from
the bed level is taken as 2m.
31
4
3.5
3
HFL 2.5
2
y = -1E-06x2 + 0.0037x + 0.5459
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Discharge
Figure 3-10: Stage-Discharge Relationship Curve for River at Bridge Site
3.3.5.2 Linear Waterway Calculation
Linear waterway has been calculated by following formulae:
(a) Lacey's Formula

Linear waterway, P = K √𝑄𝐷
Here, value of K has been taken as 4.75.
∴ P = 4.75 ×√395 = 94.404m
This method is not suitable in the case of this bridge site as river bed is not as per
Lacey’s assumption.
(b) Kellerhal's formula

Linear waterway, P = K √QD
Here, value of K in the case of Nepal is taken as 3.26
∴ P = 3.26 ×√395 = 64.791m
(c) As per the clause 106.5.1.6, IRC 05: 2015, in a hilly terrain, the minimum waterway
under the bridge should be kept same as the linear waterway at HFL. The linear
waterway at HFL (851.062m) has been found to be 34.086m from AutoCAD.
So, Linear Waterway = 34.086m
32
3.3.5.3 Check for afflux
The afflux is measured by difference in levels of water surfaces upstream and

downstream of bridge (Victor, 2004) after the construction of structure, which can be
calculated by following formula:
V2 A2
Afflux(a) = ( + 0.015) × [ 2 − 1] ; a in meters
17.88 a
Discharge 395
V = velocity of normal flow in the stream = =
Cross-sectional area of flow 47.59
= 8.3m/s
A= unobstructed sectional area of the river at proposed site
a= constricted area of the river at proposed site
8.32 47.592
a=( + 0.015) × [ − 1] = 0.827
17.88 43.22
∴ Afflux, a = 0.827m
3.3.5.4 Freeboard
As per Hydrological guidelines, minimum freeboard (vertical clearance) between the

HFL and the elevation of the lowermost part of the bridge superstructure is taken as
2.0m for Nepal. Hence, freeboard of 2.0m has been provided.
3.3.5.5 Scour depth calculation
The foundation design discharge is increased to 3.95% as per cl.703.1 IRC-78:2014.

So, the discharge is 410.603m3/s for calculation for scour depth.
Linear waterway, B = 34.086m
Q 410.603
Discharge per unit effective width, q = = = 12.046cumecs/m
B 34.086
Mean particle size obtained from Geotechnical Report provided by the MLRBP,
i.e., d50 = 22mm
Lacey's Silt factor, f = 1.76√dmm = 1.76 × √22 = 8.255
The data provided in geotechnical report hasn’t provided d90 material. So, the value is
being calculated through the references from empirical calculations.
d90 = 1.88×d60 =1.88×30=56.4mm
33
Lacey-Inglish Formula
1 1
q2 3 ( 12.046 )2 3
Scour Depth, dsm = 1.34 ( ) = 1.34 × ( ) = 3.484m
f 8.255
This method is not suitable for the bed material particle mean size greater than
4mm.Lacey-Inglish formula is satisfactory to estimate mean scour depth for
meandering alluvial rivers with loose non-cohesive sandy materials, the results from
this method is not satisfactory for rivers transporting sediments and for gravel-bed
rivers. So, this method is not appropriate for the given site.
Kellerhal's Formula
q0.8 (12.046)0.8
Scour Depth, D = 0.47 = 0.47 × = 2.121m
(d90 )0.12 (56.4)0.12
Correction:
W 0.61
Corrected scour depth, dcorr = D × ( )
P
where,
W = linear waterway calculated from Kellerhal's method
= 3.26 × √410.603
= 66.058m
P = Linear waterway provided = 44m
66.058 0.61
dcorr = 2.121× ( ) = 3.176m
44
Kothyari Formula
dse b 0.67 D −0.6

= 0.88 × ( ) ×( ) × α−0.3
D d d
Where,
dse = equilibrium scour below normal bed level, in m
b = pier diameter in m = 2m (Assumed)
D = flow depth = 2m
d = median size of bed material in mm = 22mm
B = c/c spacing between piers = 22m
B − b 22 − 1.5
α = opening ratio = = = 0.932
B 22
34
dse b 0.67 D −0.6
= 0.88 × ( ) ×( ) × α−0.3
D d d
2 0.67 2 −0.6
= 0.88 × ( ) ×( ) × 0.932−0.3 = 0.759
22 22
∴ dse = 0.759 × 2 = 1.518m
Dse = maximum scour depth below HFL = dse + D = 1.518 + 2 = 3.518m
. The river bed of proposed site is composed with gravels and for such rivers,
Kelleharl’s formula and Kothyari formula (2007) can be used to estimate scour depth.
Kothyari formula involves more assumptions than Kellerhal’s formula. So, for such
reasons, Kellerhal’s scour depth relation has been employed to determine scour depth
as the parameters used in Kellerhal’s formula are known.
Hence, maximum scour depth below HFL = 3.176m
Maximum scour depth for abutment = 1.27 × d = 1.27 × 2.215= 4.03m
Maximum scour depth for pier = 2 × d = 2 × 2.215 = 6.352m
Summary of Hydraulic Design Calculations
S.N. Parameter Value
1 Slope at proposed bridge site 1 in 18.5
2 HFL 851.062 m
3 Linear Waterway 34.086m
4 Afflux 0.827m
5 Freeboard 2.0 m
6 Maximum scour depth for abutment 4.03m
7 Maximum scour depth for pier 6.352m
8 RL of bottom of superstructure = 853.062m

HFL + Freeboard
35
3.4 Traffic Study Data
No specific study on traffic. The bridge planned on project site has been planned as
according to Nepal Road Standard 2071. It has been designed with clear carriage way
of 7.5 width and 1.75m footpath on both sides.
3.5 Design Data

Design Discharge, Q = 395 m3/s
Design HFL = 2 m
RL of deepest point of river = 849.062 m
Linear water way provided = 34.086 m
Scour depth for abutment = 4.03 m
Scour depth for pier = 6.352 m
Allowable Bearing capacity of soil = 350kN/m
RL of bottom of abutment = 843.912 m
RL of bottom of pier = 841.562 m
36
4 Preliminary Design
4.1 Selection of Materials:
The materials below are selected as per the requirements needed on the construction of
the bridge. The selection is based on the construction practice, literature review,
supervisor’s consult and available materials on the market. Following materials are
selected for design:
Concrete: Standard M30 Concrete by design as concerned with IRC 112

Rebar: TMT Fe500 (can be replaced by Fe500D for better ductility, min 16%
elongation, IRC Table 18.1)
Wearing course: Asphalt concrete
Railing Post: Rails of GI heavy steel pipe
4.2 Material Properties:
A: Concrete (Should be Design as clause 6.4.2 and Clause 18.5, IRC 112 and values
obtained by standards mentioned in IS 516:1959 from sample tests.)
Characteristics compressive strength (fck) = 30 N/mm2

Modulus of elasticity (Ec) = 5000 × √fck = 27386.128 N/mm2
Flexural strength = 0.7 × √fck = 3.834 N/mm2

Total Shrinkage strain = 0.0003
Poisson’s ratio: 0.15
Permissible bearing stress= 0.45 × fck = 13.5 N/ mm2
B: REBARS (IS 800:2007, Clause 2.2.4.1)
Characteristics yield strength (fy) = 500N/ mm2

Unit weight = 7850 kg/m3
Modulus of elasticity = 2 × 105 MPA (cl.6.2.2 IRC 112-2020)
Modulus of rigidity= 0.77 × 105 MPA
Poisson ratio = 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion= 12 × 10-6 /C
37
4.3 Preliminary Sizing of Superstructure Components:
a. Carriage width:
Carriageway of 7.5m is taken. (Traffic>100 vehicle pcd so 3.75m per lane for DRCN
NRRS 2071 Table 6.1)
b. Wearing coat:
Asphalt concrete wearing coat thickness of 50mm at edge and 3% camber and 2.5%
camber at second lane from both edges resulting of crown thickness of 150mm
(cl.1309 of standard specification of road and bridge works)
c. Railings and Post:
Minimum height = 1.1m from footpath surface. (cl.109.7.2.3 IRC 05:2015)

Minimum width of railing post= 150mm
Spacing between post= 12 numbers of post @ 2000mm c/c spacing per span in each
side.
Two end posts are constricted to 1000mm.
Dimension of post= 200mm × 200mm
150mm spacing between bottom railing and footpath is provided (cl.109.7.2, IRC
5:2015)
Heavy Steel tubular sections (GI) of 48.3mm diameter of 4.37 kg/m, thickness of
4mm and sectional area of 5.56 cm2 (IS code 1161:1998 Table 1).
d. Drainage Spout:
Drainage spout is placed @5000mm c/c spacing throughout span but kept at
2000mm from the edge of span at both sides before Kerb.
38
e. Kerb:
Kerb is designed as per in (cl.109.8, IRC 5:2015) which is described as below

figure.
f. Slab deck:
Width of deck provided is 11000mm.

Width of cantilever slab is 2250mm.
Thickness of deck is 220mm and is tapered in cantilever slab up to 150mm at the
end.
g. Main girder:
The thickness of the web is not be less than 250mm. So, we provide width of web is
300mm.
The bulb is provided as width of 700mm and height of 200mm and tapered to web
section within height of 150mm.
Number of girders provided is 3.
Depth of main girder is 1650mm.
Center to center spacing distance shall not be less than 1/20 of span which is 1.1m
generally.
39
The spacing provided be:
Total deck width−cantilever slab width×2 11−2.25×2
= = = 3.25m
no.of girder−1 3−1
The center-center spacing between two main girders is 3250mm.

Provide Fillet of dimension 300mm × 150mm
h. Cross girder
Minimum width of cross girder should not less than be minimum web thickness of
main girder. So we adopt the web width of 300mm.
Number of cross girder is 4. 2 intermediate cross girders and 2 end cross girders are
provided.
The center to center spacing between two consecutive cross girders is 7300mm.
Depth of both intermediate and cross girder practiced be:
0.75×depth of main girder = 1238mm (JD victor)
We adopt the depth of cross girder as 1240mm.
i. Expansion joint:
Width = Coefficient of linear expansion by temperature in dense concrete × length ×

Max temperature is taken
= 12×10-6×22×103×50
= 13.2 mm
Adopt 40mm Compression seal joint for expansion joint.
j. Bearing size
Laminated Elastomeric bearing pad with dimension of 300×500×64 is provided.
k. Abutments:
• Total height of abutment = Max scour depth + free board +grip length+ depth
of main girder + thickness of bearing &pedestal
= 4.762 + 2 +2 + 1.65 +0.5 (values are preliminary
and need further to change)
=10.912 ~ 11.3m
• Material Selection:
40
Since height be greater than 5m, choose RCC abutment. From below height
data, RCC is preferred. So, we choose M20 Concrete and Fe 500D rebar.
• Seating width:
Minimum seating width = 305+2.5L + 10H (cl.219.9, IRC 6)
= 305 + 2.5×22 + 10×11.3
= 473mm
From cl.910.8, IRC 78-2014
Seating width = Bearing width + minimum projection of cap + width of
expansion join + 150mm
= 300 + 75 + 40 + 150 = 565mm
Adopt 750mm seating width. (Taking projection for future jacking condition
while repairing bearing parts)
• Dirt wall:
Height of dirt wall = depth of girder + bearing thickness - approach slab
= 1650 +500 – 300
= 1850 mm
Thickness of dirt wall > 200mm (cl.710.6.4, IRC 78-2014, Clause 710.6.4)
>Height of dirt wall / 7 = 264.285 mm
Adopt the thickness of dirt wall be 300mm.
• Stem of abutment width > Height of abutment / 10 = 1.1mm

> Dirt wall thickness+ seating width – projection
= 300 + 600 -75
= 825mm
Adopt stem of abutment width be 1200 mm.
l. Footing:
Thickness = Height of abutment / 8 = 1.375m

Adopt thickness of footing be 1.2m. (General practice)
Width of footing = 0.75×Height of abutment = 8.25m
Adopt width of footing be 7.5 m. (General practice)
Width of toe and heel in the abutment footing be 3800mm and 2500mm respectively.
Thickness of abutment cap:
41
The thickness must be greater than 200mm (cl. 710.8.2, IRC 78). Adopt thickness of
500mm.
Length of abutment = c/c distance between girders + width of bearing + 2×clearance
= 6.5 + 0.3 + 2×0.5
= 7.8m
Adopt length of abutment as width of deck slab i.e. 11000mm.
m. Approach slab:
Thickness of the approach slab be 300mm.

Width of slab be same as Length of abutment i.e. 11000mm.
n. Pier
Type of pier:
RCC single column hammer head pier.
Pier Cap Preliminary sizing:

Length of pier cap:
= c/c spacing of main girder + bearing length + 2 * clearance
= 6.5 + 0.5 + 2×0.5
= 8.0m
Minimum Width of pier cap:

= 2 × projection beyond bearing + c/c distance + bearing width
= 2×0.5+ 0.7 + 0.3
= 2m
Assume diameter of stem be 2000mm with 100mm projection.
Thickness of pier cap:

Adopt 1500mm at the face of pier stem and 750mm at the end.
42
5 Analysis and Design of Bridge
5.1 Analysis and Design of Superstructure
General Arrangement of Superstructure
Main Girder: It is primary load bearing member of the bridge, spaced at regular
intervals along the length of the bridge. A and C are exterior main girders and B is the
intermediate main girder. 3 main girders are spaced @ 3.25m.
Cross Girder: It is provided as secondary members to main girder. It provides greater

stability and stiffness to superstructure thus preventing premature lateral buckling of
the girder. It provides additional support to deck slab and distribute the loads from the
slab to the T-girders. They are spaced @ 7.3m transverse to main girder.
Deck Slab: It is a concrete slab that integrated on top of the T-girders to provide for a
driving surface and footpath. Restrained Slab (3.25 x 7.3) is provided between the
girders and beyond that Cantilever Slab (2.25 x 22) is provided.
Figure 5-1: General arrangement of superstructure
Design Loads
The loads considered for the design of superstructure are as follows:

1. Dead Load of relevant bridge elements.
2. Live Load: For two lane bridge, 3.75 x 2 = 7.5 m, the IRC class A, IRC class
70R (Wheeled, Bogie and Tracked)
3. Impact Load: For RCC bridge of 22m according to IRC: 6 2017
43
5.1.1 Analysis and Design of Deck Slab
5.1.1.1 Restrained Slab
There are 6 restrained slabs per span. Each slab is supported on girders on each side- at
7.3m c/c by cross girders and 3.25 m c/c by main girders.
Effective length in longitudinal direction of slab = 7.3 – 0.3 + 0.22 = 7.25 m

Effective length in transverse direction of slab = 3.25 – 0.3 + 0.22 = 3.17 m
Therefore, effective size of slab is 7.25 m x 3.17 m.
𝑙 7.25
= = 2.29 > 2
𝑏 3.17
i.e, slab is designed as one way slab.
Dead Load Analysis:
Dead Load of W/C = 22 * 0.1 * 1 * 1.75*= 3.85 kN/m

Dead Load of Restrained Slab = 25 * 0.22 * 1 * 1.35 = 7.425 kN/m
(Partial Safety Factors from IRC: 6 Annex B Table B.2)
Total Dead Load = 11.28 kN/m
ω l2 11.28∗3.172
Factored Bending Moment due to Dead Loads = = *C.F.= 10.45 kNm
8 8
ωl 11.28∗3.17
Factored Shear Force due to Dead Loads = = = 16.48 kN
2 2
Live Load Analysis:
Slab has been designed for IRC Class A and 70R loadings.
General Terms in LL Analysis:
Effective Span length, lo = 3.17 m
Width of the slab, b = 7.15 m
Track length perpendicular to traffic direction = W
Track length along traffic direction= B
Effective width of dispersion of a wheel= bef
Effective length of dispersion of a wheel, lef = W+ 2* (0.22 + 0.1)
Distance of the center of gravity of the concentrated load from the nearer support = a
Continuity Factor, C.F. = 0.80
44
The BM is maximum at center of span when CG of load acts at center and SF is
maximum at supports when loads are arranged in such a way that dispersed contact
width of its outmost wheel up to the bottom of wearing course just touched the support
edge.
IRC Class A:
Figure 5-2: Vehicle wheel arrangement in Class-A
W = 500 mm & B = 250 mm
Calculation of Bending Moment:
𝑏 7.15
= = 2.29 so, α = 2.60 (IRC: 112 Annex B 3.2)
𝑙 3.17
3.25
a= = 1.63 m
2
b1 = 0.250 + 2 * 0.1 = 0.45 m
𝑎 1.63
bef = α ∗ a (1 − 𝑙 ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 1.63 (1 − 3.17) + 0.45 = 2.51 m
𝑜
2.51
(Since, 1.2 > , there is an overlap.)
2
lef = 0.5 + 2 * (0.22 + 0.1) = 1.14 m
45
2.51 2.51
Net width of dispersion, B = + 1.2 + = 3.71 m
2 2
Net length of dispersion, L = 1.14 m
4.5 4.5
Impact Factor Fraction = = = 0.49 (IRC:6 2017 Clause 208.2)
6+𝑙 6+3.17
Now,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐼𝐹∗𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 114∗1.49∗0.8
Intensity of load, ω = = = 32.15 kN/m2
𝐿∗𝐵 3.71∗1.14
ωL 𝑙 ω𝐿2
Bending Moment due to Class A = ∗ − = 23.82 kNm
2 2 8
Calculation of Shear Force:
Figure 5-3: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force design in Class-A
1.14 0.3
a= + = 0.72 m
2 2
𝑎 0.72
bef = α ∗ a (1 − 𝑙 ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 0.72 (1 − 3.17) + 0.45 = 1.90 m
𝑜
Net width of dispersion, B = 1.90 + 1.2 = 3.10 m

Now,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐼𝐹 114∗1.49∗0.8
𝐿∗𝐵 3.71∗1.14
46
48.06∗1.14∗(3.17−0.57)
SF due to Class A = = 36.01 kN
3.17
Thus,
Ultimate BM due to Class A = 1.5 * BMLL + BMDL = 46.18 kNm
Ultimate SF due to Class A = 1.5 * SFLL + SFDL = 70.49 kN
IRC Class 70R Wheel:
Figure 5-4: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R wheel
W = 860 mm & B = 185 mm
𝑏 7.15
= = 2.29 so, α = 2.60 (IRC: 112 Annex B 3.2)
𝑙 3.17
3.25
a= = 1.63 m
2
b1 = 0.250 + 2 * 0.1 = 0.385 m
𝑎 1.63
bef = α ∗ a (1 − 𝑙 ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 1.63 (1 − 3.17) + 0.385 = 2.44 m
𝑜
47
2.44
2
lef = 0.86 + 2 * (0.22 + 0.1) = 1.5 m
2.44 2.44
Net width of dispersion, B = + + 1.37 = 3.81 m
2 2
Impact Factor Fraction = 0.25 (IRC:6 2017 Clause 208.3)
Now,
𝐿∗𝐵 3.81∗1.50
ωL 𝑙 ω𝐿2
Bending Moment due to Class 70R W = ∗ − = 26.97 kNm
2 2 8
Figure 5-5: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force in Class 70-R wheel
1.5 0.3
a= + = 0.90 m
2 2
𝑎 0.90
bef = α ∗ a (1 − ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 0.90 (1 − 3.17) + 0.385 = 2.06 m
𝑙𝑜

48
Now,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐼𝐹 170∗1.49
𝐿∗𝐵 3.43∗1.5
33.04∗1.50∗(3.43−0.75)
SF due to Class 70R W = = 47.29 kN
3.43
Thus,
Ultimate BM due to Class 70R W = 1.5 * BMLL + BMDL = 50.89 kNm
Ultimate SF due to Class 70R W = 1.5 * SFLL + SFDL = 87.41 kN
IRC Class 70R Bogie:
Figure 5-6: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R Bogie
W = 860 mm & B = 220 mm
𝑏 7.15
= = 2.29 so, α = 2.60 (IRC: 112 Annex B 3.2)
𝑙 3.17
3.25
a= = 1.63 m
2
b1 = 0.220 + 2 * 0.1 = 0.42 m
𝑎 1.63
bef = α ∗ a (1 − ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 1.63 (1 − 3.17) + 0.42 = 2.48 m
𝑙𝑜
49
2.48
2
lef = 0.86 + 2 * (0.22 + 0.1) = 1.5 m
2.48 2.48
Net width of dispersion, B = + + 1.22 = 3.70 m
2 2
Now,
𝐿∗𝐵 3.70∗1.5
ωL 𝑙 ω𝐿2
Bending Moment due to Class 70R Bogie = ∗ − = 32.71 kNm
2 2 8
Figure 5-7: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force in 70-R Bogie
1.5 0.3
a= + = 0.9 m
2 2
𝑎 0.9
bef = α ∗ a (1 − 𝑙 ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 0.9 (1 − 3.17) + 0.42 = 2.10 m
𝑜

50
Now,
𝐿∗𝐵 3.32∗1.5
40.21∗1.5∗(3.17−0.75)
SF due to Class 70R Bogie = = 57.56 kN
3.17
Thus,
Ultimate BM due to Class 70R Bogie = 1.5 * BMLL + BMDL = 59.51 kNm
Ultimate SF due to Class 70R Bogie = 1.5 * SFLL + SFDL = 102.82 kN
IRC Class 70R Tracked:
Figure 5-8: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R Track
W = 860 mm & B = 4.57 mm
𝑏 7.15
= 3.17 = 2.29 so, α = 2.60 (IRC: 112 Annex B 3.2)
𝑙
3.25
a= = 1.63 m
2
51
b1 = 4.57 + 2 * 0.1 = 4.77 m
𝑎 1.63
bef = α ∗ a (1 − 𝑙 ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 1.63 (1 − 3.17) + 4.77 = 6.83 m
𝑜
lef = 0.86 + 2 * (0.22 + 0.1) = 1.48 m

Net width of dispersion, B = 6.83 m
Now,
𝐿∗𝐵 1.48∗6.83
ωL 𝑙 ω𝐿2
Bending Moment due to Class 70R T = ∗2− = 31.13 kNm
2 8
Figure 5-9: Vehicle wheel arrangement for Shear force in 70-R Track
1.48 0.3
a= + = 0.89 m
2 2
𝑎 0.89
bef = α ∗ a (1 − 𝑙 ) + 𝑏1 = 2.60 ∗ 0.89 (1 − 3.17) + 4.77= 6.43 m
𝑜

52
Now,
𝐿∗𝐵 1.48∗6.43
48.06∗1.48∗(3.17−0.74)
SF due to Class 70R T = = 52.12 kN
3.17
Thus,
Ultimate BM due to Class 70R T = 1.5 * BMLL + BMDL = 57.15 kNm
Ultimate SF due to Class 70R T = 1.5 * SFLL + SFDL = 94.66 kN
IRC Load Bending Moment (kNm) Shear Force (kN) with

with DL moment DL reaction
A 46.18 70.49
70R Wheeled 50.89 87.41
70R Bogie 59.51 102.82
70R Tracked 57.15 94.66
Design Responses 59.51 102.82
Design of Restrained Slab:
Design Moment, MEd = 59.51 kNm

Design Shear Force, VEd = 102.82 kN
fy = 500 N/mm2 & fk = 30 N/mm2
Dadopted = 220 mm
Rebar diameter, Φ = 12 mm & Cross Section Area of rebar = 113.10 mm2
Clear Cover = 40 mm (IRC: 112 Table 14.2)
𝛷
Effective depth, d = D - clear cover - = 220 – 40 – 6 = 174 mm
2
Check for depth:
Mlim = 0.166 * fk * b * d2
𝑀𝑙𝑖𝑚
Depth required, dreq =√
0.166𝑓𝑘 𝑏
53
59.51∗106
=√
0.166∗30∗1000
= 109.32 mm < 174 mm (safe)
Longitudinal Reinforcement:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑀
Depth of neutral axis, x = − √( )2 − (SP: 105 Clause 6.2)
0.832 0.832 0.1347fk𝑏
= 34.330 mm
MEd = 0.87fyAst (d - 0.41597x)
Or, 59.51*106 = 0.87 * 500 *Ast *(174 – 0.41597 * 34.330)
59.51∗106
i.e, Ast = = 856.54 mm2
0.87∗500∗159.720
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.5
Ast,min = 0.26* btd = 0.26 * ∗ 1000 ∗ 174 = 192.18 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 575
Spacing required = 1000*113.10/Ast = 132 mm

Provide Φ12@100 mm c/c.
113.1∗1000
Ast,provided = = 1130.97 mm2
100
Distribution Reinforcement:
Area of distribution Reinforcement = 0.2*Ast = 226.19 mm2

78.54∗1000
300
Check for Shear:

200
k = 1+ √ ≤ 2.0
𝑑
200
= 1+ √170 = 2.08
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρ1 = = 0.0065 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑
54
then,
VRd.c = [0.12𝑘(80ρ. 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )0.33 ]𝑏𝑑
= [0.12 ∗ 2 ∗ (80 ∗ 0.0065 ∗ 30)0.33 ]1000 ∗ 174
= 103.39 kN > 102.82 kN
Since VRd.c > VEd, slab is safe in shear.
5.1.1.2 Cantilever Slab
Cantilever overhang takes flexural loads from load effects induced by loads, self-
weight, dead loads due to kerb & railing post and live loads. There are two cantilever
slabs on either side of main girder, width of 2.25 m each.
Figure 5-10: Cantilever Slab
Dead Load Analysis:
The moment resulting from dead loads, including the self-weight of the slab, kerb,
railing (made of GI pipe), and RC post, has been computed for a cantilever slab per
55
unit width. The calculation was done with respect to the fixed end of the cantilever
slab, which is located at the face of the main girder.
Load Factored
Description Measurement PSF
(kN) Load (kN)
Kerb 25*0.225*1.50 8.38 1.35 11.315
Slab-Rectangle 25*0.15*2.1 7.88 1.35 10.63
Slab-Triangle 25*(0.5*0.7*2.1) 1.84 1.35 2.48
PCC over Drainage

25*0.26*0.05 0.33 1.35 0.439
Spout
GI Railing (4.37*9.81*3)/1000 0.129 1.35 0.17
W/C 22*0.35*0.1 0.77 1.75 1.04
RCC Post 0.2*1.1*0.2*12*(25/22) 0.6 1.35 0.81
Total 26.89
Factored Lever Moment Shear

Description
Load (kN) Arm (m) s (kNm) Force (kN)
Kerb 11.315 1.355 15.33 11.31
Slab-Rectangle 10.63 1.05 11.61 10.63
Slab-Triangle 2.48 0.7 1.74 2.48
PCC over Drainage

0.439 0.48 0.21 0.439
Spout
GI Railing 0.17 2 0.348 0.174
W/C 1.04 0.175 0.182 1.04
RCC Post 0.81 2 1.62 0.81
Total 31.04 26.883
56
Factored Bending Moment due to DL = 30.59 kNm
Factored Shear Force due to DL = 26.88 kN
Live Load Analysis:
The minimum clearance for IRC Class A loading is 150 mm i.e, a wheel of Class A
rests in cantilever slab. Any of IRC Class 70R loads doesn’t rest on cantilever slab with
minimum clearance of 1.2m.
Vehicular Load (IRC Class A):
Figure 5-11: Wheel Arrangement for Class-A
From IRC: 112 Annex B.2 (2)

a = distance of CG of load from face of cantilever support = 0.2 m
b1 = 0.25 + 2* 0.1 = 0.45 m
bef = 1.2a + b1 = 0.69 m
4.5
Impact Factor Fraction = = 0.161
6+22
Net length of dispersion, L = 0.5 + 2 * (0.1+0.185) = 1.07 m
57
Now,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐼𝐹 57∗1.161
𝐿∗𝐵 0.69∗1.07
ω𝑙 2 89.634∗(0.2+0.535)2
Bending Moment due to Class A = = = 24.21 kNm
2 2
Shear Force due to Class A = ω ∗ l = 89.634 * 0.735 = 65.88 kN
Pedestrian Load:
Intensity of load, ω = 400 kg/m2 = 4 kN/m2

Bending moment due to pedestrian load = 1.5ω* (0.75+0.6) = 8.1 kNm
Shear Force due to pedestrian load = 1.5ω =6 kN
Loads Bending Moment (kNm) Shear Force (kN)
Dead Loads 30.59 26.88
Class A 24.21 65.88
Pedestrian 8.1 6
Design Responses 62.9 98.76
Design of Cantilever Slab:
Design Moment, MEd = 62.90 kNm

Design Shear Force, VEd = 98.76 kN
fy = 500 N/mm2 & fk = 30 N/mm2
Dadopted = thickness at the face of the girder = 220 mm
Clear Cover = 40 mm (IRC: 112 Table 14.2)
𝛷
Effective depth, d = D - clear cover - = 220 – 40 – 8 = 172 mm
2
58
Check for depth:
Mlim= 0.166fkbd2
𝑀𝑙𝑖𝑚
Depth required, dreq =√
0.166𝑓𝑘 𝑏
62.90∗106
=√
0.166∗30∗1000
= 113 mm < 172 mm (safe)
Longitudinal Reinforcement:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑀
0.832 0.832 0.1347fk𝑏
= 40.71 mm
MEd = 0.87 * fy * Ast * (d - 0.41597x)
Or, 62.90 * 106 = 0.87 * 500 *Ast *(172 – 0.41597 * 40.71)
62.90∗106
i.e, Ast = = 909.02 mm2
0.87∗500∗155.07
Ast,min = 0.26 * b td = 0.26* ∗ 1000 ∗ 172194.43 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 575

201.6∗1000
180
Distribution Reinforcement:
Area of distribution Reinforcement = 0.2*Ast = 223.40 mm2
Provide Φ10 @350 mm c/c.
78.54∗1000
350
59
Check for Shear:
200
k = 1+ √ ≤ 2.0
𝑑
200
= 1+ √ = 2.08
172
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρ1 = = 0.0065 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑
VRd.c = [0.12𝑘(80ρ. 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )0.33 ]𝑏𝑑
= [0.12 ∗ 2 ∗ (80 ∗ 0.0065 ∗ 30)0.33 ]1000 ∗ 172
= 102.17 kN > 98.76 kN
Since VRd.c > VEd, slab is safe in shear.
5.1.2 Analysis and Design of Longitudinal Girders
There are three longitudinal T-girders with bottom bulb spaced 3.25m apart c/c. Here,
edge girder and intermediate girder designs were finalized independently.
Figure 5-12: Transverse section of Bridge
60
5.1.2.1 Load Analysis of main girder
5.1.2.1.1 Intermediate Girder
Figure 5-13:Cross-Section of Intermediate Girder
Dead Load Bending Moments and Shear Forces:
Below, the weight per unit length of the longitudinal girder, fillet, deck slab, and
wearing course is determined. The dead load is presumed to be a uniformly
distributed load (UDL) all along the main girder.
Volume
Sp. Partial
per Load,
S.N. Particulars Description Weight, FOS,
meter, kN/m
kN/m3 ϒ
m3/m
1 Wearing Coat 3.25 * 0.10 0.325 22 1.75 12.51
Deck Slab /
2 Flange portion 3.25 * 0.22 0.715 25 1.35 24.13
of girder
Web portion of
0.30 *
3 girder excluding 0.309 25 1.35 10.42
(1.43-0.25-0.15)
bulb
61
1
2 * 2 * 0.30 *
4 Fillet 0.045 25 1.35 1.52
0.15
0.70 * 0.25 +
0.15
5 Bottom Bulb * 0.25 25 1.35 8.44
2
(0.70+0.30)
Factored Dead Load Intensity 57.03
In this case, the self-weight of cross girders acts at the center of the main girder as a
concentrated load.
3.25 3.25
Load of cross girder at intermediate main girder = 1.03 * 0.30 * ( + +) * 25 *
2 2
1.35 = 33.89kN
Figure 5-13:Dead load arrangement in Intermediate Girder

(57.03∗22+33.89∗4)
Reaction at supports due to dead load(R) = = 695.10kNBending Be
2
Bending Moment at any point ‘x’ distance away from support due to dead load is
given by:
M = (R * x -57.03 * x2 - 33.89 * x - If(x>22/3, 33.89 * (x - 22/3), 0) … … …(i)
Shear force at any point ‘x’ distance away from support due to dead load is given by:
SF = (R - 57.03 * x - 33.89 - If(x>22/3, 33.89, 0) … … …(ii)
Bending moment and shear force due to Live loads:
Let W be axle load and W1 be wheel load.

62
IRC Class A loading
Bending Moment:
4.5
Impact Factor Fraction = 6 + 22 = 0.161
Impact Factor = 1.161
Figure 5-14: Transverse positioning of Class A Loads
0.5
𝑊1 ∗ (1.75 + 0.15 + 2
) + 𝑊1 ∗ (2.15 + 1.8) + 𝑊1 ∗ (3.95 + 1.2 + 0.5) + 𝑊1 × (5.6 + 1.8)
x̅ =
4𝑊1
= 4.8m
Eccentricity, e = 4.8 – 11/2 = -0.7m from center
Distribution Factor by Courbon’s Method:
Sum of the moment of inertia, ΣI = 3 * I
Sum of square distance of girders from the central axis of the bridge axis,
Σdx2 = 3.252 + 02 + 3.252 = 21.13
Total concentrated live load, ΣW = 2 * W
No. of longitudinal girder, n = 3
Eccentricity of live load with respect to the axis of the bridge, e = -0.70
Moment of Inertia of the girder, I = 1 * I
Let distance of the girder from the central axis of the bridge axis be dx.
End Girder A
63
dx = -3.25
ΣW ΣI × dx × e
RA = × [1+ ]
n Σdx2 ∗ I
2∗W 3I× -3.25 × -0.7

= × [1+ ]
3 21.13 ∗ I
= 0.88W
Similarly,
Intermediate Girder B; dx = 0, RB = 0.67W
End Girder C; dx = 3.25, RB = 0.45W

Using Excel solver, the bending moment is found to be maximum when the rear axle
of the 1st trailer unit (114kN) is at a distance x = 10.39m from the bearing. So,
At x = 10.39m
Putting x=10.39 in equation (i);

Factored moment due to dead load = 3688.30kNm
Figure 5-15: ILD for BM at 10.39m and Positioning of Class A load
Moment due to LL = 1748.14kNm

Therefore, ultimate bending moment = Factored DL + DF * IF * PF *LL
= 3688.30 + 0.88 * 1.16 *1.5 *1748.14
= 6372.94kNm
At quarter, span
Putting x=5.5 in equation i;

64
Figure 5-16: ILD for BM at quarter span and Positioning of Class A load

Ultimate bending moment = 3688.30 + 0.88 * 1.16 * 1.5 * 1383.78 = 4899.18kNm
Shear Force:
At Support
Putting x=0 in eq. ii;
Factored SF due to dead load = 661.21kN
Figure 5-17: ILD for SF at support and Positioning of Class A load
Shear force due to LL = 370.15kN

Ultimate Shear force = 1229.65
At quarter span
65
Putting x=5.5 in eq. ii;
Factored SF due to dead load = 347.98kN
Figure 5-18: ILD for SF quarter span and Positioning of Class A load
Shear force due to LL = 245.15kN

Ultimate Shear force = 724.46kN
IRC 70R loading
70R Wheeled Vehicle:
Bending Moment
15.5
Impact Factor Fraction =
100
Figure 5-19: Transverse positioning of 70R Wheeled Loads
66
RA = 0.51W
RB = 0.33W
RC = 0.16W
BM at 11.21m from support
Putting x=11.21 in equation (i);

Figure 5-20: ILD for BM at 11.21m from support and positioning of 70R
Wheeled load

Ultimate bending moment = 7140.02
At Quarter Span
Putting x=5.5m in equation (i);

Figure 5-21: ILD for BM at quarter span and positioning of 70 Wheeled load
67
Ultimate bending moment = 4838.09kNm
Shear Force
At Support
Putting x=0m in equation (ii);

Factored SF due to DL = 662.07kN
Figure 5-22: ILD for SF at support span and positioning of 70R Wheeled load
SF due to LL = 709.41kN
Ultimate SF = 1290.15kN
At Quarter Span
Putting x=5.5m in equation (ii);

Factored SF due to DL = 347.98kN
Figure 5-23: ILD for SF at quarter span and positioning of 70R Wheeled load
Ultimate SF = 772.43kN
68
70R-Tracked Vehicle:
Figure 5-24: Transverse positioning of 70R Tracked Loads
RA = 0.51W
RB = 0.33W
RC = 0.16W
Bending Moment
At the mid-span
Putting x=11m in equation (i);

Factored moment due to DL = 3698.79kNm
69
Figure 5-25: ILD for BM at mid-span and positioning of 70R Tracked load
Area under UDL in ILD = 22.52

Moment due to LL= 153.173 * 22.52 = 3450.13kN-m
At quarter span
Putting x=11m in equation (i);

Factored moment due to DL = 2774.09kNm
Figure 5-26: ILD for BM at quarter span and positioning of 70R Tracked load
Area under UDL in ILD = 16.24

Moment due to LL= 153.173 * 16.24 = 2487.63kNm
Shear Force
70
At Support
Figure 5-27: ILD for SF at support and Positioning of 70R Tracked load
At quarter span
Figure 5-28: ILD for SF at quarter span and Positioning of 70RTracked load
71
5.1.2.1.2 End Girder
Figure 5-29: Section of End Girder
Dead Load Bending Moments and Shear Forces:
Below, the weight per unit length of the longitudinal girder, fillet, deck slab, railing
post, footway, G.I. pipe, and wearing course is determined. The dead load is
presumed to be a uniformly distributed load (UDL) all along the main girder.
Parti-
Volume Sp.
S.N al Load,
Particulars Description per m, Weight
. FOS, kNm
m3/m , kN/m3
ϒ
0.10*(7.5-
1 Wearing Coat 0.213 22 1.75 8.181
3.25)/2*1
72
(12*(1.1*0.2*0.2))
2 Railing post 0.024 25 1.35 0.81
/22
3*1*4.37*9.81/10
3 GI pipe 1.35 0.174
00
0.22*(3.25/2+0.3/
4 Deck Slab 0.391 25 1.35 13.17
2)
(11-3.25*2-
5 Cantilever Slab 0.3)/2*(0.22+0.15) 0.389 25 1.35 13.11
/2
6 Footway/Kerb 1.75*0.22 0.385 25 1.35 13.28
Web portion of
0.30 * (1.43-0.25-
7 girder excluding 0.309 25 1.35 10.42
0.15)
bulb
1
8 Fillet 2 * 2 * 0.30 * 0.15 0.045 25 1.35 1.519
Fillet under
9 0.002 25 1.35 0.06
cantilever slab
0.15
0.70 * 0.25 + 2
10 Bottom Bulb 0.25 25 1.35 8.438
* (0.70+0.30)
Factored Dead Load Intensity 69.246
In this case, the self-weight of cross girders acts at the center of the main girder as a
concentrated load.
3.25
Load of cross girder at intermediate main girder = 1.03 * 0.30 * * 25 * 1.35 =
2
16.947kN
73
Figure 5-30: Dead Load on End Main Girder
(69.25∗22+16.95∗4)
Reaction at supports due to dead load(R) = = 763.87kN
2
Bending Moment at any point ‘x’ distance away from support due to dead load is
given by:
M = (R * x -69.25 * x2 - 16.95 * x - If(x>22/3, 16.95 * (x - 22/3), 0) … … …(i)
Shear force at any point ‘x’ distance away from support due to dead load is given by:
SF = (R - 69.25 * x - 16.95 - If(x>22/3, 16.95, 0) … … …(ii)
They are calculated in a similar way as intermediate girder and are summarized in the
following table:
74
75
76
5.1.2.2 Design of Main Girder
5.1.2.2.1 Intermediate Girder
Effective flange width for a T beam
From IRC:112-2020, clause 7.6.1.2

Distance between the points of zero moments, lo = 22
b1 = 1.475
b2 = 1.475
beff,1 = 0.2*b1 + 0.1*lo = 2.465 ≤ 0.2*lo = 4.4 OK
beff,2 = 0.2*b1 + 0.1*lo = 2.465 ≤ 0.2*lo = 4.4 OK
beff = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 = 5.23 ≥ b = 3.25 Not OK
∴ beff = 3.25m
Flange depth
(Taking 1:3 effective hunch as per IRC)

Depth of slab Df = 220mm
Overall depth of beam D = 1650mm
Providing effective cover d' = 150mm
Effective depth = D-d' = 1500mm
(3.25-0.3-0.3*2)/2*0.22+1*2*0.3*(0.22+(0.22+0.15))
Effective Flange depth on both sides = =
(1.175+0.3)
235.25mm
Figure 5-31: Equivalent section of Intermediate longitudinal Girder
77
Design of longitudinal reinforcement
i) At mid span
β1 = 0.80952
β2 = 0.41597
Assume xu < Df
MuR,xu = Df = 12960.47 > 7137.1 => Singly reiforced
𝑑 𝑑 𝑀𝐸𝑑
Neutral axis depth, xu = − √( )2 − = 140.43 < Df
2∗𝛽2 2∗𝛽2 𝛽1∗𝛽2∗𝑏∗𝑓𝑐𝑑
(Assumption is right)
Required area of steel, Ast = 11381.33
Take Φ32mm TMT bar = 32.00
No. of Bars = 14.15
Provided number of bars = 15.00
Ast,provided = 12063.72
Check for Reinforcement
Characteristic yeild strength of reinforcement, fyk = 500MPa

Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete, fctm = 2.5 (IRC 112, Table 6.5)
bt = bw = 300mm (for T-beam)
Ast,min = 0.26*fctm / fyk * bw * d’ = 585.00 mm2 < 12063.72mm2
Gross area of beam, Ac = 1073576.27mm2
Ast,max = 0.025 * Ac = 26839.41mm2 > 12063.72mm2
Design for Shear
At support
Design shear, VEd = 1290.15kN < 0.5*bw* d * v * fcd = 1633.935kN
Incase of direct support with flexible bearing and predominantly UDL,
Net shear force, VNS = Shear force at d’ distance from the center of the support
=1205.431kN
Shear stress, τu = 1205.431/(300*1500) * 1000 = 2.68MPa
78
Design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement:
VRd.c = (0.12 K * (80 * ρ1 * fck) * 0.33 + 0.15 * σcp) * bw * d’
200
K=1+√ = 1.37 < 2
300
ρ1 = min (Ast,provided / (bw * d’), 0.02) = 0.02

Strength reduction factor for concrete crack in shear,
v = 0.6 * (1 - fck / 310) = 0.54
Longitudinal force due to loading or prestressing with proper load factor,
NEd = 0.
Cross sectional area of concrete, Ac = 1073576.27mm2
Concrete compressive stress at the centroidal axis due to axial loading or prestressin,
σcp = 0.00 < 0.2 * fcd
Minimum breadth of the section over the depth, bw = 300mm
vmin = 0.27
VRd.c = 264.47 kN < 1205.43
Hence, shear reinforcement is required.
Minimum VRd.c = 121.87kN < 264.47
Design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement:
VRd.s = Asw * z * fywd * cotθ / Sv = VNS
Adopt 2-legged stirriups of 10mm diameter.
CSA of the shear reinforcement, Asw = 2 * п/4 * 10^2 = 157.080mm2
Partial factor of safety, γm = 1.15
Design strength of web reinforcement, fywd = fyk/γm = 434.78 N/mm2
Lever arm (0.9d for RCC section), z =1350mm
αcw = 1.00 (for σcp = 0)
Strength reduction factor for concrete crack in shear, v1= v = 0.54
Angle of inclination of Compression struts, θ = =1/2 * sin-1(2 * VNS / (αcw * bw * z *
v1 * fcd))
= 27.528o > θ min = 21.800o
Spacing of the stirrups, Sv = Asw * z * fywd * cot θ / VNS = 146.751mm
Provide 10 mm diameter 2-legged stirrups at 140.00 mm c/c
79
Check
Shear reinforcement ratio, ρw = Asw / (bw * Sv * sin (п/2)) * 100% = 0.3740 %

ρw.min = 0.072 * fck ^(1/2) / fy * 100% = 0.0789% < 0.374%
Minimum clear distance between vertical legs = max (dg + 10, 40, 2Φ) = 50mm <
140mm
Maximum longitudinal spacing, Sl.max = 0.75 * d’ * (1+ cot (п/2)) = 1125mm >
140mm
Similarly, required and provided reinforcement are calculated at different position and
is summarized in following table:
Reinforce
At 0 L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2
-ment
Diameter of
32 32 32 32 32
Reinforcement
bar, mm
Longitudinal
Ast,req, mm2 4169.7 7783.7 10390.8 11381.3

No. of bars
4 6 10 12 14
provided
Ast,provided,
3217.0 4825.5 8042.5 9651.0 11259.5
mm2
Diameter of
10 10 10 10 10
Reinforcement
bar, mm2
Legs 2 2 2 2 2
Shear
Spacing
146.8 218.4 298.4 480.6 954.8
required, mm
Spacing
100 200 200 300 300
provided, mm
Surface reinforcement
Height of girder = 1650mm > 1000mm.

Hence, surface reinforcement is required.
Area of cover portion outside the stirrups/links, Act.ext = 2 * 1650 * 40 + 2 * (300 – 40
* 2)*40 = 149600mm2
Area of surface reinforcement = 0.01 * Act.ext = 1496mm2
Take 32mm dia bars, number of bars = 1.86 ≈ 2
So, provide 2 32mm diameter bar on the sides of web.
80
5.1.2.2.2 Design of Exterior Main Girder
Effective flange width for a T beam
From IRC:112-2020, clause 7.6.1.2

Distance between the points of zero moments, lo = 22
b1 = 1.050
b2 = 1.475
beff,1 = 0.2*b1 + 0.1*lo = 2.410 ≤ 0.2*lo = 4.4 (OK)
beff,2 = 0.2*b1 + 0.1*lo = 2.495 ≤ 0.2*lo = 4.4 (OK)
beff = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 = 5.205 ≥ b = 2.825 (not OK)
∴ beff = 2.825m
Flange depth
Overall depth of beam D = 1650mm

Providing effective cover d' = 150mm
Effective depth = D-d' = 1500mm
(0.412 − 1.05 / 2 ∗ (0.15 + 0.185))
Average thickness of cantilever portion = =
1.05 ∗ 1000
225.45mm
Average thickness of interior portion =
(3.25-0.3-0.3*2)/2*0.22+1*2*0.3*(0.22+(0.22+0.15))
= 235.25mm
(1.175+0.3)
Therefore, depth of flange, Df = (225.45 + 235.25) / 2 = 230.35
Figure 5-32: Equivalent section of End longitudinal Girder
81
Longitudinal and shear reinforcement are calculated as intermediate girder and are
checked for maximum and minimum reinforcement. They are summarized in
following table:
Reinforce
At 0 L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2
-ment
Diameter of bar,
32 32 32 32 32
mm
Reinforcement
Longintudinal
Ast,req, mm2 4646.6 7816.7 11398.9 12493.0

No. of bars
5.18 9.72 14.17 15.53
required
No. of bars
6 8 12 16 16
provided
Ast,provided,
4825.5 6434.0 9651.0 12868.0 12868.0
mm2
Diameter of bar,
10 10 10 10 10
Reinforcememt
mm2
Legs 2 2 2 2 2
Shear
Spacing required,
146.8 180.3 280.3 449.0 954.8
mm
Spacing provided,
100 150 200 200 200
mm
Minimum shear reinforcement spacing for 2-legged 10 dia bar stirrups is 663.62mm.
5.1.2.3 Serviceability Check of Main Girder
In order to verify that the structure and structural elements perform adequately during
service life. The serviceability limit states shall have to be satisfied. The serviceability
limit states are:
- Stress level
- Crack width
- Deflection
82
5.1.2.3.1 Stress level
The section is design such that maximum compressive stress on flange in 0.36fck <
0.46fck. Hence serviceability limit state of stress level is satisfied in order to keep the
longitudinal cracks, micro cracks or creep within acceptable limits.
5.1.2.3.2 Crack width
For end girder:
For frequent, rare and quasi-permanent load combination, partial factor of safety is 1.0
and 1.2 for dead load and surfacing respectively.
Uniformly distributed load = 1.0 * 45.233 + 1.2 * 4.675 = 50.843kN/m
Concentrated load = 12.553kN
Reaction, R = 584.379kN
Maximum Bending moment
= (R * 11 - 50.843 * 112 / 2- 12.553 * 11 - 12.553 * (11 - 22/3)
= 3306.140kN
Area of reinforcement provided = 12867.96mm2
d’ = 1500mm
Clear cover, c = 40mm
Total depth, h = 1650mm
Es = 200 kN/mm2
Ecm = 31 N/mm2
Modular ratio, αe = Es / Ecm = 6.452
Neutral axis depth:
bf * df *(x – df / 2) + 300 * (x – 230.35)2 / 2 = αe * Ast * (d’ – x)
Solving above equation; x = 270.321mm
Ac,eff = MIN(2.5 * (h - d); (h - x) / 3; h / 2)*300 = 112500mm2
ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff = 0.034
Stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section, σsc = 182.284N/m
kt = 0.5
fct,eff = 2.5
83
𝐬𝐜−𝐤𝐭∗𝐟 𝐜𝐭.𝐞𝐟𝐟/𝛒𝐩,𝐞𝐟𝐟∗(𝟏+𝛂𝐞∗𝛒𝐩,𝐞𝐟𝐟)
εsm - εcm = = 0.00068896 ≥ 0.6 * σsc / Es =
𝐄𝐬
0.000546852
Diameter of bar, ∅ = 32
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 * k1 * k2 * ∅ / ρp,eff = 294.533
Thus, Wk = Sr,max * εsm-εcm = 0.20292 < 0.3 ( For moderate condition of exposure)
Hence, the serviceability limit state of crack width is satisfied for end girder.
For intermediate girder
Uniformly distributed load = 1.0 * 32.98+ 1.2 * 7.15 = 41.56kN/m

Concentrated load = 25.104kN
Reaction, R = 507.368kN
Maximum Bending moment
= (R * 11 - 41.56 * 112 / 2- 25.104 * 11 - 25.104 * (11 - 22/3) = 2698.476kNm
Area of reinforcement provided = 12063.716mm2
Neutral axis depth = 245.334mm
From similar calculation as end girder, W = 0.13 < 0.3. Hence, the serviceability limit
state of crack width is satisfied for intermediate girder.
5.1.2.3.3 Deflection of Main Girder
Shrinkage Deflection
The total shrinkage strain is composed of two components, the autogenous

shrinkage strain and the drying shrinkage strain.
εcs = εcd + εca
where
εcs = total shrinkage strain
εcd = drying shrinkage strain
εca = autogenous shrinkage strain
From Table 6.6 of IRC 112,
εca = 35 *106 for M30 concrete
as (t) = 1 − exp(-0.2√𝑡) = 1
⸫ εca(t) = 35 * 10-6
Final value of drying shrinkage, εcd(t) = ds (t,ts) kh * εcd
84
From Table 6.7,
For ho = 397.900mm, kh = 0.726
Age of the concrete in days at the beginning of drying shrinkage, ts = 28 days
(End of curing)
= 0.991
Coefficient depending on the type of cement:

For Normal cement
σds1 = 4
σds2 = 0.12
εcd 0 = 470.760 * 10-6
⸫ εcd(t) = 466.523 * 10-6
Hence, εcs = 376.678 *10-6
From clause 12.4.2, IRC 112, Shrinkage curvature is given by:
1 𝑆
= εcs ∗ αe ∗
𝑟𝑐𝑠 𝐼
First moment of area of reinforcement about the centroid of the section,
S = As * (d – kd)
= 15823477.37mm3
Second moment of area of the section, I = 3.35849 * 1011mm4
Modular ratio, αe = Es / Eceff = 20.927
1/rcs = 3.71402E-07
Let δs be the deflection due to shrinkage, then
rcs2 = (δs 2 + (L/2)2) / 2 δs
Solving above equation we get, δs ≈ 0mm
Total Deflection including creep
Age at loading, to = 28 days

Design life, t = 100 years
Average annual humidity, RH = 58.98%
85
RHo = 100%
Factor to allow for the effect of concrete strength on the notional creep coefficient,
β(fcm) = 18.78/fcm1/2 = 2.969
Factor to allow for the effect of concrete age at loading on the notional creep
coefficient,
= 0.488
Coefficient to describe the development of creep with time after loading,
= 0.993
Cross sectional area, Ac = 1206633.75mm2
Total perimeter, P = 9295mm
Exposed perimeter, u = P – 220 – 185 - 2825 = 6065mm
ho = 2 * Ac / u = 397.900mm
Coefficient depending on the relative humidity (RH in percent) and the notional
member size (ho in mm),
βH = 1.5 [1 + (0.012 * RH)18] * ho + 250]
= 848.036 ≤ 1500 (for fcm ≤ 45MPA)
Factor to allow for the effect of relative humidity on the notional creep coefficient
= 1.558
фo = фRH * β(fcm). β(to) = 2.259
⸫Creep coefficient, ф(t,to) = фo * βc(t,to) = 2.244
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ecm = 31000N/mm2

Gross sectional moment (Igr) = 3.3585 * 1011mm4
Area of tensile steel (Ast) = 12867.963mm2
Total moment at working condition due to live load(70R wheeled):
M = γf * RF * 3878.20 = 0.75 * .51 * 3878.20 = 1483.415kNm
86
Effective moment of inertia of section is given as per Annex C-2.1.
Ir
Ieff = M z x bw
1.2- Mr × × (1- d) ×
d b
fr Igr
Where, Mr is Fracture moment of section = yt
Where, flexural strength of concrete is given as per Clause 6.2.2:

fr = 0.7 √fck = 0.7√30 = 3.834 N/mm2
yt = 1091.7
fr * Igr
Cracking moment, Mr = = 1179.504kNm
yt
Now, the sectional properties at working condition are as:

Es 200000
Modular ratio (m) = = = 6.42
Ecm 31000
Neutral axis depth, x = 270.31mm

Lever arm, z = d – x/3 = 1409.897mm
Take moment of Inertia of cracked section (about NA), Ir = 0.7 * Igr
Now,
Ir
Ieff = M z x bw
1.2- Mr × × (1- d) ×
d b
= 19591 × 1011 mm4 < Ir

Since, It ≤ Ieff ≤ Igr. So, Ieff = Ir = 2.3509 × 1011 mm4
Effective modulus of elasticity for concrete,
Eceff = Ecm / (1 + ф(t,to)) = 9556.822N/mm2
As per clause 12.4.1, IRC 112
Deflection limits for live load under frequent load combination may be considered;
Span / 800 = 27.5mm
Since, 70R wheeled vehicle gives maximum moment. Deflection is calculated for the
position of vehicle as mentioned in live load analysis of main girder.
We know, deflection at x distance form support due to point load at distance a from
𝑃𝑏𝑥
the support is: δc = (L2 – x2 – b2) for 0<x<a
6𝐿∗𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓∗𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓
Factored load = W * 0.75 *0.51
87
W a mm b δ
26.379 2020 19980 0.391
39.569 5980 16020 2.872
39.569 7500 14500 3.376
56.056 9630 12370 5.411
56.056 11000 11000 5.535
56.056 14050 7950 4.955
56.056 15420 6580 4.374
26.914
Total deflection due to live load in frequent combination = 26.914 < 27.5mm
Hence, the serviceability limit state of crack width is satisfied for main girder.
5.1.3 Analysis and Design of Cross-Girders
Figure 5-33: Plan of Girder
The bridge consists of two types of cross girders:
i) End Cross Girders: Girders 1 and 4 are two end girders in figure above. Depth of
these girders has been reduced to 1.24m.
ii) Intermediate Cross Girders: Girders 2 and 3 are two intermediate girders in figure
above. Depth of these girders has been reduced to 1.24m.
88
5.1.3.1 Analysis and design of intermediate cross girder
Figure 5-34:Type Section of Intermediate Cross Girder
Load of
Slab at Total
end L B H V weight no P.S.F weight
web 3.25 0.3 1.24 1.206 26.544 1 1.35 35.834
WC 3.25 0.3 0.1 0.097 2.437 1 1.75 4.265
fillet 3.25 0.3 0.15 0.146 3.656 2 1.35 9.871
TOTAL 15.376
slab at
mid 3.25 0.22 0.715 17.875 1 1.35 24.131
WC 3.25 0.1 0.325 8.125 1 1.75 14.218
TOTAL 38.35
89
Figure 5-35:Dead load intermediate Cross Girder
Figure 5-36: Cross Girder Loaded with Dead Loads
VMax = 56.146kN
MMax = 54.057kN-m
Since, girder is fixed, the negative moment at the end of support must be noted. If
continuous analysis of the intermediate cross girder is done, the maximum moment at
the end of support is 34.63kN-m.
90
a) IRC Class A loading
Impact factor, I.F. = 1.162

P.S.F = 1.5
Maximum wheel load = 57kN
Figure 5-37: Wheel Placement of Class-A loading
Wheel axle load of 114kN is kept as possible near to the edge of the cross girder
satisfying the minimum gaping between the edge of the wheel and kerb. The intensity
of a wheel is 285 kN/m and the distribution of the wheel for intermediate cross girder
is 28.256kN due to half wheel load. For full wheel load, the reaction is 56.512kN.
For Class A, the truck is kept at both lanes. So, the reaction at the supports of cross
girder is as given figure.
Bending moment: MMax = 278.264kN-m

Shear force: VMax = 113.024 × 1.162 × 1.5 = 197kN
91
b) IRC Class 70R Track loading

P.S.F = 1.5
Wheel load intensity = 76.587 kN/m
Figure 5-38: Wheel Placement of Class 70-R Track Loading
of a wheel is 76.586 kN/m and the distribution of the wheel for intermediate cross girder
is 147.611 due to half wheel load. The For full wheel load, the reaction is 295.226kN.
Since one wheel of the axle doesn’t lie completely on the cross girder, the load obtained
at that wheel is (488/840) × 295.226 = 171.512 kN
For Class 70-R track, the truck is kept at one lane. So, the reaction at the supports of
cross girder is as given figure.
Bending moment: MMax = 545.571kN-m

Shear force: VMax =295.226 × 1.1 × 1.5 = 487.117kN
92
c) IRC Class 70R Wheel loading

P.S.F = 1.5
Wheel load intensity = 447.368 kN/m
Figure 5-39: Wheel placement of Class 70-R Wheel loading
of a wheel is 447.368 kN/m and the distribution of the wheel for intermediate cross
girder is 83.893 due to half wheel load. The For full wheel load, the reaction is 167.787.
Since one wheel of the axle doesn’t lie completely on the cross girder, the load obtained
at that wheel is (620/860) × 167.787 = 120.962 kN
For Class 70-R wheel, the truck is kept at one lane. So, the reaction at the supports of
cross girder is as given figure.
Bending moment:
MMax = 330.473-kNm
Shear force:
93
VMax =167.787 × 1.162 × 1.5 = 292.453kN
Analysis Summary:
CLASS CLASS CLASS

A 70RT 70RW
SF (kN) 197.000 487.117 292.453
Live Load
BM kNm) 278.263 545.571 330.472
SF (kN) 56.145 56.145 56.145

Dead Load
BM (kNm) 54.057 54.051 54.057
Design SF (kN) 253.146 543.262 348.599

TOTAL
Design BM (kNm) 332.320 599.628 384.530
MMax = 599.628 kNm

VMax = 543.262 kN
Design of Intermediate Girder:
Effective width of flange for T-beam: (Equation 7.6.1.2 from IRC 112-2020)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 ≤ 𝑏𝑖
Where lo= distance between point of zero moments. Use lo = 0.7 l
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2×3.5 + 0.1×3.25 = 1.025 ≤ 0.65
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.65
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.65+0.65+0.3=1.6≤7.3
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1.6
Flange Depth:
0.35 × 0.22 +0.3 × 0.37
Average thickness of both part = = 0.289m
0.35 + 0.3
94
Actual Section Equivalent Section
Df = 289 mm
d' = 54 mm, clear cover= 40mm and diameter of bar be ∅25𝑚𝑚
deff = 1240 - d' = 1240 - 54 = 1186 mm
Xu, lim = 0.62d = 0.62 × 1186 = 735.32 mm
Assume N.A lies in flange region
For M30,
2
0.2216
𝑥 = 1.202 × 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 − √1.445 × 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑀×
𝑏
0.2216
𝑥 = 1.202 × 1186 − √1.445 × 11862 − 599.628 × 106 ×
1600
𝑥 = 29.333𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷𝑓
So, assumption of N.A lying in flange is satisfied.
Now, Finding Mu,lim for M30 concrete we have,
Mu,lim = 4.996 × b × 𝑑 2
=4.996 × 1600 × 11862
= 11243.765kN-m >MMax ,
So, the section has been designed as a singly reinforced section.
Reinforcement design
Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × (d - 0.416 × x)
599.628 × 106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × (1186 - 0.416 × 29.333)

Ast = 1174.356 mm2
(Ast )min = 0.26 × ×𝑏𝑓 ×𝑑 = 0.26 × 500 × 300 × 1186 = 462.654mm2 (cl. 16.5.1.1
𝑓𝑦𝑘
IRC112-2020)
95
Ast > (Ast )min
(Ast )max = 0.025 ×𝑏𝑤 ×𝑑 = 0.025 × 300 × 1186 = 8895mm2 (cl. 16.5.1.1 IRC112-2020)
(Ast )max >Ast
Take reinforcement of ɸ28 mm.
Ast 1174.356
Number of Bars required = = = 1.9
Aϕ 282
π× 4
Provide 3 numbers of ɸ28 mm bars with area of 1779 mm2.
Side face Reinforcement:
Here, depth of girder at support is greater than 750 mm, so side face reinforcement is
required.
Ast =0.1% of bd
0.1
Ast = × 300 × 1186 = 355.8 mm2
100
Provide ɸ 10 mm bars.
Ast 355.8
Aϕ 102
π× 4
Provide 4 bars of ɸ 10 mm on each side as side face reinforcement.
Design of Shear Reinforcement
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement: IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given
by:
VRd.c = [0.12×K× (80×ρ1 ×fck) 0.33 + 0.15σcp] bwd ×d
VRd.c min = (vmin + 0.15×σcp) ×bw×d
200
K =1+√ ≤2
𝑑
200
=1+√1186
=1.41 ≤2
Vmin = 0.031×K3/2 ×fck1/2
Vmin = 0.031×1.413/2 ×301/2
Vmin = 0.285
σcp = 0
96
𝐴𝑠𝑙
p1= ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
𝑑×𝑏𝑤
= 0.005
VRd.c min = (0.285) ×300×1186
=101.287
∴ VRd.c = [0.12×1.41× (80×0.005 ×30) 0.33] 300×1186
=138.48 kN ≥ VRd.c min
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading
=543.262 kN
∴Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take 𝜃= 450)
𝑐𝑑 𝑓
VRd.max = 𝛼𝑐𝑤 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑧 × 𝑣1 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (cl. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8 IRC: 112-2011)
Here,
VRD,max =The design value of maximum shear force
𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1 for σcp=0 (RCC)
Lever Arm (z) = 0.9d =1067.4mm
𝑓
𝑐𝑘
v1 = 0.6 × (1 − 310 ) is the strength reduction factor = 0.542
fcd = 13.4
θ=450
Now,
13.4
∴VRd.max = `1 × 300 × 1067.4 × 0.542 × 2
= 1150.746 kN
And,
VRds = VNS = VED + Vccd + Vtd = VED = 543.262 kN
Here,
For uniform cross section: Vccd=Vtd=0
VRds =the design value of the shear force
VNS =Net Design Shear Force = Algebraic sum of VED, Vccd and Vtd
Vccd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case
of an inclined compression chord
Vtd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, in
the case of an inclined tensile chord
97
∴Since, VRds < VRd,max, the section is safe
Design of Shear Reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
By equating VNS and, VRd, max we get
2×𝑉𝐸𝑑
sin−1(𝛼 )
𝑐𝑤 ×𝑏𝑤 ×𝑧×𝑣1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑑
∴ θ =
2
0
=13.025
∴As per the code 21.80≤θ≤450
Adopt θ=21.80
𝐴𝑠𝑤
∴VRds=VNS=VEd= × 𝑧 × 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑆
𝐴
`𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠𝑤 × 𝑧 × 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝐸𝑑
500
fywd= 1.15 = 434.78 N/mm2
Provide 2 legged 10 mm stirrups

157.08
𝑆= × 1067.4 × 434.78 × cot (21.8)
543.262 × 1000
∴S = 335.489 mm
∴ Provide spacing = 250mm
Check:
𝐴𝑠𝑤
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw = = 0.00294
𝑆×𝑏𝑤
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio

√𝑓𝑐𝑘
∴ρmin = 0.072× 𝑓 = 0.00079
𝑦𝑘
Since, ρw> ρmin, (ok)

Maximum shear reinforcement ratio
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑑
∴ = 0.5 × 𝛼𝑐𝑤 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑣1 × 𝑓 = 2.5
𝑆 𝑦𝑤𝑑
Since, ρmax > ρw (ok)

Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 280mm c/c spacing
98
5.1.3.2 Analysis of end cross girder
Figure 5-40: Section of a typical Cross Girder
Case I: Bearing Replacement
For uplifting condition,

Total dead load of single span of bridge = 4584.754kN
4584.754
Total load at one end = = 2292.377kN
2
2292.377
Now, Equivalent UDL = = 352.673kN/m
2 × 3.25
Figure 5-41: End Cross Girder Loaded With Dead Load for Bearing Replacement
Case
With help of fixed end moment for continuous span:

1 1
M+Max = × w × l2e = × 352.673 × 3.252 = 310.426kN-m
12 12
1 1
M-Max = × w × l2e = × 352.673 × 3.252 =372.510kN-m
10 10
VMax = 0.6 × w × l = 0.6 × 352.673 × 3.25 = 687.712kN
Case II: Live Load + Dead Load
99
Dead Load:
Bending moment and shear force due to Dead Loads:
Total
At girder L B H V weight no P.S.F weight
web 3.25 0.3 1.24 1.206 26.544 1 1.35 35.834
WC 3.25 0.3 0.1 0.097 2.437 1 1.75 4.265
fillet 3.25 0.3 0.15 0.146 3.656 1 1.35 4.935
TOTAL 13.857
At mid of
slab
portion 1.625 0.22 0.357 8.937 1 1.35 12.065
WC 1.625 0.1 0.162 4.062 1 1.75 7.109
TOTAL 19.175
Figure 5-42: End Cross Girder Loaded With Dead Load
Bending moment:
MMax = 35.174kN-m
Shear force:
VMax = 38.097kN
Live Load:
same as intermediate girder
CLASS
CLASS A 70RT CLASS 70RW
DESIGN SF (kN) 197.000 487.117 292.453
DESIGN
MOMENT(kNm) 278.263 545.571 330.472
100
Analysis Summary
CLASS CLASS CLASS
A 70RT 70RW
SF (kN) 197.000 487.117 292.453
Live Load
BM kNm) 278.263 545.571 330.472
SF (kN) 38.097 38.097 38.097

Dead Load
BM kNm) 35.174 35.174 35.174
Design SF (kN) 235.097 525.214 330.55

TOTAL
Design BM (kNm) 313.437 580.745 365.646
MMax = 580.745 kNm

VMax = 525.214 kN
Since, shear from Bearing Replacement case (or lifting case) have been found more
than that of combined effect of dead load and live loads and moment obtained from
combined effect of dead load and live loads is more. So, no any case governs the
response on its own. We design on basis of maximum values from both cases.
So,
Design Bending moment at mid = 580.745kN-m
Design Bending moment at support = 372.510kN-m
Design shear force = 687.712kN
Design of End Cross Girders
Effective width of flange for T-beam: (Equation 7.6.1.2 from IRC 112-2020)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 ≤ 𝑏𝑖
Where lo= distance between point of zero moments. Use lo = 0.7 l
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2×3.5 + 0.1×3.25 = 1.025 ≤ 0.65
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.65
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.65+0.3=0.95≤7.3
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.95
101
Flange Depth:
0.35 × 0.22 +0.3 × 0.37
Average thickness of both part = = 0.289m
0.35 + 0.3
Actual Section Equivalent Section

Df = 289 mm
d' = 54 mm, clear cover= 40mm and diameter of bar be ∅25𝑚𝑚
deff = 1240 - d' = 1240 - 54 = 1186 mm
Xu, lim = 0.62d = 0.62 × 1186 = 735.32 mm
Assume N.A lies in flange region
For M30,
2
0.2216
𝑥 = 1.202 × 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 − √1.445 × 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑀×
𝑏
0.2216
𝑥 = 1.202 × 1186 − √1.445 × 11862 − 580.745 × 106 ×
950
𝑥 = 48.232𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷𝑓
So, assumption of N.A lying in flange is satisfied.
Now, Finding Mu,lim for M30 concrete we have,
Mu,lim = 4.996 × b × 𝑑 2
=4.996 × 950 × 11862
= 6675.985kN-m >MMax ,
So, the section has been designed as a singly reinforced section.
Reinforcement design for mid span
Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × (d - 0.416 × x)
580.745 × 106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × (1186 - 0.416 × 48.232)
102
Ast = 1145.043 mm2
(Ast )min = 0.26 × ×𝑏𝑤 ×𝑑 = 0.26 × 500 × 300 × 1186 = 462.654mm2 (cl. 16.5.1.1
𝑓𝑦𝑘
IRC112-2020)
Ast > (Ast )min
(Ast )max >Ast
Ast 1145.043
Aϕ 282
π× 4
Provide 3 numbers of ɸ28 mm bars with area of 1779 mm2.
Reinforcement design at support
Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × (d - 0.416 × x)
372.510 × 106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × (1186 - 0.416 × 41.656)

Ast = 732.751 mm2
(Ast )min = 0.26 × ×𝑏𝑤 ×𝑑 = 0.26 × 500 × 300 × 1186 = 462.654mm2 (cl. 16.5.1.1
𝑓𝑦𝑘
IRC112-2020)
Ast > (Ast )min
(Ast )max >Ast
Ast 732.751
Aϕ 252
π× 4
Provide 2 numbers of ɸ25 mm bars with area of 1472.62 mm2.
Side face Reinforcement:
Here, depth of girder at support is greater than 750 mm, so side face reinforcement is
required.
Ast =0.1% of bd
103
0.1
Ast = × 300 × 1186 = 355.8 mm2
100
Provide ɸ 10 mm bars.
Ast 355.8
Aϕ 102
π× 4
Provide 4 bars of ɸ 10 mm on each side as side face reinforcement.
Design of Shear Reinforcement
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement: IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given
by:
VRd.c = [0.12×K× (80×ρ1 ×fck) 0.33 + 0.15σcp] bwd ×d
VRd.c min = (vmin + 0.15×σcp) ×bw×d
200
K =1+√ ≤2
𝑑
200
=1+√1186
=1.41 ≤2
Vmin = 0.031×K3/2 ×fck1/2
Vmin = 0.031×1.413/2 ×301/2
Vmin = 0.285
σcp = 0
𝐴
p1= 𝑑×𝑏𝑠𝑙 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
𝑤
= 0.005
VRd.c min = (0.285) ×300×1186
=101.287
∴ VRd.c = [0.12×1.41× (80×0.005 ×30) 0.33] 300×1186
=138.48 kN ≥ VRd.c min
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading
=687.712kN
∴Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take 𝜃= 450)
𝑐𝑑 𝑓
VRd.max = 𝛼𝑐𝑤 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑧 × 𝑣1 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (cl. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8 IRC: 112-2011)
104
Here,
VRD,max =The design value of maximum shear force
𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1 for σcp=0 (RCC)
Lever Arm (z) = 0.9d =1067.4mm
𝑓
𝑐𝑘
v1 = 0.6 × (1 − 310 ) is the strength reduction factor = 0.542
fcd = 13.4
θ=450
Now,
13.4
∴VRd.max = `1 × 300 × 1067.4 × 0.542 ×
2
= 1150.746 kN
And,
VRds=VNS=VED + Vccd + Vtd = VED =687.712kN
Here,
For uniform cross section: Vccd=Vtd=0
VRds =the design value of the shear force
VNS =Net Design Shear Force = Algebraic sum of VED, Vccd and Vtd
Vccd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case
of an inclined compression chord
Vtd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, in
the case of an inclined tensile chord
∴Since, VRds < VRd,max, the section is safe
Design of Shear Reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
By equating VNS and, VRd, max we get
2×𝑉𝐸𝑑
sin−1(𝛼 )
𝑐𝑤 ×𝑏𝑤 ×𝑧×𝑣1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑑
∴ θ =
2
0
=18.12
∴As per the code 21.80≤θ≤450

Adopt θ=21.80
𝐴𝑠𝑤
∴VRds=VNS=VEd= × 𝑧 × 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑆
𝐴
`𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠𝑤 × 𝑧 × 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝐸𝑑
105
500
fywd= 1.15 = 434.78 N/mm2
Provide 2 legged 10 mm stirrups

157.08
𝑆= × 1067.4 × 434.78 × cot (21.8)
687.712 × 1000
∴S = 265 mm
∴ Provide spacing = 250mm
Check:
𝐴𝑠𝑤
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw = = 0.00209
𝑆×𝑏𝑤
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio

√𝑓𝑐𝑘
∴ρmin = 0.072× 𝑓 = 0.00079
𝑦𝑘
Since, ρw> ρmin, (ok)

Maximum shear reinforcement ratio
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴ = 0.5 × 𝛼𝑐𝑤 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑣1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 2.5
𝑆
Since, ρmax > ρw (ok)

Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 250mm c/c spacing
5.2 Analysis and Design of Bearing
5.2.1 Selection of Bearing and Design Method
The span length of this bridge is 22m and bridge is RCC T-beam. Since, the
superstructure dead load is itself more with relative to other bridges such as truss
bridges. So, the bearings selected must be higher resistible to higher concentrated load
given by superstructure. The choice of bearing is also followed by considering the
functional requirement of bearing, overall cost, ease of installation, durability,
maintenance, construction facility available. Followed by such consideration we select
steel laminated elastomeric pad bearing. The bearing has been designed by limit state
design method as per IRC: 83(Part II)-2018 Standard specification and code of
practices for road bridges, section IX.
5.2.2 Design of Elastomeric Bearing
For the design, loads has been assessed and then for the critical load combinations of the
calculated loads, bearings has been designed.
106
Calculation of Loads on bearing
a) Dead Load from Superstructure

Unit Total
S.N. Description L B H V Weight No.
weight weight
1. WC 22 7.5 0.1 16.5 22 363 1 363
2. REC SLAB 22 7.4 0.22 35.8 25 895.4 1 895.4
3. Cantilever 22 0.333 7.3 25 183.15 2 366.3
4. Fillet 22 0.3 0.15 0.5 25 12.375 6 74.3
5. Kerb 22 0.391 8.6 25 214.94 2 429.9
6. Railing post Taking 2kN/m as design load 2 88
8. Main
girder:
a. Web
portion
excluding
bulb 22 0.3 1.03 6.8 25 169.95 3 509.85
b. Bulb
portion 22 0.25 5.5 25 137.5 3 412.5
9. Cross
girder 2.95 0.3 1.02 0.90 25 22.57 8 180.54
10. fillet 2.95 0.3 0.15 0.07 25 1.66 8 13.275
Total 3332.995
Total Dead Load from Superstructure (Wu) = 3332.995kN

3332.995
Dead load from Superstructure on a Bearing = = 555.499kN
6
Total Dead Load from Superstructure with partial safety factor
=(3332.995-363)×1.35 + 363×1.75 = 4644.743kN
Dead load from superstructure with partial safety factor on a bearing
107
4644.743
= = 774.124kN
6
Minimum possible dead load from superstructure (without considering wearing
course) on a bearing
4644.743-635.25
= = 668.248kN
6
b) Live Load from Superstructure
Maximum live load on a bearing = Maximum reaction of a main girder

= 386kN
c) Load due to Braking Effect
Class A load
Braking load = 0.2 × (2 × 27 + 2 × 114 + 4 × 68) = 110.8kN
Class 70-R Track load
Braking load = 0.2 × 700 = 140kN
Take Braking load = Maximum of above two cases = 140kN
140
Horizontal braking effort on each main girder = = 46.67kN
3
Braking load acts at 1.2 m above wearing course (cl. 211.3 IRC-06: 2017).
Point of application of braking load = 1.65 + 0.1 + 1.2 = 2.95m
Figure 5-43: Vertical Reaction on a bearing due to braking load
46.67 × 2.95
Vertical reaction on a bearing due to braking load = = 6.258kN
22
d) Wind Load
Wind load in transverse direction of Bridge (FTW ) = PZ × A × G × CD

Height of bridge < 10.0 m
108
From Table 12, IRC 06: 2017,
For plain terrain and basic wind 33.0 m/s,
VZ = 27.8 m/s
PZ = 463.7 N/m2
From NBC 104,
Basic wind speed = 47 m/s
Then,
47
VZ = × 27.8 = 39.59 m/s
33
47
PZ = 463.7 × ( )2 = 940.6 N/m2
33
Gust factor, G = 2 for span up to 150 m (cl. 209.3.3, IRC 06: 2017)
For single beam (cl. 209.3.3, IRC 06: 2017)
CD = 1.3 for B/D ≥ 6
For Combined effect of multiple beams CD, Combined = 1.5 × 1.3 = 1.95 (cl.209.3.3, IRC
06: 2017)
Transverse area of bridge, A= 36.3 m2
FTW = 940.6 × 36.3 × 2 × 1.95 = 133.161kN
133.161
FTW per bearing = = 22.193kN
6
Wind Load in Longitudinal direction of Bridge,
FLW = 0.25 × FTW (cl. 209.3.4, IRC 06: 2017)
= 0.25 × 133.161
= 33.29kN
33.29
FLW per bearing = = 5.549kN
6
Wind load in Vertical direction of bridge;
Plan area = 22.48 × 11 = 247.28 m2
FV
W = P Z × A × G × CL
Where, Lift coefficient, CL = 0.75 (Clause 209.3.5, IRC 06: 2017)

FV
W = 940.6 × 247.28 × 2 × 0.75 = 348.887kN
348.887
FV
W per bearing= = 58.148kN
6
109
Taking Live load consideration as per cl.209.3.6 IRC 6:2017, use VZ as 36m/s we
calculate wind load in transverse and longitudinal direction similar as for VZ = 47m/s.
In this case combination of wind load from superstructure and live load structure must
be used.
As for taking wind load for superstructure for VZ = 36m/s
FTW = 78.124kN
78.124
6
FLW = 19.531kN
19.531
6
For live load, use CD be 1.2 and area be total length of live load structure multiplied
by height 3m and following process as similar as cl.209.3.3. IRC 6:2017.
FTW = 90.054kN
90.054
6
FLW = 22.513kN
22.513
6
Now from combination we get;
FTW = 168.178kN
168.178
6
FLW = 42.044kN
42.044
6
From above cases, the case of VZ = 36m/s analyzing in both dead and live load of
superstructure and live load structure respectively governs the analysis of wind load.
So, we prefer the following as respective wind load.
FTW = 168.178kN
168.178
6
FLW = 42.044kN
42.044
6
110
e) Seismic Load
From Clause 218.5.1, IRC 06: 2017

Z 𝐼 𝑆𝑎
Seismic load = ∗ ∗ ∗𝑊
2 𝑅 𝑔
Where,
Z 𝐼 𝑆𝑎
𝐴𝐻 = ∗ ∗
2 𝑅 𝑔
Z = zone factor = 0.36 for zone V as per Table 16, IRC 06:2017
I = Importance factor = 1.2 for important bridges as per Table 19, IRC 06: 2014)
R = Response reduction factor = 2 as per Table 20, IRC 06: 2017)
Sa
= average response acceleration coefficient
g
For 5% damping of RCC structure,
Sa
= 2.5 (cl. 218.5.1, IRC 06: 2017)
g
For Longitudinal direction
WL = dead load from superstructure (without considering partial safety factor)
= 3332.995kN
Effective seismic load towards longitudinal direction,
0.36 1.2
FLS = * × 2.5 × 3332.995 = 899.909kN
2 2
899.909
FLS per bearing= =149.985kN
6
For Transverse direction
WT = Dead load from superstructure + 0.2 × Live load (cl. 218.5.2, IRC 06: 2017)
= 3332.995 + 0.2 × 767 = 3486.395kN
Effective seismic load towards transverse direction,
0.36 1.2
FTS = * × 2.5 × 3486.395 = 941.327kN
2 2
941.327
FTS, per bearing = = 156.888kN
6
Vertical reaction on support due to seismic load
2
𝐴𝑉 = × AH = 0.18
3
FV
S = 0.18 × 3486.395 = 627.551kN
111
627.511
FV
S, per bearing = = 104.592kN
6
f) Load due to Temperature variation, Creep and Shrinkage effect

For common reinforced concrete bridge deck, the longitudinal strain due to
temperature variation, creep and shrinkage is 5*10-4.
Horizontal load due to creep, shrinkage and temperature has been distributed to
expansion bearing only.
Horizontal deformation of bearing, ∆ = 5*10-4 × 22480 = 11.24 mm. (cl.916.3.4 IRC
83(part II)-1987)
Shear modulus of elastomeric bearing, G = 1 N/mm2 (cl.4.2.1, IRC 83(part II)-2018)
Approximate minimum height of bearing, h0 = 64.0 mm
Approximate size of bearing = 300 mm × 500 mm
Maximum horizontal force on a bearing,
∆
FCST = *G×A
2h0
11.24
FCST = * 1* (300 - 12 ) × (500 - 12) = 12.342kN
2 × 64.0
Summary of Loads on bearing
Load on a Bearing Notation Value,kN

Dead load from superstructure Vmax 774.124
Dead load from superstructure without partial safety DLsup
555.499
factor
Minimum possible dead load from superstructure Vmin 668.248
Maximum live load without impact LL 386
Vertical braking load FV
br 6.258
Horizontal braking load FH
br 46.67
Wind load in vertical direction FV
W 58.148
Wind load in longitudinal direction FLW 7.007
Wind load in transverse direction FTW 28.03
Seismic load along vertical direction FVT
S 104.592
Seismic load along longitudinal direction FLS 149.985
Seismic load along transverse direction F𝑇S 156.888
112
Maximum horizontal force due to temperature FCST
12.342
variation, shrinkage and creep
Load Combination for vertical and horizontal load:
Basic Combination Seismic

Description of
Load LL as leading WL as leading Combination
Vertical Load
P.S.F Load P.S.F Load P.S.F Load
Dead Load
from
494.99 1.35 668.24 1.35 668.24 1.35 668.24
Superstructur
e
Wearing
60.5 1.75 105.86 1.75 105.86 1.75 105.88
Course Load
Live Load 386 1.5 579 1.15 443.90 0.2 77.20
Wind Load 58.15 0.9 52.33 1.5 87.22 - -
Seismic Load 104.59 - - - - 1.5 156.89
Braking Load 6.26 1.5 9.387 1.15 7.20 0.2 1.252
TOTAL 1106.49 1414.83 1312.43 1009.4
Basic Combination
Seismic
LL as WL as
Description of Combination
Load leading leading
Horizontal Load
P.S. P.S. P.S.
Load Load Load
F F F
Wind Load 7.01 0.9 6.31 1.5 10.51 - -
Seismic Load 149.99 - - - - 1.5 224.98
Braking Load 46.67 1.5 70.00 1.15 53.67 0.2 9.33
113
Load due to
temperature 12.08 0.9 10.87 0.9 10.87 0.5 6.04
variation
TOTAL 87.18 75.06 2.20 240.35
5.3.3 Design of Bearing: - Based on IRC 83: 2018 (Part II)
Among three combinations of load, vertical load has been found maximum for Basic
Combination where carriageway load acts as leading load. For horizontal load we
consider Basic combination for maximum response whereas we do not design bearing
for seismic load. To resist seismic loads, certain devices like dampers and seismic
arresters are used.
VMin = 668.248N (Dead load without wearing course)
VMax = 1414.832kN
HMax = 87.18kN
From Table B1 (Annexure B) of IRC 83: 2018 (Part II), laminated bearing with
following dimensions is chosen:
Length, b = 500.0 mm
Width, a = 300.0 mm
Thickness of steel plate, hs = 4.0 mm
Thickness of middle elastomer layer, hi = 12.0 mm
Thickness of elastomer layer at top and bottom, he = 6.0 mm
Number of steel plate = 4
Number of middle elastomer layer = 3
Total thickness of elastomer layer, h = 3 × 12 + 2 × 6 = 48.0 mm
⸫ Total height of bearing, h0 = 3 × 12 + 4 × 4 + 2 × 6 = 64.0 mm
Provide 6.0 mm gap on either side of elastomer.
So,
Effective length, b’ = (500 – 2 × 6) = 488.0 mm
Effective width, a’ = (300 – 2 × 6) = 288.0 mm
Effective area of bearing, A1 = 488 × 288 = 140544 mm2
114
Figure 5-44:Plan of a Bearing
Figure 5-45:Section of Elastomeric Bearing
Check for Geometry
b 500
i) = = 1.67 < 2 (OK)
a 300
a 300
ii) = = 60 > h = 48 mm (OK)
5 5
a 300
iii) = = 30 < h = 48 mm (OK)
10 10
A1
iv) Shape factor, S = (cl. 5.1.3.1 IRC 83:2018 (Part II)
lP × te
Where, lP = 2 × (a’ + b’) = 2 × (288 + 488) = 1552 mm
2 × 1.4 × h e + 3 × hi 2 × 1.4 × 6+ 3 × 12
te = = = 10.56 mm
total number of layers 5
115
140544
S= = 8.575 > 6 & < 12 (OK)
1552 × 10.56
Check for Bearing Pressure
Bearing pressure ≤ Allowable bearing pressure

Maximum vertical load 1414.832 × 1000
Bearing pressure, 𝜎𝑚 = = = 10.06 N/mm2
Bearing area 140544
A1
Allowable bearing pressure = 0.25 × fCK × √ = 0.25 × 30 × 2 = 15 N/mm2
A2
Here, Allowable bearing pressure > Bearing pressure.

Hence, OK.
Check for Basic Design Requirements
a. Maximum design strain (cl. 5.1.3, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))
εu,k
εt,d = KL (εc,d + εq,d + εα,d ) ≤ εu,d =
γm
Where, KL = 1, is type loading factor
εc,d = Strain due to compressive design load (cl. 5.1.3.2, IRC 83:2018 (Part II))
εq,d = Strain due to shear (cl. 5.1.3.3, IRC 83:2018 (Part II))
εα,d = Strain due to angular rotation (cl.5.1.3.4, IRC 83:2018 (Part II))
εu,k = 7 (Note 1 of Clause 5.1.3) and γm = 1
εu,k 7
εu,d = = = 7.0
γm 1
• Strain due to Compressive design load
1.5 × FZ, d
εc,d =
G × Ar × S
Where, FZ, d = Maximum vertical load = 1414.832kN
G = Shear modulus of elasticity of elastomer, generally taken as 1.0 N/mm2
S = Shape factor
Ar = Reduced effective plan area due to the loading effects given by,
Vx, d Vy, d
Ar = A1 × (1 - - ' )
a' b
116
Maximum horizontal load in the direction of a
Vx, d = ×h
G × A1
87.18 × 1000
= × 52
1 × 140544
= 32.256 mm
Similarly, Vy, d = 0
32.256
Ar = 140544 × (1 - - 0) = 124803.072 mm2
288
1.5 × 1414.832 × 1000
εc,d = = 1.98 mm
1 × 124803.072× 8.575
• Strain due to shear
2 2
Vxy, d √Vx, d + Vy, d Vx, d 32.256
εq,d = = = = = 0.672 mm < 1 (OK)
Tq Tq Tq 48
• Strain due to angular rotation
𝑎′2 ∗ ∝𝑎,𝑑 + 𝑏′2 ∗ ∝𝑏,𝑑
εα,d = ∗ 𝑡𝑖
2 ∗ ∑ 𝑡𝑖3
Where, ∝b,d = 0 as there is no rotation along longitudinal axis
∝a, d = ∝DL LL
d + ∝d
400 × MMax, DL × l × 10-3 400 × MMax, LL × l × 10-3

= + (Formula retrieve from cl.916.3.5 IRC
0.5 × EIgr EIgr
83:2018(part II))
400 × 4369.164 × 106 × 22000 × 10-3 400 × 3428.104 × 106 × 22000 × 10-3
= +
0.5 × 5000 × √30 × 3.32 × 1011 5000 × √30 × 3.32 × 1011
= 0.008456 + 0.003318
=0.0118
So,
2882 × 0.0118 + 4882 × 0
εα,d = × 12 = 1.05
2 × (3 × 123 + 2 × 63 )
Now,
εt,d = KL (εc,d + εq,d + εα,d )
= 1 × (1.98 + 0.672 + 1.05)
= 3.702 < εu,d = 7 (ok)
b. Reinforcing plate thickness (cl. 5.1.3.5, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))
117
Kp × FZ, d × (t1 + t2 ) × Kh × γm
ts =
Ar × fy
Where, Kp = Stress correction factor = 1.3
t1 and t2 are the thickness of elastomer layer on either side of the plate
fy = yield stress of the steel = 250.0 N/mm2
Kh = factor for induced tensile stresses in reinforcing plate whose value is given as,
Without holes: Kh = 1
So, for elastomer without holes
1.3 × 1414.832 × 1000 × (12 + 12) × 1 × 1
ts =
124803.072 × 250
= 1.415 mm < 4.0 mm (OK)
Limiting conditions (cl.5.1.3.6, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))
i.Rotational limitation condition
For laminated rectangular bearing

a' × ∝a, d + b' × ∝b, d
∑ VZ, d - ≥0
Kr, d
Where,
Kr, d = 3 (cl. 5.1.3.6, IRC 83:2018 (Part II))
∑ VZ, d is vertical deflection
From Clause 5.1.3.7, IRC 83: 2018 (Part II),
Fzd × t i 1
∑ VZ, d = ∑( × 1 )
Ar 5 × G × S2 + Ebearing
Ebearing is given in Note-1of same clause as 2000 N/mm2
1414.832× 1000 ×48 1

∑ VZ, d = × ( 1
)
124803.072 5 × 1 × 8.5752 + 2000
= 1.48 mm
Now,
𝛼 ′ × ∝a, d + b' × ∝b, d 288 × 0.0118 + 388 × 0
∑ VZ, d - = 1.45 -
Kr, d 3
= 1.48- 1.132
= 0.348 > 0.0 (ok)
118
ii.Buckling stability
For laminated rectangular bearing

FZ, d 2 × a' × G × S
<
Ar 3 × Te
1414.832× 1000 2 × 288 × 1 × 8.575
Or, <
124803.072 3 × 48
i.e., 11.337 < 34.3 (ok)
iii. Non sliding condition
For non-anchored bearings:

Fxy, d ≤ μe × Fz, d Min
Where, Fxy, d = 87.18kN
Fz, d Min is the minimum value of dead load from superstructure. As rubber has the unique
property that it behaves differently below certain minimum load, Fz, d Min has been taken
as DL without considering wearing course, i.e.
Fz, d Min = 668.248kN
Kf
μe = 0.1 + 1.5 ×
σm
Kf = 0.6 for concrete
Force 668.248 × 1000
σm = = = 5.354 N/mm2
Area 124803.072
Then,
0.6
μe = 0.1 + 1.5 × = 0.268
5.354
μe × Fz, d Min = 0.268 × 668.248 = 179.09kN
Here,
Fxy, d = 87.18 ≤ μe × Fz, d Min = 180.42kN
Hence, ok.
5.3 Analysis and Design of Seismic Arrester
As our bridge is in seismic region V so as per IRC code seismic stopper for the
transverse seismic movement must be designed.
Total seismic load along the transverse direction (from bearing design)
119
= 941.327kN
Load per stopper= 0.25 × 941.327 = 235.332kN
The width of stopper available at the edge after providing 20mm for rubber pad
= 400 – 20
=380mm.
Length provided = 600mm
Height of stopper =750mm
So, provide 600 × 380 × 700 mm.
Figure 5-46: Dimensions of Seismic Arrester
The seismic load is analyzed at centroid of tensile reinforcement of main girder. If we

consider the base of the seismic arrester as critical section, the lever arm obtained be
625mm.
Design bending moment = 235.322 × 0.625 = 147.076kNm
The general design can be obtained since the maximum moment obtained from
transverse seismic load is minimum. So, we provide 12-25mm diameter vertical bars
with 4-legged 8mm stirrups @90mm c/c spacing.
Figure 5-47:Section of Seismic Arrester
120
Figure 5-48:Reinforcement of Seismic Arrester
121
5.4 Analysis and Design of Sub-Structure
5.4.1 Analysis and Design of Abutments
5.4.1.1 Planning and preliminary design
Figure 5-49: Idealization of abutment and pier
Total number of spans in bridge = 2

In order to minimize horizontal forces in the abutment, free bearing has been used at
the abutment end of the bridge. So, in both abutments roller type of support condition
has been used, while in case of pier hinge type of idealization is done to make our
structure stable and sound.
The span arrangement and support condition at both ends are same. There will be same
loading condition on both abutment and hence same responses which suggests that
same size and design of abutment can be used for both ends.
a. Selection of type of abutment:
Since, the total height of abutment= maximum scour depth for abutment foundation
below HFL + grip length + free board + depth of main girder + thickness of bearing
=4.89 + 2 + 2 + 1.65 + 0.064
= 10.6m (11m is adopted)
Since, this height is greater than 6m. So, concrete type of abutment is preferred over
masonry type abutment.
Figure 5-50:Plan of Abutmrnt at Bearing Level
122
Figure 5-51:Elevation of Abutment
a. Material Selection
Grade of Concrete: M30
Bars for all RC works: TMT500D
b. Geometry of Abutment
• Seating Width
Minimum seating width = 305 + 2.5 L + 10 H (IRC-6: Clause 219.9)
= (305 + 2.5 × 22 + 10 × 11) mm
= 470 mm
• Seating width > Bearing width + Projection of cap + width of Expansion joint + 150
mm (IRC-78-2000: Clause 710.8)
= 300 + 30 + 40 + 150 = 520 mm
Width of expansion joint > 22 × 103 × 1.1 × 10-5 × 45 = 10.89 mm (From
temperature criteria)
123
(It has been assumed that 45oC is the maximum change in temperature in our
bridge site)
Adopt expansion joint as 40mm.
Adopt seating width=750
• Height of dirt wall = Depth of girder + Height of bearing – Thickness of approach

slab
= 1.65 + 0.065 – 0.3 = 1.35 m
Adopt height of dirt wall as 1.85m
• Thickness of dirt wall > 200 mm

>Height of dirt wall / 7 = 0.252
Adopt thickness of dirt wall = 0.3 m
• Width of stem of abutment > Height of abutment / 10 = 1.01 m

>Dirt wall thickness + Seating width – Projection
= 0.3 +0.75– 0.03 = 1.02 m
Adopt width of stem of abutment = 1.2 m
• Thickness of footing = H / 8 = 10.1 / 8 = 1.2 m

Adopt 1.2 m thickness of footing
• Width of footing = 0.75 × H = 0.75 × 10.1 = 7.5 m

Adopt 7.5m width of footing
• Thickness of abutment cap > 200 mm (IRC 78-2000: Cl. 710.8.2)

Adopt thickness of abutment cap = 800 mm
• Length of abutment > c/c distance between girders + Width of bearing + 2 ×

Clearance
> 6.5 + 0.3 + 2 × 0.4 = 7.6 m
Adopt length of abutment = 7.6m
• Size of approach slab
Length = 3.5 m (IRC 6: Cl. 214.2)
Thickness = 0.3 m
Width > length of abutment = 7.6m
124
5.4.1.2 Abutment Stem
Load Calculation:
Dead load from Superstructure:

2925.553
= =187.53kN/m
7.8 × 2
Weight of wearing course:
363
= =23.26kN/m
7.8 × 2
Weight of approach slab: (only half weight has been taken)
0.3 × 25 × 3.5×7.5
= =25.24kN/m
7.8
Live load from superstructure:
= 69.729kN/m
Load from braking effort:

0.2×1000
Vertical load = =18.818kN/m
11
Wind Load:
56.906 × 3
= =15.159kN/m
11
Load due to temperature variation, creep and shrinkage effect (from bearing)
10.8702
= =0.988kN/m
11
Self-weight of abutment:
= 25 × (0.3 × 1.85+0.8 × 1.5+7.15 × 1.2) = 258.375kN/m
Seismic load due to self-weight of abutment:
= αh × 258.375 = 0.12 × 258.375 = 31.005kN/m
Load due to static earth pressure: (IRC 6: Cl. 214)
According to Coulomb’s theory
𝜙=45o
125
i = 00, δ = 2/3 × 450 = 30o but must be less than 22.5o. So, adopt δ = 22.50
α = 00, ϒsoil = 22.5kN/m3, H=9.8 m
k = 0.1598
So, Pa = ½ × 0.1598 × 22.5 × 9.82 = 172.655kN/m.
Horizontal component = 172.655× cos (22.5) =159.513 kN/m
Vertical component= 172.655 × sin (22.5) = 61.043kN/m
Load due to dynamic earth pressure: (IRC 6: Cl. 214)
According to Monobe’s theory
𝜙=45o
i=00 δ=2/3 × 450 = 30o but must be less than 22.5o. So, adopt δ=22.50
α=00, ϒsoil = 22.5kN/m3, H=9.8 m
∝h
Ψ = tan-1 ( ) =9.13° and 11.56°
1±∝v
Z
×I Sa
∝h = 2 × =0.18
R g
2
∝v = 3 × ∝ℎ = 0.12
So, k = 0.3019
So, Pa = ½ × 0.3019 × 22.5 × 9.82= 326.18kN/m.
Dynamic increment=326.18-172.656=153.524kN/m
Horizontal component= 153.52 × cos (22.5) =141.84kN/m
Vertical component= 153.52 × sin (22.5) =58.75kN/m
Surcharge Load: (IRC 6: Cl. 214.1.1.3)
1.2 m earth fill from earth surface has been taken as surcharge-load.
Psur = Ka × ϒsoil × h × w = 0.1598 × 22.5 × 9.8 × 1.2 =43.577kN/m
Horizontal component = 43.577 × cos (22.5) = 40.259kN/m
Vertical component= 43.577 × sin (22.5) = 16.676kN/m
And for dynamic case,
Psur = Ka × ϒsoil × h × w = 0.3019 × 22.5 × 9.8 × 1.2 = 79.882kN/m
126
Dyamic increment of surcharge=79.8827-42.2831=37.5996 kN/m
Horizontal component= 37.599 × cos (22.5) = 34.73 kN/m
Vertical component= 37.599 × sin (22.5) = kN/m
Analysis of Abutment Stem
Response of abutment at center of Abutment stem is taken for basic and seismic
combination of loads have been calculated. And using IRC-6-2017, ANNEX-B
corresponding load factor for each case is found.
From load combination table (Annex A)
Maximum axial-load = 734.15kN
Maximum bending moment=1771.95kNm
Here, Pu < 0.1fcdAc
734.15 < 0.1 × 13.4 × 715 × 1200 × 10-3
734.15 < 1149.72 (ok)
So, it has been treated as a flexure member. (Cantilever Slab)
Check Depth
d = 1200 – 75 – 25/2 = 1112.5 mm (provided)
1771.95 × 106
dreq = √ = 595.544 mm < 1112.5 mm (ok)
4.996× 1000
Design of Reinforcement
1. Main Vertical Bars (in the side of backfill)
0.2216
X =1.2 × 𝑑 − √(1.44 𝑑 × 𝑑 − 𝑀 × 𝑏
0.2216
=1.2 × 1112.5 − √(1.44 × 1112.5 × 1112.5 − 1771.95 × 106 × 1000
=689.75mm
Xlim=0.62×dprovided = 0.62 × 1112.5 = 689.75𝑚𝑚
𝑑2
Mmax = 4.996 × 103 × 106
1112.52
= 4.996 × 103 × 106
127
=6183.3306 N-mm
and,
𝑀
Ast =
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×(𝑑−0.41597×𝑋𝑢 )
1771.95×106
=
0.87×500×(1112.5−0.42×155.866)
=3888.144mm2
𝑎×1000
Spacing required= (𝜙 = 25𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝑠𝑡
490.873× 103
=
3888.055
=126.251mm
0.26×𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
Min. Ast =
𝑓𝑦𝑚
0.26×2.5×103 ×1112.5
=
500
=1446.25mm2
Max. Ast =0.025bd
=0.025 × 1000 × 1112.5
=27812.5mm2
Spacing provided=125mm
𝑎×1000
Ast provided=
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
490.873×1000
=
125
=3926.9908mm2
2. Outer Vertical Reinforcement (in the side of river)

Distribution Reinforcement =1446.25mm2
𝑎×1000
Spacing= (𝜙 = 20𝑚𝑚)
𝐴
𝜋∗202 ×1000
=
4×1446.25
=217.223mm2
Spacing to be provided=200mm
3. Horizontal reinforcement:
128
Either AS = 0.1% Of AC or 25% of main vertical bar
=0.001× 103 × 1112.5
=1112.5 mm2
𝑎×𝑏
Spacing = (𝜙 = 20𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝑠
𝜋×202 ×103
= 4×1112.5
=282.39mm
Spacing to be provided = 250mm
Check for shear:
Minimum Shear(v) =(0.12𝐾(80𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

200
K=1 + √
𝑑
200
=1+ √
1112.5
=1.423
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 = ≤2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3926.99
=
1000×1112.5
=0.0035≤ 2
𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30 𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
So,
Minimum Shear(v) = 383.44 kN/m> 315𝑘𝑁/𝑚
So, no shear reinforcement is required.
Check for Crack Width
Area of steel provided (As) = 3927mm2

Lever arm = d-0.4159× 𝑋
=1112.5-0.4159× 155.806
=1048mm
Es=200000 N/mm2
𝑀
Actual stress (𝜎𝑠𝑐 ) =
𝐴𝑠 (𝑑−0.415×𝑋𝑢 )
=157.03 N/mm2
129
K t = 0.5
fcm = fck + 10 = 40
Fct,eff = 2.50
Ecm = 31000N/mm2
𝐴𝑠
𝜌1,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴
𝑐,𝑒𝑓𝑓
=0.018
𝐸
𝛼𝑒 = 𝐸 𝑠 = 6.451
𝑐𝑚
𝜎𝑠𝑐 − 𝐾𝑡 1 𝜎𝑠𝑐
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = ( (1 + 𝛼𝑒 𝜌𝑝.𝑒𝑓𝑓 )) ≥ 0.6
𝜌𝜌.𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝑠 𝐸
=0.000397≥ 0.0004
C=50mm
0.425𝑘1 𝑘2 𝜙
Sr,max =3.4c+
𝜌𝜌,𝑒𝑓𝑓
=406.743 mm
Crack width= Sr,max (𝜀𝑠𝑐 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 )
= 0.1916 mm< 0.3 𝑚𝑚 (ok)
130
5.4.1.3 Dirt wall
Analysis and Design
Loads on dirt wall are mainly surcharge load, earth static and dynamic load and
seismic load due to weight of dirt wall. The point of action of surcharge and earth
(static and dynamic) lies below the dirt wall i.e., on the stem of abutment. So, only
horizontal component of such forces is important for dirt wall. Dirt wall has been
designed as a cantilever slab of unit width. Earth pressure coefficient for dynamic
condition is k = 0.27
Its detailing has been carried out according to the IRC 112-2011(Cl. 16.3).
The design parameters from the load combination table can be obtained as:
Axial 63.905 kN
Shear 90.704 kN
Moment 161.289 kNm
Provide 25mm dia bar

Depth(d) = 300 – 75 – 25 / 2 = 212.5mm
Xlim = 0.62×dprovided=0.62 × 212.5 = 131.75𝑚𝑚
𝑑2
Mmax = 4.996 × 103 × 106
131.752
= 4.996 × 103 × 106
=225.60 N-mm
𝑀
Ast =
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×(𝑑−0.42×𝑋𝑢 )
=2086.49mm2
𝑎×1000
Spacing required = (𝜙 = 25𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝑠𝑡
490.873×103
=
2086.49
=235.46mm
Min. Ast =
𝑓𝑦𝑚
0.26×2.5×103 ×212.5
=
500
=276.25mm2
131
Max. Ast = 0.025bd
=0.025 × 1000 × 212.5
=5312.5mm2
Spacing provided = 200mm
𝑎×1000
Ast provided =
490.873×1000
=
200
=2454.369mm2
For horizontal reinforcement
Area = 0.1% of Ac or 25% of main vertical reinforcement,

= 0.25 × 2454.369 = 613.592 mm2
𝑎×1000 𝜋×122 ×1000
Spacing required= = = 184.32𝑚𝑚
𝐴 4×613.592
Spacing provided=170mm
Check for shear:
Minimum Shear(v) =(0.12𝐾(80𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑
200
K=1 + √
𝑑
200
=1+ √
212.5
=1.9701
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 = ≤2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
2454
=
1000×212.5
=0.01154≤ 2
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
So,
Minimum Shear(v)=150.4 kN/m > 91𝑘𝑁/𝑚
So no shear reinforcement is required.
132
5.4.1.4 Abutment cap
Longitudinal reinforcement
Adopt 16mm diameter bar @200mm c/c
Transverse reinforcement
Adopt 16mm diameter bar@150mm c/c
5.4.1.5 Abutment Footing
The bearing capacity of soil is good even at the shallow depth. For such condition,
spread footing can be used for the foundation of abutment.
Figure 5-52:Section of Abutment Footing
The analysis of structural strength for the design of the foundation is checked as per
IRC6:2017 Table B.4. The combinations were analyzed and the maximum heel soil
pressure was obtained from seismic combination 0.3H + V. The maximum toe pressure
was obtained from basic combination-1 at carriageway load as leading load.
The design values are taken from load combination table at ANNEX A. The design
value taken form the combination table are-
For toe,
Moment = 909.970 kNm/m
Axial load = 1758.15 kN/m
Eccentricity = 0.518 m
For heel,
Moment = 58.964 kNm/m
Axial load = 1837.549 kN/m
133
Eccentricity = -0.032 m
From given load analysis combination the maximum soil pressure obtained as:
𝑃𝑢 6×𝑒
𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 𝐹 × (1 + 𝐹 ) and,
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑃𝑢 6×𝑒
𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × (1 − )
𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Maximum Stress,σtoe =331.473 kN/m^2
Minimum Stress,σheel =251.296 kN/m^2
Critical Sections for calculation of response in footing
Critical section for Moment 1-1
Position of section from heel, x=4.7m

Stress at given position,
𝑥
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 + ( × (𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 − 𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 ))
𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
4.7
= 251.296 + ( × (331.473 − 251.296))
7.5
= 301.54 kN/m2
Rectangular portion = 𝜎𝑥 × ((𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ − 𝜎𝑥 + 𝑒)2 × 0.5) = 1272.598𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚

1
Triangular portion = 0.5 × (𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 − 𝜎𝑥 ) × ((𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ − 𝜎𝑥 + 𝑒)2 × 3)
=42.109kNm/m
Total Moment at section 1-1= 1314.707kNm/m
Critical section for Moment 2-2
Position of section from heel, x=3.5m

Stress at given position,
𝑥
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 + ( × (𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 − 𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 ))
𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
3.5
= 251.296 + ( × (331.473 − 251.296))
7.5
= 288.711 kN/m2
134
Rectangular portion = 𝜎𝑥 × ((𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ − 𝜎𝑥 + 𝑒)2 × 0.5) = 1447.983𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
1
Triangular portion = 0.5 × (𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 − 𝜎𝑥 ) × ((𝐹𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ − 𝜎𝑥 + 𝑒)2 × 3)
=71.864kNm/m
Total Moment at section 2-2= 1219.847kNm/m
Design of footing
Total depth of footing =1200 mm

Clear cover = 75 mm
Diameter of bar, d = 28 mm
Area of bar, a = 615.752 mm2
Effective depth provided, dprovided = 1200-75-14 = 1111 mm
Check for depth:
Mlim = 0.166 * fk * b * d2
1314.706×106
Depth required, dreq=√ = 512.983𝑚𝑚
4.996×1000
Since, dreq< dprovided, depth is okay.
Tensile reinforcement design for toe section:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑀
0.832 0.832 0.1347fk𝑏
= 113.843 mm
MEd = 0.87fyAst (d - 0.41597x)
1314.706∗106
i.e, Ast = = 2841.47 mm2
0.87∗500∗1063.64
Spacing of reinforcement:
𝑎×1000
Spacing required = (𝜙 = 28𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝑠𝑡
615.752×103
= 2841.47
= 216.70 mm
Spacing to be provided at toe section is 200mm
615.752×1000
Area of steel provided =
135
615.752×1000
= 200
= 3078.761 mm2
Min. Ast =
𝑓𝑦𝑚
0.26×2.5×103 ×1112.5
=
500
=1446.25mm2
Max. Ast =0.025bd
=0.025 × 1000 × 1112.5
=27812.5mm2
Spacing provided = 200 mm
Bending moment and shear force will be higher in basic combination of load. So, it
will govern the design of footing.
2.6 1 2
i. M1-1 = 395.82 × 2.6 × + 2 × 2.6 × 62.45 × × 2.6=1478.59kNm
2 3
5.2 1 1 5.2
ii. M2-2 = 242.1 × 5.2 × + 2 × 5.2 × 124.9 × × 5.2-1166.1 × =804.22kNm
2 3 2
429.74+458.27
iii. SF3-3 = × 1.188=527.48kN
2
242.1+333.08 1166.1
iv. SF4-4 = × 3.788 - × 3.788=239.93kN
2 5.2
2 1 2
v. M2m from right edge = 410 × 2 × 2 + 2 × 2 × 48.04 × × 2 = 884.05kNm
3
Design of Footing:
Check Depth
d = 1500 – 75 – 25/2 = 1412.5 mm
1478.59 × 106
dreq = √ = 544.89 mm < 1412.5 mm (ok)
0.133 × 30 × 1000
136
Design of Reinforcement
i. Bottom reinforcement bars at critical section (1-1):
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mmax = 0.87fyAst d (1 – )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
500 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡
1478.59 × 106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × 1412.5 × (1 – )
25∗1000∗1412.5
On Solving,
Ast = 2494.52 mm2
Astmin = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 1000 × 1500 = 1800 mm2 < Ast
1000
Spacing of bar, S = 2494.52 = 196.78 mm
𝜋 ×12.52
Provide 𝜙25@130 mm c/c
ii. Bottom reinforcement bars at critical section (2-2):
500 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡
804.22 × 106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × 1412.5 × (1 – )
25 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1412.5
On Solving,
Ast = 1334.05 mm2
Astmin = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 1000 × 1500 = 1800 mm2 > Ast (Provide Minimum)
1000
Spacing of bar, S = 1800 = 272.71 mm
𝜋 ×12.52
Provide 𝜙25@ 260 mm c/c
iii. Bottom reinforcement bars at 2m from right edge:
500 × Ast
884.05 × 106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × 1412.5 × (1 – )
25 × 1000 × 1412.5
On Solving,
Ast = 1470.13 mm2
Ast,min = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 1000 × 1500 = 1800 mm2 > Ast
Thus, minimum reinforcement is provided.
137
1000
Spacing of bar, S = 1800 = 272.71 mm
π ×12.52
Provide 𝜙 25@ 260 mm c/c
iv. Distribution bar at bottom and at top in both direction:
Take 0.12% of area as reinforcement.

As(req) = 0.12/100 × 1000 × 1500 = 1800 mm2
Provide 𝜙 25@ 260 mm c/c
One-Way Shear Check:
i. At section 3-3
Shear stress 𝜏u = 527.26/1412.5 = 0.373 N/mm2

Ast = 1000/260 × 𝜋 × 12.52 = 1887.98 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡
* 100% = 0.134%
𝑏𝑑
𝜏c = 0.29 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 <0.373 N/mm2.
Hence, shear stirrups in the forms of chair bar are required.
0.87 ×500 × 2 × π ×8 × 8 ×1115

Sv = = 437.31 mm
4 × (0.373-0.29)×1000 ×1115
Maximum Spacing:
Provide 8mm dia 2-legged vertical stirrups at 300mm c/c.
ii. At section 4-4
Shear stress 𝜏u = 239.93/1412.5 = 0.17 N/mm2

Ast = 1000/260 × 𝜋 × 12.52 = 1887.98 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡
100 = 0.134%
𝑏𝑑
From IS 456 table 19 For M25 concrete and 0.134% reinforcement,

𝜏c = 0.29 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 > 0.17 N/mm2.
Hence, no shear stirrups are required.
138
Check development length of bar beyond face of abutment
(As per IRC 21: clause 304.6.2)

𝑙0 = 𝑛∅
For M25 concrete, n = 56
So, 𝑙0 = 56 × 32 = 1792𝑚𝑚
𝑙d = 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑙0
Here, 𝛼1 = 1 for straight end bar and 𝛼2 = 0.828
So, ld = 1483.776 mm.
Provide ld = 1500 mm < length available (OK)
Check for development length of bar for bottom reinforcement
(As per IRC 21: clause 304.6.2)

𝑙0 = 𝑛∅
For M25 concrete, n = 56
So, 𝑙0 = 56 × 25 = 1400𝑚𝑚
𝑙d = 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑙0
Here, 𝛼1 = 1 for straight end bar and 𝛼2 = 0.66
So, ld = 924.9 mm.
Provide ld = 1000 mm < length available (OK)
Check for Crack Width
Maximum crack width of the foundation has been calculated as per IS 456. Bottom
corners of foundation slab are expected to have maximum crack width. Calculation of
crack width is based on Annex F.
Since the section is cracked, all the relations and equations for cracked section can be
applied.
Design crack width is given as: (Annex F)
3acr εm
Wcr = 2(acr -Cmin )
1+
h-x
Minimum clear cover (Cmin) = 75 mm
Diameter of bar (db) = 25 mm
Depth of NA (x) = 182.5 mm
139
Effective Depth (d) = 1412.5 mm
Total Depth (h) = 1500 mm
b = 1000 mm
Then,
𝑎𝑐𝑟 = √(75 + 12.5)2 + (75 + 12.5)2 = 123.74 𝑚𝑚
And,
b × (h-x) × (a-x)
εm =ε1 -
3 × Es × As × (d-x)
where,
M (d-x) 1478.59 × 106 (1412.5-182.5)
ε1 = x
× = 182.5
×
Es × As × (d- 3) (h-x) 200000 × 3775.95 × (1412.5- 3 ) (1500-182.5)
ε1 =0.00111
So,
b × (h-x) × (a-x) 1000 × (1500-182.5) × (1500-182.5)
εm =ε1 - = 0.00111-
3 × Es × As × (d-x) 3 × 200000 × 3775.95 × (1412.5-182.5)
εm =0.000487
3acr εm 3 × 123.74 × 0.000487
Wcr = 2(acr -Cmin )
= 2(123.74-75)
=0.168 mm
1+ 1+
h-x 1500-182.5
As per clause 35.3.2, generally, allowable crack width = 0.2 mm

Wcr <(Wcr )
allowable
Hence, the crack width has been found within the limit.
140
5.4.2 Analysis and Design of Pier
For the design of pier, following data has been obtained from hydrological and
geotechnical investigation report.
Allowable bearing capacity of soil = 370 kN/m2
Bridge span =22m
Size of bearing = 500x300x64mm
Carriageway width = 7.5m
c/c distance between outermost girders = 6.5 m
Size of expansion joint provided = 40mm
Depth of girder (main) = 1.48m
Velocity of water current = 8.3 m/s
Type of foundation = Open foundation
RL of bottom of pier = 842.962 m
Depth of pier = 10.10 m
RL of HFL = 851.062 m
Material
Concrete: M30
Rebar: TMT500D
Type of pier – RCC single column hammer head pier
5.4.2.1 Pier Cap
Preliminary sizing:
Length of pier cap = c/c spacing of main girder + bearing length + 2 * clearance
= 6.5 + .5 + 2*.5 = 8.0m
Minimum Width of pier cap= 2 * projection beyond bearing + c/c distance + width
= 2*0.5+ 0.7 + 0.3 = 2m
Assume diameter of stem = 2.0m and
Projections = 150mm
141
Width, B = 2 +2* 0.15 = 2.3 m
Thickness of pier cap:
Adopt 1500mm at the face of pier stem and 750mm at the end.
Figure 5-53:Pier Cap

Check for diameter of Pier column
Axial Load on pier = (DL + LL) from super structure + DL of pier cap
DL from superstructure = 3288.773 kN
LL from superstructure = 870.382 kN
DL of pier cap = CSA * Width * 25 = 567.094 kN
Pedestal weight = 11.250 kN
Therefore, design axial load Pu = 6526.180 kN Let Ag be the sectional area required then,
Pu = 0.67 fy Asc + 0.4 fck Ac Assume 1% steel reinforcement then 6373.086 x
l1000 = 0.67 x 500 x 0.01 x Ag + 0.4 x 30 x 0.99 x Ag

142
Or, Ag = 428508 mm2
For circular column, diameter D = 739 mm < 2000 mm
To consider eccentric loading effect, adopted 2000 mm diameter seems ok.
Load Analysis
(a) Dead load form superstructure

Total load = wt. of (railing+ kerb + slab+ main girder + cross girder)
= 3288.773 kN(from bearing design portion)
(b) Dead load of wearing course

Dead load of wearing course = 363 kN
(c) Live load from superstructure

Maximum vertical force from three girders due to live load is when following axle load
is on the first bearing:
(For Class A) 114kN load of rear axle of 1st trailer unit = 865.88kN
(Class 70R Wheeled) 170kN load of rear axle of 2nd trailer unit = 870.38kN
(Class 70R Tracked) it’s center at the midspan = 663.65kN
∴ Max. Vertical force due to live load = 870.38kN
Maximum moment from three girders due to live load in longitudinal direction is
when load is considered on only one span and following axle load is on first bearing:
(For Class A) 114kN load of front axle of 1st trailer unit = 718.47 * 0.4 = 287.39kNm
143
(Class 70R Wheeled) 120kN load of front axle of 1st trailer unit = 709.41 * 0.4 =
283.76kNm
(Class 70R Tracked) it’s end at the midspan = 627.30 * 0.4 = 250.92kNm
∴ Max. Longitudinal moment due to live load = 287.39kNm
Maximum moment from three girders due to live load in transverse direction is when
train/s is/are positioned with minimum clearance as specified by IRC-6:
For Class A = 1068 * 0.75 =801kNm
For Class 70R Wheeled = 1000 * 1.16 = 1160kNm
For Class 70R Tracked = 700 * 1.1 = 770kNm
∴ Max. Transverse moment due to live load = 1160kNm
(d) Load due to braking effect (As per IRC 6 clause 211.2)
20% of first train +10% of second train in only one lane

Braking load (FHbr) for 70R= (0.2 x 1000 + 0.1 x 80 )kN = 208kN
(FVbr)= 208 * (1.2 + 1.75) / 22 = 27.891 kN
(e) Wind load (from superstructure)
144
Case-I
Wind velocity is 36 m/s
Pz = 551.841 N/m2
Wind load = Pz * A * Cd * G
Transverse = Wind load on Superstructure + Wind load on vehicle
= (551.841 * 36.3 * 2 * 1.95 + 551.841 * 66 * 2 * 1.2)/1000 kN
= 165.536 kN
Case-II
Wind velocity is 47 m/s
Pz = 940.6 N/m2
Transverse = Wind load on Superstructure
= 940.6 * 36.3 * 2 * 1.95/1000 kN
= 133.161 kN
Hence, transverse wind load from case-I is maximum.
Longitudinal Load = 0.25 * Transverse load
= 41.384 kN
Vertical Wind load = 940.6 * 242 * 0.75 * 2/1000 = 341.438 kN
(f) Wind load (from substructure)
Wind load in transverse direction

Pz = 940
A = Stem area + Cap area = 5 + 3.45 = 8.45 m2
G = 2.0
CD = 1.95
Transverse load (FTW sub) = Pd A G CD = 30.997kN
Wind load in longitudinal direction (FLW sub) = 0.25 x 30.997 = 7.749 kN
(g) Seismic load (from superstructure) (same as bearing)
Seismic load in longitudinal direction FLs = 887.969 kN

Seismic load in Transverse direction FTs = 947.801 kN
Vertical Seismic load= 631.867 kN
(h) Seismic load (from sub-structure)

145
Ah = 0.180
Av = 0.120
Weight of pier (Wpier) = weight of cap + weight of stem
= 22.684*25 + 27.017 * 25
= 1253.766 kN
Longitudinal (FLs sub) = Transverse (FTs sub) = 0.180 * 1253.766 = 225.678 kN
Vertical (FVs) = 0.120 * 1253.766 = 150.452 kN
(i) Self-weight of pier
Self-weight = 1253.766 kN
(j) Load due to water current (IRC 06: clause 210)
P = 52KV2 where K = 0.66 for circular pier.

V = 8.3 m/s
Height from HFL to scour = 7.594m
P at HFL = 47.286 kN/m2
Force (Fwc) = 0.5 * 47.286 * 2 * 7.594 = 359.091 kN
Now as per clause 210.5, Design is ± 20°
Longitudinal (FLwc)= Fwc * sin2(20°) = 42.006 kN
(k) Load due to Hydrodynamic Force
𝐹Thyd = 𝐹Lhyd = αCW

C = 0.575 (IS 1893-part III clause 10)
Submerged weight (W) = 61.636 kN
𝛼 =0.180
𝐹Thyd = 𝐹Lhyd = 0.180 * 0.575 * 61.636 = 6.379 kN
The value is relatively small. So, it is ignored.
(l) Load due to buoyancy

Fbuoy = Vsubmerged x γw
Fbuoy = 61.636 kN
146
Design of Pier Cap
Pier cap has been designed as cantilever beam and detailed as per IRC-112
Figure 5-54:Pier Cap showing critical sections
Design Shear force (For basic combination)
Vmax = (1.35DL+1.75WC+0.9FVW+1.5FVbr) from end girder + 1.5 x LL2 x RA,Class A
+1.35DLp
= (4439.843+635.25+307.2942+20.986) x1/3 + 1.5 x 870.382 x 0.44 +1.35 x
2.3 x 3.00 (0.75+1.5)/2 x 25
= 2644.511 kN
147
Design Shear force (For seismic combination)
Vmax = (1.35DL+1.75WC+1.5*Fvs+0.2FVbr) from end girder + 0.2LL2 x 0.44

+1.35DLp
Vmax = (4439.843+635.25+987.801+2.798) x1/3 + 0.2 x 870.382 x 0.44
+1.35x2.3x3.00 (0.75+1.5)/2x25
Vmax = 2348.07 kN
So, shear force is maximum in basic combination
Therefore, Vmax = 2644.511 kN
Design moment (for basic combination)
Mmax = ((1.35DL+1.75WC+0.9FVW+1.5FVbr) + 1.5LL x 0.44)from end girder x

2.364+1.35DLp x (Lever arm)
Mmax = 5994.88 kNm
Check for depth
Take diameter of bar ∅32 and clear cover 40mm, then effective depth
d = 1500 – 40 – 16 -10 = 1434 mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2 =0.41597
xlim = (ecu/(ecu+eyd))*d = 0.617 d
Mur, lim= β1 fcd b xlim x (d – β2 xlim)
= 0.80952 x 0.67 x fck/1.5 x b xlim (d – 0.41597 xlim)
= 0.166 fck bd2
So, dreq = √ (5994.88 x 106 /(0.166 x 30 x 2300)) = 723 mm < 1500 mm
Hence, depth provided is sufficient.
Design of reinforcement
Depth of neutral axis,
X = 1.202 d – √ (1.45 d2 - Me x 0.2216/b)
= 173.144 mm (sp 105 p. 44)
As = Me/ (0.87fy (d-0.41597xu))
= 10118.622 mm2
148
From IRC 112 16.5.1.1
(𝐴𝑠𝑡)min = 0.26fctm/𝑓𝑦k x bd= 4347.664mm2
And, (𝐴𝑠𝑡)max = 0.04𝑏𝐷 = 0.04𝑥2300𝑥1500 = 138000 𝑚𝑚2
Spacing = 2300 x (π x 322/4) / 10118.622 = 182.808
Provide Φ32 bars @ 170mm c/c
Ast provided = 10880.999 mm2
Here (𝐴𝑠𝑡)m𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 provided < (𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥
So, designed section is ok.
Shear Reinforcement
From IRC 112 Section 10,

Design shear VEd = 2644.51 kN
Shear capacity of section,
VRd.c = [0.12 K (80 ρ1 .fck)0.33 + 0.15 * σcp] bw. d
Where,
ρ1 = 0.0031
σcp = 0.0
K =1.37
bw = 2300mm
d= 1434mm
So, VRd.c = 1061.92 kN
VRd.c min = 901.41 kN < VRd.c OK
Since VRd.c < VEd, shear reinforcement is required
Providing vertical shear reinforcement,
As stated in IRC 112 10.3.3.1 (4),
Angle of inclination of Compression struts, θ = Arcsine (2*VED/( αcwbwzvl fcd))/2 =
7.102°
Take θ = θmin = 21.8°
So, VRd.max = 7432.78 kN > VEd OK
149
Angle of inclination of compression face, β = 14.74°
Lever arm, z = 1.43m
Design moment, Mu = 5994.88 kNm
Vccd = Mu/z*tan β = 1100.14 kN
Vtd = 0
VNS = VEd – Vccd – Vtd = 1544.37 kN
With 10mm diameter 6 legged stirrups,
Area of shear reinforcement, Asw = 471.24mm2
fywd = fyk/γm = 434.78 N/mm2
VRd.s = VNS
So, required spacing (s) = Asw z fywd cotθ/ VNS = 428.08 mm
Shear reinforcement ratio, ρw = Asw/(s.bw)
ρw.min = 0.0789%
So,
0.0789 < (Asw/s*2300)*100
=> s < 259.771mm
∴ Provide 10mm diameter 6-legged stirrups at 250mm c/c

Minimum clear distance between vertical legs is the largest of:
dg + 10mm = 50mm
40 mm
2Φ of shear reinforcement = 20mm
Min. clear distance (largest of above) 40mm > 250mm Ok
Maximum longitudinal spacing, Sb.max =0.75*d = 1075.5mm < 250mm Ok
150
Check for Serviceability
Rare, Accidental, and Quasi Permanent Combinations
Forces
Load Lever Design Force)
Load (kN)
Factor arm Pu Moment
DLss DLss 995.13 1.00 2.36 995.126 2352.478
DLwc DLwc 102.85 1.20 2.36 123.420 291.765
Cap DLcap 97.03 1.00 1.45 97.031 140.404
Total 1215.577 2784.647
M = 2784.647
As =10880.999 mm2
clear cover = 40 mm
total depth, h = 1500 mm
Es = 200 GPa
Ecm = 31 GPa
modular ratio = 6.452
neutral axis depth, x= 383.960 mm
Ac,eff =165000 mm2
ρp,eff = 0.066
σsc = 195.954
kt = 0.500
fct,eff = 2.5
εsm-εcm = 0.001
c = 40 mm
∅ = 32 mm
Sr,max = 8.492
Thus, Wk = 0.185mm < 0.2mm
Hence, serviceability limit state is verified.
5.4.2.2 Pier stem
The longitudinal reinforcement of the pier stem is designed as a column using SP 16.
151
Height of pier stem, l0 = 8600 mm
Diameter of the pier stem, D = 2000 mm
Gross CSA concrete, Ac = п/4 * D2 =3141592.654 mm2
Minimum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, ф min = 12 mm
Take longitudinal bar diameter = 32.000 mm
Clear cover = 75.000
Effective cover, d' = 75+ 32 = 91.000 mm
For an idealized column with an elastomeric bearing at one end and fixed at the other
end:
Effective length of the column, le = 1.3 * l0 = 1.3 * 8600 = 11180 mm (from table
11.1, IRC-112)
Slenderness ratio, λ = le / D = 5.590 < 12 (⸫ Stem is a short column)
𝑙0 𝐷
Min. eccentricity be designed with, e min = + = 83.867mm
500 30
Calculated eccentricity, e = 10015.991 > e min
0.05D = 100.000 mm < e
So, the pier stem is subjected to combined axial load and uniaxial bending.
d' / D = 0.046 ≅ 0.05
The design moment and axial load are taken from load combination table provided in
ANNEX A.
From chart 59 of SP 16,
𝑴𝒖𝒓 𝑷𝒖 𝒑
Combinations Pu Muy Mux Mur
𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝐝𝟑 𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝐝𝟐 𝐟𝐜𝐤
Load
Combination:
Basic, Live 8413.1 4420.3 8386.2 9479.8 0.039 0.070 0.02
Load as
leading
Load
Combination:
7791.5 2970.2 4274.0 5204.7 0.022 0.065 0.01
Basic, Wind
as leading
152
Load
Combination:
Seismic, 7237.7 18015.5 7437.5 19490.3 0.081 0.060 0.06
longitudinal
max
Load
Combination:
Seismic, 7237.7 5916.8 20202.0 21050.7 0.088 0.060 0.07
transverse
max
Load
Combination:
8059.2 5916.8 7437.5 9503.9 0.040 0.067 0.02
Seismic, vert
max
Max p/fck 0.07
Percentage of reinforcement, p = 0.068 * fck = 2.040 % >0.8% ok

As, required = 2.04 / 100 * 3141592.654 = 64088.490 mm2
No of bars = 79.688
Provide 80 nos. 32 ф
As, provided = 80 * п/4 * 322 = 64339.818 mm2
Check:
From IRC: 112, clause 16.2.2
As, min = max (0.10 * NED / f yd; 0.002 * Ac)
= max (0.10 * 7237.74 / f yd; 0.002 * 3141592.654)
= 6283.185mm2 < As, provided (OK)
As, max = 0.04 * Ac = 125663.706 mm2 > As, provided (OK)
Provided longitudinal reinforcement ratio, ρ = 0.020 5
Transverse reinforcement:
Design shear, VED = 2158.04 kN

Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Asl = As, provided = 64339.818 mm2
153
200 200
K=1+√ = 1 + √2000 = 1.33 ≤ 2
𝑑
Asl
ρ1 = п = 0.02048 ≤ 0.02
∗d^2
4
⸫ ρ1 = 0.02
Longitudinal force due to loading, NEd = 7237.74 kN
The cross-sectional area of concrete, Ac = 3141592.65 mm2
Concrete compressive stress at the centroid axis due to axial loading,
σcp = NEd/Ac = 2.304 <0.2*fcd = 2.68
vmin = 0.031 * K3/2 * fck1/2 = 0.26
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement
VRd.c = (0.12 K* (80*ρ1*fck) * 0.33 + 0.15 * σcp) * п * d2 / 4 = 2385.28 kN
Subjected to minimum of VRd.c = (vmin + 0.15 σcp) п/4 * d2 = 1574.39 kN
Since V Rd.c ≥ V Ed, transverse reinforcement is only provided to hold the longitudinal
reinforcement in place and avoid its buckling.
So, minimum reinforcement is provided as per IRC 112, clause 16.2.3
Maximum spacing, S max = min (12*ф long. min; D; 200 mm)
= min (12 * 32; 2000; 200)
= 200 mm
Minimum diameter of hoops, ф min = max (8mm; ф longitudinal / 4)
= max (8; 32/4)
= 8mm
Provide 10mm diameter 4-legged stirrups
Area of shear reinforcement (ASW) = 314.159 mm2
ρw.min = 0.072*√(fck)/fy = 0.000789
So, max spacing = ASW/(bw* ρw.min) = 199.158 mm
Thus, provide 10ф @ 180 mm c/c.
Confinement at the potential plastic hinge region:
Confinement is implemented through circular hoops.

𝑁𝐸𝑑
Normalized axial force, ηk = = 0.0768 > 0.064
𝐴𝑐∗𝑓𝑐𝑘
Thus, as per IRC 112, CL 17.2.1.1.3 confinement of the compression zone is provided
154
Take the diameter of the hoop, d = 20 mm
Confined concrete core’s diameter measured up to the hoop centerline = 2000 – 2 * 75
+ 20
= 1870 mm
As per IRC 112, clause 17.2.1.3, spacing of hoops or ties in the longitudinal direction,
SL ≤ 5 * diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar = 160 mm
SL ≤ 1/5 * 1866 mm = 373.2 mm
Take SL = 110 mm
Diameter of the hoop bar, Dsp = 2000 – 2*75 + 2*20 = 1890 mm
Area of the hoop bar, Asp = п/4 * 162 = 314.16 mm2
4𝐴𝑠𝑝
Volumetric ratio, ρw = = 0.006044
𝑆𝐿∗𝐷𝑠𝑝
𝜌𝑤∗𝑓𝑦𝑑
Required quantity of confining reinforcement, ωwd = = 0.1961
𝑓𝑐𝑑
Confined (core) concrete area of the section within the outside diameter of the hoop,
Acc = 2805520.78 mm2
The minimum confining reinforcement provided by hoops/spiral is determined as the

higher of the two values given in Eq.: ωwd.c ≥ max (1.4ωw.req; 0.18)
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑
1.4 * ωw,req = 1.4 (0.37 ηk + 0.13 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ( ρL − 0.01 ) )= 1.4 * 0.0760 = 0.1064
𝐴𝑐𝑐
⸫ ωwd.c ≥ 0.180
ωwd ≥ ωwd.c. Hence, OK. provide 20 ф hoop bar at spacing 110 mm c/c.
Extent of confinement - Length of potential plastic hinge
Since normalized axial force, ηk ≤ 0.24. As per IRC 112, clause 17.2.1.4 the design
length Lh of
potential plastic hinges is estimated as the larger of the following two values:
depth of the pier section within the plane of bending (perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of the hinge) i.e. diameter of pier stem.
distance from the point of maximum design moment to the point where the design
moment is 80 percent of the value of the maximum moment.
Let x be the distance from the stem base where the moment is 80 percent of the value
of the
155
maximum moment. Then, the moment for seismic load combination in the transverse
direction at
that point is calculated below:
Load Combination: Seismic, transverse max

Lever Design Force (kN or kN-m)
i Load arm,
Hx Hy Muy Mux
Z
1 DLss -
2 DLwc -
Water current 317.1 (5.6 -
3 5.6 - x 317.1
transverse x)
Water current
4 5.6 - x 42.0 42 (5.6 - x)
longitudinal
5 Seismic vertical super -
6 Seismic vertical sub -
Seismic longitudinal 10.6 - 399.6 (10.6
7 399.6
super x - x)
Seismic longitudinal 101.6 (9.4 -
8 9.4 - x 101.6
sub x)
Seismic transverse 10.6 - 1421.7
9 1421.7
super x (10.6 - x)
338.5 (9.4 -
10 Seismic transverse sub 9.4 - x 338.5
x)
11 Buoyancy -
10.6 - 41.6 (10.6 -
12 Braking longitudinal 41.6
x x)
13 Braking vertical -
14 Weight of pier -
14 14
Total without Live Load ∑ 𝐻𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑍 ∑ 𝐻𝑦𝑖 ∗ 𝑍

𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Moment due to live load:

156
MuyLL = 709.41 * 0.2 * 0.4 = 56.75 kNm
MuxLL = 1000 * 0.2 * 1.16 = 231.00 kNm
Then,
14 14
√(∑ 𝐻𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑍 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦𝐿𝐿)2 + (∑ 𝐻𝑦𝑖 ∗ 𝑍 + 𝑀𝑢𝑥𝐿𝐿)2 = 0.8 ∗ 𝑀𝑢𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Solving the above equation, we get; x = 1.9537 m

⸫Length of potential plastic hinge = max (x; D) = max (1.954, 2) = 2 m
Stress corresponding to 0.5*εcu2 is fcd.
Confinement of concrete results in higher strength and higher critical strains. As a
result, stress-strain relationship is modified and is given below:
εcu2.c = εcu2 + 0.2σ2 / fck
Thus, provide 20ф at 110 mm c/c up to 2 m from the base of stem.
5.4.2.3 Pier Foundation
Type of foundation – Open foundation
Material
Concrete -M30
Rebar grade – Fe500D
Soil properties
Allowable bearing capacity q = 300

Internal angle of friction = 45
Unit weight of soil =
Preliminary dimension
Length, L = 10 m
Breadth, B = 10 m
Area, A = 100 m2
Depth, Df = 2 m
Self-weight = 10 * 10 * 1.6 *25 = 4000kN
Analysis of footing
157
Load combination table summary
Comb. Pu Muy Pmax Pmin Mux Pmax Pmin
i 15163.13 5216.75 182.93 120.33 6066.90 188.03 115.2
ii 11337.20 4575.62 140.83 85.92 5625.96 147.13 79.62
iii 14541.45 3680.00 167.49 123.33 2962.26 163.19 127.6
iv 10794.57 3215.81 127.24 88.65 2697.48 124.13 91.76
v 14040.13 21523.6 269.54 11.26 9127.75 195.17 85.63
vi 14040.13 7086.29 182.92 97.88 24356.7 286.54 -5.74
vii 14861.56 7086.29 191.13 106.10 9127.75 203.38 93.85
Design Parameters
Maximum shear Force, VED/P = 14040.13 kN

Moment about x-axis, Mux = 24356.67 kNm
Moment about y-axis, Muy = 21523.63 kNm
Diameter of column, D = 2 m
Size of column (equivalent square), l = 1.703m
Size of footing, L = B = 10 m
𝐿3
Section modulus, Z = = 166.667 m3
6
Depth, Df = 2 m
Clear cover = 75 mm
Diameter of rebar = 32 mm
Area of single rebar = 804.248 mm2
Effective depth, dy = 1909 mm
Effective depth, dx = 1877 mm
Effective depth, d = 1893 mm
158
For Mux –
Figure 5-55:Base Pressure for Mux

P 𝑀𝑢𝑥
Base pressure on foundation = A ± Z
Maximum base pressure, Wmax = 286.541 kN/m2

Minimum base pressure, Wmin = -5.739 kN/m2 (Negligible), Take 0 kN/m2
Average base pressure = 143.271 kN/m2
Size of column (equivalent square), l = 1.703m
Wmax−Wmin L+l
Wm = Wmin + ∗ = 168.658 kN/m2
L 2
𝑊𝑚+𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐿−𝑙 𝐿−𝑙
Mux critical = ( )∗𝐵∗( ∗ ) = 20923.269 kNm
2 2 4
Mu lim = 0.133 * fck * B * d2 = 181485.194 kNm

Hence, under reinforced
dreq = 648.187 mm < d (OK)
Ast.fy
Mux critical = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d * (1 - B.d.fck)
Solving, Ast = 25776.231 mm2

2.5
Ast, min = 0.26 * * B * dy = 24401 mm2
fy
Ast, max = 0.025 * B * Df = 500000 mm2

Hence, Ast, min < Ast < Ast, max, Ok
B ∗ Area of single rebar
Spacing required = = 312 mm
Ast provided

Ast provided along transverse direction = 61865.209 mm2
159
For Muy –
Figure 5-56:Base Pressure for Muy

P 𝑀𝑢𝑦
Base pressure on foundation = A ± Z
Maximum base pressure, Wmax = 269.543 kN/m2

Minimum base pressure, Wmin = 11.260 kN/m2
Average base pressure = 140.401 kN/m2
Size of column (equivalent square), l = 1.703 m
Wmax−Wmin L+l
Wm = Wmin + ∗ = 163.285 kN/m2
L 2
𝑊𝑚+𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐿−𝑙 𝐿−𝑙
Mux critical = ( )∗𝐵∗( ∗ ) = 19812.720 kNm
2 2 4
Mu lim = 0.133 * fck * B * d2 = 17541.824 kNm

Hence, under reinforced
dreq = 630.75 mm < d (OK)
Ast.fy
Mux critical = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d * (1 - B.d.fck)
Solving, Ast = 24812.233 mm2

2.5
Ast, min = 0.26 * * B * dx = 24401 mm2
fy
Ast, max = 0.025 * B * Df = 500000 mm2

Hence, Ast, min < Ast < Ast, max, Ok
B ∗ Area of single rebar
Spacing = = 324 mm
Ast provided
160
Ast provided along longitudinal direction = 61865.209 mm2
Check for one way shear
At distance d, Wm = 222.901 kN/m2

𝑊𝑚+𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐿−𝑙 𝑑
VEd = ( )∗𝐵∗( − 2 ) = 5657.352 kN
2 2
1
VRd = (0.12k (80ρ1 fck )3 ) * B * d = 5980.476 kN
VRd > VEd (OK)
Check for punching shear
VEd = 14040.130 kN
Average pressure, Wavg = 140.401 kN/m2
e
β = 1 + 0.6 π(D+4d) = 1.342
Ast,along longitudinal
% steel in longitudinal direction, ρl = = 0.00324
dy∗L
Ast,along transverse
% steel in transverse direction, ρt = = 0.00330
dx ∗ L
Geometric average, ρ = √ρ1 ∗ ρt = 0.00327
For distance 2d from face of column
diameter of control perimeter, d1 = D + 4d = 9572 mm

Basic control perimeter, u1 = π d1 = 30071.325 mm
Area, a1 = π d12 / 4 = 710223448.369 mm2
β VEd
vEd = = 0.331 N/mm2
u1∗d
Total upward force, F = a1 * Wavg = 10103.373 kN
Net shear force, VEd.red = VEd – F = 3936.757 kN
β VEd.red
vEd.red = = 0.093 N/mm2
u1∗d
𝟐𝟎𝟎
k=1+√ = 1.325
𝐝
a = 2d = 3786 mm
vmin = 0.031 * k3/2 * fck1/2 = 0.259 N/mm2
161
1
2d 2d
vRd = (0.12k (80ρ1 fck )3 ) ≥ vmin ∗ = 0.316 N/mm2
a a
Governing vRd = 0.316 < vEd,red , Ok
For distance d from face of column
diameter of control perimeter,d2 = D + 2d = 5786 mm

Basic control perimeter, u2 = π d1 = 18177.255 mm
Area, a2 = π d12 / 4 =
β VEd
vEd = = 0.547 N/mm2
u1∗d
Total upward force, F = a1 * Wavg = 3691.627 kN

Net shear force, VEd.red = VEd – F = 10348.503 kN
β VEd.red
vEd.red = = 0.403 N/mm2
u1∗d
𝟐𝟎𝟎
k=1+√ = 1.325
𝐝
a = d = 1893 mm
1
2d 2d
vRd = (0.12k (80ρ1 fck )3 ) ≥ vmin ∗ = 0.632 N/mm2
a a
vmin = 0.031 * k3/2 * fck1/2 = 0.259 N/mm2

Governing VRd = 0.632 N/mm2 < VEd,red , Ok
At face of column
diameter of control perimeter = D = 2000 mm

Basic control perimeter, u = π D = 18177.255 mm
Area = π D2 / 4 = 26293399.4 mm2
β VEd
vEd = = 0.547 N/mm2
u1∗d
vRd max= 0.134 * fck * (1 – fck /310) = 3.631 N/mm2 > vEd, Ok
Hence, the footing is safe in shear.
162
6 REFERENCES
1. Raju, N. K. Design of Bridges (Fourth ed.). New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd.
2. Victor, D. J. (2017). Essentials of Bridge Engineering (Sixth ed.). New Delhi:

CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
3. Subramanya, K. (2013). Engineering Hydrology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company Limited.
4. Design Examples by Er. Biswa Kumar Balla.
5. Agni Boring and Soil Test Pvt. Ltd. Geotechnical Report on Soil Investigation
work for Rapati Khola (Golphing Beshi and Aapchour) RCC Bridge of
Bhimphedi Rural Municipality, LRBSU
6. New Planet Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu. Detail Project Report
(DPR) Preparation of Rapati Khola RCC Bridge of Bhimphedi Rural
Municipality, LRBSU
163
7 CODES AND STANDARDS
1. ‘IRC: 5-2015 Standard Specification and Code of Practices for Road Bridges,
Section-I General Features of Design’, Indian Road Congress, 2015
Section-II Loads and Stresses’, Indian Road Congress, 2017
Section-VII –Foundation and Substructure’, Indian Road Congress, 2000
Section IX- Bearings- Part II: Elastomeric bearings’, Indian Road Congress,
1996
Section-IX - Bearings- Part II: Elastomeric bearings’, Indian Road Congress,
2018
6. ‘IRC: 112-2020 Code of Practices for Concrete Road Bridges’, Indian Road
Congress, 2020
7. ‘IRC SP 105: Explanatory Handbook to IRC:112-2011: Code of Practice for
Concrete Roads Bridges’, Indian Road Congress, 2015
8. ‘SP 16-1980: Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978’, Bureau of
Indian Standards, 1980
9. ‘IS 1893: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures’, Bureau of
Indian Standards, 1986
164
ANNEX A
165
Analysis of Abutment Stem
Wind Load as Leading Load

Load Force Lever Frorce Moment
SN Description Factor Vertical Horizontal arm Axial Shear Resisting Overturning
Dirtwall
1 Weight 1 13.875 0.45 13.88 6.24
2 Stem Weight 1 214.500 0.00 214.50 0.00
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 1.35 30.000 0.15 40.50 6.08
4 DLas 1 19.432 0.45 19.43 8.74
5 DLss 1.35 132.980 0.30 179.52 53.86
6 DLwc 1.75 16.500 0.30 28.88 8.66
7 LLss 1.15 69.730 0.30 80.19 24.06
8 FHbr 1.15 18.182 8.20 0.00 20.91 171.45
9 Fvbr 1.15 2.438 0.30 2.80 0.84
10 Fvwl 1.5 10.926 0.30 16.39 4.92
11 FLwl 1.5 1.065 11.40 1.60 18.22
12 Fcst 0.9 0.988 8.20 0.89 7.29
13 Fep(v) 1 61.043 0.60 61.04 36.63
14 Fep(H) 1.5 159.513 4.12 239.27 984.83
15 Fsur(v) 1.2 16.181 0.45 19.42 8.74
16 Fsur(H) 1.2 39.064 10.70 46.88 501.59
Sum 676.55 309.54 60.35 1781.80
Axial force= 676.55kN/m

Shear force= 309.54kN/m
Resisting moment =60.35kNm
Overturning moment=1781.80 kNm
166
Seismic Condition - H+0.3V
Dirtwall
1 Weight 1 13.875 0.45 13.88 6.24
2 Stem Weight 1 214.500 0.00 214.50 0.00
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 1.35 30.000 0.15 40.50 6.08
4 DLas 1 19.432 0.45 19.43 8.74
5 DLss 1.35 132.980 0.30 179.52 53.86
6 DLwc 1.75 16.500 0.30 28.88 8.66
7 LLss 0.2 69.730 0.30 13.95 4.18
8 FHbr 0.2 18.182 8.20 3.64 29.82
9 Fvbr 0.2 2.438 0.30 0.49 0.15
10 Fvwl 0 10.926 0.30 0.00 0.00
11 FLwl 0 1.065 11.40 0.00 0.00
12 Fcst 0.5 0.988 8.20 0.49 4.05
13 Fep(v) 1 61.043 0.60 61.04 36.63
14 Fep(H) 1 159.513 3.23 159.51 515.87
15 Fsur(v) 0.2 16.181 0.45 3.24 1.46
16 Fsur(H) 0.2 39.064 4.90 7.81 38.28
17 Seismic Loads - Horizontal
Dirtwall
17a Weight 1.5 2.498 8.88 3.75 33.25
17b Stem Weight 1.5 38.610 7.55 57.92 437.26
Abutment
17c Cap Weight 1.5 5.400 3.58 8.10 28.96
17d Fep(H) 1.5 3.498 4.90 5.25 25.71
17e Fsur(H) 1.5 23.936 6.47 35.90 232.23
Seismic
Loads -
18 Vertical
Dirtwall
18a Weight 1.5 0.500 0.45 0.75 0.34
18b Stem Weight 1.5 7.722 0.00 11.58 0.00
Abutment
18c Cap Weight 1.5 1.080 0.15 1.62 0.24
18d Live Load 1.5 0.502 0.30 0.75 0.23
18e Fep(v) 1.5 17.626 0.60 26.44 15.86
18f Fsur(v) 1.5 4.317 0.45 6.47 2.91
Sum 623.04 282.37 72.18 1418.81
Axial force= 623.04 kN/m

Shear force=282.37 kN/m
Resisting moment= 72.18 kN/m
Overturning moment= 1418.81kN/m
167
Seismic Condition - 0.3H+V
1 Dirtwall Weight 1 13.875 0.45 13.88 6.24
2 Stem Weight 1 214.500 0.00 214.50 0.00
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 1.35 30.000 0.15 40.50 6.08
4 DLas 1 19.432 0.45 19.43 8.74
5 DLss 1.35 132.980 0.30 179.52 53.86
6 DLwc 1.75 16.500 0.30 28.88 8.66
7 LLss 0.2 69.730 0.30 13.95 4.18
8 FHbr 0.2 18.182 8.20 3.64 29.82
9 Fvbr 0.2 2.438 0.30 0.49 0.15
v
10 F wl 0 10.926 0.30 0.00 0.00
L
11 F wl 0 1.065 11.40 0.00 0.00
12 Fcst 0.5 0.988 8.20 0.49 4.05
13 Fep(v) 1 61.043 0.60 61.04 36.63
14 Fep(H) 1 159.513 3.23 159.51 515.87
15 Fsur(v) 0.2 16.181 0.45 3.24 1.46
16 Fsur(H) 0.2 39.064 4.90 7.81 38.28
17a Dirtwall Weight 1.5 0.749 8.88 1.12 9.97
17b Stem Weight 1.5 11.583 7.55 17.37 131.18
Abutment Cap
17c Weight 1.5 1.620 3.58 2.43 8.69
17d Fep(H) 1.5 1.049 4.90 1.57 7.71
17e Fsur(H) 1.5 7.181 6.47 10.77 69.67
Seismic Loads -
18 Vertical
18b Stem Weight 1.5 25.740 0.00 38.61 0.00
Abutment Cap
18c Weight 1.5 3.600 0.15 5.40 0.81
18d Live Load 1.5 1.674 0.30 2.51 0.75
18e Fep(v) 1.5 58.754 0.60 88.13 52.88
18f Fsur(v) 1.5 14.389 0.45 21.58 9.71
Sum 734.15 204.73 116.79 889.73
Axial force= 734.15 kN/m

Overturning moment= 889.73 kN/m
168
Combination (1) - Wind Load
Forces Lever Load Factored Forces Factored Moments
SN Description
Vertical Horizontal Arm Factor Axial Shear Resisting Overturning
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 0.80 1.35 40.500 32.400
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1.35 179.523 170.546
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1.75 28.875 27.431
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 1.15 80.189 76.180
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 1.15 20.909 196.545
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 1.15 2.804 2.664
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 1.5 16.390 15.570
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 1.5 1.598 20.135
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.9 0.889 8.360
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 1 61.043 3.052
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1.5 239.270 1271.959
16 Backfill Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 1.2 19.417 3.883
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 1.2 46.877 557.841
Sum 1739.447 309.544 1550.115 2390.453
Axial force=1739.447 kN/m

Shear force= 309.544 KN/m
Overturning moment=2390.453 kN/m
169
Analysis for design of footing
Combination (2) - Carriageway Load

SN Description
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 0.80 1 30.000 24.000
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1 132.980 126.331
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1 16.500 15.675
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 1.3 90.649 86.116
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 1.3 23.636 222.182
v
10 F br 2.438 0.95 1.3 3.169 3.011
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 0.8 8.741 8.304
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 0.8 0.852 10.739
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.8 0.791 7.431
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 0.85 51.887 2.594
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1.3 207.367 1102.364
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 1 16.181 3.236
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 1 39.064 464.867
Sum 1660.813 271.711 1550.115 2080.737

Resisting moment=1550.115 kN/m
Overturning moment=2080.737 kN/m
170
Seismic Combination 0.3H+V

SN Description
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 30.000 0.80 1.35 40.500 32.400
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1.35 179.523 170.546
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1.75 28.875 27.431
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 0.2 13.946 13.249
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 0.2 3.636 34.182
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 0.2 0.488 0.463
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 0 0.000 0.000
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 0 0.000 0.000
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.5 0.494 4.645
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 1 61.043 3.052
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1 159.513 847.972
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 0.2 3.236 0.647
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 0.2 7.813 92.973
Dirtwall
19a Weight 0.749 10.08 1.5 1.124 11.323
19b Stem Weight 11.583 4.78 1.5 17.375 82.963
Abutment
19c Cap Weight 1.620 8.75 1.5 2.430 21.263
Footing
19d Weight 12.150 0.60 1.5 18.225 10.935
19e Fep(H) 1.049 6.10 1.5 1.574 9.601
19f Fsur(H) 7.181 7.67 1.5 10.771 82.595
20 Seismic Loads - Vertical
Dirtwall
20a Weight 1.665 0.20 1.5 2.498 0.500
20b Stem Weight 25.740 0.65 1.5 38.610 25.097
171
Abutment
20c Cap Weight 3.600 0.80 1.5 5.400 4.320
Footing
20d Weight 27.000 0.00 1.5 40.500 0.000
20e Live Load 1.674 0.95 1.5 2.510 2.385
20f Fep(v) 58.754 0.05 1.5 88.131 4.407
20g Fsur(v) 14.389 0.20 1.5 21.583 4.317
Sum 1837.549 222.955 1550.115 1491.151
Axial force = 1837.549 kN/m

Overturning moment= 1491.151
172

SN Description
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 30.000 0.80 1.35 40.500 32.400
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1.35 179.523 170.546
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1.75 28.875 27.431
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 1.5 104.595 99.365
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 1.5 27.273 256.364
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 1.5 3.657 3.474
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 0.9 9.834 9.342
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 0.9 0.959 12.081
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.9 0.889 8.360
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 1 61.043 3.052
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1.5 239.270 1271.959
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 1.2 19.417 3.883
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 1.2 46.877 557.841
Sum 1758.150 315.268 1550.115 2459.985

Resisting moment=1550.115 kN/m
Overturning moment=2459.985 kNm
173
Stability Check
Carriageway Live Load as Leading

SN Description
Arm Factor
Vertical Horizontal Axial Shear Resisting Overturning
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 3.550 0.9 12.488 44.331
Stem
2 Weight 214.500 3.100 0.9 193.050 598.455
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 30.000 2.950 0.9 27.000 79.650
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 3.750 0.9 202.500 759.375
5 DLas 19.432 3.550 0.9 17.489 62.085
6 DLss 132.980 2.800 0.9 119.682 335.109
7 DLwc 16.500 2.800 1 16.500 46.200
8 LLss 69.730 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
9 FHbr 18.182 9.400 0 0.000 0.000
10 Fvbr 2.438 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
11 Fvwl 10.926 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
12 FLwl 1.065 11.800 0.9 0.959 11.314
13 Fcst 0.988 9.400 0.9 0.889 8.360
14 Fep(v) 61.043 3.700 1 61.043 225.859
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.316 1.5 239.270 1271.959
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 5.600 1 837.900 4692.240
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 3.550 0 0.000 0.000
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.900 1.2 46.877 557.841
Sum 1487.651 287.995 6843.303 1849.473
Factor of safety for:

Total restoring moment 6843.40
Overturning = = = 3.70 >1.5 (OK)
Total overturning moment 1849.47
Resisting Force tanφ × V
Sliding = = = 5.7 >1.25 (OK)
Horizontal Force H
174
Wind Load as Leading
SN Description
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 3.550 0.9 12.488 44.331
2 Stem Weight 214.500 3.100 0.9 193.050 598.455
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 2.950 0.9 27.000 79.650
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 3.750 0.9 202.500 759.375
5 DLas 19.432 3.550 0.9 17.489 62.085
6 DLss 132.980 2.800 0.9 119.682 335.109
7 DLwc 16.500 2.800 1 16.500 46.200
8 LLss 69.730 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
9 FHbr 18.182 9.400 0 0.000 0.000
10 Fvbr 2.438 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
v
11 F wl 10.926 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
12 FLwl 1.065 11.800 1.5 1.598 18.856
13 Fcst 0.988 9.400 1.1 1.087 10.218
14 Fep(v) 61.043 3.700 1 61.043 225.859
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.316 1.5 239.270 1271.959
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 5.600 1 837.900 4692.240
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 3.550 0 0.000 0.000
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.900 1.2 46.877 557.841
Sum 1487.651 288.832 6843.303 1858.874

total restoring moment 6843.40
Sliding = = = 5.15 >1.25 (OK)
Horizontal Force H
175
Seismic Combination H+0.3V
Factored Factored
Forces Lever Load
SN Description Forces Moments
Arm Factor
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 3.550 0.9 12.488 44.331
2 Stem Weight 214.500 3.100 0.9 193.050 598.455
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 30.000 2.950 0.9 27.000 79.650
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 3.750 0.9 202.500 759.375
5 DLas 19.432 3.550 0.9 17.489 62.085
6 DLss 132.980 2.800 0.9 119.682 335.109
7 DLwc 16.500 2.800 1 16.500 46.200
8 LLss 69.730 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
9 FHbr 18.182 9.400 0.2 3.636 34.182
10 Fvbr 2.438 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
v
11 F wl 10.926 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
12 FLwl 1.065 11.800 0 0.000 0.000
13 Fcst 0.988 9.400 0.5 0.494 4.645
14 Fep(v) 61.043 3.700 1 61.043 225.859
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.316 1 159.513 847.972
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 5.600 1 837.900 4692.240
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 3.550 0 0.000 0.000
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 6.100 0 0.000 0.000
Dirtwall
19a Weight 2.498 10.075 1.5 3.746 37.743
19b Stem Weight 38.610 4.775 1.5 57.915 276.544
Abutment
19c Cap Weight 5.400 8.750 1.5 8.100 70.875
Footing
19d Weight 40.500 0.600 1.5 60.750 36.450
19e Fep(H) 3.498 6.100 1.5 5.247 32.004
19f Fsur(H) 23.936 7.668 1.5 35.905 275.316
Dirtwall
20a Weight 0.500 3.550 1.5 0.749 2.660
20b Stem Weight 7.722 3.100 1.5 11.583 35.907
Abutment
20c Cap Weight 1.080 2.950 1.5 1.620 4.779
Footing
20d Weight 27.000 3.750 1.5 40.500 151.875
20e Live Load 0.502 2.800 1.5 0.753 2.109
20f Fep(v) 17.626 3.700 1.5 26.439 97.826
20g Fsur(v) 4.317 3.550 1.5 6.475 22.986
176
Sum 1501.603 335.306 6886.650 1615.731

Sliding = = = 4.28 >1.25 (OK)
Horizontal Force H
H+0.3V combination
Factored Factored
Forces Lever Load
Arm Factor
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 3.550 0.9 12.488 44.331
2 Stem Weight 214.500 3.100 0.9 193.050 598.455
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 30.000 2.950 0.9 27.000 79.650
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 3.750 0.9 202.500 759.375
5 DLas 19.432 3.550 0.9 17.489 62.085
6 DLss 132.980 2.800 0.9 119.682 335.109
7 DLwc 16.500 2.800 1 16.500 46.200
8 LLss 69.730 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
9 FHbr 18.182 9.400 0.2 3.636 34.182
10 Fvbr 2.438 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
11 Fvwl 10.926 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
12 FLwl 1.065 11.800 0 0.000 0.000
13 Fcst 0.988 9.400 0.5 0.494 4.645
14 Fep(v) 61.043 3.700 1 61.043 225.859
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.316 1 159.513 847.972
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 5.600 1 837.900 4692.240
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 3.550 0 0.000 0.000
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 6.100 0 0.000 0.000


Sliding = = = 4.28 >1.25 (OK)
Horizontal Force H
177
Seismic Combination 0.3H+V
Factored Factored
Forces Lever Load
Arm Factor
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 3.550 0.9 12.488 44.331
2 Stem Weight 214.500 3.100 0.9 193.050 598.455
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 30.000 2.950 0.9 27.000 79.650
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 3.750 0.9 202.500 759.375
5 DLas 19.432 3.550 0.9 17.489 62.085
6 DLss 132.980 2.800 0.9 119.682 335.109
7 DLwc 16.500 2.800 1 16.500 46.200
8 LLss 69.730 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
9 FHbr 18.182 9.400 0.2 3.636 34.182
10 Fvbr 2.438 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
11 Fvwl 10.926 2.800 0 0.000 0.000
L
12 F wl 1.065 11.800 0 0.000 0.000
13 Fcst 0.988 9.400 0.5 0.494 4.645
14 Fep(v) 61.043 3.700 1 61.043 225.859
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.316 1 159.513 847.972
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 5.600 1 837.900 4692.240
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 3.550 0 0.000 0.000
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 6.100 0 0.000 0.000
Dirtwall
19a Weight 0.749 10.075 1.5 1.124 11.323
19b Stem Weight 11.583 4.775 1.5 17.375 82.963
Abutment
19c Cap Weight 1.620 8.750 1.5 2.430 21.263
Footing
19d Weight 12.150 0.600 1.5 18.225 10.935
19e Fep(H) 1.049 6.100 1.5 1.574 9.601
19f Fsur(H) 7.181 7.668 1.5 10.771 82.595
Dirtwall
20a Weight 1.665 3.550 1.5 2.498 8.866
20b Stem Weight 25.740 3.100 1.5 38.610 119.691
Abutment
20c Cap Weight 3.600 2.950 1.5 5.400 15.930
Footing
20d Weight 27.000 3.750 1.5 40.500 151.875
20e Live Load 1.674 2.800 1.5 2.510 7.029
20f Fep(v) 58.754 3.700 1.5 88.131 326.085
20g Fsur(v) 14.389 3.550 1.5 21.583 76.620
Sum 1534.158 215.142 6987.791 1105.479
178
Sliding = = = 7.31 >1.25 (OK)
Horizontal Force H
Footing

SN Description
1 Dirtwall Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875 2.775

2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500 139.452
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 0.80 1.35 40.500 32.400
4 Footing Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1.35 179.523 170.546
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1.75 28.875 27.431
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 1.5 104.595 99.365
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 1.5 27.273 256.364
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 1.5 3.657 3.474
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 0.9 9.834 9.342
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 0.9 0.959 12.081

13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.9 0.889 8.360
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 1 61.043 3.052
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1.5 239.270 1271.959
16 Backfill Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 1.2 19.417 3.883
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 1.2 46.877 557.841

Sum 1758.150 315.268 1550.115 2459.985
ΣM 909.870 kNm/m
Pu 1758.150 kN/m
e 0.518 m
179
Maximum Stress,σtoe 331.473 kN/m2
Minimum Stress,σheel 137.367 kN/m2
Combination (1) - Wind Load

SN Description
1 Dirtwall Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875 2.775
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500 139.452
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 0.80 1.35 40.500 32.400
4 Footing Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1.35 179.523 170.546
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1.75 28.875 27.431
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 1.15 80.189 76.180
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 1.15 20.909 196.545
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 1.15 2.804 2.664
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 1.5 16.390 15.570
L
12 F wl 1.065 12.60 1.5 1.598 20.135
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.9 0.889 8.360
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 1 61.043 3.052
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1.5 239.270 1271.959
16 Backfill Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 1.2 19.417 3.883
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 1.2 46.877 557.841
Sum 1739.447 309.544 1550.115 2390.453
ΣM 840.338 kNm/m
Pu 1739.447 kN/m
e 0.483 m

SN Description
Dirtwall
1 Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875 2.775
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500 139.452
180
Abutment
3 Cap Weight 30.000 0.80 1.35 40.500 32.400
Footing
4 Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1.35 179.523 170.546
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1.75 28.875 27.431
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 0.2 13.946 13.249
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 0.2 3.636 34.182
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 0.2 0.488 0.463
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 0 0.000 0.000
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 0 0.000 0.000
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.5 0.494 4.645
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 1 61.043 3.052
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1 159.513 847.972
Backfill
16 Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 0.2 3.236 0.647
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 0.2 7.813 92.973
Dirtwall
19a Weight 2.498 10.08 1.5 3.746 37.743
19b Stem Weight 38.610 4.78 1.5 57.915 276.544
Abutment
19c Cap Weight 5.400 8.75 1.5 8.100 70.875
Footing
19d Weight 40.500 0.60 1.5 60.750 36.450
19e Fep(H) 3.498 6.10 1.5 5.247 32.004
19f Fsur(H) 23.936 7.67 1.5 35.905 275.316
Seismic Loads
20 - Vertical
Dirtwall
20a Weight 0.500 0.20 1.5 0.749 0.150
20b Stem Weight 7.722 0.65 1.5 11.583 7.529
Abutment
20c Cap Weight 1.080 0.80 1.5 1.620 1.296
Footing
20d Weight 27.000 0.00 1.5 40.500 0.000
20e Live Load 0.502 0.95 1.5 0.753 0.715
20f Fep(v) 17.626 0.05 1.5 26.439 1.322
20g Fsur(v) 4.317 0.20 1.5 6.475 1.295
Sum 1726.437 343.119 1550.115 1972.687
181
ΣM 422.572 kNm/m
Pu 1726.437 kN/m
e 0.245 m

SN Description
1 Dirtwall Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875 2.775
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500 139.452
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 0.80 1 30.000 24.000
4 Footing Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1 132.980 126.331
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1 16.500 15.675
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 1.3 90.649 86.116
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 1.3 23.636 222.182
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 1.3 3.169 3.011
v
11 F wl 10.926 0.95 0.8 8.741 8.304
L
12 F wl 1.065 12.60 0.8 0.852 10.739
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.8 0.791 7.431
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 0.85 51.887 2.594
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1.3 207.367 1102.364
16 Backfill Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 1 16.181 3.236
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 1 39.064 464.867
Sum 1660.813 271.711 1550.115 2080.737
ΣM 530.622 kNm/m
Pu 1660.813 kN/m
e 0.319 m
182
SN Description
1 Dirtwall Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875 2.775
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500 139.452
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 0.80 1 30.000 24.000
4 Footing Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1 132.980 126.331
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1 16.500 15.675
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 1 69.730 66.243
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 1 18.182 170.909
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 1 2.438 2.316
11 Fvwl 10.926 0.95 1.3 14.204 13.494
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 1.3 1.385 17.450
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.8 0.791 7.431
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 0.85 51.887 2.594
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1.3 207.367 1102.364
16 Backfill Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 1 16.181 3.236
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 1 39.064 464.867
Sum 1644.626 266.789 1550.115 2020.798
ΣM 470.683 kNm/m
Pu 1644.626 kN/m
e 0.286 m
0.3H + V Combination

SN Description
1 Dirtwall Weight 13.875 0.20 1 13.875 2.775
2 Stem Weight 214.500 0.65 1 214.500 139.452
Abutment Cap
3 Weight 30.000 0.80 1.35 40.500 32.400
4 Footing Weight 225.000 0.00 1 225.000 0.000
5 DLas 19.432 0.20 1 19.432 3.886
6 DLss 132.980 0.95 1.35 179.523 170.546
7 DLwc 16.500 0.95 1.75 28.875 27.431
8 LLss 69.730 0.95 0.2 13.946 13.249
183
9 FHbr 18.182 9.40 0.2 3.636 34.182
10 Fvbr 2.438 0.95 0.2 0.488 0.463
v
11 F wl 10.926 0.95 0 0.000 0.000
12 FLwl 1.065 12.60 0 0.000 0.000
13 Fcst 0.988 9.40 0.5 0.494 4.645
14 Fep(v) 61.043 0.05 1 61.043 3.052
15 Fep(H) 159.513 5.32 1 159.513 847.972
16 Backfill Weight 837.900 1.85 1 837.900 1550.115
17 Fsur(v) 16.181 0.20 0.2 3.236 0.647
18 Fsur(H) 39.064 11.90 0.2 7.813 92.973
19b Stem Weight 11.583 4.78 1.5 17.375 82.963
Abutment Cap
19c Weight 1.620 8.75 1.5 2.430 21.263
19d Footing Weight 12.150 0.60 1.5 18.225 10.935
19e Fep(H) 1.049 6.10 1.5 1.574 9.601
19f Fsur(H) 7.181 7.67 1.5 10.771 82.595
Seismic Loads -
20 Vertical
20b Stem Weight 25.740 0.65 1.5 38.610 25.097
Abutment Cap
20c Weight 3.600 0.80 1.5 5.400 4.320
20d Footing Weight 27.000 0.00 1.5 40.500 0.000
20e Live Load 1.674 0.95 1.5 2.510 2.385
20f Fep(v) 58.754 0.05 1.5 88.131 4.407
20g Fsur(v) 14.389 0.20 1.5 21.583 4.317
Sum 1837.549 222.955 1550.115 1491.151
ΣM -58.964 kNm/m
Pu 1837.549 kN/m
e -0.032 m
184
Load Combination Tables for Pier Stem
i)Basic Combination
Load Combination: Basic, Live Load as leading

Eccentricity
Load Lever Design Force (kN or kN-m)
Load (kN) (m)
Factor arm
ey ex Pu Hx Hy Muy Mux
DLss 3288.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 - 635.25
FTwc 317.08 1.00 5.57 317.08 1765.85
L
F wc 42.01 1.00 5.57 42.01 233.93
FTw 165.54 0.90 10.60 148.98 1579.21
FTwsub 31.00 0.90 8.10 27.90 225.97
FLw 41.38 0.90 10.60 37.25 394.80
FLwsub 7.75 0.90 8.42 6.97 58.72
FVw 341.44 0.90 - 307.29

Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 0.00 0.00 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 1.50 10.60 312.00 312.00 3307.20 3307.20
FVbr 27.89 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 41.84
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 1692.58
Total without Live Load 7107.56 398.23 805.96 3994.66 6878.23
LL,Pu 870.38 1.50 1305.57
LL,Ml 709.41 1.50 0.40 425.65
LL,Mt 870.38 1.50 1.16 1507.94
Total with Live Load 8413.13 398.23 805.96 4420.30 8386.17
Resultant 898.98 9479.81
Resultant Horizontal Force (H) = √𝑯𝟐𝒙 +𝑯𝟐𝒚 = 898.98 kN
Resultant Moment (M)= √𝑴𝟐𝒖𝒙 +𝑴𝟐𝒖𝒚 = 9479.81 kNm
Design axial force (Pu) = 8413.13 kN
185
Load Combination: Basic, Wind as leading
Eccentricity
Load (kN) (m)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 - 635.25
T
F wc 317.08 1.00 1.00 317.08 317.08
FLwc 42.01 1.00 1.00 42.01 42.01
T
F w 165.54 1.50 0.90 248.30 223.47
FTwsub 31.00 1.50 0.90 46.50 41.85
FLw 41.38 1.50 0.90 62.08 55.87
FLwsub 7.75 1.50 0.90 11.62 10.46
FVw 341.44 1.50 -

Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 0.00 0.00 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 1.15 10.60 239.20 239.20 2535.52 2535.52
FVbr 27.89 1.15 0.00 0.00 - 32.07
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 1692.58
LL,Pu 870.38 1.15 1000.94
LL,Ml 709.41 1.15 0.40 326.33
LL,Mt 870.38 1.15 1.16 1156.08
Resultant 922.12 5204.72
Resultant Moment(M)= √𝑴𝟐𝒖𝒙 +𝑴𝟐𝒖𝒚 = 5204.72 kNm
186
ii)Seismic Combination
Load Combination: Seismic, longitudinal max

Eccentricity
Load (kN) (m)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 - 635.25
T
F wc 317.08 1.00 5.57 317.08 1765.85
L
F wc 42.01 1.00 5.57 42.01 233.93
V
F s 189.56 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 284.34
V
F s sub 45.14 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 67.70
L
F s 887.97 1.50 10.60 1331.95 14118.70
L
F s sub 225.68 1.50 9.35 338.52 3165.13
FTs 284.34 1.50 10.60 426.51 4521.01
FTs sub 67.70 1.50 9.35 101.56 949.54
Fbuoy -61.64 1.00 0.00 0.00 - -61.64
FHbr 208.00 0.20 10.60 41.60 440.96
FVbr 27.89 0.20 0.00 0.00 - 5.58
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 1692.58
LL,Pu 870.38 0.20 174.08
LL,Ml 709.41 0.20 0.40 56.75
LL,Mt 870.38 0.20 1.16 201.06
Resultant 1947.06 19490.33
187
Eccentricity
Load (kN) (m)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 - 635.25
FTwc 317.08 1.00 5.57 317.08 1765.85
FLwc 42.01 1.00 5.57 42.01 233.93
FVs 189.56 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 284.34
FVs sub 45.14 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 67.70
FLs 266.39 1.50 10.60 399.59 4235.61
FLs sub 67.70 1.50 9.35 101.56 949.54
FTs 947.80 1.50 10.60 1421.70 15070.03
FTs sub 225.68 1.50 9.35 338.52 3165.13
Fbuoy -61.64 1.00 0.00 0.00 - -61.64
FHbr 208.00 0.20 10.60 41.60 440.96
FVbr 27.89 0.20 0.00 0.00 - 5.58
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 1692.58
LL,Pu 870.38 0.20 174.08
LL,Ml 709.41 0.20 0.40 56.75
LL,Mt 870.38 0.20 1.16 201.06
Resultant 2158.04 21050.70
188
Load Combination: Seismic, vertical max
Eccentricity
Load (kN) (m)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 - 635.25
FTwc 317.08 1.00 5.57 317.08 1765.85
FLwc 42.01 1.00 5.57 42.01 233.93
FVs 631.87 1.50 - 947.80
FVs sub 150.45 1.50 - 225.68
FLs 266.39 1.50 10.60 399.59 4235.61
FLs sub 67.70 1.50 9.35 101.56 949.54
FTs 284.34 1.50 10.60 426.51 4521.01
FTs sub 67.70 1.50 9.35 101.56 949.54
Fbuoy -61.64 1.00 - -61.64

FHbr 208.00 0.20 10.60 41.60 440.96
FVbr 27.89 0.20 - 5.58
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 - 1692.58
LL,Pu 870.38 0.20 174.08
LL,Ml 709.41 0.20 0.40 56.75
LL,Mt 870.38 0.20 1.16 201.06
Resultant 1027.72 9503.90
189
190
Analysis of footing
Load combination tables
Combination i
Load Combination 1, carriageway load
Load Eccentricity Lever Design Force (kN or kN-m)

Load (kN)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 - 635.25
T
F wc 317.08 1.00 7.57 317.08 2400.02
FLwc 42.01 1.00 7.57 42.01 317.94
FTw 165.54 0.90 12.60 148.98 1877.18
FTw
31.00 0.90 10.10 27.90 281.77
sub
FLw 41.38 0.90 12.60 37.25 469.29
FLw
7.75 0.90 10.42 6.97 72.67
sub
FVw 341.44 0.90 - 307.29
Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 0.00 0.00 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 1.50 12.60 312.00 3931.20
FVbr 27.89 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 41.84
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 1692.58
Wfooting 5000.00 1.35 - 6750.00
LL,Pu 870.38 1.50 1305.57
LL,Ml 709.41 1.50 0.40 425.65
LL,Mt 870.38 1.50 1.16 1507.94
Axial load (Pu) = 15163.13 kN

Moment about x-axis (Mux) = 6066.90 kNm
Moment about y-axis (Muy) = 5216.75 kNm
191
Combination ii
Load Combination 2, carriageway load

Load (kN)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.00 0.00 0.00 - 3288.77
DLwc 363.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 - 363.00
FTwc 317.08 1.00 7.57 317.08 2400.02
FLwc 42.01 1.00 7.57 42.01 317.94
FTw 165.54 0.80 12.60 132.43 1668.60
FTw
31.00 0.80 10.10 24.80 250.46
sub
FLw 41.38 0.80 12.60 33.11 417.15
FLw
7.75 0.80 10.42 6.20 64.60
sub
FVw 341.44 0.80 - 273.15
Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 0.00 0.00 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 1.30 12.60 270.40 3407.04
FVbr 27.89 1.30 0.00 0.00 - 36.26
Wpier 1253.77 1.00 0.00 0.00 - 1253.77
Wf 5000.00 1.00 - 5000.00
LL,Pu 870.38 1.30 1131.50
LL,Ml 709.41 1.30 0.40 368.89
LL,Mt 870.38 1.30 1.16 1306.88

192
Combination iii
Load Combination 1 wind

Load (kN)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 - 635.25
FTwc 317.08 1.00 7.57 317.08 2400.02
FLwc 42.01 1.00 7.57 42.01 317.94
T
F w 165.54 1.50 12.60 248.30 3128.63
FTw
31.00 1.50 10.10 46.50 469.61
sub
FLw 41.38 1.50 12.60 62.08 782.16
FLw
7.75 1.50 10.42 11.62 121.12
sub
FVw 341.44 1.50 -
Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 0.00 0.00 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 1.15 12.60 239.20 3013.92
V
F br 27.89 1.15 0.00 0.00 - 32.07
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 1692.58
Wf 5000.00 1.35 - 6750.00
LL,Pu 870.38 1.15 1000.94
LL,Ml 709.41 1.15 0.40 326.33
LL,Mt 870.38 1.15 1.16 1156.08
Axial load (Pu) = 14541.45 kNm

193
Combination iv
Load Combination 2 Wind

Load (kN)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.00 0.00 0.00 - 3288.77
DLwc 363.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 - 363.00
FTwc 317.08 1.00 7.57 317.08 2400.02
FLwc 42.01 1.00 7.57 42.01 317.94
T
F w 165.54 1.30 12.60 215.20 2711.48
FTw
31.00 10.10 40.30 407.00
sub 1.30
FLw 41.38 1.30 12.60 53.80 677.87
FLw
7.75 10.42 10.07 104.97
sub 1.30
FVw 341.44 1.30 -
Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 0.00 0.00 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 1.00 12.60 208.00 2620.80
V
F br 27.89 1.00 0.00 0.00 - 27.89
Wpier 1253.77 1.00 0.00 0.00 - 1253.77
Wf 5000.00 1.00 - 5000.00
LL,Pu 870.38 1.00 870.38
LL,Ml 709.41 1.00 0.40 283.76
LL,Mt 870.38 1.00 1.16 1005.29

194
Combination v
Load Combination: Seismic, longitudinal max

Load (kN)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 - 635.25
FTwc 317.08 1.00 7.57 317.08 2400.02
FLwc 42.01 1.00 7.57 42.01 317.94
V
F s 189.56 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 284.34
FVs
45.14 1.50 0.00 0.00 - 67.70
sub
FLs 887.97 1.50 12.60 1331.95 16782.61
FLs
225.68 1.50 11.35 338.52 3842.17
sub
FTs 284.34 1.50 12.60 426.51 5374.03
FTs
67.70 1.50 11.35 101.56 1152.65
sub
Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 0.00 0.00 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 0.20 12.60 41.60 524.16
V
F br 27.89 0.20 0.00 0.00 - 5.58
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 0.00 0.00 - 1692.58
Wf 5000.00 1.35 - 6750.00
LL,Pu 870.38 0.20 174.08
LL,Ml 709.41 0.20 0.40 56.75
LL,Mt 870.38 0.20 1.16 201.06

195
Combination vi

Load (kN)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 - 635.25
FTwc 317.08 1.00 7.57 317.08 2400.02
FLwc 42.01 1.00 7.57 42.01 317.94
V
F s 189.56 1.50 - 284.34
FVs
45.14 1.50 - 67.70
sub
FLs 266.39 1.50 12.60 399.59 5034.78
FLs
67.70 1.50 11.35 101.56 1152.65
sub
FTs 947.80 1.50 12.60 1421.70 17913.43
FTs
225.68 1.50 11.35 338.52 3842.17
sub
Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 - -9.25
FHbr 208.00 0.20 12.60 41.60 524.16
V
F br 27.89 0.20 - 5.58
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 - 1692.58
Wf 5000.00 1.35 - 6750.00
LL,Pu 870.38 0.20 174.08
LL,Ml 709.41 0.20 0.40 56.75
LL,Mt 870.38 0.20 1.16 201.06
Axial load (Pu) = 14040.13

196
Combination vii
Load Combination: Seismic, Vertical max

Load (kN)
Factor arm
DLss 3288.77 1.35 - 4439.84
DLwc 363.00 1.75 - 635.25
T
F wc 317.08 1.00 7.57 317.08 2400.02
L
F wc 42.01 1.00 7.57 42.01 317.94
FVs 631.87 1.50 - 947.80
FVs
150.45 1.50 - 225.68
sub
FLs 266.39 1.50 12.60 399.59 5034.78
FLs
67.70 1.50 11.35 101.56 1152.65
sub
FTs 284.34 1.50 12.60 426.51 5374.03
FTs
67.70 1.50 11.35 101.56 1152.65
sub
Fbuoy -61.64 0.15 - -9.25
H
F br 208.00 0.20 12.60 41.60 524.16
FVbr 27.89 0.20 - 5.58
Wpier 1253.77 1.35 - 1692.58
Wf 5000.00 1.35 - 6750.00
LL,Pu 870.38 0.20 174.08
LL,Ml 709.41 0.20 0.40 56.75
LL,Mt 870.38 0.20 1.16 201.06

197
Load combination table for Bearing Check
𝑩.𝑫𝟑
Section modulus, Z = 𝟔 = 166.67 m3
Area = B.D = 100 m2
𝐏 𝑴
Base pressure on foundation, W = 𝐀 ± 𝐙𝒖𝒙
Combination i
Combination I (DL = LL + Water Current + Braking + Buoyancy)
Eccentricity Lever Design Force (kN or kN-m)

Load (kN)
arm
DLss 3288.77 0.00 0.00 - 3288.77
DLwc 363.00 0.00 0.00 - 363.00
FTwc 317.08 7.57 317.08 2400.33
FLwc 42.01 7.57 42.01 317.98
Fbuoy -61.64 0.00 0.00 - -61.64
H
F br 208.00 12.60 208.00 2620.80
V
F br 27.89 0.00 0.00 - 27.89
Wpier 1253.77 0.00 0.00 - 1253.77
Wfooting 5000.00 - 5000.00
LL,Pu 870.38 870.38
LL,Ml 709.41 0.40 283.76
LL,Mt 870.38 1.16 1005.29
Wmax = 127.855 kN/m2

Wmin = 88.086 kN/m2
198
Combination ii
Combination II = Combination I + Wind

Load (kN)
arm
DLss 3288.77 0.00 0.00 - 3288.77
DLwc 363.00 0.00 0.00 - 363.00
FTwc 317.08 7.57 317.08 2400.33
FLwc 42.01 7.57 42.01 317.98
FTw 165.54 12.60 165.54 2085.75
FTw sub 31.00 10.10 31.00 313.07
FLw 41.38 12.60 41.38 521.44
FLw sub 7.75 10.42 7.75 80.75
FVw 341.44 - 341.44
Fbuoy -61.64 0.00 0.00 - -61.64
FHbr 208.00 12.60 208.00 2620.80
FVbr 27.89 0.00 0.00 - 27.89
Wpier 1253.77 0.00 0.00 - 1253.77
Wfooting 5000.00 - 5000.00
LL,Pu 870.38 870.38
LL,Ml 709.41 0.40 283.76
LL,Mt 870.38 1.16 1005.29
Wmax = 145.663 kN/m2

Wmin = 76 kN/m2
199
Combination iii
Combination II = Combination I + Seismic
Ecce
ntricity Lever Design Force (kN or kN-m)
Load (kN) (m) arm
DLss 3288.77 0.00 0.00 - 3288.77
DLwc 363.00 0.00 0.00 - 363.00
FTwc 317.08 7.57 317.08 2400.33
L
F wc 42.01 7.57 42.01 317.98
V
F s 631.87 0.00 0.00 - 631.87
FVs sub 150.45 0.00 0.00 - 150.45
FLs 887.97 12.60 887.97 11188.40
FLs sub 225.68 11.35 225.68 2561.44
T
F s 947.80 12.60 947.80 11942.29
FTs sub 225.68 11.35 225.68 2561.44
Fbuoy -61.64 0.00 0.00 - -61.64
FHbr 208.00 12.60 208.00 2620.80
V
F br 27.89 0.00 0.00 - 27.89
Wpier 1253.77 0.00 0.00 - 1253.77
Wfooting 5000.00 - 5000.00
LL,Pu 870.38 870.38
LL,Ml 709.41 0.40 283.76
LL,Mt 870.38 1.16 1005.29
Wmax = 222.701 kN/m2

Wmin = 7.789 kN/m2
200
Combination iv
Combination III wind

Load (kN)
arm
DLss 3288.77 0.00 0.00 - 3288.77
DLwc 363.00 0.00 0.00 - 363.00
FTwc 317.08 7.57 317.08 2400.33
FLwc 42.01 7.57 42.01 317.98
FTw 165.54 12.60 165.54 2085.75
FTw sub 31.00 10.10 31.00 313.07
FLw 41.38 12.60 41.38 521.44
FLw sub 7.75 10.42 7.75 80.75
FVw 341.44 - 341.44
Fbuoy -61.64 0.00 0.00 - -61.64
Wpier 1253.77 0.00 0.00 - 1253.77
Wfooting 5000.00 - 5000.00
Total 10185.34 91.14 513.62 920.17 4799.16
Wmax = 130.648 kN/m2

Wmin = 73.058 kN/m2
201
Combination v
Combination III + seismic
Ecce
ntricity Design Force (kN or kN-m)
Lever
Load (kN) (m) arm
DLss 3288.77 0.00 0.00 - 3288.77
DLwc 363.00 0.00 0.00 - 363.00
FTwc 42.01 7.57 42.01 317.98
FLwc 165.54 7.57 165.54 1253.11
FVs 631.87 0.00 0.00 - 631.87
FVs sub 150.45 0.00 0.00 - 150.45
FLs 887.97 12.60 887.97 11188.40
L
F s sub 225.68 11.35 225.68 2561.44
T
F s 947.80 12.60 947.80 11942.29
FTs sub 225.68 11.35 225.68 2561.44
Fbuoy 870.38 0.00 0.00 - 870.38
Wpier 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 0.00
Wfooting 5000.00 - 5000.00
Total 10304.47 1279.18 1215.48 15002.95 14821.71
Wmax = 193.062 kN/m2

Wmin = 13.027 kN/m2
Allowable bearing pressure = 350 kN/m2 > Absolute max Wmax = 222.701 kN/m2 (OK)
202
ANNEX B
203
44800
Railing Post (12 Nos) Approach Slab

Road Lvl. 854.712 m
Soffit Lvl. 853.062 m

22000 22000
High Flood Lvl. 851.062 m
Minimum Bed Lvl. 849.062 m
Abutment Scour Lvl. 847.032 m
Pier Scour Lvl. 844.71 m

Abutment Foundation Lvl. 843.912 m
Pier Foundation Lvl. 841.562 m
SUBMITTED BY:
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE: Sapan Pokharel (075BCE115) SCALE: 1:200
SHEET TITLE:
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN OF RC T-GIRDER Subodh Subedi (075BCE125) PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
Tejendra Bist (075BCE138)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BRIDGE Er. Biswa Kumar Balla GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
Vivek Pokharel (075BCE142)
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Yuken Shrestha(075BCE143) DRAWING DWG NO. 1
Yukesh Chaulagain (075BCE144)
22200
7300 7300 7300
2250
℄ Longitudinal
Girder 1 7000
2950
3250
11000
℄ Bridge
3250
℄ Longitudinal
2250
Girder 3
℄ Bearing
℄ Cross Girder
℄ Cross Girder
℄ Bearing
PLAN OF MAIN AND CROSS GIRDER
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BRIDGE Er. Biswa Kumar Balla SLAB PLAN
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Yuken Shrestha(075BCE143) DWG NO. 2.1
8NOSΦ10mm
Φ10@250mm c/c
Φ8@100mm c/c I II
8NOSΦ8mm
4Φ16mm
Φ10@250mm c/c
1100
Φ10@200mm c/c Φ12@100mm c/c
Φ10@200mm c/c
Φ12@100mm c/c
150 225
125
225
I II
220
220
150
Φ12@100mm c/c
Φ10@200mm c/c
Φ10@200mm c/c
2100
2250
INTERIOR SLAB
CANTILEVER DETAILING
DETAILING
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BRIDGE Er. Biswa Kumar Balla REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Yuken Shrestha(075BCE143) OF SLAB DWG NO. 2.2
Φ12@100mm c/c Φ10@200mm c/c
Φ12@100mm c/c
Φ10@200mm c/c
150
300
150
Φ12@100mm c/c Φ12@100mm c/c
Φ10@200mm c/c Φ10@200mm c/c
150
200
250
700
DECK AND MAIN GIRDER DETAILING
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Yuken Shrestha(075BCE143) OF GIRDER DWG NO. 3.1
22940
5Nos.Φ10 side bar @ 200 c/c
Φ8 vertical stirrups @130 c/c
Φ8 vertical stirrups @200 c/c Φ8 vertical stirrups @300 c/c
Φ32 longitudinal bars Φ8 detailing bar @ 100 c/c
INTERMEDIATE MAIN GIRDER LONGITUDINAL DETAILING
22940
5Nos.Φ10 side bar @ 200 c/c
Φ8 vertical stirrups @130 c/c Φ8 vertical stirrups @250 c/c
Φ32 longitudinal bars Φ8 detailing bar @100 c/c
END MAIN GIRDER LONGITUDINAL DETAILING
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
2Nos.Φ32mm 2Nos.Φ32mm 2Nos.Φ32mm
Φ10mm vertical stirrup @ 300mm c/c Φ10mm vertical stirrup @ 300mm c/c Φ10mm vertical stirrup @ 200mm c/c
Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c
Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c
Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c
14Nos.Φ 32mm longitudinal bars 12Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars 10Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars
AT L/2 AT 3L/8 AT L/4
2Nos.Φ32mm 2Nos.Φ32mm
Φ10mm vertical stirrup @ 150mm c/c Φ10mm vertical stirrup @ 100mm c/c
Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c
Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c
6Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars 4Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars
AT L/8 AT 0
INTERMEDIATE GIRDER DETAILING

SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
2Nos.Φ32mm bars 2Nos.Φ32mm bars 2Nos.Φ32mm bars
Φ10mm @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm @ 200mm c/c
Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm side bar @ 200mm c/c
Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c Φ10mm detailing bar @100mm c/c
16Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars 16Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars 16Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars
AT L/2 AT 3L/8 AT L/4
2Nos.Φ32mm bars 2Nos.Φ32mm bars
Φ10mm @ 150mm c/c Φ10mm @ 150mm c/c
Φ10mm diameter side bar @ 200mm c/c Φ10mm diameter side bar @ 200mm c/c
Φ10mm diameter detailing bar @100mm c/c Φ10mm diameter detailing bar @100mm c/c
8Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars 6Nos.Φ32mm longitudinal bars
AT L/8 AT 0
END GIRDER DETAILING

SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
4Nos.Φ10mm side bar @ 230mm c/c
Φ10mm @ 250mm c/c
Φ3- 28mm longitudinal bars
L-SECTION OF INTERMEDIATE CROSS GIRDER
Φ4-10mm side bar @ 230mm c/c
2- 25mm diameter longitudinal bars
Φ10mm vertical stirrup @ 250mm c/c
L-SECTION OF END CROSS GIRDER
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
2Nos. Φ25mm bars 2Nos. Φ25mm bars
Φ10mm @ 250mm c/c

1240
4Nos. Φ10mm side bar @230mm c/c 4Nos. Φ10mm side bar @230mm c/c
Φ10mm @ 250mm c/c
3Nos. Φ28mm longitudinal bars 3Nos. Φ28mm longitudinal bars

300 300
SECTIONAL DETAIL OF SECTIONAL DETAIL OF

INTERMEDIATE CROSS GIRDER END CROSS GIRDER
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
300
25Ø
25Ø @300mm
@200mm c/c
c/c
16Ø
16Ø
@150mm @200mm
c/c
c/c
℄ Main Girder ℄ Bridge ℄ Main Girder
20Ø 1200
@200mm
c/c 20Ø
@250mm c/c 6500
11000
A
Abutment Plan
28Ø @180mm
16Ø @250mm c/c 16Ø @200mm c/c
c/c
16Ø @250mm 28Ø @180mm 28Ø

c/c c/c @200mm c/c
Section Through A-A

SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Yuken Shrestha(075BCE143) OF ABUTMENT DWG NO. 4.1
6-LEGGED ф10 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT @250
ф32 @170 ф32 @170
ф12 @150 (SKIN REINFORCEMENT)
4 layers ф16 SIDE REINFORCEMENT 4 NOS ф16 SIDE REINFORCEMENT
ф20 @170 ф20 @170
80 NOS. ф32 LONGITUDINAL BARS
1 1
Φ10@180
2 2
Φ20@120 UPTO 2000mm 2000
FROM STEM BASE
4000 2000 4000 4000 2000 4000
Φ20@130 Φ20@130 Φ20@130 Φ20@130
Φ16@200 2000 Φ16@200

2000
Φ32@130 Φ32@130 Φ32@130 Φ32@130

10000 10000
TRANSVERSE SECTION LONGITUDINAL SECTION
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Yuken Shrestha(075BCE143) OF PIER DWG NO. 5.1
Φ2000
Φ2000
Φ10@180mm c/c Φ20@120mm c/c
Φ10Links@180mm c/c
80 NOS. Φ32
SECTION at 1-1 SECTION at 2-2
SUBMITTED BY:
SHEET TITLE:
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Yuken Shrestha(075BCE143) OF PIER DWG NO. 5.2

Group - 2 - Design of RC T Girder Bridge

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Group - 2 - Design of RC T Girder Bridge

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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

A FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT ON

A MAJOR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

PROJECT SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED TO:

Er, Biswa Kumar Balla

Dr. Gokana Bafhadur Motra, PhD

Dr. Indra Narayan Yadav, PhD

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Department of Civil Engineering,

Title of the Project – “Design of RC T-Girder Bridge”

• Province- Bagmati Province

• Total Length of the Bridge: 45.8m

• Live Load: IRC Class A and IRC 70R

Figure 3-1: Google Earth Image of Bridge Site ............................................................ 8

Figure 3-2: X-section at proposed bridge site (Not in scale) ........................................ 9

Figure 3-3: L- section at the proposed bridge (Not in scale) ...................................... 10

Figure 3-4: Catchment of Rapati Khola at proposed bridge site from........................ 16

Figure 3-5: Delineated catchment and stream flow line ............................................. 16

Figure 3-6: LSAT Image of the catchment ................................................................... 17

Figure 3-7: Thiessen Polygon using ArcGIS ............................................................... 18

Figure 3-8: Extreme rainfall data for Chisapanigadi ................................................. 21

Figure 3-9: Extreme rainfall data for Daman ............................................................. 23

Figure 5-1: General arrangement of superstructure ................................................... 43

Figure 5-2: Vehicle wheel arrangement in Class-A .................................................... 45

Figure 5-4: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R wheel ............................................... 47

Figure 5-6: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R Bogie ............................................... 49

Figure 5-8: Vehicle wheel arrangement in 70-R Track ............................................... 51

Figure 5-10: Cantilever Slab ....................................................................................... 55

Figure 5-11: Wheel Arrangement for Class-A............................................................. 57

Figure 5-12: Transverse section of Bridge .................................................................. 60

Figure 5-13:Dead load arrangement in Intermediate Girder ..................................... 62

Figure 5-14: Transverse positioning of Class A Loads ............................................... 63

Figure 5-19: Transverse positioning of 70R Wheeled Loads ...................................... 66

Figure 5-24: Transverse positioning of 70R Tracked Loads ....................................... 69

Figure 5-29: Section of End Girder ............................................................................. 72

Figure 5-30: Dead Load on End Main Girder ............................................................ 74

Figure 5-31: Equivalent section of Intermediate longitudinal Girder ........................ 77

Figure 5-32: Equivalent section of End longitudinal Girder ...................................... 81

Figure 5-33: Plan of Girder ........................................................................................ 88

Figure 5-34:Type Section of Intermediate Cross Girder ............................................. 89

Figure 5-35:Dead load intermediate Cross Girder ..................................................... 90

Figure 5-36: Cross Girder Loaded with Dead Loads ................................................. 90

Figure 5-37: Wheel Placement of Class-A loading ..................................................... 91

Figure 5-38: Wheel Placement of Class 70-R Track Loading ..................................... 92

Figure 5-39: Wheel placement of Class 70-R Wheel loading...................................... 93

Figure 5-40: Section of a typical Cross Girder ........................................................... 99

Figure 5-44:Plan of a Bearing .................................................................................. 115

Figure 5-45:Section of Elastomeric Bearing ............................................................. 115

Figure 5-46:Dimensions of Seismic Arrester ............................................................ 120

Figure 5-47:Section of Seismic Arrester.................................................................... 120

Figure 5-48:Reinforcement of Seismic Arrester ........................................................ 121

Figure 5-49: Idealization of abutment and pier ........................................................ 122

Figure 5-50:Plan of Abutmrnt at Bearing Level........................................................ 122

Figure 5-51:Elevation of Abutment ........................................................................... 123

Figure 5-52:Section of Abutment Footing ................................................................. 133

Figure 5-53:Pier Cap ................................................................................................ 142

Figure 5-54:Pier Cap showing critical sections ........................................................ 147

Figure 5-55:Base Pressure for Mux .......................................................................... 159

Figure 5-56:Base Pressure for Muy .......................................................................... 160

fck= Characteristic compressive Ir = Moment of Inertia of cracked

EC = Modulus of elasticity δe = Total short term elastic deflection

fCr = Flexural Strength δcs = Shrinkage deflection

fy = Characteristic yield stress δcreep = Creep deflection

µ = Poisson ratio δallowable = Allowable value of