Bridge Report Last Year

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
THAPATHALI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE T-GIRDER BRIDGE OVER
SISUWA KHOLA
in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor
Degree in Civil Engineering
BY Supervisor:
SAIDEEP GHIMIRE (THA075BCE105) Er. Shakil Manandhar
SARTHAK GAUTAM (THA075BCE117)

SAURAV PAUDEL (THA075BCE120)
SUDARSHAN NEPAL (THA075BCE126)
SUPAL KADARIYA (THA075BCE131)
Baisakh 2080
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to sincerely thank everyone who assisted us in completing our final year project
on the topic of Analysis and Design of Prestressed concrete T-girder bridge. The project could
not have been finished in this short amount of time without the tremendous support of all of
you.
First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to Thapathali Campus for providing us with
oppurtunity to complete this project for our final year. We would like to specially thank Er.
Shakil Manandhar, our project supervisor, for leading us through our work and aiding in the
timely completion of our project.
Also, we are extremely thankful towards Dr. Indra Narayan Yadav (HOD), Er. Om Shanta
Maharjan (D-HOD) & other teachers, who laid foundations on structure during B.E. courses.
Finally, we would like to thank all the persons who helped us directly and indirectly in
completion of this report. We also acknowledge our gratitude towards each other for such a
united co-ordination amongst the group members during the project.
Project Group Members
Saideep Ghimire (075BCE105)
Sarthak Gautam (075BCE117)
Saurav Paudel (075BCE120)
Sudarshan Nepal (075BCE126)
Supal Kadariya (075BCE131)
ii
ABSTRACT
The analysis and limit state design of the Pre-stressed concrete T-Girder Bridge, its components
and design of superstructure of three span Pre-stressed concrete bridge has been incorporated
in this report. Field observation has verified the input data obtained from LRBSU. The data has
been analyzed using a combination of structural, hydraulic, geotechnical, and traffic
engineering concepts. The bridge's components have been designed according to relevant IRC
codes of practice. According to the limit-state design method, the superstructure components
have been designed under dead load and live loads considering IRC Class A and Class 70R
vehicles. The slab (cantilever and restrained) has been analyzed using the effective width
method, while the T-beam has been analyzed using Courbon's method. The elastomeric bearing
has been chosen and designed using an Limit state design method. Two similar abutments at
each end and two hammer-headed piers with Spread footing has been designed for basic and
seismic load combinations. For the load cases considered, the abutment's stability has also been
examined.Architectural and Structural drawings have all been used to display the final
outcomes.
iii
SALIENT FEATURES
Particulars Required Information

Design of PSC T-Girder Bridge
Title of the Project
over Sisuwa Khola, Uchalne,Udayapur
Location
Province Koshi
District Udayapur
Village/ Town Uchalne
Name of Road Lalbazar Uchalne Dhunga
Geographical Information
Latitude 26° 50' 19”N
Longitude 87° 01' 00”E
Classification of Road Local Road
Existing Road Surface Gravel
Terrain/ Geology Hilly
Information on Structure
Total Length of the Bridge 105 m
Span Arrangement 35 m @3 nos
Total Width of the Bridge 8.4 m
No. of Lanes Two (Intermediate)
Carriageway 6m
Footpath 1.2 m
Types of superstructure PSC-T-Beam
Type of Bearing Steel Plate Reinforced Elastomeric Pad
Type of Abutment Cantilever Abutment
Type of Pier RCC Circular Hammer Headed
Type of Foundation Open foundation
Design Data
Live Load 70R Boggie in Slab and IRC Class A in Girder
Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil 400 kPa
Design Discharge 140.267 m3/s
Linear Waterway 64.817 m
Concrete in Superstructure except
M30
Girders
Concrete in Girder M45
Reinforcement TMT500D
iv
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii
SALIENT FEATURES ............................................................................................................. iv
NOTATIONS ...........................................................................................................................vii
ABBREVIATION..................................................................................................................... xi
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background.............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Title of Project Work ............................................................................................... 2
1.3 Project Assignment .................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Scope of work .......................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Available data for project work ............................................................................... 3
2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Acquisition of Data.................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Structural Planning and Preliminary Design ........................................................... 4
2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Bridge Structure ......................................................... 5
2.4 Design and Detailing ............................................................................................... 5
2.5 Drawing ................................................................................................................... 6
2.6 Project Work Report ................................................................................................ 6
2.7 Project flow chart.................................................................................................... 9
3. ACQUISITION OF DATA.......................................................................................... 10
3.1 Topographic Study and Engineering Survey ......................................................... 10
3.2 Geological and Geotechnical Data ........................................................................ 12
3.3 Hydrological Study Data and Hydraulic Design ................................................... 13
3.4 Traffic study Data .................................................................................................. 28
v
3.5 Design Data ........................................................................................................... 28
3.6 Field Observation Data .......................................................................................... 28
4. SELECTION OF BRIDGE TYPE ............................................................................... 30
4.1 Possible Bridge Types and Their Span Arrangement ............................................ 30
5. BRIDGE TYPE AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN ...................................................... 32
5.1 Bridge Type and Span Arrangement ..................................................................... 32
5.2 Material Selection .................................................................................................. 32
5.3 Material Properties ................................................................................................ 32
5.4 Preliminary sizing of Superstructure components ................................................. 33
6. Analysis and Design of Bridge .................................................................................... 36
6.1 Analysis and Design of Superstructure ................................................................. 36
7. Design of Elastomeric Bearing .................................................................................. 133
8. Analysis and Design of Pier ....................................................................................... 145
8.1 Pier Preliminary sizing ........................................................................................ 146
8.2 Analysis ............................................................................................................... 148
8.3 Design .................................................................................................................. 159
8.4 Analysis and Design of Spread Footing .............................................................. 183
9. Analysis and Design of Abutments............................................................................ 205
9.1 Design of Abutment Stem ................................................................................... 205
9.2 Foundation Stability ............................................................................................ 226
9.3 Foundation Bearing Pressure ............................................................................... 237
9.4 Foundation Structural Design .............................................................................. 242
9.5 Foundation Crack ................................................................................................ 255
10. Drawings ................................................................................................................. 259
12. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 260
13. CODES AND STANDARDS ................................................................................. 260
vi
NOTATIONS
ap = Design rainfall intensity
Op = Infiltration Coefficient
Ф = Discharge reduction factor
kt = Reduction coefficient of hourly rainfall intensity
F = Catchment Area below 5000m elevation
ahr = Maximum Hourly Intensity
ui = index discharge
T = return period in years
Qd = Design discharge
n = Manning's Rugosity coefficient
𝑆0 = Slope of River Bed
P = Wetted Perimeter
R = Hydraulic Radius
𝑞 = Discharge per unit effective width
d50 = Mean particle size
dse = equilibrium scour below normal bed level
b = pier diameter
D = flow depth
d = median size of bed material in mm
B = c/c spacing between piers
α = opening ratio
Dse = maximum scour depth below HFL
vii
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = Characteristic compressive strength
EC = Modulus of elasticity
fCr = Flexural Strength
fy = Characteristic yield stress
µ = Poisson ratio
D = Thickness at the face of main girder
d’ = clear cover
Xu = Actual depth of neutral axis
(Ast)min = minimum reinforcement
S = Spacing
𝜏𝑢 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜏𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
ɸ = Diameter of bar
L = Clear Span of slab in longitudinal direction
B = Clear span of slab in transverse direction
𝑚1 , 𝑚2 = dead load moment
b = Contact width of vehicle
l = Contact length of vehicle
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = effective width
w = Intensity of loading
e = Eccentricity
𝐼𝑟 = Moment of Inertia of cracked section (about NA)
𝑊𝑐𝑟 = Design crack width
viii
Kp = Stress correction factor
Kh = factor for induced tensile stresses in reinforcing plate
𝜀𝑐,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝜀𝑞,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝜀𝛼,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
G = Shear modulus of elasticity of elastomer
S = Shape factor
Ar = Reduced effective plan area due to the loading effects
Psur = Surcharge Load
Pa = Active earth pressure
Ka = Active earth pressure coefficient
Psur = Earth pressure due to surcharge load
DLss = Dead load from superstructure
DLwc = Dead load of wearing coarse
DLas = Dead load of approach slab
LLss = Live load from superstructure
FVbr = Vertical load due to braking
FHbr = Horizontal load due to braking
FVwl = Vertical load due to wind load
FLw = Wind load in longitudinal direction
FTw = Wind load in transverse direction
FTw sb = Wind load of substructure in transverse direction
FLwc = Load due to water current in longitudinal direction
FTwc = Load due to water current in transverse direction
ix
Fcst = Force due to temperature, creep and shrinkage
Wabt = Self weight of abutment
Wpier = Self weight of pier
Fbuoy = Buoyant force on pier
FLs-sub = Longitudinal seismic force of substructure
FTs-sub = Transverse seismic force of substructure
FLhyd = Hydrodynamic force in longitudinal direction
FThyd = Hydrodynamic force in transverse direction
Fabt.ses = Seismic load of abutment
Fep(V) = Vertical component of earth pressure force
Fep(H) = Horizontal component of earth pressure force
Fsur(V) = Vertical component of earth pressure force due to surcharge
x
ABBREVIATION
B.M.: Bending Moment

CL: Center Line
Cl: Clause
DHM: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DL: Dead Load
et.al.: et alia
GI: Galvanized Iron
HFL: High Flood Level
HSFG: High Strength Friction Grip
I.F.: Impact Factor
ID: Identity
ILD: Influence Line Diagram
IRC: Indian Road Congress
IS: Indian Standard
ISA: Indian Standard Angle
ISF: Indian Standard Flat
ISMB: Indian Standard Medium Beam
ISMC: Indian Standard Medium Channel
ISWB: Indian Standard Wide Beam
JV: Joint Venture
LL: Live Load
LRBP: Local Roads Bridge Programme
LRBSU: Local Roads Bridge Support Unit
LSDM: Limit State Design Method
MLRBP: Motorable Local Roads Bridge Programme
NA: Neutral Axis
NBS: Nepal Bridge Standard
NRRS: Nepal Rural Road Standard
QGIS: Quantum Geographic Information System
r.m.: Running Meter
xi
RC: Reinforced Cement
RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete
RL: Reduced Level
RM: Rural Municipality
RS: Restrained Slab
S.F.: Shear Force
S.N.: Serial Number
SP: Special Publication
Sq.: Square
SUM: Summation
TMT: Thermo-Mechanically Treated
UDL: Uniformly Distributed Load
WC: Wearing Course
WECS: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
WSDM: Working Stress Design Method
TID: Transport Infrastructure Directorate
xii
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The bridge is an important element of land transportation system. A bridge is a structure that
conveys a service—such as traffic on a road or rail line, pedestrian traffic, or the use of public
utilities—over an obstruction, such as a river, a valley, or another road or rail line. It is required to
complete a real-world project during the final year of the course in order to integrate the numerous
civil engineering topics covered during the undergraduate curriculum. The five membered team of
authors of this report have chosen the bridge design project for the fulfilment of degree to boost
all the knowledge area.
This report, which serves as the project's final deliverable, includes site selection based on
geotechnical data, bridge planning and design, type selection, hydrological and hydraulic design,
structural analysis and design of each component, preparation of working drawings, and a project
quantity estimate. The report was structured in accordance with the civil engineering department's
standard format. This report is also written in accordance with the fourth-year second part syllabus
for the Bachelor of Civil Engineering as part of the project work to complete Project-II.
This project is under jurisdiction of Department of Local Infrastructure and consulted by Local
Roads Bridge Support Unit (LRBSU). With the help of LRBSU's financial and technical
assistance, this project was successfully completed. Through LRBSU, the geotechnical
investigation report, topographical survey report, and geotechnical and hydrological guidelines
were obtained. All other data were used as provided, and the topographical data were validated by
a short site survey.
In this project, it was assigned to design a bridge over Sisuwa Khola which provides a link
between village Haripur left of the river with right to the river in Udayapur district. This bridge
is along Laalbazar Uchalne Road. As it is a local road, so a single lane bridge shall suffice. But
as per the provisions in Nepal Road Standards (a minimum of 6 m carriageway for bridges longer
than 50 m), the bridge will be designed as a two-lane bridge (intermediate lane). The designers
1
were supposed to design the most economic bridge for this section as per the data provided by
LRBSU.
1.2 Title of Project Work
The key output of this project is the design of bridge and its working drawing. All of the bridge
components have been designed and verified using the limit state design method, as well as the
working drawing and details of the bridge across Sisuwa Khola, Udayapur is included in this
report. Therefore, this project is entitled as “Analysis and Design of PSC-T-Girder Bridge over
Sisuwa Khola Bridge”.
1.3 Project Assignment
In this project, following assignments has been completed during the completion of the project.
● Study of topographic, geological, hydrological and geotechnical condition of given bridge

site and acquisition of design data.
● Visit to the bridge site, observation of field condition, verification of topographic and
hydrological data and preparation of site observation report.
● Carrying out geometrical, geotechnical and hydraulic design of bridge.
● Selection of appropriate type of bridge and carrying out design and detailing of bridge
components.
● Preparation of working drawings for various bridge components.
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
This project has been carried out towards the partial fulfilment of bachelor's degree in civil
engineering as final year project work mandated as per syllabus of Institute of Engineering.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
This project has been carried out for achieving following objectives
2
▪ To select bridge site based on topographical, hydrological, and geotechnical data
▪ To select suitable bridge type and span arrangement
▪ To plan, analyze, design and detail each component of bridge
▪ To prepare working drawing of all components of bridge
▪ To recommend any river training works or other site related works (their design is
not considered)
1.5 Scope of work
This project work includes acquisition of topographical, geotechnical, and hydrological data from
LRBSU, site visit and verification of bridge data by limited site works. The hydrological,
hydraulic, and geotechnical design are entirely based on these data. The structural planning,
design, and detailing are the key works of this project. Preparations of working drawing have been
carried out based on the design.
The planning and design of river training, slope protection, or any other site related works are out
of the scope of this project and should be carried out separately.
1.6 Available data for project work
LRBSU provided the following data
▪ Topographical survey data and map

▪ Geotechnical investigation report
▪ Rainfall data of the hydrological stations
▪ Hydrological guidelines
3
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Acquisition of Data
Topographic map, engineering features and geological state of river bed, river cross section, river
orientation and hydrological data are essential for bridge design and analysis. The topographic and
geological data used in subsequent stages of the report have been obtained from LRBP's
topographic and geotechnical report. DHM provided the rainfall data required in the hydrological
analysis of the bridge site. The project team has not been involved in any direct data measurement.
Important parameters such as the position of the bridge axis, the HFL, the width of the stream
along the HFL, and the cross section of the river have all been verified in the field.
2.2 Structural Planning and Preliminary Design
Taking into account waterway requirements, geological conditions of the river-bed, and
provisions in the codes stated below, it consists of three T-girder systems with three spans.
Bearings and sub-structures has been designed for T-girder superstructure only. Sub-structure has
been planned as two abutments at the river bank and two pier at mid-location. After a thorough
analysis and study of previous reports, existing design manuals, literature, and existing codes,
preliminary design of various bridge components has been completed. Various codes that have
been used for preliminary design of PSC bridge are listed below:
● IRC 5: 2015 General Features of Design
● IRC 6: 2014 Loads and Stresses
● IRC 21: 2000 Concrete Bridge
● Nepal Bridge Standards: 2067
● Standard Specification of Roads and Bridges, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical
Planning and works, Department of Roads
● IRC 83: 1987(Part II) Elastomeric Bearings
● IRC 78: 2000 Foundation and Sub-structures
4
● IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Bridge Structure
Initially, the idealization of loads, structural components, and support conditions has been done.
Following that, numerous bridge components like deck slab, girders, bearings, etc. has been
analyzed for the load combinations given in relevant IRC codes. The following responses have
been calculated: longitudinal and transverse bending moments, shear force, and axial forces. The
following approaches have been used to evaluate the bridge:
● Influence line diagram (longitudinal placement of live load for maximum response)
● Effective width method (analysis of cantilever slab)
● Effective width method (analysis of restrained slab)
● Courbon’s method (transverse distribution of load to main girder)
2.4 Design and Detailing
Limit state design method has been used in the design of structural components for bridges. Limit
state design method has been used to design the elastomeric bearing, which has then been checked
for limit state design. For the design and detailing of bridge components, the following codes has
been used:
● “IRC 06:2017 (Section II) Loads and Load Combination” has been followed to compute
all the live and dead loads with load factors for different load combinations in different
components.
5
● "IRC 21: 2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section:
iii Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced)" and "IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced
Concrete - Code of Practice" have been used to design components of superstructure.
● In addition, IS 456 (SP16) and IRC SP114:2018 have also been used.
● “IRC 78-2014 Substructure and Foundation" has been used to design substructure
components.
● "IRC 83:2018 Elastomeric Bearing" has been followed for Limit state design of elastomeric
bearing which has then been checked by same code which is based on limit state design
method.
● Provisions in “IRC 112:2018” has been followed to comply the design with seismic resistant
design method. Moreover, detailing of pier has been specially considered to localize the
formation of plastic hinge at the base of pier.
● "IRC 112:2018 Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges" and "IRC SP114:2018
Guideline for Seismic Design of Road Bridges" have been followed for ductile detailing.
.
2.5 Drawing
Plan, sectional and detailed drawings of various components of bridges have been prepared in
standard scale.
2.6 Project Work Report
This project work report has been created in accordance with the Department of Civil
Engineering's specifications. In the format specified below, this report includes all important
theories, methodologies, processes, data inputs, observations, calculations, and design outputs as
per the scope of our project work.
6
2.6.1 Introduction
This part of the report discusses nature of project work, project site, roles and responsibility of
designer, project assignment, project objectives and client requirements.
2.6.2 Methodology
This part is devoted to the principles, methods, theories, procedures, design basis, norms, and
standards, used for acquisition of design data, planning and preliminary design, idealization and
analysis of bridge structures, design, detailing, and drawing.
2.6.3 Acquisition of data for design
This part is concerned with topographical study and engineering survey, geological and
geotechnical study, hydrological study and traffic study carried out for acquisition of design data.
The field observation and data verification along with hydraulic and geotechnical design of bridge
is also included.
2.6.4 Selection of bridge type and Preliminary design
This part of report includes overall planning of bridge, selection of bridge deck, arrangement of
bridge component, preliminary sizing of slab, main beam and cross beam. It also contains material
selection and their properties.
7
2.6.5 Analysis and design of bridge components
In this part of the report, analysis, design, and detailing of slab (restrained and cantilever), main
beams (end and intermediate), cross beams (end and intermediate), bearing, substructures
(abutment, pier, seismic stopper, and foundation) for different load combination is presented.
At the last sections of the report, all the architectural drawings and structural drawings of each
component is presented.
8
2.7 Project flow chart
Project Initiation
Data Acquisition
No
Is Yes
Field Visit & Data
Data
Verification
Sufficient?
Recommend Further
Original Data
Corrected Data over

Original Surveys
Enter Design Phase
Geotechnical Design
Hydrological & Hydraulic

Design
Selection of Bridge
Preliminary Sizing
Analysis and Detail
Is
Original Size
Ok?
Detailing & Working

Drawing
Report Writing
9
3. ACQUISITION OF DATA
3.1 Topographic Study and Engineering Survey
Design data provided by MLRBP have been adopted for the design of bridge. The topographical
survey was carried out by joint venture of Beam consultant Pvt. Ltd., Impulse consultants Pvt.
Ltd., and Smart engineering and design solutions Pvt. Ltd (BEAM-IMPULSE-SEDS JV).
3.1.1 Details of location
Name of Bridge Site: Sisuwa Khola Bridge
Name of Road: Lalbazar Uchalne Dhunga
Coordinates: 26° 50' 19”N, 87° 01' 00”E
The proposed bridge is located at Belaka Municipality-6, Uchalne, Udayapur, Province 1.
Figure. Google Map of Bridge Site (source: Google Earth)
10
Figure. Proposed Bridge axis (source: Google Earth)
3.1.2 Topography
The site is located at Belaka Municipality-6, Uchalne, Udayapur which is a part of Terai region of
Nepal which is also a part of the Gangetic plains. The geological formation of the Terai is
quaternary alluvial river deposits of boulders, gravels, sands, silts and clays. The project site is in
a plain area having alluvial deposits with silty sands in their textures with gravels, pebbles and
boulders traces in the vicinity of the site. The deposits are in medium denseness in state.
3.1.3 Engineering Survey Data
Cross section of the river was provided by the MLRBP. This flow depth and cross section of the
river was verified at site using various survey instruments and engineering techniques. So, this
verified cross section has been used for the design.
11
Reduced level
0
2.658
3.875
7.692
10.392
13.797
19.417
27.851
31.496
37.783
43.321
50.212
57.751
62.495
67.223
73.546
78.035
83.624
90.069
96.972
102.336
103.839
105.064
Distance
Fig: Cross- section at Bridge Axis
3.2 Geological and Geotechnical Data
N.S. Engineering & Geo-technical Services Pvt. Ltd. carried out detailed subsurface
investigation studies at the proposed bridge site, and LRBSU provided the necessary data.
Boring, SPT tests, laboratory tests, and analysis of different test findings were used to
determine the allowable bearing capacity of existing soils at the bridge site. From the results
shown in the safe bearing capacity as well as test, it is recommended that:
i) The borehole log indicates the presence of Boulder and Gravel with little sands
throughout the drilled depth.
ii) The water table is found at the depth of 1m in BH-1, 1.5m in BH-2 and 1.8m in BH-3
from surface of the bank of the river during the drilling work, but may vary from season to
season.
iii) Open foundation is suitable for the site.
iv) The allowable bearing capacity of various foundation at varying depths are mentioned
in this report. The recommended maximum allowable bearing capacity is limited to 400
KPa.
v) An average D50 value for BH-1 up to the depth of 1.5m is 5mm. Similarly, in BH-2,
average D50 value is 50mm up to depth of 1.5 m, and average D50 value is 22mm for BH-
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3 up to the depth of 1.5m. The actual dmean (for calculation of scour depth) should be
determined from pit excavation, which is not covered under the scope of the drilling
company. Hence, with reference to sieve data mentioned here and annex part if the report,
it is recommended that the hydrologist should use his own judgement to adopt a suitable
value.
vi) For backfill with a relative density greater than 70%, a friction angle of 30 degrees can
be adopted.
3.3 Hydrological Study Data and Hydraulic Design
The hydrological data of the catchment area is in the form of annual precipitation data acquired
from DHM provided by MLRBP. Hypsometric data of the catchment has been deduced from
Google Earth. The design is primarily based on the provided data and relevant assumptions
wherever necessary. The site visit was done at early stage of the design and the field observations
data have been attached at the end of this part.
3.3.1 Catchment Characteristics
The bridge site in Sisuwa Khola is located at Latitude of 26°50'19” N and Longitude of 87°01'00”
E. The outlet elevation of Khola at bridge site is about 167 m (from Google Earth) and the elevation
of headwater (Highest Point) is about 1054 m. The catchment area up to bridge site estimated by
GIS and Google Earth is about 14.26 sq.km and main channel length is about 6.515 km. The
catchment delineated by Google Earth is presented below in Photo 1(a) and that from GIS in Photo
1(b).
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(source: Google Earth)
Figure. Catchment of Sisuwa Khola at proposed bridge site from Google Earth
Figure. Catchment of Sisuwa Khola at proposed bridge site using GIS
Catchment Parameters of Sisuwa Khola at Bridge Site
Stream
Catchment Highest Lowest
Length, Stream slope % Concentration Time tc, hours
Area, km2 Point, m Point, m
km
14.2609 6.515 1054 167 13.61 0.6047
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Catchment area under different land use
Land Use /Land Area
Coverage type
Forest 13.38 Sq.km
Grassland 0.0918 Sq.km
Agriculture Area 0.7677 Sq.km
Barren Area 0.0211 Sq.km
3.3.2 Rainfall Analysis
No any meteorological stations have been found to lie within the catchment of the bridge site.
However, according to the data available in the website of DHM, about 3 meteorological stations
have been found to be situated in the periphery of the catchment. Among the stations with available
data, only 2 stations have been found to have certain weightage in Thiessen Polygon Method using
GIS.
Figure. Thiessen Polygon Using GIS
15
Data from Thiessen Polygon Method using GIS
S.N Name of the Latitude, Longitude, E Area,(Sq.km)

Station N
1 Triveni 26.56 87.09 A1 = 7.084122
2 Chatara 26.49 87.1 A2 = 7.176778
Total A = 14.2609
Calculation of Design Discharge (100 years return period)
Rational Method
Average (X)=
Triveni Chatara
(R1×A1+R2×A2)/ (Xi-µ)2
(R1) (R2)
A
169 203 186.110 2253.818
403 231 316.441 31614.681
100.1 286.4 193.855 3049.155
128.5 86.45 107.338 979.544
168.9 189.5 179.267 1650.867
140 151.2 145.636 49.005
113 141.8 127.494 124.155
84.9 200.2 142.925 18.391
123 147.2 135.179 11.954
50 130 90.260 2340.254
16
103 94.1 98.521 1609.211
100.4 113.2 106.842 1010.889
139 141.1 140.057 2.019
112 214.2 163.432 614.839
123 105 113.942 609.820
116 209.3 162.953 591.318
123 140.5 131.807 46.638
145 139.1 142.031 11.524
70 135.5 102.963 1272.583
168 170.5 169.258 937.710
100.1 252.9 176.996 1471.514
106.3 180.3 143.540 24.052
148 89.5 118.560 403.050
66 98.2 82.205 3184.509
165 116 140.341 2.906
90 147.8 119.088 382.136
102.2 115.3 108.793 890.635
92 140.1 116.206 503.096
95 141.4 118.351 411.495
61 123 92.201 2156.177
82.2 167.5 125.127 182.492
∑(Xi-µ)2 = 58410.438
∑(Xi) = 4297.718
n = 31
Mean (µ) = ∑(Xi)/n = 4297.718/31= 138.636 mm
Standard Deviation ( ) = ∑(Xi-µ)2 /(n-1) = 58410.438/(31-1) = 44.125 mm
17
From Gumbel’s Table,
For Yn = 0.5371
Sn = 1.1159
we have,
yt = -ln (ln×(T/T-1))
For return period, T=100 year
= -ln(ln×(100/99)
= 4.6
And,
Kt = (yt – yn)/ Sn
= (4.6-0.0.5371)/1.1159
=3.6409
K100 = 3.6409
X100 = µ + K100 ×
= 138.636 + 3.6409 × 44.125
= 299.2907 mm
L= length of stream = 6515.11 m

H= difference in elevation of remotest point of the basin and outlet in m
= 1054 -167
= 887 m
S=slope of stream = H/L
= 887/6515.11
= 0.136145
Tc = 0.019478 L0.77 S-0.385
= 0.0189478 × 6515.110.77 × 0.136145-0.385
= 36.2805 min
= 0.6047 hrs
I = (X100 /24) × (24/tc)2/3
18
= (299.2907/24)×(24/0.6047)2/3
=145.098 mm/hr
Q= CIA/360
= (0.1196×145.098×14.2609×100)/360
= 68.74 m3/s
WECS Method
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat has published a regional hydrological analysis report
according to which the flood flows in any river of catchment area below 3000m of elevation, is
given by
Q100 = 14.63×(A3000+1)0.7342
Where the subscript 100 stands for the return periods in number of years
And, A= Catchment Area in sq. Km.
Q100 = 14.63×(14.2609+1)0.7342 = 108.2 m3/s
DHM 2004
The formula for 100-year return period is given by
Q100=20.7(A3000)0.72
where,
Q is design flood in (m3/s)
A3000 is basin area(km2) below 3000m elevation.
Q100 = 20.7 (14.2609)0.72 = 140.267 m3/s
19
Modified Dickens’s Method
Modified Dicken’s method is an empirical one where the peak discharge is given by:
Qpeak= CT × A 3/4
Where,
CT = 2.342×log10(0.6T) ×log10(1185/P) +4
T= Return period in years = 100 years
P = 100(As+6)/(A+As)
As= Snow covered catchment = 0
A= Catchment area in sq. km = 14.2609 sq. km
Then,
P= 100(0+6)/(14.2609+0) = 42.073
CT=2.342×log10(0.6T) ×log10(1185/P) +4
= 2.342×log10(0.6×100) ×log10(1185/42.073) +4
= 10.037
Qpeak= CT × A 3/4 = 10.037 × 14.2609 3/4 = 73.657 m3/s
Fuller’s method
Q = Cf ×A0.8(1+0.8log10T)
Where,
Q = Maximum discharge in m3/s
Cf = a constant which varies from 0.18 to 1.88
T= Return period in years
A = Catchment area in sq. km
20
We have,
A = 14.2609 sq. km
Cf = 0.18 - 1.88 (1.45 for Nepal)
Then,
Q = 1.45 × 14.26090.8(1+0.8log10(100))
= 31.598 m3/s
Ryves Formula
Qp = CR x A2/3
Where,
Qp= Maximum flood discharge (m3/s)
CR= Ryves coefficient = 10.2 (for Nepal)
A = Area of catchment in sq.km
Qp = 10.2×14.26092/3 = 59.983 m3/s
Table. Summary of design flood discharge from various methods
S.N
Method Used Calculated Discharge, Q (cumecs)
.
1 Rational Method 68.74
2 WECS Method 108.2
3 DHM 2004 140.267
4 Modified Dicken’s Method 73.657
5 Fuller’s Method 31.598
6 Ryves Formula 59.983
21
Among six methods, highest value of discharge obtained from DHM 2004 has been used as design
discharge.
Hence, Design discharge (Qd) = 140.267 𝑚3 /𝑠
Hydraulic Design
HFL Calculation
Manning's Rugosity coefficient, n = 0.033
Slope of River Bed, 𝑆0 = 0.02103
HFL has been calculated on trial and error basis using available cross-section and assuming HFL.
Assuming a numbers of HFLs and calculating discharge at those HFLs using AutoCAD, the
following curve has been obtained:
Stage n S A P R Q
0.03
149 0.02103 0.26364 3.47645 0.07584 0.207567318
3
0.03
149.1 0.02103 0.75096 6.64277 0.11305 0.771554479
3
0.03
149.2 0.02103 1.58279 10.0523 0.15746 2.028159713
3
0.03
149.3 0.02103 2.89751 15.2004 0.19062 4.217382433
3
0.03
149.4 0.02103 4.50907 17.7323 0.25429 7.953170465
3
0.03
149.5 0.02103 6.31636 19.1488 0.32986 13.25121595
3
0.03
149.6 0.02103 8.321 21.1491 0.39344 19.63377909
3
22
0.03
149.7 0.02103 10.5238 23.4751 0.4483 27.08862722
3
0.03
149.8 0.02103 12.9167 25.0055 0.51656 36.54296121
3
0.03
149.9 0.02103 15.4965 26.8895 0.5763 47.1600393
3
0.03
150 0.02103 18.2652 28.9079 0.63184 59.10220459
3
0.03
150.1 0.02103 21.2531 31.212 0.68093 72.28746893
3
0.03
150.2 0.02103 24.47 33.5162 0.73009 87.18825168
3
0.03
150.3 0.02103 28.0515 37.1612 0.75486 102.1974736
3
0.03
150.4 0.02103 31.8851 40.419 0.78886 119.6266631
3
0.03
150.5 0.02103 43.7021 78.1215 0.55941 130.3855581
3
0.03
150.527 0.02103 45.8122 78.7541 0.58171 140.2893676
3
0.03
150.6 0.02103 51.6018 80.4645 0.6413 168.6338136
3
0.03
150.7 0.02103 59.7338 82.8074 0.72136 211.1345417
3
0.03
150.8 0.02103 73.4004 108.91 0.67396 247.9468705
3
0.03
150.9 0.02103 84.3204 110.027 0.76636 310.3091842
3
0.03
151 0.02103 95.3255 110.872 0.85978 378.7667648
3
23
Rating Curve
151.5
151
150.5
Stage (m)
150
149.5
149
148.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Discharge (cumecs)
Assuming HFL at 150.527 m and using AutoCAD, the following parameters has been obtained:
Area, A = 45.8122 𝑚2
Wetted Perimeter, P = 78.7541 m
𝐴 45.8122
Hydraulic Radius, 𝑅 = = = 0.58171 𝑚
𝑃 78.7541
2 1 2 1
1 1
Using Manning's formula, 𝑉 = × 𝑅 3 × 𝑆02 = × (0.58171)3 × (0.02103)2 =
𝑛 0.033
3.062269317 m/s
Discharge, Q = A × V = 140.289 cumecs ≈ 140.267 𝑚3 /𝑠
Hence, HFL at design discharge can be taken as 150.527 m.
However, surveying was carried out in site during site visit to check the provided data and
suitability of calculated HFL and the HFL in present condition was found to be 150.558 m. In this
scenario, as the observed HFL is more than that calculated above, observed HFL has been taken
as design HFL for the bridge design.
So, Design HFL = 150.558 m
24
Reduced level
0
2.658
3.875
7.692
10.392
13.797
19.417
27.851
31.496
37.783
43.321
50.212
57.751
62.495
67.223
73.546
78.035
83.624
90.069
96.972
102.336
103.839
105.064
Distance
Figure. Cross-section of river at proposed bridge site
Lowest bed level of river at bridge site = 148.111m,
Maximum depth of flow = 150.558 – 148.111 = 2.447m.
Linear Waterway Calculation
Maximum Design Discharge (𝑸𝑫 ) = 1.3 × 140.267 = 182.347 cumecs.
Linear waterway has been calculated by following formulae:
Lacey's Formula
Linear waterway, P = K √𝑄𝐷
Here, value of K has been taken as 4.8.
∴ P = 4.8 × √182.347 = 64.817 m
As per the clause 106.5.1.10, IRC 05: 2015, the waterway, as worked out from the formula or
decided otherwise, should be compared with linear waterway at HFL corresponding to the design
flood discharge. The linear waterway at HFL (150.558m) has been found to be 78.463m from
AutoCAD.
So, Linear Waterway = 64.817m
25
Check for afflux
The afflux is measured by difference in levels of water surfaces upstream and downstream of
bridge after the construction of structure, which can be calculated by following formula:
Afflux in m, h = (V2 /17.88 + 0.015) × ((A/a)2 – 1)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
140.267
=
45.8122
= 3.062m/s
A = Unobstructed sectional area of river at proposed site = 45.8122 sq.m.
Assume pier width = 3.5m
Area of submerged pier section = 2.447 × 3.5 = 8.5645 sq.m.
a = Constricted area of river at proposed site = 45.8122-8.5645 = 37.2477 sq.m.
So, h = (3.0622 /17.88 + 0.015) × ((45.8122/37.2477)2 – 1) = 0.2766m
∴ Afflux, h= 0.2766m
Freeboard
As per Hydrological guidelines, minimum freeboard (vertical clearance) between the HFL and the
elevation of the lowermost part of the bridge superstructure is taken as 1.5m for Nepal. Hence,
freeboard of 1.5m has been provided.
Scour depth calculation
Linear waterway, B = 64.817m
𝑄 140.267
Discharge per unit effective width, Db = = = 2.164 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠/𝑚
𝐵 64.817
Mean particle size obtained from Geotechnical Report provided by the LRBP,
26
i.e., d50 = 2mm
Lacey's Silt factor, ksf = 1.76√𝑑𝑚𝑚 = 1.76 × √2 = 2.489
Laceys Formula
Scour Depth (dsm) = 1.34×(Db2/ksf)1/3 = 1.34×(2.1642/2.489)1/3 = 1.654m
Maximum scour depth below HFL = 2.5+2.447 = 4.947m
Maximum scour depth for abutment = 1.27 × dsm = 1.27 × 1.654 = 2.1006 m
Maximum scour depth for pier = 2 × dsm = 2 × 1.654 = 3.308 m
Table. Summary of Hydraulic Design Calculation
S.N Parameter Value
1 Slope at proposed bridge site 0.02103
2 HFL 150.558 m
3 Linear Waterway 64.817 m
4 Afflux 0.2766 m
5 Freeboard 1.5 m
6 Maximum scour depth for abutment 2.1006m
7 Maximum scour depth for pier 3.308m
8 RL of bottom of superstructure = HFL + 152.634 m

Freeboard
27
3.4 Traffic study Data
The traffic statistics for the design have not been included during the planning of lane width and
any other traffic component of the bridge since the project site is a rural roadway without a system
for tracking traffic volume. The minimum carriageway width for agricultural roads should be 6m,
according to Nepal Rural Road Standard 2071. So, the bridge has been designed to have a clear
carriageway of 6.0m width.
3.5 Design Data
Design Discharge, Q = 140.267 cumecs
Design HFL = 150.558 m
RL of deepest point of river = 148.111 m
Linear water way provided = 64.817 m
Maximum scour depth for abutment = 2.1006 m
Maximum scour depth for pier = 3.308 m
Allowable bearing capacity of soil = 400 kPa
Depth of Foundation for Abutment on both banks
RL of bottom of foundation of abutment = 142.41 m
Therefore, depth of foundation below HFL = 8.15 m
Depth of Foundation for pier
RL of pier foundation = 141.63 m
Therefore, depth of foundation below HFL = 8.93 m
3.6 Field Observation Data
As stated before, the site visit has been conducted at early stage of hydraulic design. As field
verification is mandatory for design, it has been possible to correlate the outcomes of the field visit
28
data with the later design stages. And the assumed parameters have been checked with the out
comings of the site visit and everything seems as expected.
3.6.1 Topographical Survey
(i) River bank topography
Observation over the upstream to 300m and downstream to 200m from the bridge axis was done.
The river has banks with boulder on both sides throughout the observed upstream and downstream
length of river. At the survey time, the streams from upstream were combined below downstream
near proposed bridge site to form single river course and the topography of the site shows that
there is no possibility of change in course of river. People travel through river during dry season
but during wet season transportation becomes very challenging. We could observe boulder and
gravel with little sands on the river.
(ii) X-Sectioning and Flood Marks

After the topographic observation of the river bank, X-sectioning was performed along the bridge
axis using surveying instruments. Level was taken along the bridge axis on both the banks of river
at interval of 2m and also at the points with major change in ground level. In addition to X-
sectioning, the river water flow level at the time of survey and the High Flood Level were observed
and their level were worked out.
(iii)Approach Road Condition
The approach road, which is a part of Beltar-Besaha Road Alignment, is a bumpy earthen road. At
the time of survey, the approach road is not linked directly to the bridge axis. The existing roads
are connected across the river bed to allow the transportation of excavator and other construction
machines and equipment. The road connects Haripur and Uchalne in Udayapur district.
29
4. SELECTION OF BRIDGE TYPE
The selection for the type of bridge is governed by the geography of site, loading, aesthetics and
the cost incorporated in its design and construction. Based on these main factors, following
alternatives have been developed:
4.1 Possible Bridge Types and Their Span Arrangement
Single Span: Arch Bridge of 105m
The log of boreholes at both left and right banks of the river shows very dense sandy silty Gravels
and Boulders at depth below 8m from surface, which provides an unyielding foundation for
building the abutments for arch bridge on both banks. In addition, arch bridge is suitable for major
bridge of span 105m.
Single Span: Steel Truss Bridge of 105m
Construction of Steel Truss Bridge is also feasible in the location suitable for construction of Arch
Bridges. Since, no greater vertical clearance is possible below the bridge while selecting deck type
Truss Bridge, through-type Steel Truss Bridge can be one of the best alternatives.
Three Span: PSC T-girder of 35m each
The log of borehole at center of river cross section shows presence of very dense sandy silty
Gravels with Boulders at any depth below the surface, which provides appropriate foundation for
laying a pier at center. Also, simplicity and economy in design and construction of three span PSC
T-girder bridge makes it one of the best alternatives.
30
Four Span: RCC Concrete Bridge of 26 m
Although construction expenses are costlier than RCC type, it can be one of the alternatives as it
offers less construction time, higher durability, better rider serviceability, and higher strength-
weight ratio.
Among the possible alternatives, PSC T-Beam Bridge of 35m span has been chosen for the design
considering economy and ease in construction.
31
5. BRIDGE TYPE AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN
5.1 Bridge Type and Span Arrangement
PSC T-Beam Bridge of 35m with three span each of 35m has been proposed for the site.
5.2 Material Selection
Considering the overall economy and design requirements along with available construction
technologies, recent construction practices, and available and applicable literatures, following
materials have been selected for the design of super structure in this project:
✔ Concrete- Standard concrete of M30 grade

✔ Rebar- Thermo-Mechanically Treated (TMT)-500D
✔ Wearing Course- Asphalt Concrete
✔ Rails in Railing Post- GI heavy steel pipe
5.3 Material Properties
Properties of Concrete
Characteristic compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity, EC = 5000 × √𝑓𝑐𝑘
EC = 5000 × √30 = 27386.127 N/mm2
Flexural Strength, fCr = 0.7 × √𝑓𝑐𝑘
fCr = 0.7 × √30 = 3.834 N/mm2
Total Shrinkage Strain = 0.0003
Poisson’s ratio of concrete = 0.15
Permissible bearing stress = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑘 (Working stress method) and 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (Limit
state method) = 0.45 × 30 = 13.5 N/mm2
32
Properties of TMT steel
Characteristic yield stress, fy = 500 N/mm2
Mass per unit volume i.e., unit weight = 7850 Kg/m3
Modulus of elasticity = 2 × 105MPa
Poisson ratio = 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 × 10-6/0C
5.4 Preliminary sizing of Superstructure components
The preliminary sizing of various components of superstructure has been performed as per IRC
05: 2015, IRC 21: 2000, NRRS-2071, NBS-2067 and other standards as follows;
Carriage way width:
Carriage way width has been taken as 6.0m (intermediate lane).
Wearing Coat:
Asphalt concrete type wearing coat with thickness 50mm@edge and 125mm@Crown resulting
2.5% camber has been provided.
Railing and Post:
Minimum height of railings above the adjacent roadway or kerb surface = 1.1m
Spacing of railing post = 1750mm c/c
Provide RC railing post of 175mm × 175mm × 1100mm @1750mm c/c spacing (i.e 21 in numbers
per span in each side)
Provide 3-48.5mm diameter GI heavy steel pipe rails @4.37kg/m, thickness 4.0mm.
Adopt center of bottom rail above kerb @ 275.0mm distance.
33
Footpath:
Width of Footpath:
Outward projections from railing post = 50.0mm
Width of railing post =200.0mm
Minimum width of Kerb from face of railing = 225.0mm
Width of Kerb = Projection + Width of railing post + Minimum clearance from post
= 50.0 + 200.0 + 225.0 = 475.0mm
= 0.475m
Minimum width of Kerb = 0.60m
Adopt total width of Kerb = 0.85 m with clear kerb width of 0.6m.
Height of Footpath:
Minimum height of Kerb from finished surface = 0.225m.
Adopt height of Kerb = 0.275 m.
Drainage Spout
Provide standard type of drainage spout @ 3.0m c/c.
Slab Deck
Minimum depth of the slab deck at intermediate part = 250.0mm
Depth at the tip of the cantilever part can be reduced up to 50.0mm than that of intermediate part.
So, minimum depth of slab at tip of cantilever part = 150.0mm.
Provide deck slab depth of 250.0mm at intermediate part and 275.0mm at cantilever part.
Main Girder
Minimum thickness (width) of the web = 300.0mm
Provide width of web, bw = 300.0mm
Depth of flange should not be less than ½ of the bw
34
Adopt flange thickness (depth) = 200.0mm
Width of flange should not be greater than 4 times the web width
Adopt width of flange = 500.0mm
Deflection control criteria:
Span/effective depth = 10 to 15 (usually taken as 12)
Span, l1 = 35.0m
Effective depth = 35.0/12 = 2.916 m
Adopt effective depth = 2.0m
For effective stress transfer in the web-flange junction, minimum splay of 1100 has to be provided.
Adopt angle of inclination between vertical and horizontal = 1200
In the haunched beam/slab, no portion of member lying below a plane making slope of 1:3 with
the horizontal is considered in effective depth. (IRC-21:2000, Clause 305.5.2)
Adopt haunch at slope of 1:3
Number of main girders: Provide 3 numbers of main girders
Provide 850mm cantilever on both ends
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 – 2 × 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟

Spacing of girders =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 –1
7.7 – 2 × 0.85
Spacing of girders = = 3.0 m
3 –1
Since width of web is 300.0mm, c/c spacing of main girders = 2.625m.
Cross Girder
Minimum thickness (width) of the web = 300.0mm

Provide width of web, bw = 300.0mm
Depth of intermediate cross girders ≥ ¾ of the depth of main girder ≥ 1500.0mm
Adopt, depth of intermediate cross girder = 1500.0mm

And,
Depth of end cross girders = (50-60) % of the depth of main girder
Adopt, depth of end cross girder = 1000.0mm
35
Number of cross girders: Provide 5 numbers of cross girders
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
Spacing of cross girders =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 –1
35.0
Spacing of cross girders = = 8.75m
5 –1
C/C spacing of cross girders = 8.75 m
6. Analysis and Design of Bridge
6.1 Analysis and Design of Superstructure
6.1.1 Design of Cantilever Slab
There are two cantilever slabs on either side of two main girders at the edge. Both of the cantilever
slabs are similar/identical in terms of support conditions, loadings, materials and dimensions. For
the analysis of cantilever slab, effective width method has been used. Design is based on Limit
State Design Methods of IRC 112:2000.
Figure Cantilever Portion of slab
Bending moment and shear force due to dead load
For unit width of cantilever slab, dead loads considering self-weight of slab, railing (GI pipe) and
RC post has been calculated and then moment due to these dead loads about the fixed end of
cantilever slab i.e., at the face of main girder has been computed.
36
Table Calculation of responses due to dead load on cantilever portion of bridge
Dead load lever

DLS Width(W) Depth(d) No Area
kN/m arm Moment(kNm/m)
Slab 1.425 0.25 1 0.356 8.906 0.713 6.346
Fillet 0.45 0.15 1 0.034 0.844 0.15 0.127
Footpath 1.2 0.275 1 0.33 8.25 0.825 6.806
Railing 0.15 1.1 21 0.165 2 1.35 2.7
Surfacing 0.225 0.075 1 0.017 0.371 0.113 0.042
Total Shear Force = 20.371 kN/m
Total Bending moment =16.020 kNm/m
Bending moment and shear force due to live load
For effective spans of over 30m, the intensity of load shall be determined by equation:
4800 16.5−𝑊
𝑃 = (𝑃′ − 260 + )( )
𝐿 15
4800 16.5−1.2
𝑃 = (500 − 260 + )( )= 384.685 kg/m2
35 15
= 3.847 kN/m2
where,
P’ =500kg/m2
P =live load in kg/m2
L =effective span of the main girder
W =width of the footway in m
Shear force at the face of rib = Intensity of load × Clear walking footpath width
= 3.847 × 1.2 = 4.62 KN/m
37
(𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ− 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔)
Lever Arm= + Distance without considering footpath
2
1.2
= + 0.225 = 0.825 m
2
Bending moment at face of rib = 4.62 × 0.825 = 3.81 kN-m/m
Live load per unit width of slab is calculated placing a wheel of 114 KN Axle for class A loading.
Live load per unit width of slab is found by dividing live load by effective width of slab ‘beff’.
beff = 1.2a + b1 ≤ 𝑙 /3
Where, a= the distance of the centre of gravity of the concentrated load from the face of the
cantilever support = 0.0375 m
Breadth of concentration area of load (b1) = width of tire contact area+2 x Thickness of Wearing
Coat = 0.25+2 × 0.075 = 0.4 m
beff = 1.2a + b1 ≤ 𝑙 /3
1.425
= 1.2 x0.0375 + 0.4 = 0.445 m ≤ = 0.475 m
3
Taking minimum, beff = 0.445 m
4.5
Impact factor = = 0.568
6.5(1+1.425)
(57∗(1+𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)) (57∗(1+0.568)∗0.075

Live load per unit width with impact = =
𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 0.500
=89.370 KN (acts at 0.0375 m from support)
Moment due to loading = Live load per unit width with impact × 0.0375 = 89.370 × 0.0375
= 3.351 KNm
38
Calculation of shear force and bending moment per unit width strip
Load Moment kNm Shear kN

Self-Weight 15.979 20.00
Surfacing 0.04 0.371
Live 3.4 89.4
Pedestrian 3.8 4.6
Different Combination Factored Moments & Shear Force
Load Combinations
ULS ULS SLS SLS SLS
Basic Seismic Rare Freq. Quasi
1.35 1.35 1 1 1
1.75 1.75 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.5 0.2 1 0.75 0
1.15 0.2 0.75 0.2 0
Factored
Moment 31.05 23.08 22.24 19.30 16.03
Factored Shear 167.01 46.45 113.27 88.39 20.45
Factored Design Moment = 31.05 kNm
Flexure Design
Width of Beam = 1000 mm
Depth of beam = 250 mm
Area (Ac) = 250000 mm2

Fcd = 0.446× fck =13.38 N/mm2
.
39
Design of Slab
Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98 N/mm2
Xu = 126 mm
0.416×Xu =52.340 mm
Depth =250 mm
Clear cover =40 mm
Effective cover =Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth(d)=Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Breadth of slab (Bw) =1000 mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2= 0.41597
Compressive Force(C) = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 1362.700 kN
Cg from steel level =d-0.416Xu = 151.700 mm
Mulim = C×CG from steel level/1000 = 206.680 kNm
Our design moment is 31.050 kN but we get limiting moment as 206.680 kN which is very high.
So, we have to increase tensile strain of steel in such a way that our neutral axis shifts upward and
Xu value then Mulim value is decreased respectively.
Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98 N/mm2
Xu = 14.480 mm
0.416×Xu = 6.020 mm
Depth = 250 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Effective cover =Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth = Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Bw = 1000 mm
β1 = 0.80952
40
β2 = 0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 156.800 kN
(which is equal to our design moment)
Reinforcement:
Fe = 500 N/mm2
Fyd = 434.78 N/mm2
Steel Required = Compressive Force×1000/ Fyd = 360.730 mm2
Tensile steel as per code
Fctm= 0.259×fck2/3 = 2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk = 0.00130
Min. Asmin = min(0.26Fctm/Fyk,0.00130) = 0.00130
Minimum Area of steel = 0.0013×d×bw = 265.265 mm2
Area of concrete (Ac) = D×bw = 250000 mm2
Maximum Area of steel = 0.025Ac = 6250 mm2
Since, steel required is more than minimum area of steel, we are adapting required area of steel.
Required Ast = 360.730 mm2
=12mm Ф @ 313.52 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast = 12mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=753.980 mm2 (>360.730 mm2, <6250 mm2) (ok)
Distribution Reinforcement
Required Ast = 20% of 753.980 mm2
= 12mm Ф @ 750 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast = 12mm Ф @ 300 mm c/c spacing
41
Check for Shear
Minimum Axial (Ned) = 0 KN
Width = 1000 mm
Depth = 250 +150 = 400 mm
Effective depth = 400 – 46 = 354 mm
Fck = 30 MPa
ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0021<0.02
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 =1.9901 <2
γmin = 0.031k3/2 fck1/2 = 0.4767
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp = 0.477
𝑣𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.9901× (80×0.0021×30)0.33
=0.4092 N/mm2
VRd,c = 0.4092 × 1000× 354 = 168.800 kN > (167 kN)
Check Crack Width
Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)=22.24 kN-m
Area of Steel provided (As) = 753.98 mm2

Width of slab (bw) =1000 mm
Total Depth(D) =250 + 150 = 400 mm
Effective Depth(d) = D-Effective cover = 400-46 = 354 mm
Xu =14.48 mm
Lever arm(z) = d-0.416 Xu = 347.980 mm
Hc, eff = 2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(400-354) =115 mm
=(h-x)/3
= (400-14.48)/3 = 129 mm
= h/2
= 400/2 = 200 mm
42
Ac, eff = min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
=115×1000 =115000mm2
Es = 200000 MPa (N/mm2)
Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z) = 84.75 N/mm2
Kt = 0.5
Fcm = fck+10 = 40MPa
Fct, eff = 0.259×(Fck)2/3
= 0.259× (30)2/3 =2.5
Ecm = 22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)
=31187 MPa
ρ1, eff = As/Ac, eff =753.98/115000 = 0.0066
αe = Es/Ecm = 200000/31187 = 6.413
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝜎𝑠𝑐 − 𝑘𝑡 ∗ ∗ (1 + 𝛼𝑒 ∗ 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜎𝑠𝑐
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = ≥ 0.6
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
εsm-εcm= 0.000254 > 0.0002543
c = 40mm
Sr, max = 3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) =3.4×40+0.17×12/0.0066
= 447.15 mm
Crack width = Sr,max×(εsm-εcm)
= 447.15 × 0.0001389
= 0.114 mm < 0.3mm (ok for severe case)
Design of Restrained Slab
There are three longitudinal & five cross girder.

Wearing Coat = 0 .075 m
Carriageway width = 6m
Web thickness of girder (At mid Section) = 0.3 m
slab thickness = 0.250 m
C/C spacing of longitudinal girder = 2.625 m
C/C spacing of Cross girder = 8.75 m
43
Size of slab along longer direction = 8.75-2×0.3/2 = 8.45 m
Size of slab along shoter direction= 2.325 m
Size of panel is 8.45 m × 2.325 m
Bending moment and Shear force due to dead load
Dead load calculation for a slab
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 8.45

Length/breath= = =3.634 > 2 (one way slab)
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2.325
Dead wt of slab = 7.5 kN/mm2
Dead wt. of wearing course = 1.65 kN/mm2
Total Dead load = 9.15 kN/mm2
For 1m span along 8.45 m

Dead load BM = 6.183 kN-m/m
Dead load SF =10.637 kN/m
Live Load Calculation

For b/l = 3.634; α = 2.6
IRC Class A Loading
For Bending moment due to live load
Wheel load(kN) = 57 kN
C/C spacing of load(m) =1.2m
Width of tire contact area (B) = 0.25 m
Length of tire contact(W) = 0.5 m
Breadth of concentration area of load (b1) = width of tire contact area + 2 x Thickness of Wearing
Coat = 0.25+2×0.075 = 0.4m
44
Distance of C.G. of concentrated load from the nearer support (a) =Size of slab along shoter
direction/2 = 1.163 m
(𝑎)
Effective width of slab on which load acts (beff) = α x a x (1 − ) +b1
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=2.0575m
Effective length(m)= length of tire contact +2 x (Thickness of slab+ Thickness of WC)
=0.5 + 2 × (0.25+0.075) =1.15m
Effective width (m) = beff + c/c spacing of load = 2.0575 + 1.2 = 3.111 m
(𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑+𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) (57+57)

Intensity of load = = = 31.862 kN/m2
(𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) (1.15∗3.111)
Max. BM =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ∗𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

( )–
4
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗(𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)^2
( ) = 16.031 kNm/m
8
Continuity factor= 0.8
4.5
Impact factor= = 0.541
(6+𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
BM including CF and IF = Max. BM x Continuity factor x (1 + Impact factor)
=16.031 x 0.8 x (1 + 0.541) = 19.757 kNm/m
For Shear Force due to live Load
Wheel load(kN)= 57 kN
C/C spacing of load(m)=1.2m
Width of tire contact area (B) = 0.25 m
Length of tire contact(W) = 0.5 m
45
Breadth of concentration area of load (b1) = width of tire contact area+2 x Thickness of Wearing
Coat
= 0.25+2×0.075 = 0.4m
Distance of C.G. of concentrated load from the nearer support (a) = 1.163 m
(𝑎)
Effective width of slab on which load acts (beff) = α x a x (1 − ) +b1
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=1.525 m
Effective length(m)= length of tire contact +2 x (Thickness of slab+ Thickness of WC)
=0.5+2 × (0.25+0.075) =1.150 m
Effective width (m) = beff + c/c spacing of load = 1.525 + 1.2 = 2.725 m
(𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑+𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) (57+57)

Intensity of load= = = 36.375 kN/m2
(𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) (1.150∗2.725)
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ∗(𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−0.5∗𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)

Max. SF = ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=31.486 kN/m
4.5
Impact factor = = 0.541
(6+𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
SF including IF = Max. SF x (1 + Impact factor)
=31.486 x (1 + 0.541) = 48.505 kN-m/m
Similarly, for other class of vehicle load calculation is done in table.
46
.
For Bending Moment of Live Load
IRC ClassA IRC 70R IRC 70R IRC 70R

loading Wheel loading Track Bogie loading
loading
wheel load (kN) 57.000 85.000 175.000 100.000

C/C spacing of load (m) 1.200 1.370 0.000 1.200
width of tire contact 0.250 0.250 4.570 0.250
area (m)
length of tire contact 0.500 0.860 0.840 0.860

area (m)
Breadth of concentration 0.400 0.400 4.720 0.400

area of load , b1 (m)
Distance of C.G. of 1.163 1.163 1.163 1.163

concentrated load from
the nearer support,
a (m)
Effective width of slab 1.911 1.911 6.231 1.911

on which load acts,
beff (m)
Effective length (m) 1.150 1.510 1.490 1.510

Effective width (m) 3.111 3.281 6.231 3.111
Intensity of load (kN/m2) 31.862 34.311 37.697 42.571
Max. BM (kNm/m) 16.031 20.335 22.187 25.231
Continuity factor 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800
Impact factor 0.541 0.250 0.250 0.250
BM including CF 19.757 20.335 22.187 25.231
and IF (kNm/m)
47
For Shear Force due to live load
IRC 70R
IRC ClassA IRC 70R IRC 70R
Track
loading Wheel loading Bogie loading
loading
wheel load (kN) 57 85 175 100

C/C spacing of load (m) 1.2 1.37 0 1.2
0.250 0.250 4.570 0.250
length of tire contact
area (m)
0.500 0.860 0.840 0.860
width of tire contact
area (m)
Breadth of
concentration 0.4 0.4 4.72 0.4
area of load , b1 (m)
Distance of C.G. of
concentrated load from
0.575 0.755 0.745 0.755
the nearer support,
a (m)
Effective width of slab

on which load acts, 1.525 1.726 6.036 1.726
beff (m)
Effective length (m) 1.150 1.510 1.490 1.510

Effective width (m) 2.725 3.096 6.036 2.926
Intensity of load
36.375 36.369 38.914 45.274
(kN/m2)
Max. SF (kN/m) 31.486 37.084 39.403 46.164
Impact factor 0.541 0.250 0.250 0.250
SF including IF
48.505 46.355 49.254 57.704
(kN/m)
48
Maximum Bending Moment and Shear Force due to live load
Load Combinations
ULS SLS SLS
Load Moment kNm ULS Basic Seismic SLS Rare Freq. Quasi
Self-Weight 6.183 1.35 1.35 1 1 1
Surfacing 0.97 1.75 1.75 1.2 1.2 1.2

Live 25.2 1.5 0.2 1 0.75 0
Factored Moment 47.90 15.10 32.58 26.27 7.35

Factored Shear 104.58 29.56
Factored Design Moment = 47.90 kNm
Flexure Design
Design of Slab
Ecu2 =0.0035
Fck =30 MPa
0.446×fck =13.98 N/mm2
Xu =126 mm
49
0.416×Xu = 52.340 mm
Depth = 250 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth(d) = Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Breadth of slab (Bw) = 1000 mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2 = 0.41597
Our design moment is 47.900 kN but we get limiting moment as 206.680 kN which is very high.
So, we have to increase tensile strain of steel in such a way that our neutral axis shifts upward and
Xu value then Mulim value is decreased respectively.
Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck =30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98 N/mm2
Xu = 22.73 mm
0.416×Xu = 9.45 mm
Depth = 250 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 46 mm
Effective depth = Depth-Effective Cover = 204 mm
Bw =1000 mm
β1 =0.80952
β2 =0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 246.2 kN
Mulim =C×CG from steel level/1000 = 47.900 kNm (which is equal to our design moment)
50
Reinforcement:
Fe = 500 N/mm2
Fyd = 434.78 N/mm2
Fctm = 0.259×fck2/3 = 2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk = 0.00130
Since, steel required is more than minimum area of steel, we are adapting required area of steel.
Required Ast =566.250 mm2

Provided Ast =12mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Distribution Reinforcement
Required Ast =20% of 753.980 mm2
=12mm Ф @ 750 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =12mm Ф @ 300 mm c/c spacing
Check for Shear
Minimum Axial (Ned) = 0 KN
Width = 1000 mm
Depth = 250 +150 = 400 mm
Effective depth = 400 – 46 = 354 mm
51
Fck = 30 MPa
ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0021 < 0.02
k = 1+ (200/d)0.5 = 1.9901 <2
γmin = 0.031k3/2 fck1/2 = 0.4767
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp = 0.477
𝑣𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.9901×(80×0.0021×30)0.33
=0.4092 N/mm2
VRd,c = 0.4092 × 1000× 354 = 168.800 kN > (104.58 kN)
Check Crack Width
Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)=7.35 kN-m
Area of Steel provided (As) = 753.98 mm2

Width of slab (Bw) =1000 mm
Total Depth(D) =250 + 150 = 400 mm
Effective Depth(d) =D-Effective cover =400-46 =354 mm
Xu = 14.48 mm
Lever arm(z) = d-0.416 Xu = 347.980 mm
Hc, eff =2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(400-354) =115 mm
=(h-x)/3
= (400-14.48)/3=129 mm
=h/2
=400/2 = 200 mm
Ac, eff =min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
=115×1000 = 115000mm2
Es =200000 MPa (N/mm2)
Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z) = 28.29 N/mm2
Kt =0.5
Fcm =fck+10 = 40MPa
52
Fct, eff =0.259×(Fck)2/3
=0.259×(30)2/3 = 2.5
Ecm =22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)
=31187 MPa
ρ1, eff =As/Ac, eff =753.98/115000 = 0.0066
αe = Es/Ecm=200000/31187 = 6.413
𝜎𝑠𝑐 − 𝑘𝑡 ∗ ∗ (1 + 𝛼𝑒 ∗ 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = ≥ 0.6
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
εsm-εcm = 0.000085 > 0.0000849

c = 75mm
Sr, max=3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) =3.4×75+0.17×12/0.0066
=566.15 mm
Crack width=Sr,max×(εsm-εcm)
=566.15 × 0.000085
=0.048 mm < 0.3mm (ok for severe case)
53
6.1.2 Analysis and Design of Main Girders
There are three main girders, two at edge and one at the middle.
Fig. Cross Section of Main Girder at end
Fig. Cross section of Main Girder at mid
54
Bending Moment and Shear Force Due to Dead Loads:
Dead loads at mid-section of main girder:
Weight of slab = 8.4 × 0.25 × 1 × 25 = 52.5 kN/m
Weight of fillet = 1/2 × 0.45 × 0.15 × 6 × 25 = 5.06 kN/m
Weight of middle web of girder = 0.3 × 1.55 × 3 × 25 = 34.88 kN/m
Weight of bottom T of girder = (0.3+0.75)/2 × 0.15 × 3 × 25 = 5.91 kN/m
Weight of bottom of girder = 0.75 × 0.45 × 3 × 25 = 25.31 kN/m
Total weight of girder = 71.16 kN/m
Weight of railing = 2 kN/m
Weight of footpath = 1.2 × 0.275 × 2 × 25 = 16.5 kN/m
Weight of surfacing = 6 × 0.075 × 1 × 22 = 9.9 kN/m
Total load at mid-section = 152.06 kN/m
Dead loads at end(support) of main girder:
Weight of slab = 8.4 × 0.25 × 1 × 25 = 52.5 kN/m
Weight of girder = 0.75 × 2.15 × 3 × 25 = 120.94 kN/m
Weight of railing = 2 kN/m
Weight of footpath = 1.2 × 0.275 × 2 × 25 = 16.5 kN/m
Weight of surfacing = 6 × 0.075 × 1 × 22 = 9.9 kN/m
Total load at support = 201.84 kN/m
Extra load (UDL) at support = 49.78 kN/m
55
Load from cross girders:
Weight of one end cross girder = 1.7 × 0.45 × 3.75 × 25 + 2 × (1/2) × 1.2 × 0.45 × 1.7 × 25
= 94.67 kN/m
Weight of one mid cross girder = 1.575 × 0.3 × 4.65 × 25 = 54.93 kN/m
Bending moment and shear force due to load from cross girder:
The self-weight of cross girders, in this case, acts at the center of main girder as concentrate load.
94.67 54.93 54.93 54.93 94.67
0 8.75 17.5 26.25 35
R1 R2
94.67×35+54.93×26.25+54.93×17.5+54.93×8.75
R1 = = 177.07 𝑘𝑁
35
R2 = 2 × 94.67 + 3 × 54.93 – 177.07 = 177.06 kN
BM at mid span:
M17.5 = 177.07 × 17.5 – 94.67 × 17.5 – 54.93 × 8.75 = 961.36 kNm
BM at quarter span:
M8.75,26.25= 177.07 × 8.75 – 94.67 × 8.75 = 721 kNm
SF at mid span:
SF = 177.07 – 94.67 – 54.93 = 27.5 kN
56
SF at quarter span:
SF8.75 = 177.07 – 94.67 = 82.4 kN
SF26.25 = 177.07 - 94.67 - 54.93 - 54.93 = -27.46 kN
SF at support(0 m) = 177.07 kN
SF at support(35 m) = -177.07 kN
57
Further calculation in tabular form:
Bending Moment
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00
@
94.67 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
54.93 8.75 0.0 180.2 360.5 300.4 240.3 180.2 120.2 60.1 0.0
54.93 17.50 0.0 120.2 240.3 360.5 480.6 360.5 240.3 120.2 0.0
54.93 26.25 0.0 60.1 120.2 180.2 240.3 300.4 360.5 180.2 0.0
94.67 35.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sum 0.0 360.5 720.9 841.1 961.2 841.1 720.9 360.5 0.0
SF from cross
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00
girder
94.7 0.00 94.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
54.9 8.75 41.2 41.2 41.2 -13.7 -13.7 -13.7 -13.7 -13.7 -13.7
54.9 17.50 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 -27.5 -27.5 -27.5 -27.5
54.93 26.25 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 -41.2 -41.2
94.67 35.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -94.7
Sum 177.1 82.4 82.4 27.5 27.5 -27.5 -27.5 -82.4 -177.1
58
Bending Moment summary from dead load:
At mid span:
52.5×35 52.5×17.52
BM due to slab and cross girder = × 17.5 − + 961.36 = 9000.42 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
71.16×35 71.16×17.52
BM due to self weight of main girder = × 17.5 − = 10896.38 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
2×35 2×17.52
BM due to railing = × 17.5 − = 306.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
16.5×35 16.5×17.52
BM due to footpath = × 17.5 − = 2526.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
9.9×35 9.9×17.52
BM due to surfacing = × 17.5 − = 1515.9 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
Due to additional load at support:
Length of girder at support = 3 m
Load at support = 3 × 49.78 = 149.34 kN
149.34×33.5
BM due to load at support(one end) = × 17.5 − 149.34 × 16 = 112 𝑘𝑁𝑚
35
149.34×33.5
BM due to load at support(other end) = × 17.5 − 149.34 × 16 = 112 𝑘𝑁𝑚
35
Total BM due to additional load at support = 224 kNm
At quarter span:
52.5×35 52.5×8.752
BM due to slab and cross girder = × 8.75 − + 721 = 6750.29 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
71.16×35 71.16×8.752
BM due to self weight of main girder = × 8.75 − = 8172.28 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
2×35 2×8.752
BM due to railing = × 8.75 − = 229.7 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
16.5×35 16.5×8.752
BM due to footpath = × 8.75 − = 1894.92 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
59
9.9×35 9.9×8.752
BM due to surfacing = × 8.75 − = 1136.95 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
149.34×33.5
BM due to load at support (one end) = × 8.75 − 149.34 × 7.25 = 168 𝑘𝑁𝑚
35
149.34×33.5
BM due to load at support (other end) = × 26.25 − 149.34 × 24.75 = 56 𝑘𝑁𝑚
35
Total BM due to additional load at support = 224 kNm
Shear Force summary from dead load:
At mid span:
52.5×35
SF due to slab and cross girder = − 52.5 × 17.5 + 27.5 = 27.5 𝑘𝑁
2
71.16×35
SF due to main girder = − 71.16 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁
2
2×35
SF due to railing = − 2 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁
2
16.5×35
SF due to footpath = − 16.5 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁
2
9.9×35
SF due to surfacing = − 9.9 × 17.5 = 0 𝑘𝑁
2
149.34×33.5
SF due to load at support (one end) = − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
149.34×33.5
BM due to load at support (other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
Total BM due to additional load at support = 0 kN
60
At quarter span:
At 8.75m:
52.5×35
SF due to slab and cross girder = − 52.5 × 8.75 + 82.4 = 541.8 𝑘𝑁
2
71.16×35
SF due to main girder = − 71.16 × 8.75 = 622.65 𝑘𝑁
2
2×35
SF due to railing = − 2 × 8.75 = 17.5 𝑘𝑁
2
16.5×35
SF due to footpath = − 16.5 × 8.75 = 144.4 𝑘𝑁
2
9.9×35
SF due to surfacing = − 9.9 × 8.75 = 86.63 𝑘𝑁
2
149.34×33.5
SF due to load at support (one end) = − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
149.34×33.5
BM due to load at support (other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
At 26.25m:
52.5×35
SF due to slab and cross girder = − + 52.5 × 8.75 − 27.46 = −486.84 𝑘𝑁
2
71.16×35
SF due to main girder = − + 71.16 × 8.75 = −622.65 𝑘𝑁
2
2×35
SF due to railing = − + 2 × 8.75 = −17.5 𝑘𝑁
2
16.5×35
SF due to footpath = − + 16.5 × 8.75 = −144.4 𝑘𝑁
2
9.9×35
SF due to surfacing = − + 9.9 × 8.75 = −86.63 𝑘𝑁
2
61
149.34×33.5
SF due to load at support(one end) = − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
149.34×33.5
BM due to load at support(other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
At Support:
At 0 m:
52.5×35
SF due to slab and cross girder = + 177.07 = 1095.82 𝑘𝑁
2
71.16×35
SF due to main girder = = 1245.3 𝑘𝑁
2
2×35
SF due to railing = = 35 𝑘𝑁
2
16.5×35
SF due to footpath = = 288.75 𝑘𝑁
2
9.9×35
SF due to surfacing = = 173.25 𝑘𝑁
2
149.34×33.5
SF due to load at support (one end) = = 142.94 𝑘𝑁
35
149.34×33.5
SF due to load at support (other end) = − + 149.34 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
Total SF due to additional load at support = 149.34 kN
62
At 35 m:
52.5×35
SF due to slab and cross girder = − − 177.07 = −1095.82 𝑘𝑁
2
71.16×35
SF due to main girder = − = −1245.3 𝑘𝑁
2
2×35
SF due to railing = − = −35 𝑘𝑁
2
16.5×35
SF due to footpath = − = −288.75 𝑘𝑁
2
9.9×35
SF due to surfacing = − = −173.25 𝑘𝑁
2
149.34×33.5
SF due to load at support(one end) == − 149.34 = −6.4 𝑘𝑁
35
149.34×33.5
SF due to load at support(other end) = − = −142.94 𝑘𝑁
35
Total SF due to additional load at support = -149.34 kN
Total Bending Moment summary from dead load:
At mid span:
BM due to slab and cross girder = 9000.42 kNm
BM due to main girder = 10896.38 + 224 = 1120.38 kNm
BM due to railing = 306.3 kNm
BM due to footpath = 2526.6 kNm
BM due to surfacing = 1515.9 kNm
63
At quarter span:
BM due to slab and cross girder = 6750.29 kNm
BM due to main girder = 8172.28 + 224 = 8396.28 kNm
BM due to railing = 229.7 kNm
BM due to footpath = 1894.92 kNm
BM due to surfacing = 1136.95 kNm
Total Shear Force summary from dead loads:
At mid span:
SF due to slab and cross girder = 27.5 kN
SF due to main girder = 8172.28 + 224 = 0 kN
SF due to railing = 0 kN
SF due to footpath = 0 kN
SF due to surfacing = 0 kN
At quarter span:
At 8.75 m:
SF due to main girder = 622.65 kN
SF due to railing = 17.5 kN
SF due to footpath = 144.4 kN
SF due to surfacing = 86.63 kN
64
At 26.25 m:
SF due to slab and cross girder = -486.84 kN
SF due to main girder = -622.65 kN
SF due to railing = -17.5 kN
SF due to footpath = -144.4 kN
SF due to surfacing = -86.63 kN
At support:
At 0 m:
SF due to main girder = 1245.3 + 149.34 = 1394.64 kN
At 35 m:
SF due to main girder = 1245.3 + 149.34 = 1394.64 kN
65
Bending Moment summary from dead load:
From uniform load
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00
Slab & CG 0.0 3877.6 6750.2 8377.7 9000.3 8377.7 6750.2 3877.6 0.0
Barriers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Girder 0.0 4766.9 8171.9 10214.8 10895.8 10214.8 8171.9 4766.9 0.0
Railing 0.0 134.0 229.7 287.1 306.3 287.1 229.7 134.0 0.0
Footpath 0.0 1105.4 1894.9 2368.7 2526.6 2368.7 1894.9 1105.4 0.0
Surfacing 0.0 663.2 1137.0 1421.2 1515.9 1421.2 1137.0 663.2 0.0
From addition load at support
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00
149.3 1.500 0.0 196.0 168.0 140.0 112.0 84.0 56.0 28.0 0.0
149 33.500 0.0 28.0 56.0 84.0 112.0 140.0 168.0 196.0 0.0
Sum 0.0 224.0 224.0 224.0 224.0 224.0 224.0 224.0 0.0
66
Shear Force summary from dead load
From uniform load
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00
Slab & CG 1095.8 771.5 541.8 257.2 27.5 -257.2 -486.8 -771.5 -1095.8
Barriers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Girder 1245.2 933.9 622.6 311.3 0.0 -311.3 -622.6 -933.9 -1245.2
Railing 35.0 26.3 17.5 8.8 0.0 -8.8 -17.5 -26.3 -35.0
Footpath 288.8 216.6 144.4 72.2 0.0 -72.2 -144.4 -216.6 -288.8
Surfacing 173.3 129.9 86.6 43.3 0.0 -43.3 -86.6 -129.9 -173.3
From addition load at support
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00
149 1.500 142.9 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4
149 33.500 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 -142.9
sum 149.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -149.3
67
Bending Moment and Shear Force Due to Pedestrian Loads:
No. of footpath = 2
Width of footpath = 1.2
P’ = 500 kg/m2
4800 16.5−𝑊 4800 16.5−1.2

P = (𝑃′ − 260 + )×( ) = (500 − 260 + )×( ) = 384.69 kg/m2
𝐿 15 35 15
384.69 ×10
Total pedestrian load = × 2 × 1.2 = 9.23 kN/m
1000
9.23×35×17.5
Reactions at two ends = = 161.53 kN
35
17.5
BM at mid span = 161.53 × 17.5 – 9.23 × 17.5 × = 1413.43 kNm
2
8.75
BM at quarter span = 161.53 × 8.75 – 9.23 × 8.75 × = 1060.05 kNm
2
SF at mid span = 161.53 – 9.23 × 17.5 = 0 kN
SF at 8.75 m = 161.53 – 9.23 × 8.75 = 80.77 kN
SF at 26.25 m = -161.53 + 9.23 × 8.75 = -80.77 kN
SF at 0 m = 161.53 kN
SF at 35 m = -161.53 kN
Reaction @ 0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00
SF 161.6 121.2 80.8 40.4 0.0 -40.4 -80.8 -121.2 -161.6
BM 0.0 618.5 1060.3 1325.4 1413.7 1325.4 1060.3 618.5 0.0
68
Bending Moment and Shear Force Due To Live Loads:
Bending moment and shear force due to moving vehicles of various relevant classes from IRC 6-
2017 are determined using VBA programs/code.
Program to find Bending Moment using ILD:
Function FindBM(SS As Double, uLoadAt As Double, bmat As Double) As Double
Dim LocalLen As Double, LocalR As Double
If uLoadAt < 0 Or uLoadAt > SS Then
FindBM = 0
Exit Function
End If
If uLoadAt <= bmat Then
LocalLen = SS - bmat
LocalR = (uLoadAt) / SS
Else
LocalLen = bmat
LocalR = (SS - uLoadAt) / SS
End If
FindBM = LocalLen × LocalR
End Function
69
Program to find Shear Force using ILD:
Function FindSF(SS As Double, uLoadAt As Double, SFAt As Double) As Double
If uLoadAt < 0 Or uLoadAt > SS Then
FindSF = 0
Exit Function
End If
If SFAt = 0 Then
FindSF = 1 - (uLoadAt / SS)
Exit Function
ElseIf SFAt = SS Then
FindSF = -uLoadAt / SS
Exit Function
ElseIf uLoadAt < SFAt Then
FindSF = -uLoadAt / SS
Else
FindSF = (SS - uLoadAt) / SS
End If
End Function
70
Program to find Left support reaction using ILD:
Function FindRL(S1 As Double, CC As Double, S2 As Double, ULat As Double) As Double
If ULat <= 0 Then
FindRL = 0
ElseIf ULat > 0 And ULat <= S1 Then
FindRL = ULat / S1
ElseIf ULat > S1 And ULat < S1 + CC / 2 Then
FindRL = 1 + (ULat - S1) / S1
ElseIf ULat = S1 + CC / 2 Then
FindRL = 0.5
Else
FindRL = 0
End If
End Function
Program to find right support reaction using ILD:
Function FindRR(S1 As Double, CC As Double, S2 As Double, ULat As Double) As Double
If ULat < (S1 + CC / 2) Then
FindRR = 0
ElseIf ULat = S1 + CC / 2 Then
FindRR = 0.5
ElseIf ULat > S1 + CC / 2 And ULat <= S1 + CC Then
FindRR = (S1 + CC - ULat) / S2 + 1
ElseIf ULat > S1 + CC And ULat <= S1 + CC + S2 Then
71
FindRR = (S1 + CC + S2 - ULat) / S2
Else
FindRR = 0
End If
End Function
Program to find Maximum Bending moment using ILD:
Sub MoveVehBM35()
Dim L As Double, bm As Double, BmX As Double, LmX As Double
Dim m As Integer, n As Integer, A As Integer, B As Integer, C As Integer
Dim D As Integer, E As Integer, F As Integer
For m = 1 To 4
For n = 1 To 4
A = 20 × m - 12
B=3×n+3
C = 20 × m + 4
D=3×n+4
E = m + 251
F=n+4
L = 0: bm = 0: BmX = 0
Do While L <= Sheet3.Cells(3, 4) + Sheet3.Cells(C, 4)
Sheet3.Cells(A, B) = L
72
bm = Sheet3.Cells(C, D)
If bm > BmX Then
BmX = bm
LmX = L
End If
L = L + 0.1
Loop
Sheet3.Cells(E, F) = BmX
Sheet2.Cells(E, F + 5) = LmX
Next n
Next m
End Sub
Program to find Maximum Shear Force using ILD:
Sub MoveVehSF35()
Dim L As Double, SF As Double, SFmax As Double, SFmin As Double
Dim Lmax As Double, Lmin As Double
For m = 1 To 4
For n = 1 To 4
73
A = 20 × m + 70
B=3×n+3
C = 20 × m + 86
D=3×n+4
E = 2 × m + 256
F=n+4
L = 0: SF = 0: SFmax = 0: SFmin = 0
SF = Sheet3.Cells(C, D)
If SF > SFmax Then
SFmax = SF
Lmax = L
End If
If SF < SFmin Then
SFmin = SF
Lmin = L
End If
L = L + 0.1
Loop
Sheet3.Cells(E, F) = SFmax
Sheet3.Cells(E, F + 5) = Lmax
Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F) = SFmin
74
Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F + 5) = Lmin
Next n
Next m
End Sub
Program to find Maximum Reaction using ILD:
Sub MoveVehRXN35()
Dim L As Double, RXN As Double, RXNmax As Double, RXNmin As Double
Dim Lmax As Double, Lmin As Double
For m = 1 To 4
For n = 1 To 2
A = 20 × m + 152
B=3×n+3
C = 20 × m + 168
D=3×n+4
E = 2 × m + 267
F=n+4
L = 0: RXN = 0: RXNmax = 0: RXNmin = 0: Lmax = 0: Lmin = 0
RXN = Sheet3.Cells(C, D)
75
If RXN > RXNmax Then
RXNmax = RXN
Lmax = L
End If
If RXN < RXNmin Then
RXNmin = RXN
Lmin = L
End If
L = L + 0.1
Loop
Sheet3.Cells(E, F) = RXNmax
Sheet3.Cells(E, F + 5) = Lmax
Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F) = RXNmin
Sheet3.Cells(E + 1, F + 5) = Lmin
Next n
Next m
End Sub
76
Calculations for Bending Moment
Veh 1 70R Wheel
Load Dist Cum Dist 4.38 Cum Dist 8.75 Cum Dist 13.13 Cum Dist 17.50
80.0 0.00 48.40 0.0 48.40 0.0 48.40 0.0 48.40 0.0
120.0 3.98 44.42 0.0 44.42 0.0 44.42 0.0 44.42 0.0
120.0 1.52 42.90 0.0 42.90 0.0 42.90 0.0 42.90 0.0
170.0 2.13 40.77 0.0 40.77 0.0 40.77 0.0 40.77 0.0
170.0 1.37 39.40 0.0 39.40 0.0 39.40 0.0 39.40 0.0
170.0 3.05 36.35 0.0 36.35 0.0 36.35 0.0 36.35 0.0
170.0 1.37 34.98 0.4 34.98 0.8 34.98 1.3 34.98 1.7
13.42 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.7
77
Veh 2 70 R Track
35.0 0.000 39.80 0.0 39.80 0.0 39.80 0.0 39.80 0.0
70.0 0.490 39.31 0.0 39.31 0.0 39.31 0.0 39.31 0.0
70.0 0.490 38.82 0.0 38.82 0.0 38.82 0.0 38.82 0.0
70.0 0.490 38.33 0.0 38.33 0.0 38.33 0.0 38.33 0.0
70.0 0.490 37.84 0.0 37.84 0.0 37.84 0.0 37.84 0.0
70.0 0.490 37.35 0.0 37.35 0.0 37.35 0.0 37.35 0.0
70.0 0.490 36.86 0.0 36.86 0.0 36.86 0.0 36.86 0.0
70.0 0.490 36.37 0.0 36.37 0.0 36.37 0.0 36.37 0.0
70.0 0.490 35.88 0.0 35.88 0.0 35.88 0.0 35.88 0.0
70.0 0.490 35.39 0.0 35.39 0.0 35.39 0.0 35.39 0.0
35.0 0.490 34.90 0.4 34.90 0.9 34.90 1.3 34.90 1.7
4.900 0.44 0.9 1.3 1.7
78
Veh 3 70 R Boogie
200.0 0.000 47.30 0.0 47.30 0.0 47.30 0.0 47.30 0.0
200.0 1.200 46.10 0.0 46.10 0.0 46.10 0.0 46.10 0.0
200.0 10.000 36.10 0.0 36.10 0.0 36.10 0.0 36.10 0.0
200.0 1.200 34.90 2.5 34.90 5.0 34.90 7.5 34.90 10.0
12.400 2.50 5.0 7.5 10.0
79
Veh 4 Class A
27.00 0.00 90.60 0.0 90.60 0.0 90.60 0.0 90.60 0.0
27.00 1.10 89.50 0.0 89.50 0.0 89.50 0.0 89.50 0.0
114.00 3.20 86.30 0.0 86.30 0.0 86.30 0.0 86.30 0.0
114.00 1.20 85.10 0.0 85.10 0.0 85.10 0.0 85.10 0.0
68.00 4.30 80.80 0.0 80.80 0.0 80.80 0.0 80.80 0.0
68.00 3.00 77.80 0.0 77.80 0.0 77.80 0.0 77.80 0.0
68.00 3.00 74.80 0.0 74.80 0.0 74.80 0.0 74.80 0.0
68.00 3.00 71.80 0.0 71.80 0.0 71.80 0.0 71.80 0.0
27.00 18.00 53.80 0.0 53.80 0.0 53.80 0.0 53.80 0.0
27.00 1.10 52.70 0.0 52.70 0.0 52.70 0.0 52.70 0.0
114.00 3.20 49.50 0.0 49.50 0.0 49.50 0.0 49.50 0.0
114.00 1.20 48.30 0.0 48.30 0.0 48.30 0.0 48.30 0.0
68.00 4.30 44.00 0.0 44.00 0.0 44.00 0.0 44.00 0.0
68.00 3.00 41.00 0.0 41.00 0.0 41.00 0.0 41.00 0.0
68.00 3.00 38.00 0.0 38.00 0.0 38.00 0.0 38.00 0.0
68.00 3.00 35.00 0.0 35.00 0.0 35.00 0.0 35.00 0.0
55.60 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
80
Calculations for Shear Force
Veh 1 70R Wheel
80.0 0.00 48.40 0.00 48.40 0.00 48.40 0.00 48.40 0.00
120.0 3.98 44.42 0.00 44.42 0.00 44.42 0.00 44.42 0.00
120.0 1.52 42.90 0.00 42.90 0.00 42.90 0.00 42.90 0.00
170.0 2.13 40.77 0.00 40.77 0.00 40.77 0.00 40.77 0.00
170.0 1.37 39.40 0.00 39.40 0.00 39.40 0.00 39.40 0.00
170.0 3.05 36.35 0.00 36.35 0.00 36.35 0.00 36.35 0.00
170.0 1.37 34.98 0.10 34.98 0.10 34.98 0.10 34.98 0.10
13.42 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
81
Veh 2 70 R Track
35.0 0.000 39.80 0.00 39.80 0.00 39.80 0.00 39.80 0.00
70.0 0.490 39.31 0.00 39.31 0.00 39.31 0.00 39.31 0.00
70.0 0.490 38.82 0.00 38.82 0.00 38.82 0.00 38.82 0.00
70.0 0.490 38.33 0.00 38.33 0.00 38.33 0.00 38.33 0.00
70.0 0.490 37.84 0.00 37.84 0.00 37.84 0.00 37.84 0.00
70.0 0.490 37.35 0.00 37.35 0.00 37.35 0.00 37.35 0.00
70.0 0.490 36.86 0.00 36.86 0.00 36.86 0.00 36.86 0.00
70.0 0.490 36.37 0.00 36.37 0.00 36.37 0.00 36.37 0.00
70.0 0.490 35.88 0.00 35.88 0.00 35.88 0.00 35.88 0.00
70.0 0.490 35.39 0.00 35.39 0.00 35.39 0.00 35.39 0.00
35.0 0.490 34.90 0.10 34.90 0.10 34.90 0.10 34.90 0.10
4.90 0.10 0.1 0.1 0.1
82
Veh 3 70 R Boogie
200.0 0.000 47.30 0.00 47.30 0.00 47.30 0.00 47.30 0.00
200.0 1.200 46.10 0.00 46.10 0.00 46.10 0.00 46.10 0.00
200.0 10.000 36.10 0.00 36.10 0.00 36.10 0.00 36.10 0.00
200.0 1.200 34.90 0.57 34.90 0.57 34.90 0.57 34.90 0.57
12.40 0.57 0.57 0.6 0.6
83
Veh 4 Class A
27.00 0.00 90.60 0.00 90.60 0.00 90.60 0.00 90.60 0.00
27.00 1.10 89.50 0.00 89.50 0.00 89.50 0.00 89.50 0.00
114.00 3.20 86.30 0.00 86.30 0.00 86.30 0.00 86.30 0.00
114.00 1.20 85.10 0.00 85.10 0.00 85.10 0.00 85.10 0.00
68.00 4.30 80.80 0.00 80.80 0.00 80.80 0.00 80.80 0.00
68.00 3.00 77.80 0.00 77.80 0.00 77.80 0.00 77.80 0.00
68.00 3.00 74.80 0.00 74.80 0.00 74.80 0.00 74.80 0.00
68.00 3.00 71.80 0.00 71.80 0.00 71.80 0.00 71.80 0.00
27.00 18.00 53.80 0.00 53.80 0.00 53.80 0.00 53.80 0.00
27.00 1.10 52.70 0.00 52.70 0.00 52.70 0.00 52.70 0.00
114.00 3.20 49.50 0.00 49.50 0.00 49.50 0.00 49.50 0.00
114.00 1.20 48.30 0.00 48.30 0.00 48.30 0.00 48.30 0.00
68.00 4.30 44.00 0.00 44.00 0.00 44.00 0.00 44.00 0.00
68.00 3.00 41.00 0.00 41.00 0.00 41.00 0.00 41.00 0.00
68.00 3.00 38.00 0.00 38.00 0.00 38.00 0.00 38.00 0.00
68.00 3.00 35.00 0.00 35.00 0.00 35.00 0.00 35.00 0.00
55.60 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
84
Reactions
Veh 1 70 R Wheel
Load Dist Cum Dist Left R Cum Dist RightR
80.0 0.00 48.40 0.00 48.40 0.00
120.0 3.98 44.42 0.00 44.42 0.00
120.0 1.52 42.90 0.00 42.90 0.00
170.0 2.13 40.77 0.00 40.77 0.00
170.0 1.37 39.40 0.00 39.40 0.00
170.0 3.05 36.35 0.00 36.35 0.00
170.0 1.37 34.98 0.10 34.98 -169.90
13.42 0.1 -169.9
85
Veh 2 70 R Track
35.0 0.000 39.80 0.00 39.80 0.00
70.0 0.490 39.31 0.00 39.31 0.00
70.0 0.490 38.82 0.00 38.82 0.00
70.0 0.490 38.33 0.00 38.33 0.00
70.0 0.490 37.84 0.00 37.84 0.00
70.0 0.490 37.35 0.00 37.35 0.00
70.0 0.490 36.86 0.00 36.86 0.00
70.0 0.490 36.37 0.00 36.37 0.00
70.0 0.490 35.88 0.00 35.88 0.00
70.0 0.490 35.39 0.00 35.39 0.00
35.0 0.490 34.90 0.10 34.90 -34.90
4.90 0.1 -34.9
86
Veh 3 70 R Boogie
200.0 0.000 47.30 0.00 47.30 0.00
200.0 1.200 46.10 0.00 46.10 0.00
200.0 10.000 36.10 0.00 36.10 0.00
200.0 1.200 34.90 0.57 34.90 -199.43
12.40 0.6 -199.4
87
Veh 4 Class A
27.00 0.00 90.60 0.00 90.60 0.00
27.00 1.10 89.50 0.00 89.50 0.00
114.00 3.20 86.30 0.00 86.30 0.00
114.00 1.20 85.10 0.00 85.10 0.00
68.00 4.30 80.80 0.00 80.80 0.00
68.00 3.00 77.80 0.00 77.80 0.00
68.00 3.00 74.80 0.00 74.80 0.00
68.00 3.00 71.80 0.00 71.80 0.00
27.00 18.00 53.80 0.00 53.80 0.00
27.00 1.10 52.70 0.00 52.70 0.00
114.00 3.20 49.50 0.00 49.50 0.00
114.00 1.20 48.30 0.00 48.30 0.00
68.00 4.30 44.00 0.00 44.00 0.00
68.00 3.00 41.00 0.00 41.00 0.00
68.00 3.00 38.00 0.00 38.00 0.00
68.00 3.00 35.00 0.00 35.00 -68.00
55.60 0.0 -68.0
88
Design BMs
Veh 1 Class A 0.0 3223.1 5570.6 7042.5 7654.3 7529.7 6143.8 3520.4 0.0
Veh 2 70 R Wheel 0.0 3534.0 5981.1 7400.5 7909.7 7379.0 5816.4 3296.7 0.0
Veh 3 70R Boogie 0.0 1664.6 2841.0 3540.1 3751.0 3540.1 2841.0 1664.6 0.0
Veh 4 70 R Track 0.0 2754.3 4719.8 5898.1 6288.7 5898.5 4719.5 2753.1 0.0
Design SFs
Veh 1 Class A 888.5 733.9 579.4 424.8 323.1 477.7 632.3 786.9 929.4
Veh 2 70 R Wheel 947.3 807.8 668.3 528.8 392.4 466.9 606.4 742.7 872.3
Veh 3 70R Boogie 436.3 380.5 324.7 268.9 214.3 268.9 324.7 380.5 436.3
Veh 4 70 R Track 719.1 622.3 525.5 430.9 334.1 429.3 526.1 622.9 719.7
89
Unfactore
d
Reactions
(without
IF) Max Min
Class A 888.52 -929.45
70 R
Wheel 947.29 -872.33
70R
Boogie 436.29 -436.29
70 R
Track 719.07 -719.73
Summary Table
Max BM @ 0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00 ImpF Lane
Veh 1 Class A 0.0 1452.2 2509.8 3173.0 3448.7 3392.5 2768.1 1586.1 0.0 0.1098 2.0
Veh 2 70 R Wheel 0.0 3184.5 5389.6 6668.6 7127.4 6649.2 5241.2 2970.7 0.0 0.1098 1.0
Veh 3 70R Boogie 0.0 1500.0 2560.0 3190.0 3380.0 3190.0 2560.0 1500.0 0.0 0.1098 1.0
Veh 4 70 R Track 0.0 2503.9 4290.7 5361.9 5717.0 5362.3 4290.4 2502.8 0.0 0.1000 1.0
90
Max/Min SF @
Veh 1 Class A 400.3 330.7 261.0 191.4 145.6 215.2 284.9 354.5 418.8 0.1098 2.0
Veh 2 70 R Wheel 853.6 727.9 602.2 476.5 353.6 420.7 546.4 669.3 786.1 0.1098 1.0
Veh 3 70R Boogie 393.1 342.9 292.6 242.3 193.1 242.3 292.6 342.9 393.1 0.1098 1.0
Veh 4 70 R Track 653.7 565.7 477.7 391.7 303.7 390.3 478.3 566.3 654.3 0.1000 1.0
Distribution Factor Class A

CW 6.00 Kerb = 0.00
Total
Footpath 1.20 Width = 8.40
1.6
Load positions from left edge 0 3.400 5.00 6.800
Loads 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
91
Beam Positions 6.82
from Left edge 1.575 4.200 5
2.62
-2.625 0 5
CG of Loads 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 KN Sum = 4.00 KN

1.60 3.40 5.00 6.80 m
Load x Distance = 1.6 3.4 5 6.8 KNm CG = 4.20 m
Eccentricty= 0.000 m Moment = 0 KNm
Square of beams distances from CG = 6.89 0.00 6.89 13.781
Reactions on the beams ( L) 1.333 1.333 1.333

Reactions on the beams ( M) 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.333 1.333 1.333
Distribution Facctor 0.333 0.333 0.333
92
Similarly, Distribution factor due to Class A, Class 70 R (Wheel) and Class 70 R (Track) are
calculated and arranged in table:
Class A 0.333 0.333 0.333

Class 70R(wheel) 0.410 0.333 0.256
Class 70R(Track) 0.398 0.333 0.269
Design of T-Beam
Material and Properties:
Grade of concrete=M45
Characteristics strength(fck)=45 N/mm2
Reinforcement =Fe500
Yield stress of steel(fy)=500 N/mm2
Post tensioning Cables Properties IS 6006/IRC 112
Class II 7 ply19K13
Diameter of strand=12.7mm
No of strand per cable =19
Breaking stress, fpk=1860 N/mm2
Safety factor=1.15
Yield stress, fp0.1k=1618.2 N/mm2
Design stress, fpd=1407.13 N/mm2
Area of one tendon=98.7 mm2
Modulus of elasticity=195000 N/mm2
93
A. Calculation of Moment
Dead Load
Moments @ 0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50
Slab & CG 0.0 3877.6 6750.2 8377.7 9000.3
Barriers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Girder 0.0 4990.9 8395.9 10438.8 11119.8
Railing 0.0 134.0 229.7 287.1 306.3
Footpath 0.0 1105.4 1894.9 2368.7 2526.6
Surfacing 0.0 663.2 1137.0 1421.2 1515.9
Pedestrain 0.0 618.5 1060.3 1325.4 1413.7
Live Load
Moments @ 0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50
Class A 0.0 3223.1 5570.6 7042.5 7654.3
70 R Wheel 0.0 3534.0 5981.1 7400.5 7909.7
70R Boogie 0.0 1664.6 2841.0 3540.1 3751.0
70 R Track 0.0 2754.3 4719.8 5898.1 6288.7
Calculation of effective width
At mid:
b = C/C spacing of main girder/2 + edge = 2.625/2 + 1.575 = 2.888 m
b w = girder web thickness = 0.3 m
b1 = (b- bw )/2 = 1.294 m
b2 = edge-girder web thickness/2 = 1.575 – 0.3/2 = 1.430 m
beff,1 = 0.2 × b1 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.294 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.759 m <(0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.294)
beff,2 = 0.2 ×b2 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.430 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.785 m < (0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.294)
The effective flange width beff for a T beam is given by,
beff = ∑ beff,i + bw ≤ b
94
with beff,i = 0.2bi +0.1lo ≤ 0.2lo
and beff,i ≤ bi
Now,
beff = ∑ beff,i + bw = 1.294 + 1.294 + 0.3 = 2.888 m ≤ (b = 2.888)
So, Adopted beff = 2.888 m
At support:
b = C/C spacing of main girder/2 + edge = 2.625/2 + 1.575 = 2.888 m
b w = girder web thickness = 0.75 m
b1 = (b- bw )/2 = 1.069 m
b2 = edge-girder web thickness/2 = 1.575 – 0.75/2 = 1.200 m
beff,1 = 0.2 × b1 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.069 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.714 m <(0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.069)
beff,2 = 0.2 ×b2 + 0.1 × span = 0.2 × 1.200 + 0.1 × 35 = 3.740 m < (0.2lo = 7) and > (bi = 1.069)
The effective flange width beff for a T beam is given by,
beff = ∑ beff,i + bw ≤ b
with beff,i = 0.2bi +0.1lo ≤ 0.2lo
and beff,i ≤ bi
Now,
beff = ∑ beff,i + bw = 1.069+ 1.069 + 0.75 = 2.888 m ≤ (b = 2.888)
So, Adopted beff = 2.888 m
95
B. Calculation of moment due to prestressing force
At mid
CG from Area
Sections Breadth Height Area
bottom moment
Slab 2.888 0.250 0.7219 2.275 1.6423
Fillet 0.900 0.150 0.0675 2.100 0.1418
Web 0.300 1.550 0.4650 1.375 0.6394
Bulb-
0.300 0.150 0.0788 0.514 0.0405
Trapezoid
Rectangle 0.750 0.450 0.3375 0.225 0.0759
Depth = 2.400 1.670625 sum= 2.54
CG from bottom= 1.52 m
CG from top= 0.88 m
Moment of Inertia
Sections A h I Ah2 I+Ah2
Slab 0.7219 0.755 0.00376 0.4112 0.4149
Fillet 0.0675 0.580 8.44E-05 0.0227 0.0228
Web 0.4650 -0.145 0.093097 0.0098 0.1029
Bulb-
0.0788 -1.006 0.000139 0.0797 0.0798
Trapezoid
Rectangle 0.3375 -1.295 0.005695 0.5662 0.5719
1.19239 m4
96
At support
CG from Area
Sections Breadth Height Area
bottom moment
Slab 2.888 0.250 0.7219 2.275 1.6423
Web 0.750 2.150 1.6125 1.075 1.7334
Depth = 2.400 2.334375 sum= 3.38
CG from bottom= 1.45 m
CG from top= 0.95 m
Moment of Inertia
Sections A h I Ah2 I+Ah2
Slab 0.7219 0.829 0.00376 0.4960 0.4998
Web 1.6125 -0.371 0.621148 0.2220 0.8432
1.3430 m4
Profile of Cable and number in tabular form
Distance between two cables at end = 0.3 m
Distance between two cables at mid = 0.18 m
Nos of Angle of
End Mid 4.375 8.750 13.125 17.500
cables emergence
3.15 1.590 2.468 1.980 1.688 1.590 0 10.21 C10
2.85 1.410 2.220 1.770 1.500 1.410 0 9.44 C9
2.55 1.230 1.973 1.560 1.313 1.230 0 8.66 C8
2.25 1.050 1.725 1.350 1.125 1.050 0 7.89 C7
1.95 0.870 1.478 1.140 0.938 0.870 0 7.11 C6
1.65 0.690 1.230 0.930 0.750 0.690 1 6.32 C5
1.35 0.510 0.983 0.720 0.563 0.510 0 5.54 C4
1.05 0.330 0.735 0.510 0.375 0.330 1 4.75 C3
0.75 0.150 0.488 0.300 0.188 0.150 1 3.96 C2
0.45 0.150 0.319 0.225 0.169 0.150 2 1.98 C1
5
Force Applied= 2730 kN
97
Cable Profile
1.750
1.500
1.250
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000
Calculation of eccentricity
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50
C10 1.704 0.947 0.460 0.167 0.070
C9 1.404 0.700 0.250 -0.020 -0.110
C8 1.104 0.452 0.040 -0.208 -0.290
C7 0.804 0.205 -0.170 -0.395 -0.470
C6 0.504 -0.043 -0.380 -0.583 -0.650
C5 0.204 -0.290 -0.590 -0.770 -0.830
C4 -0.096 -0.538 -0.800 -0.958 -1.010
C3 -0.396 -0.785 -1.010 -1.145 -1.190
C2 -0.696 -1.033 -1.220 -1.333 -1.370
C1 -0.996 -1.202 -1.295 -1.352 -1.370
Calculation of effective depth

0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50
C10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5 1.650 1.230 0.930 0.750 0.690
C4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3 1.050 0.735 0.510 0.375 0.330
98
C2 0.750 0.488 0.300 0.188 0.150
C1 0.900 0.638 0.450 0.338 0.300
sum 4.350 3.090 2.190 1.650 1.470
CG of cable from bottom 0.870 0.618 0.438 0.330 0.294
deff 1.530 1.782 1.962 2.070 2.106
Calculation of average eccentricity
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5 0.204 -0.290 -0.590 -0.770 -0.830
C4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3 -0.396 -0.785 -1.010 -1.145 -1.190
C2 -0.696 -1.033 -1.220 -1.333 -1.370
C1 -1.992 -2.403 -2.591 -2.703 -2.741
-2.880 -4.511 -5.411 -5.951 -6.131
Average eccentricity -0.576 -0.902 -1.082 -1.190 -1.226
99
Calculation of moment due to pre-stressing:
1. Taking loss (30%)

Taking 78.30 % of fpk
Limiting force = 0.783 × No. of strands per cable × fpk × area of one tendon
= 0.783 × 19 × 1860 × 98.7 .
=2731.1 kN
Force applied = 2730.0 kN
Force in each cable = (1 – 0.3) × 2730.0
= 1911.0 kN
Total force applied = 1911 × total no of cable
= 1911 × 5
= 9555 kN
Moment @ 0.000 4.375 8.750 13.125 17.500

C10 - - - - -
C9 - - - - -
C8 - - - - -
C7 - - - - -
C6 - - - - -
C5 389.7 - 554.7 - 1,128.0 - 1,472.0 - 1,586.7
C4 - - - - -
C3 -756.9 -1500.7 -1930.7 -2188.6 -2274.6
C2 -1330.2 -1973.7 -2332.0 -2547.0 -2618.6
C1 -3807.0 -4592.3 -4950.6 -5165.6 -5237.2
-5504.5 -8621.3 -10341.2 -11373.2 -11717.2
100
2. Taking no loss
Maximum force in each cable = 2730.0 kN
Loss = 0%
Force applied in each cable = 2730.0 kN
Total force applied = 2730 × 5
= 13650.0 kN
Moment @ 0.000 4.375 8.750 13.125 17.500
C10 - - - - -
C9 - - - - -
C8 - - - - -
C7 - - - - -
C6 - - - - -
C5 556.7 - 792.5 - 1,611.5 - 2,102.9 - 2,266.7
C4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
C3 -1081.3 -2143.8 -2758.1 -3126.6 -3249.5
C2 -1900.3 -2819.5 -3331.4 -3638.5 -3740.9
C1 -5438.6 -6560.4 -7072.3 -7379.4 -7481.8
-7863.6 -12316.2 -14773.2 -16247.4 -16738.8
101
Unfactored moment due to DL & LL Factors
At Mid
Moment @ 0.000 4.375 8.750 13.125 Span DistF LoadF
Permanent dead loads
Slab & CG 0.000 3,878 6,750 8,378 9,000 0.333 1.00
Barriers 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.333 1.00
Girder 0.000 4,991 8,396 10,439 11,120 0.333 1.00

Added dead loads
Railing 0.000 134 230 287 306 0.500 1.00
Footpath 0.000 1,105 1,895 2,369 2,527 0.500 1.00
Surfacing 0.000 663 1,137 1,421 1,516 0.333 1.20
Pedestrain 0.000 619 1,060 1,325 1,414 0.500 1.00

Live Load
Class A 0.000 3,223 5,571 7,042 7,654 0.333 1.00

70 R
Wheel 0.000 3,534 5,981 7,401 7,910 0.410 1.00
70R
Boogie 0.000 1,665 2,841 3,540 3,751 0.410 1.00
70 R Track 0.000 2,754 4,720 5,898 6,289 0.398 1.00
102
Factored Moment summary:
At Mid
0.000 4.375 8.750 13.125 Span
Permanent dead loads
Slab & CG 0.00 1292.52 2250.08 2792.57 3000.10
Barriers 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Girder 0.00 1663.64 2798.62 3479.61 3706.61
Added dead loads
Railing 0.00 66.99 114.84 143.55 153.13
Footpath 0.00 552.69 947.46 1184.33 1263.28
Surfacing 0.00 265.29 454.78 568.48 606.38
Pedestrain 0.00 309.25 530.15 662.68 706.86
Live Load
Class A 0.00 1074.36 1856.86 2347.49 2551.44
70 R Wheel 0.00 1450.64 2455.09 3037.75 3246.73
70R Boogie 0.00 683.29 1166.15 1453.14 1539.69
70 R Track 0.00 1096.49 1878.93 2348.01 2503.49
BM due to Dead and live loads
Permanent dead loads 0.00 2956.16 5048.70 6272.18 6706.71
Added dead loads 0.00 884.97 1517.09 1896.36 2022.78
Live Load 0.00 1759.89 2985.24 3700.43 3953.59
BM from Prestressing
Reduced due to loss -5504.49 -8621.34 -10341.24 -11373.18 -11717.16
Full (no loss) -7863.55 -12316.21 -14773.21 -16247.41 -16738.81
103
C. Calculation of Extreme Stresses
At mid Atsupport
Yt= 0.880 m Yt= 0.954 m
Yb= -1.520 m Yb= -1.446 m
Area = 1.671 m2 Area = 2.334 m2
MoI = 1.192 m4 MoI = 1.343 m4
Case 1: Rare combination

0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50
BM 0.0 2956.2 5048.7 6272.2 6706.7
Permanent σTop 0.0 2181.0 3724.8 4627.4 4948.0 KN/m2
dead loads σbot 0.0 -3769.1 -6437.0 -7996.9 -8551.0 KN/m2
Axial force(P)= 13650 KN
BM -7864 -12316 -14773 -16247 -16739
Pre- σTop 261.8 -915.9 -2728.7 -3816.3 -4178.8 KN/m2
stressing 14314.
23873.6 27006.2 28885.8 29512.4
full σbot 8 KN/m2
σTop 261.8 1265.0 996.1 811.2 769.2 KN/m2
Resultant 14314.
20104.5 20569.2 20888.9 20961.4 KN/m2
stress σbot 8
σTop OK OK OK OK OK 21600
Check:
σbot OK OK OK OK OK -3270 KN/m2
104
Case 2: Quasi Permanent combination
Axial Force= 9555 KN
BM -5504 -8621 -10341 -11373 -11717
Prestressing σTop 183 -641 -1910 -2671 -2925 KN/m2
with loss σbot 10020 16712 18904 20220 20659 KN/m2
BM 0.0 885.0 1517.1 1896.4 2022.8
Additional σTop 0.0 652.9 1119.3 1399.1 1492.3 KN/m2
Loads σbot 0.0 -1128.3 -1934.3 -2417.8 -2579.0 KN/m2
Stress σTop 183.3 2192.7 2934.0 3355.1 3515.2 KN/m2
before
10020.4 11814.1 10533.1 9805.3 9528.7 KN/m2
Service σbot
BM 0.0
1,760 2,985 3,700 3,954
Addition of σTop 0.0 1298.4 2202.4 2730.1 2916.8 KN/m2
(PLL /
0.0 -2243.8 -3806.1 -4718.0 -5040.8 KN/m2
VLL) σbot
183.3 KN/m2
σTop 3,491.1 5,136.4 6,085.2 6,432.0
Final Stress
4487.9 KN/m2
σbot 10,020.4 9,570.3 6,726.9 5,087.3
σTop OK OK OK OK OK 16200
Check:
σbot OK OK OK OK OK -3270
105
D. Ultimate strength check
Dead Load 0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50 DF LF

Slab & CG 0.0 3877.6 6750.2 8377.7 9000.3 0.333 1.35
Barriers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.333 1.35
Girder 0.0 4990.9 8395.9 10438.8 11119.8 0.333 1.35
Railing 0.0 134.0 229.7 287.1 306.3 0.500 1.35
Footpath 0.0 1105.4 1894.9 2368.7 2526.6 0.500 1.35
Surfacing 0.0 663.2 1137.0 1421.2 1515.9 0.333 1.75
Pedestrain 0.0 618.5 1060.3 1325.4 1413.7 0.500 1.50
Live Load
Class A 0.0 3223.1 5570.6 7042.5 7654.3 0.333 1.50
70 R Wheel 0.0 3534.0 5981.1 7400.5 7909.7 0.410 1.50
70R Boogie 0.0 1664.6 2841.0 3540.1 3751.0 0.410 1.50
70 R Track 0.0 2754.3 4719.8 5898.1 6288.7 0.398 1.50
106
Factored bending moment
0.00 4.38 8.75 13.13 17.50

Dead Load
Slab & CG 0.0 1744.9 3037.6 3770.0 4050.1
Barriers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Girder 0.0 2245.9 3778.1 4697.5 5003.9
Railing 0.0 90.4 155.0 193.8 206.7
Footpath 0.0 746.1 1279.1 1598.8 1705.4
Surfacing 0.0 386.9 663.2 829.0 884.3
Pedestrain 0.0 463.9 795.2 994.0 1060.3
Live Load
Class A 0.0 1611.5 2785.3 3521.2 3827.2
70 R Wheel 0.0 2176.0 3682.6 4556.6 4870.1
70R Boogie 0.0 1024.9 1749.2 2179.7 2309.5
70 R Track 0.0 1644.7 2818.4 3522.0 3755.2
Design moment 0.0 7854.1 13390.9 16639.8 17780.9
deff= 1530.0 1782.0 1962.0 2070.0 2106.0
xu,lim= 499.7 582.0 640.8 676.1 687.8
Adopted Stress Strain Curve for Ultimate Strength Check
Parabolic rectangular stress – strain block
e𝑐 𝑛
e𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 [1 − (1 − ) ] for 0 ≤ e𝑐 ≤ e𝑐2
e𝑐2
e𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 for e𝑐2 ≤ 𝑐 ≤ e𝑐𝑢2
𝛼 𝑓𝑐𝑑
fcd =
e𝑚
107
fck= 45.00 N/mm2 εcu2 = 0.0035
fcd= 20.10 N/mm2 εc2= 0.0020
n= 2
Stress of concrete for different values of strain
25.00
Concrete 20.00
Strain Stress,σcd 15.00
0.0000 0.00 10.00

0.0005 8.79 5.00
0.0010 15.08 0.00
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040
0.0015 18.84
0.0020 20.10
0.0025 20.10
0.0030 20.10
0.0035 20.10
fpk= 1860.0 N/mm2 Es = 195000 N/mm2
fp0.1= 1618.2 N/mm2 εuk = 0.0222
fpd = 1407.1 N/mm2 εud= 0.02000
Design strain (ε) = 0.00722

Steel
2000
Strain Stress,σcd
1000
-
-0.0222 1653.94077 0
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
-0.0200 -1617.4 -1000
-0.0072 -1407.1
-2000
0.0000 0.0
0.0072 1407.1
0.0200 1617.4
108
Strain distribution at mid
Check
actual limiting
xu 411.32 687.85 OK
εbottom cable 0.01565 0.02000 OK
Moment 17781 28303 OK
tensile stress 1545.8 1617.4 OK for bottom cable
Strain Distribution at 3L/8
Check
actual limiting
xu 409.27 676.09 OK
Moment 16640 27733 OK
Strain Distribution at 2L/8
Check
actual limiting
xu 403.20 640.81 OK
Moment 13391 26037 OK
109
Strain Distribution at L/8
Check
actual limiting
xu 390.40 582.02 OK
Moment 7854 23216 OK
Strain Distribution at 0
Check
actual limiting
xu 347.20 499.72 OK
Moment 0 19172 OK
110
Shear Check for Main Beam:
Live load and Dead load calculation of shear force:
Sections SF DF LF Factored SF
Dead Load KN
Slab & CG 1095.8109 0.333 1.350 493.1
Barriers 0 0.333 1.350 0.0
Girder 1394.5781 0.333 1.350 627.6
Railing 35 0.500 1.350 23.6
Footpath 288.75 0.500 1.350 194.9
Surfacing 173.25 0.333 1.750 101.1
Pedestrain 161.568 0.500 1.500 121.2
1561.4
Live Loads inculding impact
Class A 929.45 0.333 1.500 464.7
70 R Wheel 947.29 0.410 1.500 583.3
70R Boogie 436.29 0.410 1.500 268.6
70 R Track 719.73 0.398 1.500 429.8
583.3
Total 2144.7
Design stress, fpd =1407.130 N/mm2
Flexural tensile stress, σp = 1545.772 N/mm2
111
Design for cracked section
Provide 32mm bar and provided 4 number of bars.
Depth of reinforcement (D) = 2400 mm
Effective depth of reinforcement (d) = 1530 mm
Minimum Axial (NED) = 9555 kN
fck = 45 N/mm2
0.67∗45
fcd = = 20.1 N/mm2
1.5
0.2fcd = 0.2 × 20.10 = 4.02 N/mm2
Z = 1386.95 mm
𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp= = 4.02 N/mm2 < (0.2fcd=0.22×45× = 4.02N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5
lever arm factor j= 0.91

𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = =0.0028 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤×𝑑
200
k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.3615 ≤ 2.0
𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.3615 × (80×0.0028×45)0.33 + 0.15×4.02

=0.95
750
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 0.95 × 1530 × = 1094.00 kN
1000
VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 fck1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × Bw × d = 1071.06 kN

The beam can withstand a shear of
VRd.c= 1094.00kN minimum 1071.16 kN >1094.00 kN (ok)
When VRd.c > Applied Shear Force then shear Design is necessary in given condition.
Characteristics Strength (fck) = 30 N/mm2
αcw = 1.0
112
for σcp values (in between) αcw
0.00 1
0.00 5.03 1.2
10.05
5.03 1.25
10.05 20.10 2
Applied Shear Force = 2144.7 kN
Applied shear stress, VED = 2.02 N/mm2
V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.513 N/mm2
Max. allowable shear stress for (ϑ)=45° = αcw×0.225× v1× fck= 6.2318 < 2.262 (ok)
Shear stress , for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 4.293 N/mm2
𝑉𝑒𝑑
ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 9.660°
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘
Determine ϑ, ϑ= 2.062< 4.293 then, 21.8°
Provided 20 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 100 mm .
𝜋
Asw = × 202 × 2 = 402.12 mm2
4
fy = 500.00 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fywd = fyd = = = 434.78 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Spacing required,S = 282.68 mm which is greater then 180 mm condition is acceptable.
For uncracked section
bf =2887.5mm
Df = 250mm
bw = 300 mm
113
bw/8 = 37.5 mm
Dia. of duct (Ф) = 90mm
bwc=bw,nom= 300mm
CG from Top = 879.714 mm
first moment of area,s = 0.604 m3
Second moment of area,I = 1.192 m4
fckt = 2.3 N/mm2
fctd = 1.533 N/mm2
k1 = 1
VRd.c = 1727.399 kN
114
D. Shear Design at support (I- 8)
Live load and Dead load calculation of shear force:
Sections SF DF LF Factored SF
Dead Load KN
Slab & CG 771.45 0.333 1.350 347.2
Barriers 0.00 0.333 1.350 0.0
Girder 933.93 0.333 1.350 420.3
Railing 26.25 0.500 1.350 17.7
Footpath 216.56 0.500 1.350 146.2
Surfacing 129.94 0.333 1.750 75.8
Pedestrain 121.18 0.500 1.500 90.9
1098.0
Live Loads inculding impact
Class A 786.86 0.333 1.500 393.4
70 R Wheel 807.78 0.410 1.500 497.4
70R Boogie 380.49 0.410 1.500 234.3
70 R Track 622.93 0.398 1.500 372.0
497.4
Total 1595.4
Design stress, fpd =1407.130 N/mm2
115
Depth of reinforcement (D) = 2400 mm
Effective depth of reinforcement (d) = 1782 mm
Minimum Axial (NED) = 9555 kN
fck = 45 N/mm2
0.67∗45
fcd = = 20.1 N/mm2
1.5
0.2fcd = 0.2 × 20.10 = 4.02 N/mm2
Z = 1621.16 mm
𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp = = 4.02 N/mm2 < (0.2fcd=0.22×45× = 4.02N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5

𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = =0.0060 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤×𝑑
200
k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.335 ≤ 2.0
𝑑
𝑣𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.3615 × (80×0.0028×45)0.33 + 0.15×4.02

=1.05 N/mm2
1782
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 1.05 × 300 × = 558.67 kN
1000

VRd.c= 558.67 kN minimum 493.85 kN >558.67 kN (ok)
αcw = 1.0
116
0.00 1
0.00 5.03 1.2
5.03 10.5 1.25
10.05 20.10 2
V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.513 N/mm2
Shear stress, for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 4.293 N/mm2
𝑉𝑒𝑑
ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 15.881°
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘
Determine ϑ, ϑ = 3.280< 4.293 then, 21.8°
Provided 20 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 100 mm.
𝜋
Asw = × 202 × 2 = 402.12 mm2
4
fy = 500.00 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fywd = fyd = = = 434.78 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Spacing required,S = 444.19 mm which is greater then 180 mm condition is acceptable.
For uncracked section
bf =2887.5mm
Df = 250mm
bw = 300 mm
bw/8 = 37.5 mm
117
Dia. of duct (Ф) = 90mm
bwc=bw,nom= 300 mm
CG from Top = 879.714 mm
first moment of area,s = 0.604 m3
Second moment of area,I = 1.192 m4
fckt = 2.3 N/mm2
fctd = 1.533 N/mm2
k1 = 1
VRd.c = 1727.399 kN
6.1.3 Design of Cross Girder (Intermediate)
Grade of concrete =M45
Characteristics strength(fck) =45 N/mm2
Yield stress of steel(fy) =500 N/mm2
Young’s modulus of Elasticity (Es) =200000 N/mm2
Geometric Properties
Slab thickness = 250 mm
Wearing Course = 75 mm
Cross Girder
Depth of Cross Girder =1825 mm
Size of Fillets = 0 mm
118
Spacing of girders = 0 kN/m
Number of fillets = 0 nos
Width = 6.25 kN/mm2
Length of Cross girder (c/c) = 2625 mm
Dead load Calculation LF
a) Self Wt. of CG = 11.812 kN/m 1.35
b) Wt. of fillets = 0 kN/m
c) Wt. of Deck slab a = 6.25 kN/m 1.35
d) Wt. of WC =1.875 kN/m 1.75
Each cross girder will receive triangular load from deck slab panels on its either side.
Factored loads
Total load from deck slab = 29.0698 kN
Total load from WC = 11.304 kN
Self Wt. of CG = 15.946 kN
Load per meter of deck slab = 11.074 kN
Load per meter of WC = 4.306 kN
Total Dead = 31.327 kN/m
Rxn due to Wc = 7.536 kN
Rxn due to Slab/CG = 47.286 kN
The cross girder is assumed to be rigid
Reaction on each main girder = 47.594 kNm
Max BM occurs under load = 1.595
Dist. Load from edge = 6.542 kNm
119
BM due to WC = 41.051 kNm
Live Load Calculation impact factor
Load = 700 kN 1.521
Track length = 4.57 m LF
Width over track = 2.9 m 1.5
Tyer width = 0.84
Magnitude of section = 608.6 kN
The cross girder is assumed to be rigid
Load on CG from one wheel = 304.3 kN
Reaction on each main girder = 202.8667 kN
Dist of load from edge = 1.595m
Max BM occurs at mid
Max live load BM = 738.589 kNm including impact & LF
Max live load SF = 463.065 kNm including impact & LF
Design BM (DL+LL) = 786.1833 kNm
Design SF (DL+LL) = 517.888 kN
120
CG T beam
Grade of concrete =M45
Characteristics strength(fck) =45 N/mm2
Yield stress of steel(fy) =500 N/mm2
Young’s modulus of Elasticity (Es) =200000 N/mm2
Design of Cross Girder
Max moment =786.2 kN/m
Continuity factor =0.8
Design BM =628.9 kN/m
Moment of inertia (I) = 2.625
b = 8.75 m
bw = 0.3 m
bi = 4.225 m
beff1 = beff2 = 0.2 × 4.225 + 0.1 × 2.625 = 1.1075 ≤ 0.2lo = 0.2 × 2.625 = 0.525
≤ bi = 4.225
beff = 1.35 mm
beff, (min) = 1350 mm
Slab thickness = 250 mm
Top fiber concrete stress (0.67/1.5×fck ) = 20.100
Area of stress block = b1× fcd × Xu
CG of parabolic / rectangular stress block = b2 × Xu
121
Web only = 1575 mm
Total Depth = 1825 mm
Cover = 80 mm
effective (d) = 1745 mm
1. Calculation of limiting values:

Area Factor β1 = 0.8095
CG Factor β2 = 0.4159
εcu2 = 0.0035
0.87∗𝑓𝑦
= 0.002175
𝐸𝑠
Xu = 1076.21 mm
fck = 45 N/mm2
fy = 500
fcd = 20.10
fyd = 434.78 MPa
CG @ =447.70 mm from top
C z(mm) C×z
Web 5253.4 1297.30 6,815
Flange 5276.3 1620.00 8,548
Total C= 10529.7 Total M 15,363
So, Mu,lim = 15362.77 kNm CG of C is @ 1459.00 mm from bottom
Ast = 24218.25 mm2
𝜋
20 mm dia = ∗ 202 =314mm2 = 77.09 nos.
4
So,this section can take 15362.8 kNm with 78 nos. of 20mm dia bars
122
Design of Cross Girder:
d= 1745 mm Md = 628.9 KNm

Df = 250 mm fcd= 20.10 N/mm2
3/7xu= 7.06 mm fyd= 434.78 N/mm2
4/7xu= 9.41 mm
bf= 1350 mm
bw= 300 mm
CG from
2 fc, avg F=fc,avg×A M(KNm
Limit Ac, mm bottom(mm
(N/mm2) c (KN) )
)
Cf
Rectangle 0.00
lower
9530.70 20.10 191.57 1741.47 333.61
Cf
Rectangle 7.06
Flange
upper
Cf Parabolic
7.06
lower
12707.59 13.40 170.28 1734.41 295.34
Cf Parabolic
16.47
upper
Cw
Rectangle 0.00
lower
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cw
Rectangle 0.00
upper 0.00
Web
Cw
Parabolic 0.00
lower
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cw
Parabolic 0.00
upper
Total C= 361.85 MoRwrt conc 628.95

CHECK MoR wrt
0
conc-Md=
Neutral axis xu= 16.473 Trial OK

Lever arm= 1738.15 1738.15
Result: NA lies within Flange
123
Provided reinforcement:
Ast=832.25 mm2
Required:
𝜋
25 mm dia = ∗ 252 =491mm2=1.70nos Ast=832.25mm2
4
Provided:
𝜋
25 mm dia= ∗ 252 = 491mm2 = 4nos Ast = 1963.50mm2
4
(Here, Ast provided=193.50mm2 >Ast required=832.25mm2(ok))
Min and Max Tensile steel as per code
Minimum and Maximum Tensile steel as per code
Fctm = 3.3
fyk = 500 N/mm2
3.3
(Asmin) = 0.26 × = 0.001716
500
Minimum Area of steel (AS.min) = 0.001716, if (Asmin <0.0013) then adopt that greater value.
Area of steel = 898.326 mm2
For Maximum Ast
Ac = 547500 mm2 0.025 Ac = 13687.5 mm2
Here (𝐴𝑠𝑡)m𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 < (𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥.
2.Limit State of Serviceability Check:
Dead Loads : Slab/CG/WC
BM =95.19kNm
Distribution Factor =0.5
Load Factor =1
124
Factored BM =95.19×0.5×1 =47.6kNm
Live Load
70R Tracked
BM =738.59kNm
Distribution Factor =1
Load Factor =1
Factored BM = 738.59×1×1 =738.59kNm
Total =738.59+47.6 =786.2kNm
Continuity factor =0.8
Design BM =0.8×786.2 =628.946kNm
Crack width
Bending Moment for Crack width check = 628.95 kNm
Area of Steel provided (As) = 1963 mm2
Lever Arm (d-B2 xu) = 1738 mm
Actual Stress(σsc) = 184.29N/mm2
bw =300mm
(Effective depth of reinforcement) Hc,eff
Case I:
Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 200 mm
Case II:
Hc,eff = (h-xu)/3 =
= 1820 mm
Case III:
125
Hc,eff = h/2= 913 mm
Ac,eff = 60000 mm2
σsc = 184.29 N/mm2
Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)
Kt = 0.50
fcm= fck+10 = 55 N/mm2
Fct,eff = 3.3
Ecm = 34313 Mpa(N/mm2)
ρ1, eff = 0.0327
𝐸𝑠
αe= = 5.829
𝐸𝑐𝑚
εsm - εcm = 0.0006 > 0.6 σsc/Es (Ok)

𝜎𝑠𝑐
= 0.6 × = .0006 (εsm - εcm > 0.6 σsc/Es, safe)
𝐸𝑠
Srmax = 265.870
Crack width = (εsm - εcm) × Srmax
= 0.1652 mm, (IF Crack width <0.3 then given value is safe).
Shear check
Factors for structural design

Dead Load SF Distribution Load Factored SF
Slab/CG 70.05 0.500 1.350 47.3
Surfacing 8.61 0.500 1.750 7.5
54.8
Live Load
70R Tracked 308.71 1.000 1.500 463.1
463.1
Total Shear Force 517.9
126
fck = 45 N/mm2
0.67∗45
fcd = = 20.1 N/mm2
1.5
0.2fcd = 0.2 × 20.10 = 4.02 N/mm2
Z = 1738.1 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = =0.0038 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤×𝑑
200
k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.338 ≤ 2.0
𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.3338 × (80×0.0038×45)0.33 + 0.15×0

=0.38
300
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 0.38 × 1745 × = 198.50 kN
1000
VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 fck1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × Bw × d = 168.59kN

VRd.c= 198.50 kN minimum 168.59kN >198.50 kN (ok)
Applied Shear Force = 517.9kN
V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.513 N/mm2
Max. allowable shear stress for (ϑ)=45° = αcw×0.225× v1× fck= 5.193 > 0.171 (ok)
Shear stress , for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 3.578 N/mm2
𝑉𝑒𝑑
ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 0.942°
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘
Determine ϑ, ϑ= 0.171 < 3.578 then, 21.8°
Provided 10 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 300 mm .
127
𝜋
Asw = × 102 × 2 = 157.08 mm2
4
fy = 500.00 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fywd = fyd = = = 434.78 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Spacing required, S = 573.08 mm which is greater than 300 mm condition is acceptable.
128
Design Of End Block
Number of Cable = 5
Side of end block ( 2Yo) = 0.75 m
Side of loaded area ( 2Yp) = 0.244 m
Load in tendon (Pk) = 2730 KN
Yeild strength of steel (fy) = 500 N/m2
Height of girder = 2.4 m
Table for Design brusting tensile strength (Fbst) according to IRC 112
Ypo/Yo 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Fbst/Pk 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.12
129
Table for individual square end block design brusting tensile strength
Cable1 Cable 3
For Vertical direction
Yo 0.15 0.15
Ypo 0.122 0.122
Ypo/Yo 0.813333 0.813333
Fbst/Pk 0.12 0.12
Fbst 327.6 327.6
For Horizontal direction
Yo 0.225 0.375
Ypo 0.122 0.122
Ypo/Yo 0.542222 0.325333
Fbst/Pk 0.177333 0.2524
Fbst 484.12 689.052
Reinforcement in End Block

Maximum bursting force = 689.05 kN
Tensile Strength = 0.87*500 = 435 N/mm2
Required Ast = 689.05 * 1000/435=1584.03 mm2
Provide 16 mm, 6 legged bar @ 3 nos
π
Area of steel provided = *162*6*3 = 3619.115 mm2
4
Check for stress

σc behind anchorage = 21 N/ mm2
σt behind anchorage = 240 N/ mm2
Stress in steel = 689.05 *1000/3619.115 = 190.3924 N/ mm2
σc for cable 1 = 20.222 N/ mm2
σc for cable 3 = 12.133 N/ mm2
Table for overall group rectangle end block design brusting tensile strength
Equivalent 2Ypo = √5 ∗ 0.244 ∗ 0.244 = 0.5456
130
For V For H
Yo 1.2 0.375
Ypo 0.2728 0.2728
Ypo/Yo 0.227334 0.727467
Fbst/Pk 0.26 0.12
Fbst 709.8 327.6
Tensile Strength = 0.87*500 = 435 N/ mm2
Required Ast = 709.8 * 1000/435=1631.7241 mm2
Provide 16 mm, 6-legged bar @ 3 nos
π
4
Minimum Reinforcement = 0.15*P/(fy*0.87) *1.2 = 0.15*2730*1000/ (0.87*500)*1.2 =

1129.6551 mm2
Check for stresses

Stress in steel = 709.8 *1000/3619.115 = 196.1253 N/mm2 < 240 N/ mm2 (ok)
σc for concrete = n*Pk/(Yov*2*Yho*2) = 5*2730*1000/(1.2*0.375*2*2*106) = 7.5833 N/mm2 <
21 N/ mm2 (ok)
131
Tensile Strength = 0.87*500 = 435 N/ mm2
Required Ast = 709.8 * 1000/435=1631.7241 mm2
Provide 16 mm, 6-legged bar @ 3 nos
π
4
Minimum Reinforcement = 0.15*P/(fy*0.87) *1.2 = 0.15*2730*1000/ (0.87*500) *1.2

= 1129.6551 mm2
Check for stresses

Stress in steel = 709.8 *1000/3619.115 = 196.1253 N/mm2 < 240 N/ mm2 (ok)
σc for concrete = n*Pk/(Yov*2*Yho*2) = 5*2730*1000/ (1.2*0.375*2*2*106) = 7.5833 N/mm2 <
21 N/ mm2 (ok)
Spalling Reinforcement
σmax = 250 N/mm2
Ast required = (0.03*Pk*1.2)/ σmax = 0.03*2730*1.2/250 = 393.12 mm2
Ast Provided = 16 mm @ 2 nos
π
= *162*2 = 402.12 mm2 > 393.12 mm2 (ok)
4
Spiral Reinforcement
Spiral reinforcement is provided as per M/S Dynamic Prestress
π
Provide 16 mm dia. bar @ 16 mm = *162*9 = 1809.5573 mm2
4
132
7. Design of Elastomeric Bearing
Different loads of the bridge superstructure have been calculated and bearings have been designed
for the critical combinations of the calculated loads
1. Unfactored Dead Load from Superstructure

Weight of Wearing Coat = 22 × 6 × 0.075 = 9.90 kN /m
Weight of Railing = 2 kN/m
Weight of Kerb = 0 kN/m
Weight of Slab = 0.25 × 8.4 × 25 = 52.5 kN/m
Weight of Footpath = 0.275 × 1.2 × 25 = 8.25 kN/m
Weight of fillet (Main girder) = ½ × 0.15 × 0.45 × 25× 2 = 1.6875 kN/m
Weight of Main girder Web part = 0.3 × 1.55 × 25 = 11.625 kN/m
Bulb trapezoid part = ½× (0.3+0.75) × 0.2 × 25 = 2.625 kN/m
Bulb rectangle part = 0.75 ×0.4 × 25 = 7.5 kN/m
Weight of Cross girder End Cross Girder = 97.45 kN (load calculation in girder)
Intermediate Cross Girder = 54.9281 kN
Shear force due to Cross girder = 179.8 kN
Total Reaction due to Dead Load from Superstructure without Wearing Coat (Wu) = DL of slab +
DL of railing + DL of Cross Girder + DL of Longitudinal girder + DL of Footpath
= 52.5 × 35/6 +2 × 35/2 + 179.8 + (1.6875 + 11.625 + 2.625 +7.5 +8.25) × 35/2 + 50.625×3/3
= 1108.75 kN
Wearing coat load = 9.90 × 35/6 = 57.5 kN
2. Unfactored Live Load from Superstructure
Live load = Max reaction at the support of main girder = 559.99 kN
133
3.Braking Load
70RW, Braking load = 0.2 × (170 × 4+120 × 2+80) = 200 kN
70RT, Braking Load = 0.2 × (700) = 140 kN
70R Boogie, Braking Load = 0.2 × (200+200) = 80 kN
Class A, Braking load = 0.2 × (27 × 2+114 × 2+68 × 4) = 110.8 kN
Maximum Braking Load = 200 kN
200
Horizontal Load in each girder = = 66.667 kN
3
Braking loads acts at 1.2m above wearing coat.

So, point of application of braking load from bearing= 1.2 + depth of girder + depth of Slab +
depth of wearing Coat = 1.2 + 0.075 +2.4 = 3.675 m
66.667 × 3.675
Vertical Reaction on the bearing = = 7 kN
35
4.Wind Load
Wind load in transverse direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 ) = PZ × A × G × CD
Height of bridge < 10.0 m
For plain terrain and basic wind 33.0 m/s,
Vz = 27.8 m/s
Pz= 463.7 N/𝑚2
Basic Design wind speed = 47 m/s
Then,
47
Vz = × 27.8 = 33.5939 m/s
33
47 2
Pz = ( ) × 463.7 = 940.6 N/𝑚2
33
Taking 36 m/s speed
36
Vz = × 27.8 = 30.3273 m/s
33
36 2
Pz = ( ) × 463.7 = 551.841 N/𝑚2
33
134
Gust factor, G = 2 for span up to 150 m
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 8.4

B/D = = = 3.5
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.4
CD = 1.3 for B/D ≥ 6
CD = 1.5 for B/D ≤ 2
CD = 2.0625 for B/D = 3.5
Area in transverse direction of bridge (A) = 35 × 2.4 + 21 × 1.1 × 0.15 + 0.11 × (35-21×0.15) =
90.9685 𝑚2
Case 1 - (𝐹𝑤 𝑇 ) = Pz × A × G × CD = 90.9685 × 940.6 × 2 × 2.0625 = 352.995 kN

(90.9685 × 551.841 × 2 × 2.0625 + 3 × 18.8 ×551.841)
Case 2- (𝐹𝑤 𝑇 ) = Pz × A × G × CD = = 238.2 kN
1000
Wind load in Longitudinal direction of (𝐹𝑊 𝐿 ) each bearing = 352.995 /3 = 117.651 kN
Wind load in Transverse direction of (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 ) each bearing = 0.25Max (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 )/6 = 0.25 × 352.995/3
= 79.399 kN
Wind load in Vertical direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 ) = PZ × A × G × CL
CL = 0.75
Plan Area (A) = 8.4 × 35 = 294 𝑚2
(294× 940.6 ×2 × 0.75)
𝐹𝑊 𝑉 = Pz × A × G × CD = = 414.805 kN
1000
Vertical Wind Load in each bearing = 414.805/6 = 69.1341 kN

5. Seismic Load
𝑍 𝐼 𝑆𝑎
Seismic load = × × ×W
2 𝑅 𝑔
Where, Z = zone factor = 0.35

I = Importance factor = 1 for normal bridge
R = Response reduction factor = 2
𝑆𝑎
= average response acceleration coefficient,
𝑔
𝑆𝑎
For 5% damping of RCC structure, = 2.5
𝑔
135
W = Total Dead load along the longitudinal and sum of appropriate live load in transverse
direction.
W along longitudinal direction = 6999.01 kN
W along transverse direction =6999.01 + 0.2 × (853.6057+161.57) = 7202.04 kNF𝑠 𝐿
0.36 1
= × × 2.5 × 6999.01 = 3149.554 kN
2 1
0.36 1
F𝑠 𝑇 = × × 2.5 × 7202.04 = 3240.92 kN
2 1
2
F𝑠 𝑉 = × 3149.554 = 2099.703 kN
3
3149.554
Longitudinal Seismic load in each bearing = = 1049.851 kN
3
3240.92
Transverse Seismic load in each bearing = = 1080.31 kN
3
2099.703
Vertical Seismic load in each bearing = = 360.1022 kN
6
6. Load due to Temperature variation, Creep and Shrinkage effect
∆
Maximum horizontal force on a bearing (Fcst) = ×G×A
2ℎ0
For common reinforced concrete bridge deck, the longitudinal strain due to temperature
variation,creep and shrinkage is 5 × 10−4 .
Horizontal load due to creep, shrinkage and temperature has been distributed to expansion bearing
only.
Horizontal deformation of bearing, ∆ = 5×10-4 × 25300 = 12.65 mm
Shear modulus of elastomeric bearing, G = 1 N/𝑚2

Approximate minimum height of bearing, h0 = 76.0 mm
Approximate size of bearing = 400 mm × 600 mm Maximum horizontal force on a bearing,
Clear Cover = 4 mm
Effective Area = (400-4) × (600-4) = 236016 𝑚2
12.656
Fcst = × 1 × (2306016) = 27.172 kN
2 ×76
136
Summary of Loads on bearing
Unfactored Load on each Bearing Notation Load

Dead Load without w/c DL 1108.75
Wearing Course Dl w/c 57.75
Live Load LL 559.99
Braking Load Horizontal 𝐹𝑏𝑟 𝐻 66.667
Braking Load Vertical 𝐹𝑏𝑟 𝑉 7
Longitudinal Wind Load 𝐹𝑤𝐿 29.413
Transverse Wind Load 𝐹𝑤 𝑇 117.651
Vertical Wind Load 𝐹𝑤 𝑉 69.134
Longitudinal seismic Load F𝑠 𝐿 1049.85
Transverse seismic Load F𝑠 𝑇 1080.31
Vertical seismic seismic Load F𝑠 𝑉 360.1022
Temperature load Fcst 27.172
Loads and their combination
a) Basic Combination
𝑉
Total vertical load (Carriageway live load as leading) = 1.35DL + 1.75WC + 1.5LL + 0.9𝐹𝑊 +
𝑉
1.15𝐹𝑏𝑟
= 1.35 × 1108.75 + 1.75 × 57.75 + 1.5 × 559.99 + 1.15 × 7 + 0.9 × 69.134
= 2532.58 kN
𝑉 𝐻
Total horizontal load along longitudinal direction = 0.9 𝐹𝐶𝑆𝑇 + 0.9𝐹𝑊 + 1.5𝐹𝑏𝑟
= 0.9 × 27.172 + 0.9 × 29.413 + 1.5 × 66.667
= 150.927 kN
137
b) Seismic Combination
Total Vertical load due to seismicity along longitudinal direction
𝑉𝐿
= 1.35DL + 1.75WC + 0.2LL + 1.5𝐹𝑆𝑉𝐿 + 0.2𝐹𝑏𝑟
= 1.35 × 1108.75 + 1.75 × 57.75 + 0.2 × 559.99 + 1.15 × 7 + 1.5 × 360.1022
= 2078.03 kN
𝐻
Total horizontal load along longitudinal direction = 0.5 𝐹𝐶𝑆𝑇 + 0.2 𝐹𝑏𝑟
= 26.9198 kN
Design of Bearing
Nmin = 1496.815 kN
Nmax=2532.58kN
Hmax = 150.927kN
Laminated bearing with following dimensions has been chosen:
Length, l = 600 mm
Width, b = 400 mm
Thickness of steel plate, hs = 5 mm
Thickness of middle elastomer layer, hi = 14 mm
Thickness of elastomer layer at top and bottom, he = 7.0 mm
Number of steel plate = 4
Number of middle elastomer layer = 3
Total thickness of elastomer layer, h = 3× 14 + 2 × 7= 56 mm
⸫ Total height of bearing, h0 = 3× 14 + 5 × 4 + 2 × 7 = 76 mm
Provide 4 mm gap on either side of elastomer.
138
Effective length, l’ = (600 – 2 × 4) = 592 mm
Effective width, b’ = (400 – 2 × 4) = 392 mm
Effective area of bearing, A1 = 392 × 592 = 232064 mm2.
Check for Geometry
𝑙 600
𝑖) = = 1.5 < 2 (𝑂𝐾)
𝑏 400
𝑏 400
𝑖𝑖) = = 80 > ℎ = 76 𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝐾)
5 5
𝑏 300
𝑖𝑖𝑖) = = 30 < ℎ = 76 𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝐾)
10 10
𝐴1
𝑖𝑣) 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 =
𝑙𝑃 × 𝑡𝑒
where, lP = 2 × (a’ + b’) = 2 × (392 +592 ) = 1968 mm
2 × 1.4 × ℎ 𝑒 + 4 × ℎ𝑖 2 × 1.4 × 7+ 4 × 14
𝑡𝑒 = = = 12.32 mm
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 5
232064
𝑆 = = 9.5713 > 6 & < 12 (𝑂𝐾)
1968 × 12.32
Check for Bearing Pressure
Bearing pressure ≤ Allowable bearing pressure
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2532.58 × 1000

𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = = 10.913 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 232064
𝐴1
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝐶𝐾 × √ = 0.25 × 45 × √2 = 15.9 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2
𝐴1
√ 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 2)
𝐴2
139
Here, Allowable bearing pressure > Bearing pressure. Hence, OK.
Check for Basic Design Requirements
a. Maximum design strain
𝜀𝑢,𝑘
𝜀𝑡,𝑑 = 𝐾𝐿 (𝜀𝑐,𝑑 + 𝜀𝑞,𝑑 + 𝜀𝛼,𝑑 ) ≤ 𝜀𝑢,𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚
where, KL = 1, is type loading factor
𝜀𝑐,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝜀𝑞,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝜀𝛼,𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜀𝑢,𝑘 = 7 (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 1 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 5.1.3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑚 = 1
𝜀𝑢,𝑘 7
⸫ 𝜀𝑢,𝑑 = = = 7.0
𝛾𝑚 1
● Strain due to Compressive design load

1.5 × 𝐹𝑍,𝑑
𝜀𝑐,𝑑 =
𝐺 × 𝐴𝑟 × 𝑆
Where, FZ, d = Maximum vertical load = 2525.338 kN
G = Shear modulus of elasticity of elastomer, generally taken as 1.0 N/mm2
S = Shape factor
Ar = Reduced effective plan area due to the loading effects given by,
𝑉𝑥,𝑑 𝑉𝑦,𝑑
𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴1 × (1 − ′
− ′ )
𝑎 𝑏
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎

𝑉𝑥,𝑑 = × ℎ
𝐺 × 𝐴1
150.927 × 1000
= × 76
1 × 232064
140
= 36.4207 𝑚𝑚
Similarly, 𝑉𝑦,𝑑 = 0
36.4207
𝐴𝑟 = 232064 × (1 − − 0) = 210502.96 𝑚𝑚2
392
1.5 × 2532.58 × 1000

𝜀𝑐,𝑑 = = 1.885 𝑚𝑚
1 × 210502.96 × 9.5713
● Strain due to shear
2
𝑉𝑥𝑦,𝑑 √𝑉𝑥,𝑑 2 + 𝑉𝑦,𝑑 𝑉𝑥,𝑑 36.4207
𝜀𝑞,𝑑 = = = = = 0.650 𝑚𝑚 < 1 (𝑂𝐾)
𝑇𝑞 𝑇𝑞 𝑇𝑞 56
● Strain due to angular rotation
𝑎′2 ∗ ∝𝑎,𝑑 + 𝑏′2 ∗ ∝𝑏,𝑑

𝜀𝛼,𝑑 = ∗ 𝑡𝑖
2 ∗ ∑ 𝑡𝑖2
Where, ∝b, d = 0 as there is no rotation along longitudinal axis
∝𝑎,𝑑 = ∝𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑑 + ∝𝑑
400 × 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥,𝐷𝐿 × 𝑙 × 10−3 400 × 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥,𝐿𝐿 × 𝑙 × 10−3

= +
0.5 × 𝐸𝐼𝑔𝑟 × 1.35 𝐸𝐼𝑔𝑟 × 1.5
400 × 24241.25 × 106 × 35000 × 10−3

=
0.5 × 5000 × √25 × 4.452 × 1011 × 1.35
400 × 7909.68 × 106 × 35000 × 10−3
+
5000 × √25 × 4.452 × 1011 × 1.5
= 0.008665
So,
3922 × 0.008665 + 4922 × 0

𝜀𝛼,𝑑 = × 14 = 1.598
2 × (4 × 143 + 2 × 73 )
Now,
141
𝜀𝑡,𝑑 = 𝐾𝐿 (𝜀𝑐,𝑑 + 𝜀𝑞,𝑑 + 𝜀𝛼,𝑑 )
= 1 × (1.598 + 1.885 + 0.650)
= 4.134 < 𝜀𝑢,𝑑 = 7 (OK)
b. Reinforcing plate thickness (Clause 5.1.3.5, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))
𝐾𝑝 × 𝐹𝑍,𝑑 × (𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) × 𝐾ℎ × 𝛾𝑚
𝑡𝑠 =
𝐴𝑟 × 𝑓𝑦
Where, Kp = Stress correction factor = 1.3
t1 and t2 are the thickness of elastomer layer on either side of the plate
fy = yield stress of the steel = 250.0 N/mm2
Kh = factor for induced tensile stresses in reinforcing plate whose value is given as,
Without holes: Kh = 1
With holes: Kh = 2
So, for elastomer without holes
1.3 × 2532.58 × 1000 × (14 + 14) × 1 × 1

𝑡𝑠 =
213085.2 × 250
= 1.068 mm < 3.0 mm
So, for elastomer with holes
1.3 × 2532.58 × 1000 × (14 + 14) × 2 × 1

𝑡𝑠 =
213085.2 × 250
= 2.136 mm < 3.0 mm
Provide thickness of plate 3mm
c. Limiting conditions
i. Rotational limitation condition
For laminated rectangular bearing
142
𝑎′ × ∝𝑎,𝑑 + 𝑏′ × ∝𝑏,𝑑
∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 − ≥ 0
𝐾𝑟,𝑑
where,
𝐾𝑟,𝑑 = 3)
∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 is vertical deflection
∑ 𝐹𝑍,𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖 1
∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 = × ( )
𝐴1 1
5 × 𝐺 × 𝑆2 +
𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 − 1𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑠 2000 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2532.58 × 1000 × 76 1
∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 = × ( )
213085.2 1
5 × 1 × 9.57132 +
2000
= 1.3342 mm
Now,
𝑎′ × ∝𝑎,𝑑 + 𝑏′ × ∝𝑏,𝑑 392 × 0.012 + 592 × 0

∑ 𝑉𝑍,𝑑 − = 1.3342 −
𝐾𝑟,𝑑 3
=0.202 > 0.0 (OK)
i.Buckling stability
For laminated rectangular bearing
𝐹𝑍,𝑑 2 × 𝑎′ × 𝐺 × 𝑆
<
𝐴𝑟 3 × 𝑇𝑒
2532.58 × 1000 2 × 392 × 1 × 9.57

<
213085.2 3 × 76
i.e., 12.031 < 44.666 (OK)
143
ii. Non sliding condition
𝐹𝑥𝑦,𝑑 ≤ 𝜇𝑒 × 𝐹𝑧,𝑑 𝑀𝑖𝑛
where, Fxy, d = 150.927 kN
Fz, d Min is the minimum value of dead load from superstructure. As rubber has the unique property
that it behaves differently below certain minimum load, Fz, d Min has been taken as DL without
considering wearing course, i.e.,
Fz, d Min = 1496.815 kN
𝐾𝑓
𝜇𝑒 = 0.1 + 1.5 ×
𝜎𝑚
Kf = 0.6 for concrete
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1496.815 × 1000

𝜎𝑚 = = = 11.851 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 213085.2
Then,
0.6
𝜇𝑒 = 0.1 + 1.5 × = 0.1759
11.851
𝜇𝑒 × 𝐹𝑧,𝑑 𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 0.1759 × 1496.815 = 263.351 𝑁
Here,
𝐹𝑥𝑦,𝑑 = 150.927 ≤ 𝜇𝑒 × 𝐹𝑧,𝑑 𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 263.351 𝑘𝑁
Hence, OK.
144
8. Analysis and Design of Pier
For the design of pier, following data has been obtained from hydrological and geotechnical
investigation report.
Allowable bearing capacity of soil = 400 kN/m2
Bridge span = 35 m
Size of bearing = 600x400x76 mm
Lane width = 6 m
c/c distance between outermost girders = 2.625 m
Depth of girder (main) = 2.4m
Velocity of water current = 3.0623 m/s
Type of foundation = open foundation
RL of bottom of pier = 143.611m
Depth of pier = Difference between depth of HFL from bed level + scour depth +free Board height
=2.447+2+2.5+1.5 = 8.447 m
RL of HFL = 150.558 m
Material
Concrete: M30 for pier cap and M30 for pier stem (as minimum grade of concrete specified in IRC
SP114-2018)
Rebar: TMT500D
145
Type of Pier
RCC single column hammer headed pier has been selected. As the length of pier is more than 5m
so wall pier system will not be economical. Moreover, for 35m span, strength is also not sufficient.
Also, carriage way is only 6m so single column may be sufficient.
8.1 Pier Preliminary sizing
Diameter of stem=2.2m
Length of pier cap = c/c spacing of main girder × 2 + bearing length + 2 × clearance
= 2.625 × 2 + 2×0.6/2 + 2 × 0.5 = 6.85 m (As Clearance is taken as 0.5m (0.4-0.6m)
Width of pier cap:
Case I:
= Diameter of stem + 2 × 150
= 2 × 2.2 + 2 × 0.150 = 2.5 m
Case II:
= C/C of bearing distance + projection of span from bearing centre×2

= 1.5 + 0.5 × 2 = 2.5 m
Plan area of pier cap= 6.85 × 2.5 =17.125m2
Height of pier at edge = 0.5 m
Height of pier cap at stem = 1.25m
Length of one edge of pier cap excluding stem portion = (6.85 – 2.85)/2 =2.325m
Area of edge of pier cap = 2× (0.5 + 1.25)/2 × 2.325 = 4.068 m2
Self-weight of pedestal = 0.8×0.8×0.5×25×6 =48 kN

𝜋
Self-weight of pier = ((4.068×2 + 2.2×1.25) ×2.5 + (8.447-1.25) × × (2.2)2) × 25
4
=1364.698 kN
146
Figure: Preliminary sizing of pier cap
Check for depth of pier Cap for punching shear
Height of pier cap at edge = 500 mm
Height of pier cap at support ie, stem = 750 mm
Distance of bearing from support = 2.325-0.5-0.6/2 = 1.525 m
(0.5+1.25)
Average depth = = 0.875 m
2
Vertical force from bearing = 2233.58 kN
Moment at support = 2233.58 × 1.525 = 3406.21 kNm
Ast = 9728.901 m2 100×Ast/bd = 0.4782
Permissible shear stress (Tc) = 0.3030
Kc (constant value depend on depth) = 1
KcTc = 0.3030
Punching shear = 0.28051 (KcTc > Punching shear,"safe","recheck")
Perimeter = 9100 mm. So provided thickness are sufficient.
147
8.2 Analysis
1. Unfactored Dead Load from Superstructure
Dead load of cross Girders = 177.06 kN
Dead load of cross slab and Girders = 1095.81 kN
Dead load of cross Girders =1394.58 kN
Dead load of railing = 35 kN
Dead load of footpath = 288.75 kN
Dead load of surfacing = 173.25 kN
2. Vehicle position load:
Option Explicit
Dim S1 As Double, S2 As Double
Sub Maximize ()
Dim LL (1 To 4, 1 To 4) As Double, LeL as Double
Dim MaxP as Double, MaxBM As Double, PMaxRL As Double, PMaxRR As Double,

BMMaxRL As Double, BMMaxRR As Double, PMaxBM As Double
Dim i As Integer
S1 = Cells(2, 4): S2 = Cells(2, 8)
For i = 1 To 4
LeL = 0
MaxP = 0: MaxBM = 0
Do While LeL <= (S1 + S2 + 30)
Cells(13, 5 × i) = LeL
148
'If Cells(49, 5 × i - 2) > MaxRL Then
' MaxRL = Cells(49, 5 × i - 2)
' LL(i, 1) = LeL
'End If
'If Cells(49, 5 × i - 1) > MaxRR Then
' MaxRR = Cells(49, 5 × i - 1)
' LL(i, 2) = LeL
'End If
If Cells(50, 5 × i - 1) > MaxP Then
MaxP = Cells(50, 5 × i - 1)
LL(i, 3) = LeL
PMaxRL = Cells(49, 5 × i - 2)
PMaxRR = Cells(49, 5 × i - 1)
PMaxBM = Cells(52, 5 × i - 1)
End If
If Cells(52, 5 × i - 1) > MaxBM Then
MaxBM = Cells(52, 5 × i - 1)
LL(i, 4) = LeL
BMMaxRL = Cells(49, 5 × i - 2)
BMMaxRR = Cells(49, 5 × i - 1)
End If
LeL = LeL + 0.05
149
Loop
Cells (53, i × 5 - 2) = PMaxRL
Cells (54, i × 5 - 2) = PMaxRR
Cells (54, i × 5 - 1) = PMaxBM
Cells (55, i × 5 - 2) = BMMaxRL
Cells (56, i × 5 - 2) = BMMaxRR
Cells (57, i × 5 - 2) = LL(i, 3): Cells(57, i × 5 - 1) = MaxP
Cells (58, i × 5 - 2) = LL(i, 4): Cells(58, i × 5 - 1) = MaxBM
Next i
End Sub
Class A Loading:
MaxP RL 429.09
RR 103.38 244.28
MaxBM RL 421.18
RR 0.00
MaxP 78.85 532.5
MaxBM 35.70 315.9
Class 70R Wheel load:
MaxP RL 484.21
RR 444.53 29.76
MaxBM RL 10.88
RR 873.61
MaxP 44.70 928.7
MaxBM 49.20 647.0
150
Class 70R Track load:
MaxP RL 310.46
RR 381.66 53.40
MaxBM RL 0.00
RR 668.70
MaxP 38.05 692.1
MaxBM 40.35 501.5
Class 70R Boogie Load:
MaxP RL 287.4
RR 401.7 85.71
MaxBM RL 0.0
RR 674.3
MaxP 37.0 689.1
MaxBM 48.2 505.7
Summary Dead and live Load:
Summary Dead load without wearing course = 2814.14 kN
Summary Dead load wearing course = 173.25 kN
Maximum Live load by distribution = 542.792 kN
3. Load by braking effect:
Load = 0.3 ×484.21 + 0.2 × 444.53
=234.168 kN
Point of application of braking load = 3.751 m
Vertical Braking Load = 25.0961 kN
151
4. Due to Temperature & Shrinkage:
Temperature variation = 30 ˚C
Coeff. Of thermal expansion(α)= 0.000012 m/ ˚C / m
Length = 35 m
strain due to shrinkage = 0.0002
Thermal Elongation = 0.0126
shrinkage Elongation = 0.007
Total elongation due to temp. and shrinkage= 0.0126
Shear Rating of elastomer bearing = 0.007
Area of bearing= 0.0196
Ht. of bearing without plates= 1000 kN/m/m2
No of bearing = 6
.27
Force on pier = 1.1 × (1000 × ×.0196) × 6
.096
= 363.825 kN
Vertical Force = 363.825 kN
Horizontal Force= 363.825 kN
5. Wind load from Super Structure:
Wind load in transverse direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 ) = PZ × A × G × CD

Height of bridge < 10.0 m
For plain terrain and basic wind 33.0 m/s,
Vz = 27.8 m/s
Pz= 463.7 N/𝑚2
Basic Design wind speed = 47 m/s
152
Then,
47
Vz = × 27.8 = 33.5939 m/s
33
47 2
Pz = ( ) × 463.7 = 940.6 N/𝑚2
33
Taking 36 m/s speed
36
Vz = × 27.8 = 30.3273 m/s
33
36 2
Pz = ( ) × 463.7 = 551.841 N/𝑚2
33
Gust factor, G = 2 for span up to 150 m (Clause 209.3.3, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 8.4

B/D = = = 3.5
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.4
CD = 1.3 for B/D ≥ 6
CD = 1.5 for B/D ≤ 2
CD = 1.35 for B/D = 3.5
Area in transverse direction of bridge (A)= 35 × 2.4 + 21 × 1.1 × 0.15 + 0.11 × (35-21×0.15) =
93.845 m2
Case 1 - (𝐹𝑤 𝑇 ) = Pz × A × G × CD = 90.9685 × 940.6 × 2 × 2.4375 = 417.129 kN

(90.9685 × 551.841 × 2 × 2.4375 + 3 × 18.8 ×551.841)
Case 2- (𝐹𝑤 𝑇 ) = Pz × A × G × CD =
1000
= 275.85 kN
Wind load in Longitudinal direction of (𝐹𝑊 𝐿 ) each bearing = 417.129 /6 =69.5215 kN
Wind load in Transverse direction of (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 ) each bearing = 0.25Max (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 )/6 = 0.25 × 417.129/6
= 17.3804 kN
Wind load in Vertical direction of bridge (𝐹𝑊 𝑇 ) = PZ × A × G × CL
CL = 0.75
153
Plan Area (A) = 8.4 × 35 = 294 𝑚2
𝐹𝑊 𝑉 = Pz × A × G × CD
(294× 940.6 ×2 × 0.75)
=
1000
= 414.805 kN
Vertical Wind Load in each bearing = 414.805/6 = 69.1341 kN
Total Load = 2 × (0.78 × 30.885+0.824 × 30.885+0.952 × 130.425+1 × 130.425+
77.805 × (0.828+0.708+0.588+0.468))
Total Load = 1011.60 kN
This load is taken by pier only. Braking load on pier is given by:
FHbr = 291.6kN
291.6 × 3.345
𝐹 𝑉 𝑏𝑟 = = 19.508𝑘𝑁
25 × 2
Wind load from substructure
Wind load in transverse direction
FTW = 𝑃𝑍 × 𝐴 × 𝐺 × 𝐶𝐷 = 940.6 × (2.2 × (8.447 – 2) × 2 × 0.75 = 20.011kN
Wind load in longitudinal direction (FLW) = 0.25 × 20.011 = 5.002kN
Seismic load from superstructure (Clause 219.5.1, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑍 𝐼 𝑆𝑎
2 𝑅 𝑔
Where, zone factor (Z) = 0.36

Importance factor (I) = 1 for normal bridge (Clause 219.5.1.1, IRC 06: 2014)
R = Response reduction factor = 2 (Table 9, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑆𝑎
𝑔
𝑆𝑎
For 5% damping of RCC structure, = 2.5 (Clause 219.5.1, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑔
direction.
154
W along longitudinal direction =4102.28 kN
W along transverse direction 4102.28 + 0.2 × (928.74 + 689.14) = 4347.58 kN
0.36 1
(Total Seismic Load in longitudinal) F𝑠 𝐿 = × × 2.5 × 4102.28 = 615.3412 kN
2 1
0.36 1
(Seismic Load in transverse) F𝑠 𝑇 = × × 2.5 × 4347.58 = 652.1367 kN
2 1
2
(Seismic Load vertical in longitudinal) F𝑠 𝑉 = × 652.1367 = 410.227 kN
3
2
Vertical transverse bearing (F𝑠 𝑡 ) = × 652.1367 = 434.7579 kN
3
615.3412
Longitudinal Seismic load in each girder = = 205.1137 kN
3
652.1367
Transverse Seismic load in each girder = = 217.3789 kN
3
2 217.3789
Vertical Seismic load = × = 144.919 kN
3 6
Total Seismic load in longitudinal direction (𝐹𝐿𝑆)= 615.34 kN
Seismic load in Transverse direction 𝐹𝑇𝑆 = 652.14 kN
Vertical reaction due to seismic load = 434.76 kN
Summary of Seismic Loads in superstructure
Heights in longitudinal direction = 11.147 m
6.85
Lever arm in longitudinal direction = = 3.425 m
2
Lever arm in longitudinal direction = 1.25 m
Horizontal Horizontal
Moment in Moment in
Cases Force Force in Force
Longitudinal Transverse
longitudinal Transverse
Longitudinal 0.0 615.3 0.0 6859.2 0.0
Transverse 0.0 0.0 652.1 0.0 7269.4
Vertical Up /
434.8 0.0 0.0 1489.0 543.4
Down
155
Horizontal
Horizontal Force Moment in Moment in
Seismic cases Force Force
in longitudinal Longitudinal Transverse
Transverse
rl + 0.3rt + 0.3rv 130.4 615.3 195.6 7305.9 2343.8
rl + 0.3rt - 0.3rv -130.4 615.3 195.6 6412.5 2017.8
0.3 rl + rt +0.3rv 130.4 184.6 652.1 2504.5 7432.4
0.3 rl + rt -0.3rv -130.4 184.6 652.1 1611.0 7106.3
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt + rv 434.8 184.6 195.6 3546.8 2724.3
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt - rv -434.8 184.6 195.6 568.7 1637.4
Seismic load from sub-structure
𝑍 𝐼 𝑆𝑎
2 𝑅 𝑔
Where, zone factor (Z) = 0.36

Importance factor (I) = 1 for normal bridge (Clause 219.5.1.1, IRC 06: 2014)
R = Response reduction factor = 3 (Table 9, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑆𝑎
𝑔
𝑆𝑎
For 5% damping of RCC structure, = 2.5 (Clause 219.5.1, IRC 06: 2014)
𝑔
direction.
W along longitudinal direction = 2063.295 kN
W along transverse direction = 2063.295 kN
0.36 1
Total Seismic Load in longitudinal ( F𝑠 𝐿 ) = × × 2.5 × 2063.295 = 309.4943 kN
2 1
0.36 1
Seismic Load in transverse (F𝑠 𝑇 )= × × 2.5 × 2063.295 = 928.483 kN
2 1
2
Seismic Load vertical in longitudinal (F𝑠 𝑉 ) = × 309.4943 = 206.3296 kN
3
2
Vertical transverse bearing (F𝑠 𝑡 ) = × 928.483 = 618.9887 kN
3
2 217.3789
Vertical Seismic load = × = 144.919 kN
3 6
156
Total Seismic load in longitudinal direction (𝐹𝐿𝑆)= 309.49 kN
Seismic load in Transverse direction 𝐹𝑇𝑆 = 928.48 kN
Vertical reaction due to seismic load = 618.99 kN
Summary of Seismic Loads in superstructure
Lever arm in longitudinal direction = 0 m
Lever arm in longitudinal direction = 0 m
Horizontal Horizontal
Moment in Moment in
cases Force Force in Force
Longitudinal Transverse
longitudinal Transverse
Longitudinal 0.0 309.5 0.0 1771.4 0.0
Transverse 0.0 0.0 928.5 0.0 5314.2
Vertical Up /
Down 619.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Horizontal
Horizontal Force Moment in Moment in
Seismic cases Force Force
in longitudinal Longitudinal Transverse
Transverse
rl + 0.3rt + 0.3rv 185.7 309.5 278.5 1771.4 1594.3
rl + 0.3rt - 0.3rv -185.7 309.5 278.5 1771.4 1594.3
0.3 rl + rt +0.3rv 185.7 92.8 928.5 531.4 5314.2
0.3 rl + rt -0.3rv -185.7 92.8 928.5 531.4 5314.2
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt + rv 619.0 92.8 278.5 531.4 1594.3
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt - rv -619.0 92.8 278.5 531.4 1594.3
157
Load due to water current:
𝐹𝑇𝑊𝐶 = 𝑃×𝐴
P = 52KV2 where K = 0.66 for circular pier (For Transverse)
(For parallel and Longitudinal)
V = 3.0623 m/s
Intensity of pressure in transverse (PT) = 3.22 kN/m2
Intensity of pressure in Longitudinal (PL) = 3.22 kN/m2
Height of HFL from pier base = 4.947 m
Width at HFL= 3 m
Water current acts at 3.298 m.
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝜃 = 0° (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑝)
5o
Now as per clause 210.5, Design angle is 𝛼 = 𝜃 ± 20°
For transverse direction 𝛼𝑇 = 20°
For longitudinal direction 𝛼𝐿 = 20°
And, Area A = 4.947 × 3 = 14.841 m2
𝑇
∴ 𝐹𝑤𝑐 = 52 × 0.66 × (3.0623 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠15)^2 × 14.841 × 9.81/1000 = 44.883𝑘𝑁
𝐿
∴ 𝐹𝑤𝑐 = 52 × 0.66 × (3.0623 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛25)^2 × 14.841 × 9.81/1000 = 16.336𝑘𝑁
Load due to Hydrodynamic Force
Scour Depth = 4.947m
158
Height of submerged portion of pier(H) = 6.947m
Radius of enveloping cylinder (a) = 1.1 m
(Coefficient) Ce = 0.81235 kg/m3
H/re = 4.4972
H/Re=3, Ce=.675
H/Re=4, Ce=0.73
Design horizontal seismic coefficient (Ah)=0.150
Unit weight of water=1000
Weight of the water in the enveloping cylinder (We) = 481.918kN
𝐹 𝑇 ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝐹 𝐿 ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝐶𝑒 × 𝐴ℎ × 𝑊𝑒= 481.91 × 0.150 × 0.81235 = 58.772 kN
Load due to buoyancy
𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦 = 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 × 𝛾𝑤
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝜋 /4 × (diameter of pier)2 × (Height of pier – 1.5) =26.4184 m3
Unit weight of water = 1000 kg/m3
𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦 = 26.4184 × 9.81 = 259.164 𝑘𝑁
Point of application = 4.2235 m
8.3 Design
Design of pier cap
Pier cap has been designed as cantilever beam and detailed as per IRC-112
159
Figure. Pier cap (section and plan) showing critical sections
Load Combinations
a) Basic Combination
Loads Vertical Load Factor Leading Accompanying

Self Wt of pedestal 48 1.35
Self Wt of Pier Cap 127.1484375 1.35
Dead 938.0463542 1.35
Wearing Coarse 173.25 1.75
Live 542.7924844 1.5 1.15
Wind 69.13409325 1.5 0.9
Braking 25.09614971 1.5 1.15
Temperature 121.275 1.5 0.9
Case I:
Live load Leading = 2820.418 kN
Case II:
Wind loads leading = 2671.921 kN
160
Case III:
Braking load leading = 2639.224 kN
Case IV:
Temperature load leading = 2703.205 kN
Maximum Combination Load from all case = 2820.418 kN
b) Seismic Combination
Loads Vertical Load Factor Leading Accompanying

Self Wt of pedestal 48 1.35
Self Wt of Pier Cap 127.1484 1.35
Dead 938.0464 1.35
Wearing Coarse 173.25 1.75
Live 542.792 0 0.2
Wind 69.1341 0 0
Braking 25.0961 0 0.2
Temperature 121.275 0 0.5
Seismic 434.758 1.5
Total Load due to Seismic combination = 2632.352 kN
Maximum Moment due combination of pier cap at stem:

Moment Due to Super Structure = 3940.5505 kNm
Moment Due to Self-weight = 244.237 kNm
Lever Arm = 0.9964 m
Design Bending Moment = 4232.643 kNm
Eccentricity (ec2) = 0.002
Depth of rectc. = 500 mm
161
Depth of Triangle = 750 mm
Width = 2325 mm
Limiting strain = 0.0022
Cover = 0.075 m
162
Finding Area Of the given Geometry
Area CG of
SNo of C C Area of C
. Depth Width Stripe stripe Strain Stress Stress CG Force Moment
1 1250 2325 0.0035 13.4
11625 1557.7
2 1200 2325 0 1225 0.0023 13.4 670.000 1225 5 1908.244
11625 10.49 1176. 1388.7
3 1150 2325 0 1175 0.0011 3 597.315 014 58 1633.199
11625 1133. 609.88
4 1100 2325 0 1125 -1E-04 0 262.315 333 28 691.2005
11625
0 0 0
5 1050 2325 0 1075 -0.001 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
6 1000 2325 0 1025 -0.003 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
7 950 2325 0 975 -0.004 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
8 900 2325 0 925 -0.005 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
9 850 2325 0 875 -0.006 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
10 800 2325 0 825 -0.007 0 0.000
11625
0 0 0
11 750 2325 0 775 -0.009 0 0.000
11237 725.2
0 0 0
12 700 2170 5 874 -0.01 0 0.000
10462 675.3
0 0 0
13 650 2015 5 086 -0.011 0 0.000
163
625.3
0 0 0
14 600 1860 96875 333 -0.012 0 0.000
575.3
0 0 0
15 550 1705 89125 623 -0.014 0 0.000
525.3
0 0 0
16 500 1550 81375 968 -0.015 0 0.000
475.4
0 0 0
17 450 1395 73625 386 -0.016 0 0.000
425.4
0 0 0
18 400 1240 65875 902 -0.017 0 0.000
375.5
0 0 0
19 350 1085 58125 556 -0.018 0 0.000
325.6
0 0 0
20 300 930 50375 41 -0.02 0 0.000
275.7
0 0 0
21 250 775 42625 576 -0.021 0 0.000
225.9
0 0 0
22 200 620 34875 259 -0.022 0 0.000
176.1
0 0 0
23 150 465 27125 905 -0.023 0 0.000
126.6
0 0 0
24 100 310 19375 667 -0.024 0 0.000
77.77
0 0 0
25 50 155 11625 778 -0.026 0 0.000
33.33
0 0 0
26 0 0 3875 333 -0.027 0 0.000
0.115
xu/d= 151 Moment 4232.643
164
Check For Provided Depth
Taking M25 concrete and diameter of Bars 32mm and average depth 875 mm. characteristics
strength of concrete is 30 MPa. Clear cover of concrete is 40mm.
Depth at support =1.25m
Length of pier Cap=2.325m
Effective Depth =1.194m
Moment (Mulim) = 4232.643 kNm
Moment = 6639.6859 kNm
Required Depth =843.1238m < 875m which is Singly Reinforced beam.
Design of reinforcement
Design of tension reinforcement (Ast1)
fy =500 N/mm2
Compression Force = 3556.390 kN
Area of steel (Ast) = 8179.698mm2
Provide bar of = 32 mm
Area of bar = 804.247mm2
Number of bars = 10.051= approx. 11 nos. of bar provided.
Provide Ast = 19301.945 mm2
Spacing =104.167 mm = approx.100mm
Transverse reinforcement
Ast (0.15 %) = 3051.5625 mm2
No of bar =3.794 =approx. 4 no of bar
Spacing = 612.760 mm
165
Spacing adopted =200 mm c/c
Area of steel (Ast) = 9349.379 mm2
Check for minimum and maximum reinforcement
Minimum and Maximum Tensile steel as per code
fctm = 2.5
fyk = 500 N/mm2
2.5
(Asmin) = 0.26 × = 0.0013
500
Minimum Area of steel (AS.min) = 0.00130, if (Asmin >0.0013) then adopt that greater value.
Area of steel = 2644.69 mm2
For Maximum Ast
Ac = 2034375 mm2 0.025 Ac = 50859.4 mm2
Here (𝐴𝑠𝑡)m𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 < (𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥.
Check Limit State of Serviceability
Loads Load Load Factor Total Load(kN)
Self Wt of Pier Cap 127.1484375 1 127.148

Dead 938.0463542 1 938.046
Wearing Coarse 173.25 1 173.250
Live 542.7924844 1 542.792
Wind 69.13409325 1 69.134
Braking 25.09614971 1 25.096
Temperature 121.275 1 121.275
Total 1996.742
Total Moment = 2851.130 kNm
166
Crack width
Lever Arm (d-B2xu) = 833.088 mm
Actual Stress(σsc) = 177.11 N/mm2
Length of pier Cap= 2.325 m
Case I:
Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 140 mm
Case II:
Hc,eff = (h-x)/3 =
= 352 mm
Case III:
Ac,eff = 325500 mm2
σsc = 177.31 N/mm2
Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)
Kt = 0.05
Fct,eff = 2.50
Ecm =31187 Mpa (N/mm2)
167
ρ1, eff = 0.0593
𝐸𝑠
αe= = 6.413
𝐸𝑐𝑚
εsm - εcm = 0.0007 > 0.6 σsc/Es (Ok)

𝜎𝑠𝑐
= 0.6 × = .0005 (εsm - εcm > 0.6 σsc/Es, safe)
𝐸𝑠
Srmax = 227.738
= 0.1685 mm, (IF Crack width <0.3 then given value is safe).
Shear check
Diameter of Bars = 32 mm
Clear Cover = 40 mm
Depth at support = 1250 mm
Length of pier Cap = 2325 mm
Effective Depth = 1194 mm
Moment = 4232.678 kNm
fyk = 500 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fyd = = = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Es = 2000000 N/mm2
0.200
εuk = = 0.0222
.9
εud = 0.200
168
434.8
ε= = 0.00022
2000000
Steel
Strain Stress, σcd
-0.02222 -483.0917874
-0.02000 -434.78261
0.00000 0.00000
0.02000 434.78261
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
Design stress, fpd= = = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Flexural tensile stress, σp = 584.673N/mm2
Design stress < Flexural tensile stress Section is cracked
Depth of reinforcement = 1250.0 mm
Effective depth of reinforcement = 875.00 mm
Minimum Axial (NED) = 0.00 kN
fck = 30 N/mm2
0.67∗30
fcd = = 13.4 N/mm2
1.5
0.2fcd = 0.2 × 13.4 = 2.68 N/mm2
Z = 833.09 mm
𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp= = 0 < (0.2fcd=0.22×30× = 2.68 N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5
bw = 2350 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = =0.0095 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤×𝑑
169
200
k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.47809 ≤ 2.0
𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.4780 × (80×0.0017×30)0.33 + 0.15×0 =0.50

875
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 0.50 × 2325 × = 1012.16 kN
1000

VRd.c= 0.50×bw×d = 1012.16 kN > 620.73 kN (ok)
αcw = 1.0
0.00 1
0.00 3.35 1
3.35 6.70 1.25
6.70 20.10 2.5
V1=0.6(1- fck/310) = 0.542 N/mm2
Shear stress, for ϑ=21.8°, αcw×0.155×v1×fck = 2.520 N/mm2
𝑉𝑒𝑑
ϑ=0.5×sin-1[ ] = 19.127°
.225 ×𝑉1 ×𝑓𝑐𝑘
Determine ϑ, ϑ= 2.262 < 3.6581 then, 21.8°
Provided 20 mm diameter of bar and with 2 legged along with spacing of 100 mm.
𝜋
Asw = × 202 × 2 = 628.32 mm2
4
fy = 500.00 N/mm2
170
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fywd = fyd = = = 434.78 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Spacing required, S = 119.98 mm which is lesser then100 mm condition is acceptable.
171
Analysis And Design of pier Stem
Point of
Load Type Unfactor load Unit application from
bottom(m)
Vertical Combination
DL, super (DLss) 2814.14 kN 0
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 173.25 kN 0
Braking Load -25.10 kN 0.75
Live Load on span (LLs) 3256.75 kN 0.75
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS) 434.757855 kN 0.75
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu) 618.988661 kN 0.75
Wind Vertical 414.80 kN 0.75
Pedestal 48.00 kN 0
Pier (Wpier) 1364.70 kN 0
Horizontal Combination
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 44.88 kN 3.298
Wind super (Fwi) 430.32 kN 7.723
Wind sub (Fwi) 20.01 kN 3.2235
Seismic super (Fse) 184.60 kN 7.723
Seismic sub (Fse) 92.85 kN 3.2235
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 58.72 kN 3.298
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 259.16 kN 4.2235
Horizontal Temperature (Ftem) 363.83 kN 8.485
Check Longitudinal
Water Current (Fwa) 16.3361265 kN 3.298
Wind Super (Fwi) 107.579792 kN 7.723
Wind sub (Fwi) 5.00283928 kN 3.2235
Seismic Super (Fse) 615.341285 kN 7.723
Seismic Sub (Fse) 92.8482991 kN 3.2235
Braking (Fba) 234.168286 kN 12.198
Long Temperature (Ftem) 363.825 kN 8.485
172
Load combination for ultimate state:
Basic Load Combinations Seismic Load

Live Wind Temp Braking Seismic
Load Type
Leading lead Leading lead Leading
Vertical Combination LF1 LF2 LF3 LF4 LF1
DL, super (DLss) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Braking Load 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.5 0.2
Live Load on span (LLs) 1.5 1.15 1.15 1.15 0.2
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu) 0 0 0 0 0
Wind Vertical 0.9 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.5
Pedestal 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Pier (Wpier) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0 1
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 1
Horizontal Temperature (Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5
Water Current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind Super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic Super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Braking (Fba) 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.5 0.2
Long Temperature (Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5
173
Load combination for serviceability state:
SERVICEABILITY STATE
Quasi
Rare Load Combinations Frequent Load Combinations Combination
Live Live wind wind Thermal Thermal Braking Braking Live Live wind wind Thermal Thermal Braking Braking
Quasi Quasi
Load Type leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading leading
while while
while while while while while while while while while while while while while while while while
dead dead
Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead
leading relieving
Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving Adding relieving
Vertical Combination LF1 LF2 LF3 LF4 LF5 LF7 LF8 LF9 LF1 LF2 LF3 LF4 LF5 LF7 LF8 LF9 LF1 LF2
DL, super (DLss) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1
Braking Load 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Live Load on span (LLs) 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wind Vertical 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Pedestal 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pier (Wpier) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind super (Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Horizontal Temperature (Ftem) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
Water Current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind Super (Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic Super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Braking (Fba) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Long Temperature (Ftem) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
174
Ultimate Shear and Bending moment:
Ultimate Shear force and Bending moment

Resultant Resultant
Case
PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz moment(kNm shear
s
) force(kN)
Case 11496.230 816.49 714.39 6139.63 6879.3 3922.196 1084.9106
1 4 8 7 7 4 9 13142.85 6
Case 10605.248 781.94 8172.35 7387.5 3253.960 1338.7861
2 9 1086.7 6 4 2 8 14270.44 2
Case 10605.248 1034.7 932.69 8731.5 3253.960 1393.0935
3 9 9 2 7991.87 7 8 15090.78 8
Case 10347.582 816.49 796.35 6139.63 7879.0 1140.5484
4 5 8 5 7 7 3060.711 13049.45 3
Case 7707.7052 926.56 1273.0 5456.72 1129.403 1574.5588
5 9 5 7 7 9635.5 1 12202.74 8
Maximum Resultant 15090.78 1574.558
175
Serviceability Shear and Bending moment:
Resultant
Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz shear
moment(kNm)
force(kN)
Case 1 8112.084 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 2615.1116 8810.1554 745.5004
Case 2 8077.434 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 2615.1116 8810.1554 745.5004
Case 3 7463.817 752.3834 522.84 5552.3067 4895.364 2128.9115 9531.1202 916.2109
Case 4 7429.167 752.3834 522.84 5552.3067 4895.364 2128.9115 9531.1202 916.2109
Case 5 7297.895 717.7812 623.3369 5431.9841 5791.399 2004.4701 9944.6691 950.6623
Case 6 7263.245 717.7812 623.3369 5431.9841 5791.399 2004.4701 9944.6691 950.6623
Case 7 7291.621 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 1999.7646 8194.8083 745.5004
Case 8 7256.971 572.2512 477.8069 4197.1621 4556.577 1999.7646 8194.8083 745.5004
Case 9 7270.217 527.2181 301.3736 3858.3759 2592.164 1983.7119 6631.978 607.2767
Case 10 7235.567 527.2181 301.3736 3858.3759 2592.164 1983.7119 6631.978 607.2767
Case 11 5520.483 535.8687 312.6319 3888.4566 2676.86 671.41087 5392.1815 620.3982
Case 12 5485.833 535.8687 312.6319 3888.4566 2676.86 671.41087 5392.1815 620.3982
Case 13 5479.002 527.2181 337.7561 3858.3759 2900.869 640.30052 5467.5262 626.1295
Case 14 5444.352 527.2181 337.7561 3858.3759 2900.869 640.30052 5467.5262 626.1295
Case 15 5465.199 527.2181 430.1662 3858.3759 4163.175 629.94836 6306.1349 680.4424
Case 16 5430.549 527.2181 430.1662 3858.3759 4163.175 629.94836 6306.1349 680.4424
Case 17 4625.268 220.7872 181.9125 1707.7151 1543.528 0 2301.9053 286.0755
Case 18 4590.618 220.7872 181.9125 1707.7151 1543.528 0 2301.9053 286.0755
Maximum Resultant 9944.6691 950.6623
176
Design of pier stem:
1.Slenderness ratio
Constant value (k) =1.2
Height of pier (l) = 8.447 m
Diameter of pier (d) = 2.2 m
𝑘𝑙 1.2 ×8.447
Slenderness ratio = = = 4.607 m (if slenderness ratio < 12, value became short column
𝑑 2.2
which became bottom end rigidly fixed with foundation & top end is free to translate as well as
rotate.
2.Minimum Eccentricities
𝐿 𝐷 8447 2200
emin = + = + = 90.227 mm
500 30 500 30
e = 0.05d = 110 mm
So, based on minimum eccentricity this column is axially loaded.
Hence, column must be designed by taking moments and forces due to external loads only.
3. Longitudinal Reinforcement:
fy = 500 N/m2
fck = 30 N/mm2
Effective cover = 60 mm
Clear cover = 44 mm
Diameter of bar = 32 mm
60×1000
Here, d'/D = = 0.02727
2200
177
p/fck from area of
cases pu/fckd2 mu/fckd3 graph p% steel
1 0.0791751 0.04114 0.0075 0.225 8552.99
2 0.0730389 0.04467 0.0105 0.315 11974.2
3 0.0730389 0.04724 0.012 0.36 13684.8
4 0.0712643 0.04085 0.01 0.3 11404
5 0.0530834 0.0382 0.035 1.05 39913.9
Maximum P % = 1.05 %
Adopted P % = 1.4 % (If adopted pier > 0.8 % “ok”, “Not ok”)
𝑃 𝜋
Area of steel required = × × 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2 × 1000 × 1000
100 4
= 53218.579 m2
Number of 32 mm diameter of bar = 66.171 assume 70 bars
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜋∗2200
Spacing of Bars = = = 98.735 < 200 mm
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 70
32
Area of steel provided = 𝜋×( )2 × 70 = 56297.34 mm2
2
Check for minimum and maximum reinforcement:
Minimum and Maximum Tensile steel as per IS code

𝜋
Maximum area of steel = 0.04 × × (2200)2 = 152053.08 mm2
4
Minimum area of steel = 2299.246 mm2
fctm = 2.2
fyf = 500 N/mm2
Area of steel minimum = 0.001144 mm2
178
Minimum Area of steel (Amin) = 0.0013 (If 0.001144 > 0.0013)
𝜋
Area of steel = 0.0013 × × (2200)2 = 4941.725 mm2
4
Transverse Reinforcement:
Shear Design:
Diameter of bars = 32 mm
fck = 30 N/mm2
Clear cover = 40 mm
Depth cover = 1250 mm
Length of pier cap = 2325 mm
Effective Depth = 1194 mm
fyk = 500 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fyd = = = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Young modulus of elasticity of steel (Es) = 2000000 N/mm2
0.200
εuk = = 0.0222
0.9
εud = 0.200
434.8
ε= = 0.00022
2000000
Area Factor (β1) = 0.80952
CG Factor (β2) = 0.4159
Total shear force = 1574.559 kN
Characteristics strength of concrete (fck) = 30 N/mm2
Diameter of pier = 2200 mm
Area of steel (Ast) = 56297.340 mm2
179
200
k =1 + √ ≤ 2 = 1.302 ≤ 2.0
𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 = (0.12×1.4780 × (80×0.0017×30)0.33+0.15×0

=0.507 N/mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρ1 = = 0.015 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤×𝑑
𝜋
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 0.507 × × (2200)2 = 1928.930 kN
4
VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 fck1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × bw × d = 1220.224 kN

The column withstand a shear is 1928.930 kN, so, 1220.224 kN is lesser than 1928.930 kN .
So, shear design not required due to 1928.930 kN is greater than 1574.554 kN.
Crack width
Lever Arm (d-B2 xu) = 7602.30 mm
Actual Stress (σsc) = 23.24 N/mm2
Length of pier Cap= 2.325 m
Case I:
Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 140 mm
Case II:
Hc,eff = (h-x)/3 = 352 mm
Case III:
180
Ac,eff = 308000 mm2
σsc = 23.24 N/mm2
Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)
Kt= 0.05
Fct,eff = 2.20
Ecm = 877943 Mpa(N/mm2)
ρ1, eff = 0.1828
𝐸𝑠
αe= = 2.278
𝐸𝑐𝑚
εsm - εcm = 0.0001> 0.6 σsc/Es

𝜎𝑠𝑐
= 0.6 × = .0005 (εsm - εcm >0.6 σsc/Es, safe)
𝐸𝑠
Srmax = 136.00
= 0.0100 mm, (Crack width <0.3 then given value is safe).
Confinement Of Pier
Characteristics Strength (fck) = 30N/mm2
fyk = 500N/mm2
α = 0.67
γm = 1.5 (For Basic & Seismic Combination)
= 1.2 (For Accidental Combination)
30×.67
fcd = =13.4 Mpa
1.5
fyd = fyk/γs
181
γs is taken as 1.15 for basic and seismic combination, and 1.0 for accidental combination.
γs = 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fyd = = = 434.78 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Diameter of Pier(D) = 2.2m
Longitudinal Reinforcement ratio = 0.02
Clear cover = 50 mm
Design axial compression force, NED = 11239.0132 kN
Diameter of hoop/spiral (d) = 20mm
Spacing of hoop/spiral (SL) = 90mm

𝜋
Gross area of concrete section (Ac) = × 2.22 × 10^6 = 3801327.11 m2
4
𝜋
Confined concrete area (Acc) = × (2.2 − 0.100 )2 × 10^6 = 3463605.9 m2
4
Normalized axial force, ηk = .098553 > 0.064 (Confinement is not required)
Diameter of hoop/spiral (Dsp) = 2.1 m
Area of the spiral or hoop bar (Asp) = 314.159 mm2
Volumetric ratio (ρw) = 0.00664887
ωwd = 0.2157
ωw,req = 0.08220 (ok)
ωw,min = 0.2157
For ωwd =0.2157
Required Asp = 525.745
Required d = 17.9389 m
Designed ωwd = 0.215
182
8.4 Analysis and Design of Spread Footing
a) Analysis of Spread Footing:
Foundation dimesion: 9400×7000×2000 mm
Table: Response of footing at its base in basic and seismic combination of loads.
Point of Point of
application application
Load Type Unfactored load Unit
from bottom for from bottom
stability for design
Vertical Combination
DL, super (DLss) 2814.14 KN 4.70115 0
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 173.25 KN 4.70115 0
Braking Load -25.10 4.70115 0.75
Live Load on span (LLs) 3256.75 KN 4.70115 0.75
Seismic Vertical Super (FvS) 434.76 KN 4.70115 0.75
Seismic Vertical Sub (FvSu) 466.57 KN 4.70115 0.75
Wind Vertical 414.80 KN 4.70115 0.75
Pedestal 48.00 KN 4.70115 0
Pier (Wpier) 1555.23 KN 4.70115 0
Foundation 3290.81 KN 4.70115 0
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 44.88 KN 5.298 5.298
Wind super (Fwi) 430.32 KN 9.723 9.723
Wind sub (Fwi) 20.01 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Seismic super (Fse) 184.60 KN 9.723 9.723
Seismic sub (Fse) 69.99 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 58.72 KN 5.298 5.298
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 259.16 KN 6.2235 6.2235
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 363.83 KN 10.485 10.485
183
Check Longitudinal
Water Current(Fwa) 16.34 KN 5.298 5.298
Wind Super(Fwi) 107.58 KN 9.723 9.723
Wind sub(Fwi) 5.00 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Seismic Super(Fse) 615.34 KN 9.723 9.723
Seismic Sub(Fse) 69.99 KN 5.2235 5.2235
Braking(Fba) 234.17 KN 14.198 14.198
Long Temprature(Ftem) 363.83 KN 10.485 10.485
184
Seismic Load
Load Type Basic Load Combinations
Combinations
Live Wind Braking Seismic

Vertical Combination Temp Leading
Leading lead lead Leading
DL, super (Dss) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
DL, wearing coat (DLwc) 1 1 1.1 1 1
Braking Load 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 0
Live Load on span (LLs) 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super
0 0 0 0 0
(FvS)
Seismic Vertical Sub
0 0 0 0 0
(FvSu)
Wind Vertical 0 0 0 0 0
Pedestal 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0
Pier (Wpier) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0
Foundation 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0
Check Transverse 0
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0 1
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 1
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5
Check Longitudinal
Water Current(Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1
Wind Super(Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Wind sub(Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.9 0
Seismic Super(Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Sub(Fse) 0 0 0 0 1.5
Braking(Fba) 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.5 0.2
Long Temprature(Ftem) 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5
185
Load combination for ultimate state:
Basic Load Seismic Load

Load Type Basic Load Combinations1
Combinations 2 Combinations
Vertical Live Wind Braking Live Wind Braking live braking

Combination Leading lead lead Leading lead lead leading leading
DL, super (DLss) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
DL, wearing coat
1.75 1.75 1.75 1 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
(DLwc)
Braking Load 1.15 1.15 1.5 1 1 1.3 0.2 0.75
Live Load on span
1.5 1.15 1.15 1.3 1 1 0.75 0.2
(LLs)
Seismic Vertical
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Super (FvS)
Seismic Vertical Sub
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
(FvSu)
Wind Vertical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pedestal 1.35 1.35 0.9 1 1.35 1 1.35 1.35
Pier (Wpier) 1.35 1.35 0.9 1 1.35 1 1.35 1.35
Foundation 1.35 1.35 0.9 1 1.35 1 1.35 1.35
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wind super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Seismic super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Seismic sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Hydrodynamic
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
(Fhyd)
Buoyancy (Fbuoy) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
HZ
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5
Temprature(Ftem)
Check Longitudinal
Water Current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wind Super (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Wind sub (Fwi) 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 0
Seismic Super (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Seismic Sub (Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
Braking (Fba) 1.15 1.15 1.5 1 1 1.3 0.2 0.75
Long Temprature
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5
(Ftem)
186
Load Type Load Combinations
Vertical Combination Combination 1 Combination 2 seismic wind

DL, super(DLss) 1 1 1 1
DL, wearing coat(DLwc) 1 1 1 1
Braking Load 1 1 0 0
Live Load on span(LLs) 1 1 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super(FvS) 0 0 1 0
Seismic Vertical Sub(FvSu) 0 0 1 0
Wind Vertical 0 1 0 1
Pedestal 1 1 1 1
Pier(Wpier) 1 1 1 1
Foundation 1 1 1 1
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 0 0 0 0
Wind super(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Wind sub(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Seismic super(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Seismic sub(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0
Buoyancy(Fbuoy) 1 1 1 1
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 1 1 1 1
Check Longitudinal 0
Water Current(Fwa) 1 1 0 0
Wind Super(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Wind sub(Fwi) 0 1 0 1
Seismic Super(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Seismic Sub(Fse) 0 0 1 0
Braking(Fba) 1 1 0 0
Long Temprature(Fstem) 1 1 1 1
187
Quasi
Load Type RareLoad Combinations Frequent Load Combinations
Combination
wind Therma Thermal Brakin braking Live wind Therma Thermal Brakin braking
Live Live wind Live wind Quasi
leading l leading g leading leading leading l leading g leading Quasi
leading leading leading leading leading while
while leading while leading while while while leading while leading while while
Vertical Combination while while while while while dead
Dead while Dead while Dead Dead Dead while Dead while Dead dead
Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead relievin
relievin Dead relievin Dead relievin relievin relievin Dead relievin Dead relievin leading
Adding relieving Adding Adding Adding g
g Adding g Adding g g g Adding g Adding g
DL, super(DLss) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
DL, wearing coat(DLwc) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Braking Load 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2 1
Live Load on span(LLs) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Seismic Vertical Super(FvS) 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0
Seismic Vertical Sub(FvSu) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wind Vertical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pedestal 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Pier(Wpier) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Foundation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Check Transverse
Water current (Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind super(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic super(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic sub(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrodynamic (Fhyd) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Buoyancy(Fbuoy) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
HZ Temprature(Ftem) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
Check Longitudinal
Water Current(Fwa) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Wind Super(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Wind sub(Fwi) 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Seismic Super(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seismic Sub(Fse) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Braking(Fba) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.75 0 0
Long Temprature(Ftem) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
188
Moment at toe due to different load for stability analysis:
Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT MPZ
MHZ((kNm)) HZ(kN)
Live Leading 7081.7 816.5 714.4 7772.6 8308.1 33292.3 11377.1 1084.9
10345.
Wind Leading 7081.7 1086.7 781.9 7 8951.4 33292.3 13680.7 1338.8
Temperature 10061. 10597.
Leading 7099.1 1034.8 932.7 5 0 33373.8 14612.6 1393.1
Braking Leading 7081.7 816.5 796.4 7772.6 9471.8 33292.3 12252.7 1140.5
12181.
Seismic Leading 2706.0 926.6 1273.1 7309.9 6 12721.2 14206.6 1574.6
189
Moment at base centre of foundation due to serviceability condition:
Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz
Moment(kNm) SF(kN)
Case
10676.6 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 2615.0 7035.6 745.5
1
Case
10642.0 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 2615.0 7035.6 745.5
2
Case
10028.4 752.4 522.8 4948.3 3451.1 2128.8 8161.7 916.2
3
Case
9993.7 752.4 522.8 4948.3 3451.1 2128.8 8161.7 916.2
4
Case
9862.4 717.8 623.3 3227.4 3926.6 2004.3 7087.1 950.7
5
Case
9827.8 717.8 623.3 3227.4 3926.6 2004.3 7087.1 950.7
6
Case
9856.1 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 1999.6 6420.2 745.5
7
Case
9821.5 572.3 477.8 3227.4 3020.9 1999.6 6420.2 745.5
8
Case
9834.9 527.2 301.4 2797.2 2004.6 1983.7 5425.0 607.3
9
Case
9800.2 527.2 301.4 2797.2 2004.6 1983.7 5425.0 607.3
10
Case
8085.1 535.9 312.6 3227.4 2112.1 671.4 4528.5 620.4
11
Case
8050.5 535.9 312.6 3227.4 2112.1 671.4 4528.5 620.4
12
Case
8043.7 527.2 337.8 2797.2 2231.0 640.3 4218.2 626.1
13
Case
8009.0 527.2 337.8 2797.2 2231.0 640.3 4218.2 626.1
14
Case
8029.7 527.2 430.2 2797.2 2686.9 629.8 4508.5 680.4
15
Case
7995.1 527.2 430.2 2797.2 2686.9 629.8 4508.5 680.4
16
Case
7190.0 220.8 181.9 408.2 1132.1 0.0 1203.5 286.1
17
Case
7155.3 220.8 181.9 408.2 1132.1 0.0 1203.5 286.1
18
190
Check for stability of Pier:
Maximum Moment and Forces at Toe:
Non-Seismic case:
Restoring Factored moment = 33373.58 kNm
Overturning Moment = 14612.6 kNm
Horizontal Force = 1574.6 kN
Seismic case:
Restoring Factored moment: 33373.58 kNm
Overturning Moment: 14612.6 kNm
Horizontal Force = 1393.1 kN
FOS Against Overturning for non-seismic case
= Restoring Moment / Overturning
= 33373.58/14612
= 2.3 > 2 (ok)
FOS Against Overturning for non-seismic case
= Restoring Moment / Overturning Moment
= 33373.58/14612.6
= 2.3 > 1.5 (ok)
FOS Against Sliding for seismic case
= Total Resisting Shear / Total Shear at Base
= V tanΦ/H
191
= 7099.1×0.8/1574.6
= 3.6 > 1.5
FOS Against Sliding for non-seismic case
= Total Resisting Shear / Total Shear at Base
= V tanΦ/H
= 7099.1×0.8/1393.1
= 4.1 > 1.25
Calculation of Base Pressure:
Base Pressure for different cases are :
Resultan
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT MPZ Resultan
t Hz
t MHz
Case 1 11113.1 623.0 614.3 5427.6 7226.0 2423.7 9037.4 874.9
Case 2 11527.9 1073.3 726.9 9716.1 8298.1 2734.8 12777.4 1296.3
Case 3 8782.7 877.6 1049.2 7588.1 10163.2 676.0 12683.5 1367.8
Case 4 8296.2 1073.3 476.4 9716.1 4886.8 311.1 10875.9 1174.3
Allowable Bearing Capacity of soil = 400 N/mm2
Cases σmax σmin

Case 1 256.5 81.2 < 400 safe
Case 2 299.0 51.3 < 400 safe
Case 3 256.4 10.5 < 400 safe
Case 4 231.5 20.6 < 400 safe
σmax,min = V/A ± M×y/I
Moment of inertia = 9400× 70002 /12 = 484.9 m4
Area of base = 65.85 m2
192
y = 9.4/2 = 4.7 m
Footing Analysis
Diameter of main bar = 32 mm
fck = 30 N/mm2
Clear cover = 75 mm
Fy = 500 N/mm2
Length = 9400 mm
Breadth = 7000 mm
Depth of foundation = 2000 mm
Effective Depth = 2000-75-32/2 = 1909 mm
Moment and Shear force for foundation Design
Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT MPZ
Moment Hz
Case 1 15565.5 1036.8 714.4 9143.6 8308.1 1821.1 14175.5 1259.1
Case 2 14425.6 1307.0 781.9 11716.7 8951.4 1393.7 16138.5 1523.0
Case 3 12214.5 1036.8 796.4 9143.6 9471.8 1390.4 14555.5 1307.3
Case 4 12090.1 955.4 631.6 8333.3 7320.7 1578.3 12670.5 1145.3
Case 5 13940.9 1180.5 687.9 10477.5 7856.8 1211.9 14308.0 1366.3
Case 6 12220.4 955.4 701.9 8333.3 8318.2 1209.0 12983.4 1185.5
Case 7 14498.8 926.6 1273.1 7309.9 12181.6 1421.1 15627.6 1574.6
Case 8 12693.7 926.6 1401.9 7309.9 14010.2 744.2 16546.8 1680.4
193
Calculation of stress for different cases :
Cases σmax σmin

Case 1 373.9 99.1
Case 2 375.7 62.7
Case 3 326.7 44.5
Case 4 306.5 60.8
Case 5 350.5 73.1
Case 6 311.6 59.8
Case 7 371.8 68.8
Case 8 353.3 32.4
Wind as leading combination has maximum stress and braking as leading has minimum stress.
σmax = 375.7 N/mm2
σmin = 32.4 N/mm2
Shear force is critical at a distance d from the stem.
Point Position From left σmax

M 0.0 32.4
A 1.7 94.2
B 3.6 163.9
O 4.7 204.0
C 5.8 244.2
D 7.7 313.9
N 9.4 375.7
194
Bending Moment at different position :
Moment at B = 494.4 kNm
Moment at C = 2151.7 kNm
Shear Force at different position :
Shear Force at A = 107.1 kN
Shear Force at D = 584.3 kN
Design of Foundation:
Design Bending Moment = 2151.7 kNm
Design Shear Force = 583.4 kN
Depth of footing = 2000 mm
Effective depth of footing = 1909 mm
Limiting moment = β1×fck×b×xu×(d-β2xu)
β1 for fck, 30 N/mm2 = 0.80952
β2 for fck, 30 N/mm2 =0.41567 ( sp 105 table 8.1)
Xu/d = (0.0035)/(0.0035+0.002175) = 0.62
Xu= 0.62×1909 =1177 mm
Compressive force = β1×fck×b×xu
= 0.80952×30×1909×0.62
= 189972.5 kN
Mu lim = 0.80952×30×1909×0.62× (1909-0.41567×0.6×1909)
= 170129.67 kNm > design moment
Therefore, design is safe.
195
Reinforcement Detailing
Taking Design Moment = 2151.7 kNm
Mu = β1×fck×b×xu×d×(d-β2xu)
2151.7 ×106 = 0.80952×30×Xu× 9400 × (1909-0.41567×Xu)
Xu actual = 11.098 mm
Compressive force = β1×fck×b×xu×d
= 0.80952×30×11.098 × 9400
= 1129.8 kN
Ast required = Compressive force /(fyd)
= 1129.8/(500/1.15)
= 2598.59 mm2
Calculation of Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
Minimum Reinforcement = 0.26×fctm/(fyk)× b×d
= 23333.74207 mm2
Maximum Reinforcement = 0.025 × Ac
= 0.025× 2000× 9400
= 470000 mm2
Minimum Reinforcement is required so Ast = 23333.74207 mm2
Taking bar of 32 mm, Area of one bar = 804.25 mm2
Spacing = 23333.74207/(804.25)
= 335.56 mm
196
Provide bar of 32 mm @ 220 mm c/c
Provided Ast = 34502.23 mm2
Transverse Reinforcement
Transverse Reinforcement Area = 0.12% × b×d
= 0.0012×9400×1909
= 2290.8 mm2
Provided diameter of bar = 25 mm
Spacing of bar = Total Reinforcement / Area of one bar
= 2290.8/490.87
= 214.28 mm
Provided Spacing = 200 mm
Ast provide = 2454.369 mm2
197
Resultant Resultant
Cases PZ HL HT ML MT Mpz
moment SF
2615.11164 745.500428
Case 1 7921.552413 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 7027.850034
7 3
2615.11164 745.500428
Case 2 7886.902413 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 7027.850034
7 3
916.210910
Case 3 7273.285511 752.38341 522.839972 4933.9152 3447.706 2128.91147 8148.063907
2
916.210910
Case 4 7238.635511 752.38341 522.839972 4933.9152 3447.706 2128.91147 8148.063907
2
2004.47010
Case 5 7107.363687 717.7812 623.336919 3218.5061 3924.56 7079.994812 950.662278
2
2004.47010
Case 6 7072.713687 717.7812 623.336919 3218.5061 3924.56 7079.994812 950.662278
2
1999.76457 745.500428
Case 7 7101.08965 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 6412.502961
4 3
1999.76457 745.500428
Case 8 7066.43965 572.2512 477.806919 3218.5061 3018.854 6412.502961
4 3
1983.71192 607.276725
Case 9 7079.686113 527.218148 301.373599 2789.6539 2002.871 5417.902098
2 9
198
527.218147 301.373599 2789.65388 1983.71192 607.276725
Case 10 7045.036113 2002.8713 5417.902098
9 2 5 2 9
535.868700 312.631862 3218.50614 671.410865 620.398215
Case 11 5329.951371 2110.0843 4519.947956
4 3 4 2 1
535.868700 312.631862 3218.50614 671.410865 620.398215
Case 12 5295.301371 2110.0843 4519.947956
4 3 4 2 1
527.218147 337.756099 2789.65388 640.300523 626.129505
Case 13 5288.470915 2229.2978 4211.28601
9 2 5 3 8
527.218147 337.756099 2789.65388 640.300523 626.129505
Case 14 5253.820915 2229.2978 4211.28601
9 2 5 3 8
527.218147 430.166156 2789.65388 629.948361 680.442427
Case 15 5274.668033 2685.2142 4501.969069
9 3 5 5 8
527.218147 430.166156 2789.65388 629.948361 680.442427
Case 16 5240.018033 2685.2142 4501.969069
9 3 5 5 8
220.787247 407.601723 286.075455
Case 17 4434.736884 181.9125 1132.1324 0 1203.271804
1 1 3
220.787247 407.601723 286.075455
Case 18 4400.086884 181.9125 1132.1324 0 1203.271804
1 1 3
Maximum
8148.063907 950.662278
Resultant
199
Crack Width:
Calculation of the stresses for different cases:
Cases σmax σmin

Case 1 188.4997258 52.2180443
Case 2 187.9732588 51.69157737
Case 3 189.5114587 31.50697022
Case 4 188.9849918 30.98050329
Case 5 176.6346507 39.3417954
Case 6 176.1081838 38.81532847
Case 7 170.0674363 45.71835627
Case 8 169.5409693 45.19188934
Case 9 160.098753 55.03663524
Case 10 159.5722861 54.51016831
Case 11 124.8071336 37.15783762
Case 12 124.2806667 36.6313707
Case 13 121.1841519 39.5203236
Case 14 120.657685 38.99385667
Case 15 123.7928466 36.49219107
Case 16 123.2663796 35.96572414
Case 17 79.04744943 55.71401119
Case 18 78.5209825 55.18754426
σmax = 189.511 N/mm2
σmin = 30.98 N/mm2
Shear force is critical at a distance d from the stem.
200
Point Position From left σmax
M 0 30.98050329
A 1.69215 59.511624
B 3.60115 91.69902431
O 4.70115 110.245981
C 5.80115 128.7929377
D 7.71015 160.980338
N 9.4023 189.5114587
Fig : Upward Pressure of Soil Fig : Critical Conditions for BM and SF
Calculation of Upward Pressure of Soil at Critical Sections:
At M, σmax = 30.9805 kN/m2
At M, σmin = 189.511 kN/m2
At A, σmax = 30.9805+ (189.511−30.98) ×9.308/11 = 59.511 KN/m2
Maximum BM at B= (30.9805+91.669)/2 × (1.692+3.601)/3 × ((2×30.9805+91.699)/

(30.9805+91.699) × (1.692+3.601)) ×1= 332.117 kNm
Maximum BM at C = 1097.58 kNm
Maximum SF at A = (309805+59.511)/2 × (1.69215 − 0) × 1= 76.53 KN
201
Maximum SF at D = (189.511+160.98)/𝟐 × (9.4-7.71) × 1 = 296.51 KN
Lever Arm (d-β2×xu) =1904 mm
Actual Stress(σsc) = 8148.06/ (1.904×34502) = 16.70 N/mm2
Length of Foundation = 9400 m
Case I:
Hc,eff = 2.5×(h-d) = 228 mm
Case II:
Hc,eff = (h-x)/3 =
=636 mm
CG Factor β2 =0 0.41597
Case III:
Ac,eff = Maximum Hc,eff × b
= 2139023 mm2
σsc = 124.01 N/mm2
Es = 200000 Mpa(N/mm2)
Kt=0 0.05
Fct,eff=2.50
202
Ecm = 31187 Mpa(N/mm2)
ρ1,eff= 0.0161
𝐸𝑠
αe= = 6.413
𝐸𝑐𝑚
εsm - εcm = 0.0001 > 0.6 σsc/Es

𝜎𝑠𝑐
= 0.6 × = 0.0004 (εsm - εcm >0.6 σsc/Es , 0.0004,Take)
𝐸𝑠
Srmax = 473.262
= 0.0237 mm <0.3mm
Hence, crack width is less than permissible so it is safe in crack
Shear check
Diameter of Bars = 32 mm
fyk = 500 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
fyd = = = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
Es = 2000000 N/mm2
0.200
εuk = = 0.0222
0.9
εud = 0.200
434.8
ε= = 0.00022
2000000
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
Design stress, fpd= = = 434.8 N/mm2
1.15 1.15
203
Width of the foundation = 1000 mm
Ast provided = 34502.227 N/mm2
𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.67
σcp= = 0 < (0.2fcd=0.2×30× = 2.680 N/mm2)
𝐴𝑐 1.5
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρl = =0.0018 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤×𝑑
200
k =1 + √ ≤ 2=1.324 ≤ 2.0
𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = (0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )=

(0.12×1.324×(80×0.0018×30)0.33+0.15×0 =0.0551
1909
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 0.0551 × 9400 × = 1052.113 kN
1000
VRd.c,min = (0.031k3/2 fck1/2 + 0.15 σcp ) × b × d = 493.630 kN

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 1052.113 >583.405 kN (ok)
Here, VRd.c > Applied Shear Force. So shear design is not required.
204
9. Analysis and Design of Abutments
9.1 Design of Abutment Stem
Unfactored Dead Load from Superstructure
Load at mid-section
Weight of slab =8.4×0.25×1×25 = 52.5 kN/m
Weight of girder=70.32kN/m
Where, weight of girder consists of
a. Fillet=0.45×0.15×6×25=5.06kN/m
b. Middle Web=0.3×1.550×3×25=34.875kN/m
c. Bottom trap.= (0.5× (0.3+0.75)) ×0.2×3×25 = 7.88kN/m
d. Bottom =0.75×0.4×3×25 =22.5kN/m
Railing =2kN/m
Footpath =1.2×0.275×2×25 =16.5kN/m
Surfacing =6×0.075×1×22 =9.9kN/m
Load at end-section
Weight of slab = 8.4×0.25×1×25 = 52.5 kN/m
Weight of girder = 0.75×2.15×3×25= 120.94kN/m
Railing =2kN/m
Footpath =1.2×0.275×2×25 =16.5kN/m
Surfacing =6×0.075×1×22=9.9kN/m
Load from cross girder,
End CG = (1.75×0.45×3.75×25+2×0.5×1.75×0.45×1.2×25) ×2
=194.9kN
Mid CG = (1.575×0.3×4.65×25) ×3
=164.78kN
Total CG=359.68kN
205
Taking average of load of girder loads,
70.32 ∗ 29 + 120.94 ∗ 3 + 0.5 ∗ (70.32 + 120.94) ∗ 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
35
=76.83kN/m
Summary Dead Load
Slab and CG = (52.5×35+359.68) =2197.18kN
Girder=35×76.83=2689.05kN
Railing=2×35=70kN
Footpath=16.5×35=577.5kN
Surfacing=9.9×35=346.5kN
Total= 5880.23kN
Unfactored Live Load from Superstructure
Reaction at A due to Class70R(Track) vehicle = 0.5×(1+0.869)×700= 654.15kN
Impact factor=0.1
Lane factor=1
Reaction = 654.15×1.1×1 = 719.565kN
206
Reaction at A due to Class70R(Wheeled) vehicle
=170×1+170×0.961+170×0.874+170×0.835+120×0.774+120×0.73+80×0.617
=853.74kN
4.5 4.5
Impact factor = = = 0.1098
6+𝐿 6+35
Lane factor =1
Reaction = 853.74×1.1098×1 = 947.48kN
Reaction at A due to Class A Train of Vehicles

=114×1+114×0.966+68×0.843+68×0.757+68×0.671+68×0.586 = 418.4kN
4.5 4.5
6+𝐿 6+35
Lane factor = 2
Reaction = 418.4×1.1098×2 = 928.68kN
Reaction at A due to Class70R(Bogie) vehicle = 200×1+200×0.937 = 387.4kN
4.5 4.5
6+𝐿 6+35
Lane factor =1
Reaction = 387.4×1.1098×1= 429.94kN
207
Pedestrian Load
For effective spans of over 30m, the intensity of load shall be determined by equation:
4800 16.5−𝑊
𝑃 = (𝑃′ − 260 + )( )
𝐿 15
4800 16.5−1.2
𝑃 = (500 − 260 + )( ) = 384.685kg/m2 = 384.685/100×1.2×35
35 15
= 161.567kN
where,
P’ = 500kg/m2
P = live load in kg/m2
L = effective span of the main girder
W = width of the footway in m
Summary Live Load Reaction,

Class 70R Track =719.565kN
Class 70R Wheeled =947.48kN
Class A =928.68kN
Class 70R Bogie =429.94kN
Pedestrian =161.567kN
Total =947.48+161.567 = 1109.047kN
Design of Abutment
Grade of Concrete =M30 Characteristic strength(fck) =30N/mm2
Reinforcement =Fe500 Yield stress of steel(fy) =500N/mm2
208
Unit weight of materials as per IRC:6-2017:
Concrete (Reinforced)=25kN/m3
Backfill = 20kN/m3
Bridge Geometry
Superstructure Geometry = 2.4m
Bearing Height = 0.5m (including pedestal)
Abutment Geometry
209
Total Height = maximum scour depth for abutment foundation below HFL + grip length +
free board + depth of main girder
= (3.3) +2+1.5+2.4
= 9.2m
Height of abutment = 8m(assumed)
Depth of foundation = 1.2m(assumed)
Wearing Course Height = 0.075m
Height of Backwall =Height of superstructure + Wearing Course Height +Bearing Height
= 2.4+0.5+0.075
=2 .975m
Width of abutment = 8.4m
Backwall Width = 0.3m
Cap Height = 0.7m
Stem Height =Total Height - Height of superstructure – Bearing Height – Cap Height
= 8-2.4-0.5-0.7
= 4.4m
Stem Width = 1.4m
Hunch detail,
Hunch detail b (m) h (m)
Stem hunch 0.4 0.3
Back wall 0.25 0.25 rectangle
front hunch 0.25 0.25 triangle
Approach 0.25 0.25 rectangle
slab hunch 0.25 0.25 triangle
Approach Slab depth =0.3m

Approach Slab Length =3.5m
Cap Width =Stem Width +Stem Hunch +Projection (0.1m)
= 1.4+0.4+0.1
= 1.9m
Distance from backwall to bearing center = 0.8m
210
Distance from edge to bearing center =Cap Width - Backwall Width - Distance from
backwall to bearing center
=1.9-0.3-0.8 = 0.8m
A. Calculation of Loads
1. Load from self-weight of abutment and moment at base of stem
Stem = Stem Height×Stem Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 4.4×1.4×8.4×25
= 1293.6 kN
Lever Arm = 0
Cap = Cap Height×Cap Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.7×1.9×8.4×25
= 279.3 kN
Lever Arm = -(3.21.4/2+0.4) +1.9/2 =-0.15 m
Backwall = Backwall Height×Backwall Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of
concrete
= 2.975×0.3×8.4×25
= 187.425 kN
Lever Arm = -(1.4/2+0.4) +0.3/2 = -0.95 m
Stem Hunch = 0.5× Stem Hunch Height×Stem Hunch Width×Width of
abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.5×0.3×0.4×8.4×25
= 12.60 kN
Lever Arm = -(1.4/2+0.4) +2/3×0.4 =-0.833
Backwall front Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight
of concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 13.125
Lever Arm = -(0.4+1.4/2) +(0.3+0.25/2) = -0.675
Backwall front Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit
weight of concrete
= 0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25
211
= 6.56
Lever Arm =-(0.4+1.4/2) +(0.3+0.25/3) = -0.717 m
Approach slab Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of
concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 13.125
Lever Arm = -(0.4+1.6/2)-0.25/2 = -1.225 m
Approach Slab Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit
weight of concrete
= 0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 6.56
Lever Arm = -(0.4+1.4/2)-0.25/3 = -1.183 m
Distance from center of Moment
Component Wt. (kN)
base(m) (kNm)
Stem(rectangle) 1293.60 0.000 0.00
stem(triangle) 0.00 0.7 0.00
Cap 279.30 -0.15 -41.90
Backwall 187.425 -0.95 -178.05
Stem hunch 12.60 -0.833 -10.50
13.13 -0.675 -8.86
Back wall front hunch
6.56 -0.717 -4.70
13.13 -1.225 -16.08
Approach slab hunch
6.56 -1.183 -7.77
1812.3 -267.9
2. Load from superstructure

Dead Load = Weight of slab/Cross girder +Weight of Girder+Weight of railing+Weight
of footpath
=1098.6+1344.5+35+288.8
=2766.9
212
Lever Arm =-(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.65) = -1.05 m
Surface Load = 173.3
Lever Arm = -(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.65) = -1.05 m
Live load =Maximum load among all vehicles+Pedestrian load
=947.48+161.57 =1109
Lever Arm = -(0.45+3.1/2) +(0.3+0.65) = -1.05 m
DL 2766.9 -1.050 -2905.21
Surface 173.3 -1.050 -181.91
LL 1109.0 -1.050 -1164.50
3. Earth Pressure
Ф =35°
β =0°
α =0°
δ =22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ =20 kN/m3
cos2(Ф − α) 1
𝑘𝑎 = ∗( )2
cos2(α)cos(δ+α) sin (Ф+ δ) sin (Ф− β)
1+√cos (α− β) cos (δ+ α)
Ka=0.2445
h =Total Height-Approach Slab depth
=8-0.3
=7.7m
Earth pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
= 20×0.2445×7.7
= 37.65 kN/m2
Total Force =0.5×Pressure×Height×Width of abutment
=0.5×37.65×7.7×8.4
= 1217.6kN acts @0.42h i.e. 3.234 m for dry soil from base
Horizontal Force = 1217.6×cos(δ) = 1217.6×cos (22.5) = 1124.9kN
acts @ 0.42h i.e. 3.234m for dry soil from base
Vertical Force = 1217.6×sin(δ) = 1217.6×sin (22.5) = 465.97kN
213
acts @ (-1.4/2=-0.7m from stem center)
Force
LA (m) M (KNm)
(KN)
EP h = 1124.9 3.234 3638.1 KNm
FP v = 465.97 -0.7 -326.2 KNm
4. Braking
Weight of 70R wheeled vehicle = 1000kN
Weight of Class A train of vehicle = 554kN
Point of application of load = 1.2m above deck
Lane Factor Force
1 0.2 200.0 KN
1 0.2 221.6 KN
Braking Load = 200 kN
Lever arm = Total height – 1.2 – height of bridge deck – bearing height
= 8 – 1.2 -2.4 – 0.5
= 3.9 m
Braking L 200 KN 3.9 m (LA) 780 KNm
Here total length of class A vehicle is 20.3m and minimum spacing between two is 18.5m.
(38.6>35) m. So, factor of 10%is not taken only 20% taken.
5. Temperature
Temperature variation =30 ˚C
Coefficient Of thermal expansion(α) =0.0000120 m/ ˚C / m
Length =35m
Strain due to shrinkage = 0.00020 (IRC6)
Thermal Elongation = 30×0.0000120×35
=0.0126000m
Shrinkage Elongation = 35×0.00020
=0.0070000m
214
Total strain due to temp. and shrinkage = 0.5×(0.0126000+0.0070000)
= 0.0098000m
Shear Rating of elastomer bearing =1000 KN/m/m2
Area of bearing = 0.235644m2
Height of bearing = 0.0340m (subtracting all plates)
No. of bearing = 3
Force = 1.1×0.0098×1000×0.2356/0.0340
=34.04kN
Lever arm = Bearing Height+Cap Height+Stem Height
=0.5+0.7+4.4 = 5.6m
Force on each abutment 102.13 KN 5.6 m (LA) 571.91 KNm
6. LL Surcharge
Ka = 0.244
Height(h) =1.2m
ɣ =20kN/m3
Pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
=20×0.244×1.2 = 5.868kN/m2
Force = Pressure×(Total Height-Approach Slab Depth) ×Width of abutment
= 5.868×(8-0.3) ×8.4
= 379.52kN
Lever arm = Total Height/2 = 8/2 = 4m
Vertical surcharge = ɣ× h×Width of abutment×Approach slab length
=20×1.2×8.4×3.5
=705.6 kN
Lever arm = Approach slab length/2+Stem Hunch width +Stem Width/2
= 3.5/2+0.4+1.4/2
= 2.85 m
215
Force 379.52 KN 4 m (LA) 1518.09 KNm
Vertical
705.60 KN 2.85 m (LA) 2010.96 KNm
Surcharge
7. Seismic Loads
Zone Factor = 0.36
Imp Factor =1
Response Reduction Factor = 3
Sa/g = 2.5
Z/2/I×Sa/g = 0.36/2×1×2.5 = 0.45
Ah = 0.45/3 = 0.15
This term ‘Ah’ is multiplied with the weight and horizontal seismic force is
determined. Lever arm is taken in the direction of height of abutment accordingly
moment is determined. Calculation is tabulated below:
Abutment Self Load
Wt kN H. Force (kN) Ht.(m) Moment
stem(rect) 1293.60 194.04 2.20 426.9
stem(tria) 0.00 0.00 1.47 0.0
cap 279.30 41.90 4.75 199.0
Backwall 187.43 28.11 6.59 185.2
Stem hunch 12.60 1.89 4.27 8.1
13.13 1.97 7.88 15.5

6.56 0.98 7.67 7.5
13.13 1.97 7.55 14.9

Approach slab hunch
6.56 0.98 7.34 7.2
271.85 864.3
216
Superstructure Dead Load
Weight = 2940 kN
Horizontal Force = 2940×0.15 = 441.02 kN
Lever arm = 7.13m
Moment = 3142.2 kNm
Here, live load is not taken according to Clause 219.5.2(i) of IRC:6-2017
Due to backfill
Ф = 35°
β = 0°
α = 0°
δ = 22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ =20 kN/m3
Ah =0.15
Av =2/3×0.15 =0.1
𝐴ℎ 0.15
Λ= = = 0.1651rad
1±𝐴𝑣 1±0.1
(1 ± 𝐴𝑣 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (∅ − 𝜆 − 𝛼) 1
𝐶𝑎 = ∗( )2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ + 𝛿) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ − 𝛽 − 𝜆) 0.5
1+( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆
Ca = 0.391
Ca-Ka =0.391-0.244 = 0.1464
Height(h) = 7.7m
Width of abutment(B) = 8.4m
Earth Pressure Seismic = ɣ×(Ca-Ka) ×h
= 20×0.1464×7.7 = 22.55 kN/m2
Seismic force due to backfill = 0.5×22.55×7.7×8.4 =729.13 kN
Lever arm = 10.175/2 = 5.088m
Seismic force due to backfill = 729.13 KN 3.850 m (LA) 2807.16 kNm
217
Dynamic Surcharge
Force = ɣ×(Ca-Ka) ×h(1.2m) ×Height of abutment×Width of abutment
=20×0.1464×1.2×7.7×8.4
=227.26182 kN
Lever arm = Height of abutment/2 =10.5/2 =5.25m
Force= 227.2618 KN 4 m (LA) 909.047 kNm
Summary of Loads
Unfactored
Forces(KN) Factors
Moment
Vertical Horizontal (KNm) Basic Seismic
Abutment Self 1812.3 -267.9 1.00 1
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 1.00 1
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 1.00 1
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 0.00 0.00
EPH 1117.7 3602.8 1.50 1.00
EPV 462.9 -324.1 1.00 1.00
LL Surcharge
(H) 378.3 1513.2 1.20 0.20
Braking 200.0 780.0 1.15 0.00
Temperature 102.1 571.9 1.50 0.50
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 441.0 3142.2 0.00 1.50
Abutment DL 271.8 864.3 0.00 1.50
Earth pressure 724.4 2779.9 0.00 1.50
Dyn. Surcharge 226.5 906.1 0.00 1.50
218
Factored (Non-Seismic/Structure) Factored (Seismic / Structure)
Forces (KN) Moment Forces (KN) Moment
Vertical Horizontal (KNm) Vertical Horizontal (KNm)
Abutment Self 1812.3 0.0 -267.9 1812.3 0.0 -267.9
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 0.0 2766.9 0.0 0.0
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 0.0 173.3 0.0 0.0
SS LL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPH 0.0 1676.5 5404.1 0.0 1117.7 3602.8
EPV 462.9 0.0 -324.1 462.9 0.0 -324.1
LL Surcharge (H) 0.0 453.9 1815.8 0.0 75.7 302.6
Braking 0.0 230.0 897.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Temperature 0.0 153.2 857.9 0.0 51.1 286.0
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 661.5 4713.4
Abutment DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 407.8 1296.4
Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1086.6 4169.9
Surcharge 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 339.8 1359.1
5215.4 2513.6 8382.9 5215 3740 15138
Structural Design
Total Stem Base Width = 1.4m
Area (Ac) = 11.76 m2
Fcd = 0.446× fck =13.38 N/mm2
Axial Load = 0.1×fcd×Ac = 15734.88kN
Max Axial Load = 5218.4 kN (Vertical load becomes axial load here)
Since, max axial load is less than 0.1×fcd×Ac, abutment stem is designed as cantilever slab
where foundation is treated as fixed support and stem is treated as slab.
Design of Abutment Stem

Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98 N/mm2
Xu = 8.9 mm
0.416×Xu = 336.33 mm
219
Depth = Width of abutment = 1400mm
Clear cover = 75mm
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 = 89mm
Effective depth(d) = Depth-Effective Cover = 1311mm
Breadth of Abutment (Bw) = 8400mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2 = 0.41597
Cg from steel level = d-0.416Xu = 974.7 mm
Our design moment is 15217.84 kN but we get limiting moment as 71700.97 kN which is
very high. So, we have to increase tensile strain of steel in such a way that our neutral axis
shifts upward and Xu value then Mulim value is decreased respectively.
Ecu2 = 0.0035
Fck = 30 MPa
0.446×fck = 13.98 N/mm2
Xu =133 mm
0.416×Xu = 55.41 mm
Depth = Width of abutment = 1400mm
Clear cover = 75mm
Effective cover = Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 =89mm
Effective depth = Depth-Effective Cover =1311mm
Bw = 8400mm
β1 = 0.80952
β2 = 0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu = 12120.1 kN
Cg from steel level = d-0.416Xu = 1255.6 mm
Mulim = C×CG from steel level/1000 = 15217.8 kNm (which is equal to our design moment)
220
Reinforcement:
Fe = 500 N/mm2
Fyd = 434.78 N/mm2
Fctm = 0.259×fck2/3 = 2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk = 0.00130
Since, steel required is less than area of steel, we are adapting minimum area of steel.
Required Ast = 27876.21 mm2

Provided Ast =28mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
This is the reinforcement provided vertically at rear end of stem.
Check for shear:

Minimum Axial (NED) = Abutment self-load+Superstructure Dead load+Superstructure
Surface load
= 1812.3+2766.9+173.3
= 4752 kN
Breadth of abutment stem (bw) = 8400mm
Effective Depth of abutment stem(d) = 1311 mm
Area of Concrete (Ac) = bw×d = 11012400 mm2
Area of Steel Provided (Ast) = 34367 mm2
Fck = 30 MPa
221
σcp = NED /Ac = 0.432<(0.2fcd=0.22×30=6)
ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0031 <= 0.02
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 =1.391 <=2
γmin = 0.031k3/2 fck1/2 = 0.2784
γRd, c, min = γmin +0.15 σcp = 0.343
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = [0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝
=(0.12×1.391×(80×0.0031×30)0.33+0.15×0.432 = 0.3890
Γ = max (γRd, c, min, 𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 ) = max (0.343,0.3890) = 0.3890
VRd.c = 0.3890×bw×d = 4284.2 kN > 3756 kN (ok)
Crack Width:
Load factor for serviceability Limit State
Quasi-
Rare Frequent
permanent
combination Combination
Moment Combination
Normal Vertical Horizontal (KNm)
Abutment Self 1812.3 0.0 -267.9 1 1 1
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 0.0 1 1 1
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.2 1.2
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 0.0 1 0.75 0
EPH 0.0 1117.7 3602.8 1 1 1
EPV 462.9 0.0 -324.1 1 1 1
LL Surcharge
(H) 0.0 378.3 1513.2 0.8 0 0
Braking 0.0 200.0 780.0 1 0.75 0
Temperature 0.0 102.1 571.9 0.6 0.5 0.5
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 441.0 3142.2 0 0 0
Abutment DL 0.0 271.8 864.3 0 0 0
Earth pressure 0.0 724.4 2779.9 0 0 0
222
Rare Combination Frequent Combination Quasi-permanent Combination
V H M V H M V H M
Abutment Self 1812.3 0.0 -267.9 1812.3 0.0 -267.9 1812.3 0.0 -267.9
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 0.0 2766.9 0.0 0.0 2766.9 0.0 0.0
SS Surface 207.9 0.0 0.0 207.9 0.0 0.0 207.9 0.0 0.0
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 0.0 831.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPH 0.0 1117.7 3602.8 0.0 1117.7 3602.8 0.0 1117.7 3602.8
EPV 462.9 0.0 -324.1 462.9 0.0 -324.1 462.9 0.0 -324.1
LL Surcharge
(H) 0.0 302.6 1210.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Braking 0.0 200.0 780.0 0.0 150.0 585.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Temperature 0.0 61.3 343.1 0.0 51.1 286.0 0.0 51.1 286.0
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Abutment DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5344.5 3881.8 3296.8
223
Bending Moment for crack width check (Mc)=5381.65 kNm (From Rare Combination)
Area of Steel provided (As) = 34367mm2
Width of Abutment stem (Bw) =8400mm
Total Depth(D) =1400mm
Effective Depth(d) =D-Effective cover = 1311mm

Xu =133mm
Lever arm(z) =d-0.416 Xu = 1255.6 mm
Hc, eff =2.5(h-d)
=2.5×(1400-1311) = 223mm
=(h-x)/3
= (1400-133)/3 = 422 mm
=h/2
=1400/2 = 700 mm
Ac, eff = min (Hc, eff) ×Bw
=223×8400 =1869000 mm2
Es = 200000MPa(N/mm2)
Actual Stress(σsc) = Mc ×106/ (As× z) = 124.72N/mm2
Kt = 0.5
Fcm= fck+10 = 40MPa
Fct, eff = 0.259×(Fck)2/3
=0.259×(30)2/3 = 2.5
Ecm = 22×(fcm/12.5)0.3×1000MPa(N/mm2)
=31187 MPa
ρ1, eff =As/Ac, eff = 34367/1869000 = 0.0184
αe = Es/Ecm = 200000/31187 = 6.413
𝜎𝑠𝑐 − 𝑘𝑡 ∗ ∗ (1 + 𝛼𝑒 ∗ 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = ≥ 0.6
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
εsm-εcm = 0.000374
c =50mm
224
Sr, max = 3.4c+0.17×Φ/Ρ1, eff) = 3.4×50+0.17×28/0.0184
= 428.864mm
Crack width = c×(εsm-εcm)
= 50×0.000374
= 0.16.5mm < 0.3mm (ok for severe case)
Horizontal Reinforcement
Vertical main = 28mm Φ @150mm c/c spacing
Ast provided =4105.01m2 /m
Stem width =1400mm
Stem Height =1000mm
Ac =14100×1000 =1400000mm2
Horizontal reinforcement = 25% Ast =1026.25 mm2
= 0.001Ac =1400 mm2
Half =1400/2 =700mm2(For both directions)
Using 16mm Φ bar
Area of 16mm Φ bar =π×162/4 = 196 mm2
Then spacing =1000/ (700/196) =201 mm
Provide Ast = 16mm Φ bar @ 150mm c/c spacing
Ast provided = 1340.41 mm2(For both directions)
Vertical Reinforcement
Stem Width (W) = 1400mm
Stem L= 1000mm
Ac = 1400×1000=1400000 mm2
0.0012×Ac = 0.0012×1400000=1680 mm2
Using 20mm Φ bar
Area of 28mm Φ bar = π×202/4=2094.4 mm2
Then spacing =1000/ (1680/314) =187 mm
Provide Ast = 20mm Φ bar @ 150mm c/c spacing
Ast provided = 2094.40 mm2
225
Check:
Ast provided at rear face = 34367.18 mm2
Ast provided at front face = 2094.4 mm2
Allowable maximum reinforcement = 0.04×Ac=560000 mm2 (ok)
Allowable minimum reinforcement = 1680 mm2 (ok)
9.2 Foundation Stability
Bridge Geometry
Length of foundation = 7.5m

Width of foundation = 8.4m
Height of foundation = 1.7m
Heel = 3.1m
Toe = 3m
226
A. Calculation of Loads and moments from toe edge
1. Load from self-weight of abutment
Stem = Stem Height×Stem Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 4.325×1.4×8.4×25
= 1271.55kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel-Stem Width/2
= 7.5-3.1-1.4/2 = 3.7m
Cap = Cap Height×Cap Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.7×1.9×8.4×25
= 279.3kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-Cap Width/2
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-1.9/2 = 3.85m
Backwall = Backwall Height×Backwall Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 2.975×0.3×8.4×25
= 187.425kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-Backwall width/2
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-0.3/2 = 4.65m
Stem Hunch = 0.5× Stem Hunch Height×Stem Hunch Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight
of concrete
= 0.5×0.3×0.4×8.4×25
= 12.6kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch/3
= 7.5-3.1+0.4/3 = 4.533m
Backwall front Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 13.125 kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-BW Width-Front Hunch/2
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-0.3-0.25/2 = 4.375m
Backwall front Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of
concrete
227
=0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25
=6.56 kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch-BW Width-Front Hunch/3
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-0.3-0.25/3 = 4.417m
Approach slab Hunch rectangle = Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of concrete
= 0.25×0.25×8.4×25
=13.125 kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch -Approach Slab Hunch/2
= 7.5-3.1+0.4+0.25/2 = 4.925m
Approach Slab Hunch triangle = 0.5×Height×Width×Width of abutment×Unit weight of
concrete
= 0.5×0.25×0.25×8.4×25
= 6.56 kN
Lever Arm = Length of foundation-Heel+Stem Hunch- Approach Slab Hunch/3
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-0.25/3 = 4.883m
Distance
from Moment
Component Wt. (kN)
center of (kNm)
base(m)
Stem(rectangle) 1271.55 3.7 4707.74
stem(triangle) 0.00 3 0
Cap 279.30 3.85 1075.31
Backwall 187.425 4.65 871.53
Stem hunch 12.6 4.533 57.12
Back wall front 13.13 4.375 57.42
hunch 6.56 4.417 28.98
Approach slab 13.13 4.925 64.64
hunch 6.56 4.883 32.05
1790.3 6891.8
228
Foundation pad = (Length×Breadth×Height) of foundation ×Unit Weight of concrete
= 7.5×9.9×1.7×25 = 3155.63kN
Lever arm = Length of foundation/2
= 7.5/2 = 3.75m
Foundation Pad 3155.63 3.75 11833.59
2. Load from superstructure

Dead Load = Weight of slab/Cross girder +Weight of Girder+Weight of railing+Weight of footpath
= 1098.6+1344.5+35+288.8
= 2766.9kN
Lever Arm = Toe-Nosing+Distance from edge to bearing center
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-0.3-0.8 = 3.7m
Surface Load = 173.3kN
Lever Arm = Toe-Nosing+Distance from edge to bearing center
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-0.3-0.8 = 3.7m
Live load =Maximum load among all vehicles+Pedestrian load
= 947.48+161.57 = 1109 kN
Lever Arm =Toe-Nosing+Distance from edge to bearing center
= 7.5-3.1+0.4-0.3-0.8 = 3.7m
DL 2766.9 3.7 10237.4
Surface 173.3 3.7 641.03
LL 1109.0 3.7 4103.47
3. Earth Pressure
Ф = 35°
β =0°
α =0°
δ =22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ =20 kN/m3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (Ф − 𝛼) 1
𝑘𝑎 = ∗( )2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿+𝛼) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (Ф+ 𝛿) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (Ф− 𝛽)
1+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼− 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿+ 𝛼)
229
Ka = 0.244
Height(h) = Total Height-Approach Slab depth+ Foundation Depth

= 8-0.325+1.7
= 9.375m
Earth pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
=20×0.244×9.375
=45.84 kN/m2
Total Force =0.5×Pressure×Height×Width of abutment
=0.5×45.84×9.375×8.4
=1805 kN acts @0.42h i.e. 3.938 m for dry soil from base
Horizontal Force = 1805×cos(δ) = 1805×cos (22.5) = 1667.6 kN
acts @ 0.42h i.e. -3.938m for dry soil from base
Vertical Force =1805×sin(δ) = 1805×sin (22.5) =690.74 kN
acts @ (7.5-3.1=4.40 m from stem center)
Force (KN) LA (m) M (KNm)
EP h = 1666.6 -3.938 -6566.2
FP v = 690.74 4.40 3039.3
4. Braking
Weight of 70R wheeled vehicle =1000kN
Weight of Class A train of vehicle =554kN
Point of application of load =1.2m above deck
Lane Factor Force
1 0.2 200.0 KN
1 0.2 110.8 KN
+Braking Load = 200kN
Lever arm = Foundation Height+Stem Height+Cap Height
= 1.7+4.4+0.7
= 6.73 m
230
Braking L 200 KN 6.73 m (LA) -1345 KNm
Here total length of class A vehicle is 20.3m and minimum spacing between two is 18.5m. (38.6>35)
m. So, factor of 10%is not taken only 20% taken.
Moment due to braking = Braking Load×(1.2+Depth of superstructure+Bearing Ht.)
= -200×(1.2+2.4+0.5) = -820kNm
Braking Vertical reaction = Moment/spam
=-820/35 = -23.4kN
Braking vertical
-23.4 KN 3.70 -86.685 KNm
reaction=
5. Temperature
Temperature variation = 30 ˚C
Coefficient Of thermal expansion(α) =0.0000120 m/ ˚C / m
Length =35m
Strain due to shrinkage = 0.00020 (IRC6)
Thermal Elongation = 30×0.0000120×35
= 0.0126000m
Shrinkage Elongation = 35×0.00020

=0.0070000m
Total strain due to temp. and shrinkage = 0.5×(0.0126000+0.0070000)
= 0.0098000m
Shear Rating of elastomer bearing =1000 KN/m/m2
Area of bearing = 0.24m2
Height of bearing = 0.076m
No. of bearing =3
Force =1.1×0.0098×1000×0.24/0.076
=34.04kN
231
Lever arm = Bearing Height+Cap Height+Stem Height+Foundation Height
= 0.5+0.7+4.4+1.7 =7.225m
Force on each abutment 102.13 KN 7.225 m (LA) -737.86 KNm
6. LL Surcharge
Ka =0.244
Height(h) =1.2m
ɣ =20kN/m3
Pressure = ɣ× Ka×h
= 20×0.244×1.2 = 5.868kN/m2
Force = Pressure×(Total Height-Approach Slab Depth) ×Width of abutment
= 5.868×(8-0.325) ×8.4
= 378.29 kN
Lever arm = Total Height/2+Height of Foundation
= 8/2+1.7= 5.70 m
Vertical surcharge = ɣ× h×Width of foundation×Heel
= 20×1.2×9.9×3.1
= 736.56kN
Lever arm = Toe+Stem width+Heel/2
= 3+1.4+3.1/2
= 5.95m
Force 378.29 KN 5.70 m (LA) -2156.2 KNm
Vertical
736.56 KN 5.95 m (LA) 4382.53 KNm
Surcharge
7. Backfill
Height(h) = Total Height-Approach Slab Depth
= 8-0.325 = 7.675m
Heel = 3.1m
232
Weight of Backfill = ɣ×h×Heel×Width of abutment = 20×7.675×3.1×9.9
= 4710.915 kN
Lever arm = Length of foundation-Heel/2
= 7.5-3.1/2
= 5.95m
Moment = 28029.944kNm
8. Seismic Loads
Zone Factor =0.36
Imp Factor =1
Response Reduction Factor(R) =3
Sa/g = 2.5
Z/2×I×Sa/g = 0.36/2×1×2.5 =0.45
Ah = (Z/2) ×(I/R) ×(Sa/g) = 0.45/3 = 0.15
This term ‘Ah’ is multiplied with the weight and horizontal seismic force is determined. Lever
arm is taken in the direction of height of abutment accordingly moment is determined.
Calculation is tabulated below:
Abutment Self Load

Wt kN H. Force(KN) Ht.(m) Moment(kNm)
stem(rect) 1271.55 190.73 3.86 736.7
stem(tria) 0.00 0.00 3.14 0.0
cap 279.30 41.90 6.38 267.1
Backwall 187.43 28.11 8.21 230.9
Stem hunch 12.60 1.89 5.93 11.2
13.13 1.97 9.25 18.2
6.56 0.98 9.04 8.9
13.13 1.97 9.58 18.9
Approach slab hunch
6.56 0.98 9.37 9.2
268.54 1301.0
Foundation Pad 3155.6 473.34 0.85 402.3
233
i. Superstructure Dead Load
Weight = 2940kN
Horizontal Force = 2940×0.15 = 441.02
Lever arm =Total Height-Wearing Course Height+Height of foundation-Height of bridge
deck/3
=8-0.075+1.7-2.4/3 = 8.825 m
Moment = 3892.0kNm
Here, live load is not taken according to Clause 219.5.2(i) of IRC:6-2017
ii. Due to backfill
Ф = 35°
β = 0°
α = 0°
δ = 22.50° (2/3 of Ф)
ɣ = 20 kN/m3
Ah = 0.15
Av = 2/3×0.15 =0.1
𝐴ℎ 0.15
Λ= = = 0.1651rad = 9.46°
1±𝐴𝑣 1±0.1
(1 ± 𝐴𝑣 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (∅ − 𝜆 − 𝛼) 1
𝐶𝑎 = ∗( )2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ + 𝛿) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅ − 𝛽 − 𝜆) 0.5
1+( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆
Ca = 0.391
Ca-Ka =0.391-0.244 = 0.147
Height(h) = Total Height+Height of foundation-Approach slab depth
=8+1.7-0.325 = 9.375m
Width of foundation(B) = 9.9m
Earth Pressure Seismic = ɣ×(Ca) ×h
= 20×0.391×9.375 = 73.29 kN/m2
Seismic force due to backfill = 0.5×73.29×9.375×9.9 = 3401.2 kN
234
Earth Pressure Normal =1805.0kN
Difference = 3401.2-1805.0 = 1596.19 kN
Lever arm = h/2 = 9.375/2 = 4.688m
Difference= 1596.19 KN 4.688 m (LA) -7482.12 kNm
iii. Dynamic Surcharge

Force = ɣ×(Ca-Ka) ×h(1.2m) ×Height of abutment×Width of foundation
= 20×0.147×1.2×8×9.9
= 278.279kN
Lever arm = Height of abutment/2 =8/2 = 4m
Force= 278.279 KN 4 m (LA) 1113.119 kNm
Summary of Loads
Unfactored
Forces(KN) Moment (KNm)(at toe) Basic Seismic
Vertical Horizontal Resisting Overturning R O R O
Abutment 1790.3 6891.8 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
Foundation 3155.6 11833.6 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
SS DL 2766.9 10237.4 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
SS Surface 173.3 641.0 1 1.35 1 1.35
SS LL 1109.0 4103.5 0 1.5 0 0
EPH 1667.6 -6566.2 1 1.5 1 1
EPV 690.7 3039.3 1 1.5 1 1
LL Surcharge(H) 378.3 -2156.2 0 1.2 0 0
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 4382.532 0 1.2 0 0
Braking 200.0 -1345.0 0 1.5 0 0
Temperature 102.1 -737.9 0 0.9 0 0.5
Backfill 4710.9 28029.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1
-
Breaking uplift -23.4 86.6857143 0 1.15 0 0.2
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 268.5 -1301.0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic foundation 473.3 -402.3 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic DLSS 441.0 -3892.0 0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Earth
pressure 1596.2 -7482.1 0 0 0 1.5
surcharge dynamic 278.3 -1113.1 0 0 0 1.5
Total 69159.0 -25082.6
15109.8 5405.4 69159.0 -25082.6
235
Basic combination
Forces(KN) Moment (KNm)
Vertical Horizontal Resisting Overturning
Abutment 1611.23 0.00 6202.60 0.00
Foundation 2840.06 0.00 10650.23 0.00
SS DL 2490.18 0.00 9213.66 0.00
SS Surface 173.25 0.00 641.03 0.00
SS LL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EPH 0.00 2501.40 0.00 -9849.27
EPV 690.74 0.00 3039.27 0.00
LL Surcharge(H) 0.00 453.95 0.00 -2587.50
LL Surcharge (V) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Braking 0.00 300.00 0.00 -2017.50
Temperature 0.00 91.91 0.00 -664.08
Backfill 4239.82 0.00 25226.95 0.00
Breaking uplift -26.94 0.00 0.00 -99.69
Seismic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic DL abt 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic foundation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic DLSS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
surcharge dynamic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 12018.34 3347.26 54973.74 -15218.04
Seismic combination
Forces(KN) Moment (KNm)
Vertical Horizontal Resisting Overturning
1611.225 0 6202.602 0
2840.0625 0 10650.2344 0
2490.1785 0 9213.66045 0
173.25 0 641.025 0
0 0 0 0
0 1667.602 0 -6566.183
690.7433737 0 3039.27084 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 51.063158 0 -368.93132
4239.8235 0 25226.9498 0
-4.68571429 0 0 -17.337143
0 0 0 0
0 402.80625 0 -1951.5746
0 710.01563 0 -603.51328
0 661.52588 0 -5837.9658
0 2394.2776 0 -11223.176
0 417.41967 0 -1669.6787
12040.60 6304.71 54973.74 -28238.36
236
Summary of loads Basic Seismic
Vertical load 12018.34 12040.60
Horizontal loads 3347.26 6304.71
Resisting moment 54973.74 54973.74
Overturning moment -15218.04 -28238.36
Frictional coefficient 0.70 0.70
Overturning = 3.61 1.95
Sliding = 2.51 1.34
Here,
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Overturning = >1
−𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜇∑𝑉
Sliding =∑ >1
𝐻
9.3 Foundation Bearing Pressure
A. Loads summary from foundation stability at the toe

V H M
Abutment 1790.3 0.0 6891.8
Foundation 3155.6 0.0 11833.6
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 10237.4
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 641.0
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 4103.5
EPH 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2
EPV 690.7 0.0 3039.3
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 378.3 -2156.2
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 4382.5
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1345.0
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -737.9
Backfill 4710.9 0.0 28029.9
Breaking uplift -23.4 0.0 -86.7
Seismic 58267.0
Seismic DL abt 0.0 268.5 -1301.0
Seismic foundation 0.0 473.3 -402.3
Seismic DLSS 0.0 441.0 -3892.0
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.0 1596.2 -7482.1
surcharge dynamic 0.0 278.3 -1113.1
44076.4
237
Height of abutment = 8 m
Height except approach slab =7.675m
Actual width of abutment =8.4m
Increased width of abutment =9.9m
Total length of abutment = 7.5m
Transfer of loads from the foundation toe to foundation base center,
ex = -(Total length of abutment/2)
=-7.5/2 = -3.75m
ey = 0m
Transferring loads at base of raft,

Moment at the middle point at base of raft = Moment at the toe point at the base of raft+ ey×Horizontal
Force+ ex×Vertical Force
Horizontal force, vertical force and moment due to horizontal force remains same. Only moment due
to vertical force changes.
Calculation of moments due to vertical forces,
V H M Factor
Abutment 1790.3 178.3 1.0
Foundation 3155.6 0.0 1.0
SS DL 2766.9 -138.3 1.0
SS Surface 173.3 -8.7 1.0
SS LL 1109.0 -55.5 1.0
EPH 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2 1.0
EPV 690.7 449.0 1.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 378.3 -2156.2 1.0
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 1620.4 1.0
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1345.0 1.0
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -737.9 1.0
Backfill 4710.9 10364.0 1.0
Breaking uplift -23.4 1.2 1.0
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 268.5 -1301.0 1.0
Seismic foundation 473.3 -402.3 1.0
Seismic DLSS 441.0 -3892.0 1.0
Seismic Earth
pressure 1596.2 -7482.1 1.0
surcharge dynamic 278.3 -1113.1 1.0
238
Load Summary At foundation raft base(unfactored) for bearing pressure check
C1 C2 C3
Abutment 1790.3 0.0 178.3 1.35 1 1.35
Foundation 3155.6 0.0 0.0 1.35 1 1.35
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -138.3 1.35 1 1.35
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 -8.7 1.75 1 1.35
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 -55.5 1.5 1.3 0.75
EPH 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2 1.5 1.3 1
EPV 690.7 0.0 449.0 1.5 1.3 1
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 378.3 -2156.2 1.2 1 0.2
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 1620.4 1.2 1 0.2
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1345.0 1.5 1.3 0.75
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -737.9 0.9 0.8 0.5
Backfill 4710.9 0.0 10364.0 1.35 1 1.35
Breaking uplift -23.4 0.0 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.75
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 268.5 -1301.0 0 0 1.5
Seismic foundation 473.3 -402.3 0 0 1.5
Seismic DLSS 441.0 -3892.0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Earth
pressure 1596.2 -7482.1 0 0 1.5
surcharge dynamic 278.3 -1113.1 0 0 1.5
239
For C1
Abutment 2416.8 0.0 240.8
SS DL 3735.3 0.0 -186.8
SS Surface 303.2 0.0 -15.2
SS LL 1663.6 0.0 -83.2
EPH 0.0 2501.4 -9849.3
EPV 1036.1 0.0 673.5
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 453.9 -2587.5
LL Surcharge (V) 883.9 0.0 1944.5
Braking 0.0 300.0 -2017.5
Temperature 0.0 91.9 -664.1
Backfill 6359.7 0.0 13991.4
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic foundation 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0
surcharge dynamic 0.0 0.0 0.0
20623.5 3347.3 1448.5
For C2
Abutment 1790.3 0.0 178.3
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -138.3
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 -8.7
SS LL 1441.8 0.0 -72.1
EPH 0.0 2167.9 -8536.0
EPV 898.0 0.0 583.7
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 378.3 -2156.2
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 1620.4
Braking 0.0 260.0 -1748.5
Backfill 4710.9 0.0 10364.0
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic foundation 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0
surcharge dynamic 0.0 0.0 0.0
15642.7 2887.9 -502.2
240
For C3
Abutment 2416.8 0.0 240.8
SS DL 3735.3 0.0 -186.8
SS Surface 233.9 0.0 -11.7
SS LL 831.8 0.0 -41.6
EPH 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2
EPV 690.7 0.0 449.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 75.7 -431.2
LL Surcharge (V) 147.3 0.0 324.1
Braking 0.0 150.0 -1008.8
Backfill 6359.7 0.0 13991.4
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 402.8 -1951.6
Seismic DLSS 0.0 661.5 -5838.0
Seismic Earth pressure 0.0 2394.3 -11223.2
18658.1 6530.4 -14894.9
V H M
Combi1 20623.5 3347.3 1448.5
Combi2 15642.7 2887.9 502.2
Combi3 18658.1 6530.4 14894.9
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ3

𝑀𝑂𝐼 =
12
= 9.9×7.53/12
= 348.0 m4(For the base of raft)
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑉) 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ±
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑀𝑂𝐼 ∗ 2
241
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 400kN/m2(From Geotech report)
Combi1 290.86 379.69 <400.0 KN/m2
Combi2 242.21 264.66 <600.0 KN/m2
Combi3 98.34 523.43 <600.0 KN/m2
9.4 Foundation Structural Design
Loads and moments at base of raft
V H M Basic I Basic II Seismic

Abutment 1790.3 0.0 178.3 1.35 1 1.35
Foundation 3155.6 0.0 0.0 1.35 1 1.35
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -138.3 1.35 1 1.35
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 -8.7 1.75 1 1.75
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 -55.5 1.50 1.3 0.75
EPH 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2 1.50 1.3 1.00
EPV 690.7 0.0 449.0 1.00 0.85 1.00
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 378.3 -2156.2 1.20 1 0.20
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 1620.4 1.20 1 0.20
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1345.0 1.15 1 0.20
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -737.9 0.90 0.8 0.50
Backfill 4710.9 0.0 10364.0 1.35 1 1.35
Breaking uplift -23.4 0.0 1.2 0.00 0 0.00
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 268.5 -1301.0 0.00 0 1.50
Seismic
foundation 0.0 473.3 -402.3 0.00 0 1.50
Seismic DLSS 0.0 441.0 -3892.0 0 0 1.5
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.0 1596.2 -7482.1 0.00 0 1.50
surcharge dynamic 0.0 278.3 -1113.1 0.00 0 1.50
242
Load summary raft foundation
For Basic I combination For Basic II combination For Seismic Combination
V H M V H M V H M
Abutment 2416.8 0.0 240.8 1790.3 0.0 178.3 2416.8 0.0 240.8
Foundation 4260.1 0.0 0.0 3155.6 0.0 0.0 4260.1 0.0 0.0
SS DL 3735.3 0.0 -186.8 2766.9 0.0 -138.3 3735.3 0.0 -186.8
SS Surface 303.2 0.0 -15.2 173.3 0.0 -8.7 303.2 0.0 -15.2
SS LL 1663.6 0.0 -83.2 1441.8 0.0 -72.1 831.8 0.0 -41.6
EPH 0.0 2501.4 -9849.3 0.0 2167.9 -8536.0 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2
EPV 690.7 0.0 449.0 587.1 0.0 381.6 690.7 0.0 449.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 453.9 -2587.5 0.0 378.3 -2156.2 0.0 75.7 -431.2
LL Surcharge (V) 883.9 0.0 1944.5 736.6 0.0 1620.4 147.3 0.0 324.1
Braking 0.0 230.0 -1546.8 0.0 200.0 -1345.0 0.0 40.0 -269.0
Temperature 0.0 91.9 -664.1 0.0 81.7 -590.3 0.0 51.1 -368.9
Backfill 6359.7 0.0 13991.4 4710.9 0.0 10364.0 6359.7 0.0 13991.4
Breaking uplift 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic Seismic Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 402.8 -1951.6
Seismic foundation 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 710.0 -603.5
Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 661.5 -5838.0
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2394.3 -11223.2
surcharge dynamic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 417.4 -1669.7
Total 20313.3 3277.3 1693.0 15362.4 2827.9 -302.2 18745.0 6420.4 -14159.5
@ stem
base 8809.6 3277.3 -14243.0 6759.3 2827.9 -12286.7 7977.8 1834.3 -7189.1
Here,
Total =Sum of all loads
@Stem base =Total-Foundation-LL Surcharge(V)-Backfill
V H M
Basic I 20313.3 3277.3 1693.0
Basic II 15362.4 2827.9 302.2
Seismic 18745.0 6420.4 14159.5
243
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ3
𝑀𝑂𝐼 =
12
= 9.9×7.53/12
= 348.0m4(For the base of raft)

For Basic I,
20313.3 1693∗7.5
= ±
9.9∗7.5 348.0∗2
=255.34 kN/m2 (For -ve)

=291.82 kN/m2 (For +ve)
For Basic II,

15362.4 302.2∗7.5
= ±
9.9∗7.5 348.0∗2
=203.64 kN/m2 (For -ve)

=210.16 kN/m2 (For +ve)
For Seismic,
18745 14159.5∗7.5
= ±
9.9∗7.5 348.0∗2
=99.90 kN/m2 (For -ve)

=405.02 kN/m2 (For +ve)
Stress Distribution conc+soil concrete
Basic I 255.34 262.6 270.4 277.2 285.1 291.8 -264.6 -57.38
Basic II 203.64 204.94 206.34 207.55 208.95 210.16 -196 -42.50
Seismic 99.90 160.47 226.01 282.97 348.51 405.02 -264.6 -57.38
244
Design of toe
Flexure Check (per meter)
Basic I
277.0 291.82
Mrect =Stress × Length of cantilever ×Distance from CG

=277.2×3×3/2 = 1247.53 kNm
Mtri = Stress × Length of cantilever ×Distance from CG
=0.5×(291.82-277.2) ×3×(2/3×3) =43.78 kNm
Mfooting = Stressconcrete×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
= -57.38×3×3/2 = -258.19 kNm
Mtotal =1033.12 kNm
Basic II
207.55 210.16
Mrect =Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG

=207.55×3×3/2= 933.98 kNm
Mtri = Stress×Length of cantilever×Distance from CG
=0.5×(210.16-207.55) ×3×(2/3×3)= 7.82 kNm
= -42.50×3×3/2 = -191.25 kNm
Mtotal = 750.55 kNm
Seismic
282.97 405.02

=282.97×3×3/2 =1273.36 kNm
245
=0.5×(405.02-282.97) ×3×(2/3×3) =366.15 kNm
= -57.38×3×3/2= -258.19 kNm
Mtotal =1381.32 kNm
Basic I Basic II Seismic

Mrec = 1247.53 933.98 1273.36
Mtri = 43.78 7.82 366.15

Mfooting= -258.19 -191.25 -258.19
Mtotal= 1033.12 750.55 1381.32
Design Moment=Maximum among three cases

=1381.32 kNm
Fck=30 MPa
Fe=500MPa
0.446×fck=13.98 N/mm2
Xu=81mm
0.416×Xu=33.63 mm
Depth =Depth of foundation = 1700mm
Clear cover=75mm
Effective cover=Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2= 89mm
Effective depth =Depth-Effective Cover = 1611 mm
Bw=1000mm
β1=0.80952
β2=0.41597
C= β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu =875.7 kN
Cg from steel level=d-0.416Xu =1577.4 mm
Mulim =C×CG from steel level/1000 =1381.32 kNm
246
Fyd=Fe/1.15 =500/1.15 =434.78
Ast= Mulim/CG from steel level/ Fyd
= (1381.32×106/434.78/1577.4 = 2014 mm2
Fctm = 0.259×fck2/3 = 2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk = 0.001144
Minimum Area of steel = 0.001144×d×bw
=0.001144×1700×1000 = 2094.3 mm2
Area of concrete (Ac) =D×bw=1700×1000 = 1700000 mm2
Maximum Area of steel = 0.025Ac= 42500 mm2
Required Ast =2094 mm2

Therefore, area of steel provided=4105 mm2 (>2094.3 mm2, <42500 mm2) (ok)
Required Ast =20% of main reinforcement=0.2×4105=821.0 mm2
= 16 mm Ф @ 244.90 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast = 16 mm Ф @ 150 mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided=1340 mm2 (>821.0 mm2) (ok)
247
Shear Design
Design shear force:

Load at: 0.0 1.5 3.1 4.5 6.1 7.5
Basic I 255.3 262.6 270.4 277.2 285.1 291.8
Basic II 203.6 204.9 206.3 207.6 209.0 210.2
Seismic 99.9 160.5 226.0 283.0 348.5 405.0

At d At face At d At face At d At face
SFrec = 395.95 831.68 290.23 622.66 484.08 848.91
SFtri = 4.69 21.89 0.84 3.91 39.25 183.07
SFfooting= 79.69 172.13 59.03 127.50 79.69 172.13
Total SF = 320.95 681.45 232.04 499.06 443.63 859.86
SF 320.95 232.04 443.63
Tension at bottom Tension at bottom Tension at bottom
Design
SF,VR,dc 443.63

Area of Steel Provided (Ast) = 4105 mm2(Main reinforcement)
Fck =30 MPa
σcp = NED /Ac =0 < (0.2fcd=0.22×30=6)
ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0025 <= 0.02
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 = 1.35 <= 2
vmin = 0.031k3/2 fck1/2 = 0.290
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = ([0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 475.21 kN
VRd, c, min = (vmin +0.15 σcp ) bw d = 430.18 kN
VRd.c = 475.21kN > 443.63 kN (ok) Shear Design Not Required
248
Design of Heel
Flexure Check (per meter)
Basic I
255.34 270.4

=255.34×3.1×3.1/2 =1226.90 kNm
=0.5×(270.4-255.34) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) =24.15 kNm
= -264.6×3.1×3.1/2 = -1271.40kNm
Mtotal = -20.35 kNm
Basic II
203.64 206.34

=203.64×3.1×3.1/2 =978.51 kNm
=0.5×(206.34-203.64) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) =4.31 kNm
=-196.0×3.1×3.1/2 =-941.78 kNm
Mtotal = 41.04 kNm
Seismic
99.90 226.01

=99.90×3.1×3.1/2 =480.0 kNm
=0.5×(226.01-99.90) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) = 202.0 kNm
249
=-264.6×3.1×3.1/2 =-1271.40 kNm
Mtotal =-589.1 kNm

Mrec = 1226.90 978.51 480.00
Mtri = 24.15 4.31 202.00

Moment dead load= -1271.40 -941.78 -1271.40
Mtotal= -20.35 41.04 -589.40
Design Moment = Maximum among three cases

= 589.40 kNm
Fck =30 MPa
Fe =500MPa
0.446×fck =13.98 N/mm2
Xu = 34.08mm
0.416×Xu =14.18 mm
Depth =Depth of foundation =1700mm
Clear cover =75mm
Effective cover =Depth-Clear Cover-Diameter of rebar/2 =89mm
Effective depth =Depth-Effective Cover =1611 mm
Bw =1000mm
β1 =0.80952
β2 =0.41597
C = β1×0.446Fck×bw×Xu =369.1 kN
Mulim =C×CG from steel level/1000 =589.4 kNm
Fyd =Fe/1.15 =500/1.15 =434.78

Ast = Mulim/CG from steel level/ Fyd
250
= (589.4×106/434.78/1596.8) =848.95 mm2
Fctm =0.259×fck2/3 =2.501
Fyk = 500 N/mm2
0.26×Fctm/Fyk =0.00130
Min. Asmin = min(0.26Fctm/Fyk,0.00130) =0.00130
Minimum Area of steel =0.0013×d×bw
=0.0013×1700×1000 = 2210.55 mm2
Area of concrete (Ac) =D×bw=1700×1000 = 1700000 mm2
Maximum Area of steel =0.025Ac =42500 mm2
Required Ast =2210.55 mm2

Therefore, area of steel provided=4105 mm2 (>848.95 mm2, <42500 mm2) (ok)
Required Ast =20% of main reinforcement=0.2×4105 =821.00 mm2
=16 mm Ф @ 244.90 mm c/c spacing
Provided Ast =16 mm Ф @ 150mm c/c spacing
Therefore, area of steel provided= 1340.41 mm2 (>821.00 mm2) (ok)
Shear Design
Design shear force:

0.0 1.5 3.1 4.5 6.1 7.5
Basic I 255.3 262.6 270.4 277.2 285.1 291.8
Basic II 203.6 204.9 206.3 207.6 209.0 210.2
Seismic 99.9 160.5 226.0 283.0 348.5 405.0
251
At d At face At d At face At d At face
SFrec = 380.20 791.55 303.23 631.30 148.75 309.68
SFtri = 5.39 23.37 0.96 4.17 45.10 195.48
Sffooting+backfill= -393.99 -820.26 -291.84 -607.60 -393.99 -820.26
total SF = -8.40 -5.34 12.34 27.87 -200.14 -315.10
SF -5.34 12.34 -315.10
Tension at top Tension at bottom Tension at top
Design SF,VR,dc 315.10

Area of Steel Provided (Ast) = 4105 mm2(Main reinforcement)
Fck =30 MPa
σcp = NED /Ac =0 < (0.2fcd=0.22×30=6)
ρl = Ast/(bw×d) = 0.0025 <= 0.02
k =1+ (200/d)0.5 = 1.35 <= 2
vmin = 0.031k3/2 fck1/2 = 0.290
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = ([0.12𝑘(80𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 475.21 kN
VRd, c, min = (vmin +0.15 σcp ) bw d = 430.18 kN
VRd.c = 475.21kN > 443.63 kN (ok) Shear Design Not Required
Punching Shear Check

MoI =348.0 mm4 (for the base of the raft)
Actual width of foundation =8.4 m
Increased width of foundation = 9.9m
252
Load Summary at the base of raft (calculated above)
V H M Vstem base
Basic I 20313.3 3277.3 1693.0 8809.6
Basic II 15362.4 2827.9 302.2 6759.3
Seismic 18745.0 6420.4 14159.5 7977.8
Stress Distribution
back front
edge 2d d d/2 face face d/2 d 2d edge
Distance 0.0 0 1.49 2.29 3.10 4.50 5.3055 6.11 7.50 7.50
Basic I 255.3 255.3 262.6 266.5 270.4 277.2 281.1 285.1 291.8 291.8
Basic II 203.6 203.6 204.9 205.6 206.3 207.6 208.3 209.0 210.2 210.2
Seismic 99.90 99.90 160.47 193.24 226.01 282.97 315.74 348.51 405.02 405.02
Punching Shear Stress Check at d/2 from column face

Punching shear capacity:
Reinforcement provided
28mm Φ @ 150 mm c/c spacing
Area of steel provided = 34482.1 mm2
Effective depth(d) = 1611 mm
200
K =1 + √( ) = 1.35 < 2.0
𝑑
Control Perimeter(CP) = 2×Increased Width of foundation

= 2×9.9 = 19.8m
C1=1.4 m(column dimension parallel to eccentric load)
C2=8.4 m(column dimension perpendicular to eccentricity of load)
For , C1/C2 =0.167 k=0.45
ρ1 =Ast/(bw×d)
=0.00255 < 0.02
Fck = 30N/mm2
253
Distance from column face to d/2(a) = 806 mm
Vmin =0.031×k1.5×Fck0.5
=0.031×0.451.5×300.5 = 0.051
Vmin×2d/a = 0.051×2×1611/806 = 0.205
2𝑑 2∗1611
[0.12𝐾(80𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1/3 ] ∗ =[0.12 ∗ 1.35 ∗ (80 ∗ 0.00255 ∗ 30)1/3 ] ∗
𝑎 806
=1.1863
2𝑑
VRd =max(Vmin×2d/a,[0.12𝐾(80𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1/3 ] ∗ )
𝑎
=1.1863
Punching shear stress,
∆𝑉𝑒𝑑 = 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

Upward pressure= 8162.37 6168.77 6436.70
Self wt of slab= 1620.75 1200.55 1620.75
VEd= 8809.6 6759.3 7977.8
VED,red= 2267.99 1791.04 3161.87

M/V = 0.083 -0.020 -0.755
Eccentricity of Control Parameter(ei) = 1.51 1.51 1.51
Wi = Σ(ei x l ) = 29.8089 29.8089 29.8089

β= 1.0249 0.9941 1.0249
So, ved = 0.0729 0.0558 0.1016

OK OK OK
254
9.5 Foundation Crack
Loads at foundation base

Factors
V H M rare combo
Abutment 1790.3 0.0 178.3 1.00
Foundation 3155.6 0.0 0.0 1.00
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -138.3 1.00
SS Surface 173.3 0.0 -8.7 1.20
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 -55.5 1.00
EPH 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2 1.00
EPV 690.7 0.0 449.0 1.00
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 378.3 -2156.2 0.80
LL Surcharge (V) 736.6 0.0 1620.4 0.80
Braking 0.0 200.0 -1345.0 0.75
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -737.9 1.00
Backfill 4710.9 0.0 10364.0 1.00
Breaking uplift -23.4 0.0 1.2 0.75
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 268.5 -1301.0 1.0
Seismic foundation 0.0 473.3 -402.3 1.0
Seismic DLSS 0.0 441.0 -3892.0 1.0
Seismic Earth
pressure 0.0 1596.2 -7482.1 1.0
surcharge dynamic 0.0 278.3 -1113.1 1.0
Factored loads at foundation base

Abutment 1790.3 0.0 178.3
SS DL 2766.9 0.0 -138.3
SS Surface 207.9 0.0 -10.4
SS LL 1109.0 0.0 -55.5
EPH 0.0 1667.6 -6566.2
EPV 690.7 0.0 449.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 302.6 -1725.0
LL Surcharge (V) 589.2 0.0 1296.3
Braking 0.0 150.0 -1008.8
Temperature 0.0 102.1 -737.9
Backfill 4710.9 0.0 10364.0
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0.0 268.5 -1301.0
Seismic DLSS 0.0 441.0 -3892.0
Seismic Earth pressure 0.0 1596.2 -7482.1
15003.0 5279.7 12144.0
255
Actual width of footing =8.4m
Increased width of footing =9.9m
Total length of footing =7.5m
Abutment height = 7.68 m
MoI =348.0 mm4 (for the base of the raft)

For Rare combination,

15003.0 12144.0∗7.5
= ±
9.9∗7.5 348.0∗2
=71.22 kN/m2 (For -ve)

=332.91 kN/m2 (For +ve)
Stress Distribution Basic conc.+ soil Conc.
Distance 0.0 3.10 4.50 7.50 Heel Toe
Stress 71.2 179.38 228.23 332.91 -196 -42.5
Crack Check
Moment at column face of toe
71.22 179.38

=71.22×3×3/2 =1027.03.kNm
=0.5×(179.38-71.22) ×3×(2/3×3) = 314.03 kNm
=-42.5×3×3/2 = -191.25kNm
Mtotal =-1149.81 kNm
256
Moment at column face of Heel
228.23 332.91

=228.23×3.1×3.1/2 = 342.19 kNm
=0.5×(332.91-228.23) ×3.1×(1/3×3.1) =173.24 kNm
=-196×3.1×3.1/2 =-941.78 kNm
Mtotal = -426.34 kNm
Moment at column face

Toe Heel
Mrec = 1027.03 342.19
Mtri = 314.03 173.24
M self weight= -191.25 -941.78
BM= 1149.81 -426.34 KNm
Steel provide = 28 28 mm
spacing = 150 150 mm
Ast provided= 4105 4105 mm2
Lever Arm = 1,577 1,597 mm
d= 1611 1611 mm
Bw= 1000 1000 mm
H= 1,700 1,700 mm
X= 81 34 mm
Hcr = 223 223
540 1689
850 850
Acr = 222500 222500 mm2
257
Actual Stress(σsc) = 177.57 (65.04) N/mm2
Es = 200000 200000 MPa ( N/mm2 )
Kt= 0.50 0.50
fcm= fck+10 = 40 40
Fct,eff= 2.50 2.50
Ecm = 31187 31187 MPa ( N/mm2 )
ρ1,eff= 0.0184 0.0184
αe= 6.413 6.413
εsm - εcm = 0.000533 0.000533
c= 75 75 mm
Srmax= 513.0 513.0
Crack width = 0.2733 0.2733
OK OK
258
10. Drawings
1. Topographic Map
2. General Layout of Bridge
3. Superstructure Plan and elevation
4. Cantilever and Deck Slab
5. Pier Plan and Elevation
6. Abutment Plan and Elevation
7. Approach Slab Reinforcement Details
8. Deck Slab Reinforcement Details
9. Main Girder Reinforcement Details
10. Cross Girder Reinforcement Details
11. Pier Reinforcement Details
12. Abutment Reinforcement Details
259
12. REFERENCES
1. B.C. Punmia, A. J. (2007). Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete (First ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi
Publication (P) Ltd.
2. Duggal, S. K. (2008). Design of Steel Structures (Third ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd.
3. Raju, N. K. Design of Bridges (Fourth ed.). New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd.
4. S Unikrishna Pillai, D. M. (2014). Reinforced Concrete Design (Third ed.). New Delhi: Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
5. Sairam, D. K. (2015). Design of Steel Structures (Revised Second ed.). New Delhi: Pearson
Education India.
6. Subramanian, N. (2010). Steel Structures: Design and Practice (First ed.). New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
7. Dr. Suwal, R. (2019). Design of Bridges (First ed.). Kathmandu: Mark Line Publication.
8. Victor, D. J. (2017). Essentials of Bridge Engineering (Sixth ed.). New Delhi: CBS Publishers and
Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
13. CODES AND STANDARDS
1. ‘IRC: 5-2015 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-I General
Features of Design’, Indian Road Congress, 2015.
2. ‘IRC: 6-2017 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-II Loads and
Stresses’, Indian Road Congress, 2017.
3. ‘IRC: 21-2000 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-III –Cement
concrete (plain and reinforced)’, Indian Road Congress, 2000.
4. ‘IRC: 78-2014 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-VII –
Foundation and substructure’, Indian Road Congress, 2000.
5. ‘IRC: 83-2018 Standard specification and code of practices for road bridges, section-IX –Bearings-
part II: Elastomeric bearings’, Indian Road Congress, 2018.
6. ‘IRC: 112-2020 Code of practices for concrete road bridges’, Indian Road Congress, 2020.
7. ‘IRC: SP: 114- 2018 Guidelines for seismic design of road bridges’, Indian Road Congress,
260
8. ‘SP 105:2015 ‘Hand book on Code of practices for concrete road bridges’, Indian Road
Congress.
9. ‘Nepal Bridge Standards-2067’, GON, Ministry of Physical Planning and works, Department of
Roads
10. ‘Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 2nd Revision, 2071’, Department of Local Infrastructure, 2014
261
THAPATHALI CAMPUS
0
16
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

158
HFL BOUNDARY LINE
156
154
PROJECT TITLE:
T-GIRDER BRIDGE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PSC
2
15
GROUP MEMBERS:
A1
SAURAV PAUDEL (075BCE120)

SAIDEEP GHIMIRE (075BCE105)
SARTHAK GAUTAM (075BCE117)
150
PROPOSED BRIDGE
BM-1
A2
BM-2
BM-3
14
8
SUPAL KADARIYA (075BCE131)

SUDARSHAN NEPAL (075BCE126)
EXISTING ROAD ALIGNMENT
14
6
SUPERVISOR:
Er. SHAKIL MANANDHAR
144
DRAWING TITLE
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
LEGEND
SCALE 1:2500 SYMBOL DESCRIPTION
BUILDING BLOCKS
RIVER EDGE
CO-ORDINATES EXISTING ROAD EDGE

SN EASTING NORTHING ELEVATION STATION MARK DESCRIPTION
RIVER CENTER LINE
1 501774.034 2968338.487 151.220 BM-1 BENCHMARK
SCALE
2 501771.882 2968335.650 150.979 BM-2 BENCHMARK

AS SHOWN
HFL BOUNDARY LINE

3 501778.478 2968331.034 150.812 BM-3 BENCHMARK
4 501861.02 2968401.628 150.710 A1 BRIDGE AXIS (LEFT BANK) BRIDGE AXIS MARK
5 501774.199 2968332.746 151.327 A2 BRIDGE AXIS ( RIGHT BANK)
BENCHMARK
Sheet No.
Date: APRIL, 2023
01
35000 35000 35000
RL OF FINISHED ROAD LEVEL = 155.034 m
RL OF BOTTOM OF SUPERSTRUCTURE = 152.634 m
HFL = 150.558 m
9775
RL OF DEEPEST BED LEVEL = 148.11 m 10450
RL OF BOTTOM OF ABUTMENT = 145.259 m

1700
7500
RL OF BOTTOM OF PIER = 141.63 m
7000
ELEVATION OF BRIDGE
PROJECT TITLE: GROUP MEMBERS: SUPERVISOR: DRAWING TITLE SCALE Date: APRIL, 2023
THAPATHALI CAMPUS SAIDEEP GHIMIRE (075BCE105) SUDARSHAN NEPAL (075BCE126)
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PSC Er. SHAKIL MANANDHAR
GENERAL LAYOUT OF BRIDGE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SARTHAK GAUTAM (075BCE117) SUPAL KADARIYA (075BCE131) AS SHOWN Sheet No. 02
T-GIRDER BRIDGE SAURAV PAUDEL (075BCE120)
8750 8600 17875
750
2625
8400
750
2625
750
HALF SECTIONAL PLAN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE (SCALE: 1:100)
17725 17725
1500 1500 29000 1500 1500
HALF SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE (SCALE: 1:100)
SUPERSTRUCTURE PLAN AND ELEVATION
1200 1200
1425
1100
150 1050 225
6000
250 275
1100
1100
1700
1800
1800
2150
75
275
275
250
400
150
1200 750 1875 750 1875 750 1200

1200 225
1575 2625 2625 1575

1425
8400
CANTILEVER SLAB X-SECTION (SCALE: 1:30)

X-SECTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE AT SUPPORT (SCALE: 1:50)
8400
150 1050 6000 1200
1100
250 300
150
3800
1400
1575
300
150
450
1200 750 1875 750 1875 750

1575 2625 2625 1575
X-SECTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE AT MID (SCALE: 1:50)
CANTILEVER AND DECK SLAB
Cl -bearing
Cl -bearing
Cl -bridge
Cl -girder
Cl -girder
6850 3200
500
395 800 1830 800 1830 800 395
400 800 800 800 400
600
395
500 500
600 600
1250
B
750
Cl -girder
Cl -bridge
Cl -girder
2325 2325
1900
500 500
Cl -bearing
3200
7000
A A
7200
Cl-pier
10450
7200
10450
Cl -bearing
1900
3600 2200 3600 2400 2200 2400
2070 2070
1275 6850 1275
2000
2000
9400
B
7000
9400
PLAN OF PIER (SCALE: 1:100)
TRANSVERSE ELEVATION OF PIER (SCALE: 1:100) LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION OF PIER (SCALE: 1:100)
400
800
800 600
BEARING PEDESTAL BEARING
DETAIL AT A (SCALE: 1:100)
PIER
Cl -bridge
Cl -girder
Cl -girder
250 300 250
250 250
250 250
1925
2975
800
400 800 800 800
700
1175 1825 1825 1175

400 200 400 200
Cl-girder
300
1825
8075
100
800
9775
400
9900
Cl-bridge
4400
1825
800
3100 1400 3000
Cl-girder
1700
1700
1925
7500
9900 7500
LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION OF ABUTMENT

PLAN OF ABUTMENT
(SCALE: 1:100) TRANSVERSE ELEVATION OF ABUTMENT
(SCALE: 1:100)
(SCALE: 1:100)
ABUTMENT 06
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SARTHAK GAUTAM (075BCE117) SUPAL KADARIYA (075BCE131) AS SHOWN Sheet No.
Ø12 @ 300 C/C Ø12 @ 150 C/C
Ø12 @ 150 C/C Ø12 @ 300 C/C
X
Ø12 @ 150 C/C X Ø12 @ 300 C/C
APPROACH SLAB X-SECTION

SCALE: 1:30
Ø12 @ 150 C/C
325
Ø12 @ 300 C/C
3500
SECTION AT X-X WITHOUT WEARING COARSE

SCALE: 1:30
APPROACH SLAB REINFORCEMENT DETAILS AS SHOWN Sheet No. 07
SARTHAK GAUTAM (075BCE117) SUPAL KADARIYA (075BCE131)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING T-GIRDER BRIDGE SAURAV PAUDEL (075BCE120)
Ø12 @ 300 C/C Ø12 @ 150 C/C
Ø12 @ 150 C/C
Ø12 @ 150 C/C Ø12 @ 300 C/C
Ø12 @ 150 C/C Ø12 @ 150 C/C

Ø12 @ 300 C/C
CROSS SECTION OF DECK SLAB AT MID (SCALE: 1:30)
Ø12 @ 300 C/C Ø12 @ 150 C/C
Ø12 @ 150 C/C Ø12 @ 300 C/C
Ø12 @ 150 C/C

Ø12 @ 300 C/C
CROSS SECTION OF DECK SLAB AT SUPPORT (SCALE: 1:50)
DECK SLAB REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
225
150
150
225
17500
SECTIONAL PLAN OF MAIN GIRDER

(SCALE: 1:50)
1650
1050
750
690
450
330
150
17500
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF MAIN GIRDER

(SCALE: 1:50)
750
2-Legged- 16Ø@180 C/C

600
2-Legged- 16Ø@150 C/C

Ø12@300 C/C
2150
450 300 300
Ø12@300 C/C
224
Ø16- 180 C/C

4NOS.- Ø32
4NOS.- Ø32
224 X-SECTION OF MAIN GIRDER AT MID

X-SECTION OF MAIN GIRDER AT SUPPORT
(SCALE: 1:50) (SCALE: 1:50)
END BLOCK
(SCALE: 1:50)
MAIN GIRDER REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
2NOS.- Ø20 2NOS.- Ø20 3750
2NOS.-20Ø
2-Legged- 10Ø@300 C/C 2-Legged- 10Ø@300 C/C 2L-10Ø@300C/C
1950
4NOS.-10Ø ON BOTH FACE 4NOS.-10Ø ON BOTH FACE
4NOS.- Ø25 4NOS.- Ø25 4NOS.-25Ø

4NOS.-10Ø
X-SECTION OF MID CROSS GIRDER L-SECTION OF END CROSS GIRDER
X-SECTION OF END CROSS GIRDER
(SCALE: 1:50) (SCALE: 1:50)
(SCALE: 1:50)
CROSS GIRDER REINFORCEMENT DETAILS 10
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SARTHAK GAUTAM (075BCE117) SUPAL KADARIYA (075BCE131) AS SHOWN Sheet No.
Ø32 @100 C/C
Ø20 @100 C/C

Ø20 @100 C/C Ø32 @200 C/C
2-legged Ø20 @100 C/C 2-legged Ø20@100 C/C
70 Nos.-Ø32
2-legged Ø20@200 C/C
Ø32 @ 95 C/C
Ø32@220C/C Ø25@200C/C
Ø25@200 C/C Ø32@220 C/C
Ø20@200 C/C
Ø20@200 C/C
PIER SECTION AT A-A (SCALE: 1:100) PIER SECTION AT B-B (SCALE: 1:100)
Ø32 MAIN BAR @ 95 C/C
0
Ø220
PIER PLAN (SCALE: 1:100)
PIER REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
Ø16@150 C/C
Ø12@150 C/C
Ø12@150 C/C
Ø16@150 C/C
Ø16@150C/C
Ø28@150 C/C Ø16@150 C/C

Ø20@150 C/C
Ø16@150 C/C Ø16@150 C/C
Ø28@150 C/C Ø16@150C/C
Ø16@200 C/C
Ø28@150 C/C Ø16@150 C/C
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF ABUTMENT (SCALE: 1:50)

ABUTMENT REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

SAIDEEP GHIMIRE (THA075BCE105) Er. Shakil Manandhar

SARTHAK GAUTAM (THA075BCE117)

Project Group Members

Saideep Ghimire (075BCE105)

Sarthak Gautam (075BCE117)

Saurav Paudel (075BCE120)

Sudarshan Nepal (075BCE126)

Supal Kadariya (075BCE131)

Particulars Required Information

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii

SALIENT FEATURES ............................................................................................................. iv

1.2 Title of Project Work ............................................................................................... 2

1.3 Project Assignment .................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 2

1.5 Scope of work .......................................................................................................... 3

1.6 Available data for project work ............................................................................... 3

2.1 Acquisition of Data.................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Structural Planning and Preliminary Design ........................................................... 4

2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Bridge Structure ......................................................... 5

2.4 Design and Detailing ............................................................................................... 5

2.5 Drawing ................................................................................................................... 6

2.6 Project Work Report ................................................................................................ 6

2.7 Project flow chart.................................................................................................... 9

3.1 Topographic Study and Engineering Survey ......................................................... 10

3.2 Geological and Geotechnical Data ........................................................................ 12

3.3 Hydrological Study Data and Hydraulic Design ................................................... 13

3.4 Traffic study Data .................................................................................................. 28

3.6 Field Observation Data .......................................................................................... 28

4. SELECTION OF BRIDGE TYPE ............................................................................... 30

4.1 Possible Bridge Types and Their Span Arrangement ............................................ 30

5. BRIDGE TYPE AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN ...................................................... 32

5.1 Bridge Type and Span Arrangement ..................................................................... 32

5.2 Material Selection .................................................................................................. 32

5.3 Material Properties ................................................................................................ 32

5.4 Preliminary sizing of Superstructure components ................................................. 33

6. Analysis and Design of Bridge .................................................................................... 36

6.1 Analysis and Design of Superstructure ................................................................. 36

7. Design of Elastomeric Bearing .................................................................................. 133

8. Analysis and Design of Pier ....................................................................................... 145

8.1 Pier Preliminary sizing ........................................................................................ 146

8.2 Analysis ............................................................................................................... 148

8.3 Design .................................................................................................................. 159

8.4 Analysis and Design of Spread Footing .............................................................. 183

9. Analysis and Design of Abutments............................................................................ 205

9.1 Design of Abutment Stem ................................................................................... 205

9.2 Foundation Stability ............................................................................................ 226

9.3 Foundation Bearing Pressure ............................................................................... 237

9.4 Foundation Structural Design .............................................................................. 242

9.5 Foundation Crack ................................................................................................ 255

10. Drawings ................................................................................................................. 259

12. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 260

13. CODES AND STANDARDS ................................................................................. 260

ap = Design rainfall intensity

Ф = Discharge reduction factor

kt = Reduction coefficient of hourly rainfall intensity

F = Catchment Area below 5000m elevation

ahr = Maximum Hourly Intensity

T = return period in years

n = Manning's Rugosity coefficient

𝑆0 = Slope of River Bed

𝑞 = Discharge per unit effective width