MUHABURA INTEGRATED POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Website: www.mipc.ac.r
www.mipc.ac
E-mail: info@mipc.ac.rw

P.O.BOX :26 MUSANZE-RWANDA

Tel: +250788687033
“Accredited by WDA Resolutions of the BoD 109/17 on 29 June 2017”

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF

MODERN VILLAGE CASE STUDY: Rwerere Sector , Burera
District

A research project submitted to Muhabura Integrated Polytechnic College in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Advanced Diploma in Civil
Engineering.

PREPARED BY : MUGABE Richard

Reg.No. :MIPC21/3026

SUPERVISED BY : Eng. KABERA Modeste

Musanze,October 2023
DECLARATION OF ORIGINARITY

I do hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation is my own contribution to the best
of my knowledge. The same work has never been submitted to any other university or
institution. I, therefore, declare that this work is my own for the partial fulfilment of the award of
a ADVANCED DIPROMA in Civil Engineering construction technolorgy at MUHABURA
INTEGRATED POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE (MIPC).

The candidate name: MUGABE Richard

Signature of the candidate: …………………………………

Date of submission: ………. /………../………………

 DEDICATION

This dissertation is dedicated to

My Almighty God, my beloved parents, sister, brothers

friends and colleagues for their love

and support me during my educational period.

 ABSTRACT

The project entitled “Architectural and structural design of a multi-story apartment in

Burera district Rwerere sector” has role of providing a thoughtful and addressed way for
provision of solution to the people’s residential problem we are facing in Musanze with a
great consent of promoting environmental condition of the city. Modern village are the
most needed infrastructures within the district of burera solving a long distance between
the work place and worker’s residence leading to early close of several services. This
Research project provided architectural plans, structural design of the building and proper
choice of sustainable materials for a building envelope. The modern village is made with
Reinforced Concrete (RC) building frames which are most common types of
constructions in urban Rwanda. These are subjected to several types of forces during
their lifetime, such as static forces due to dead and live loads and dynamic forces due to
earthquake. In this study, computer aided analysis of G+3-storied reinforced concrete
apartment building is carried out for static and dynamic analysis by using ETABS V18
(Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building System) software for frame and
PROKON for slabs and footings and Load consideration is based on British Standard (BS
8110-1997). In this project, the results of static and dynamic analysis such as lateral story
loads, displacement, story shear, story stiffness, story moment and story drift are
obtained. The obtained results were analyzed in terms of safety of the building. For
reinforced concrete design, selection of the critical members which are overloaded
compared to others and also for column in order to meet the soil bearing capacity
(300kN/m²) was considered and they were designed to provide the required steel
reinforcement. Moreover, software like ArchiCAD 22 were used for architectural design.
According to all design done in details and the results obtained in whole project, the aims
of the project were achieved.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Burera is Rwanda's largest rural area, housing about half of the rural
population; according to the Census 2012, there were 859,332 inhabitants and
1,132,686 person altogether, including rural regions. Burera stated annual
population growth rate in 2018 was 4.2%, owing to greater urban fertility rates
relative to rural regions, lower infant mortality rates, and high levels of rural-
urban migration. It was expected that by 2050, the population will be 3.7
million, with a population density of 6000 people per square kilometer (Wali,
2012). This demonstrates the city's overpopulation and Rwanda's Vision 2050,
which ensures that Rwanda will have a formal housing sector that is
sufficiently available and accessible to all sectors of the population. The NST1
will serve as the foundation and vehicle for Rwanda's Vision 2050, which aims
to achieve high living standards and high quality living standards by the middle
of the twenty-first century (Ansoms, 2012), (Gubic et al., 2019).

People find it difficult to build a new house in a new area due to Rwanda's
rapid population expansion and the rise in job and educational institutions in
Burera district, however flats give a solution to this problem. In addition to the
country's present rapid economic expansion, there is a high need for modern
dwelling buildings. Rwandan cities prefer multistory structures to properly
manage land (Bower, 2019).

These structures must be space-efficient, which necessitates strategic design,

careful material selection, and appropriate construction processes. The project
"Architectural and structural design of a multi-story modern village in Burera
district, Rwerere sector" arose from the aforementioned context. As a result,
this project is a well-researched design and description of a space-saving
residential structure in Burera district.

1.2. Problem statement

The Republic of Rwanda has the fastest growing economy in the East African
community. This rapid economic transformation is coupled with high demand
in infrastructure of different kinds. this situation is characterized by improved
living standards among the Rwandan population, what causes a high demand in
living building. however, as the Rwandan citizen keep on growing in number
the land for construction is also limited and is becoming very expensive, for a
region like Musanze, where the population Still needs a big land for current
activities there’s a risk of wasting available land if there’s no strategies for
establishment of efficient and space saving residential buildings. This project
was done in order to support the district of Burera and the country in general in
providing living spaces that are well equipped with all the human needs, with
enough affordable dwelling units, therefore citizens need to be advised on the
way they can live in a space saving village building (Ansoms, 2012).

1.3. Project objectives

1.3.1 General objective

This project's main goal was to develop the architectural and structural of design of modern
village in the Burera district and Rwerere area.

1.3.2 specific objectives

The following were the project's specific goals:

1. To design an architectural design of a multi-story modern village so as to illustrate
different view of multystory modern village.
2. To complete the structural design of various reinforced concrete components in a multi-
story building.
1.4. Research questions
Because this study focuses on the design of the flat, based on the project's
serviceability and functionality, answers to the following research questions
will be offered in order to fulfill the above particular objectives.

1. How big will the flat in Burera be to meet the demands of the living service?
2. How should the building's structural design be carried out?

1.5. Benefits of the study

1.5.1. Personal benefits
This study enhances researchers' abilities in research techniques, architectural design,
structural design, cost calculation, and data collection and analysis.

1.5.2. Academic benefit

This project will aid academics by improving the image of muhabura integrated

polytechnic college in our country. This project's findings will serve as a

resource for other scholars conducting relevant study.

1.5.3. Public benefit

This project provides enough safety information about a multi-story modern village to
the people while also preserving space in Burera.

1.6. Study limitation

The project of providing the architectural and structural designs of a three-story
building of modern village in the Burera district was the main point of interest.
Due to time constraints, it was limited to some geotechnical work, such as soil
testing, and the bearing capacity of the soil used was derived from secondary
data. Electrical design, like electricity installation, plumbing, septic tanks,
drainage systems and cost estimation, was also limited.
1.7. Organization of the study

This work consists of five chapters, where chapter one was the general
introduction, which comprises the background of the study, problem statement,
the objectives of the study, research questions, the significance of the study,
study limitation, methodology of the study, and the organisation of the study.
The second chapter was the literature review, which was about the general
understanding of the reviews of other researchers with the related studies. The
third chapter, which is the methodology, focuses on the methods and materials
to be used to achieve the objectives of the study. The fourth chapter, Results
and Discussions, is the most important one because it shows the presentation of
the results acquired during the design and structural analysis of the building
structure and covers all the discussions. The fifth one, which is the last, covers
the conclusion and recommendations with respect to the predefined objectives.
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Historical background
The village building, also called an village block, or block of flats, is a building
containing more than one dwelling unit, most of which are designed for
domestic use, but sometimes including shops and other nonresidential features
(Vestbro, 2000).

The word "apartment" comes from the French word "appartement". The word
was derived from the Italian version of the word, "appartimento," with the root
part of the word "appartare" meaning "to separate." The word itself can be
traced back to the early 1800's, and although the apartment designs differed,
they always seemed to have the basic room assembly and building construction
similar to what we see today (Xu, 2021).

In the great cities of the Roman Empire, houses were reserved only for the very wealthy.
Apartments back then were called “insulas” which translates to “island”. These
rough and tumble places were called insulas because they were usually
surrounded by roadways and set way out in the country, away from the
aristocrats in the larger cities (thus the name insula, or island). Roman
landlords and builders were also known to have strict building codes. History
tells us that these insulas could be very dangerous places (Xu, 2021). Fires
would breakout regularly (mostly from folks trying to stay warm), or these
ancient structures would sometimes simply collapse. Therefore, builders were
only allowed to construct these buildings, or structures just 5 to 6 stories in
height (Stamper, 2005).
By the mid-19th century, large numbers of inexpensive apartment houses were
under construction to house swelling numbers of industrial labourers in cities
and towns across Europe and in the United States. These buildings were often
incredibly shabby, poorly designed, unsanitary, and cramped. The typical New
York City apartment, or tenement, a type first constructed in the 1830s,
consisted of apartments popularly known as "railroad flats" because the narrow
rooms were arranged end-to-end in a row like boxcars. Indeed, few low-cost
apartment buildings erected in Europe or America before 1918 were designed
for either comfort or style. However, in many European cities, particularly in
Paris and Vienna, the second half of the 19th century witnessed great progress
in the design of apartments for the upper-middle class and the rich (Stamper,
2005).

The modern large apartment building emerged in the early 20th century with
the incorporation of elevators, central heating, and other conveniences that
could be shared in common by a building’s tenants. Apartments for the well-to-
do began to offer other amenities such as leisure facilities, delivery and laundry
services, and communal dining rooms and gardens. The multistory apartment
house continued to grow in importance as crowding and rising land values in
cities made one-family homes less and less practicable in parts of many cities.
Much government-subsidized, or public, housing has taken the form of
apartment buildings, particularly for the urban elderly, working class, or those
living in poverty. Apartment-block towers were also erected in large numbers
in the Soviet Union and other countries where housing construction was the
responsibility of the state (Kavitha, 2022).

Since World War II, the demand for apartment housing has continued to grow
as a result of continued urbanization. The mid-or high-rise apartment complex
has become a fixture in the skylines of most of the world’s cities, and the two-
or three-story "walk-up" apartment also remains popular in somewhat less
built-up urban areas (Kavitha, 2022).

The most common form of occupancy of apartment houses has been on a rental
basis. However, multiple ownership of units on a single site has become much
more common in the 20th century. Such ownership can take the form of
cooperatives or condominiums. In a cooperative, all the occupants of a building
own the structure in common; cooperative housing is much more common in
parts of Europe than it is in the United States. A condominium denotes the
individual ownership of one dwelling unit in an apartment house or other multi-
dwelling building. The increasing popularity of condominiums in the United
States and elsewhere is based largely on the fact that, unlike members of a
cooperative, condominium owners are not financially interdependent and can
mortgage their property.
(Kavitha, 2022).

2.2. Architectural design

Drawing is considered to be a universal language. Drafting is a technical

drawing technique used by designers to graphically present ideas and represent
objects necessary for a designed environment. A set of these drafted
illustrations is called a construction document
(CD). There are common rules and standards to ensure that all designers are able to
understand what is in the drawings. These design drawings use a graphic language to
communicate each and every piece of information necessary to convey an idea and
ultimately create a design (Madsen, 2016).

2.2.1. Drawing on a Computer

Drawing is said to be a global language. Drawing is a technical drawing
process that designers employ to graphically communicate concepts and depict
items that are required for a created environment. A building document is a
collection of these prepared graphics (CD). There are common guidelines and
standards in place to ensure that all designers understand what is written in the
designs. These design drawings employ a pictorial language to transmit all of
the information required to convey an idea and, eventually, build a design.
(Madsen, 2016).

2.2.2. Floor Plan

The floor plan is the most important architectural drawing in any of the
drawing sets. As a top view, it shows the arrangement of spaces, or the
"parties," as a map. It demonstrates the space-organising thoughts or ideas of
an architect's complete outer design. However, a floor plan is different from
just a map because it shows the arrangement at a particular level of a structure.
The plan view must demonstrate anything that could be seen below that level:
the floor, the stairs up to the plan level, and also fittings. Anything above the
plan level, such as beams overhead, can only be indicated as dashed lines
(Herbert, 1988).

2.2.3. Elevation
An elevation drawing is simply the drawing that architects and designers create
as a view of structures in general, highlighted from one side. Any elevation
drawing consists of a two-dimensional, flat representation of one side of a
building. Some of the main purposes of elevation drawing are, for example, to
demonstrate heights, lengths, and widths concerning a fixed point such as
natural ground level (Herbert, 1988).

These drawings show the overall appearance of a building or structure and

provide the client with a realistic idea of what the final building will look like.
So, elevations are drawn to give viewers a good idea of how a building looks
from the front or side. This is different from floor plans, which are drawn as if
you are looking at a design from above. The elevation drawings also include
orientations such as north, south, and so on (Herbert, 1988).

2.2.3.Section
A cross-section is just a representation of a vertical plane cut through the design
of an object element. There is a horizontal section with a view from the top. In
any section view, everything cut by the section plane must be done using a bold
line, whereas everything else behind that point has to be shown in a thinner
line. Therefore, the general purpose of crosssections is to show the relationship
between different levels of structures to the viewer where it would be very
difficult for him to understand from plans alone (Herbert, 1988).
2.2.4. Isometric and Axonometric Projections
Isometric and axonometric projections are ways of representing a 3D object.
This is to show mainly the important relationship between several sides of a
certain structure for the quality and merits of its shaping (Herbert, 1988).

2.3. Structural design

Structural engineering deals with the study of ways or methods that are aimed
at obtaining safe and economical engineering structures for human use. Civil
engineers design and construct major structures and facilities that are essential
in our everyday lives. Civil engineering is perhaps the broadest of the
engineering fields because it deals with the creation, improvement, and
protection of the community environment. For this project, we will primarily
base our analysis on architectural drawings and apartment building structures.
Structural engineers are trained to design the structural elements accurately and
supervise construction to ensure the proper implementation of the structural
design (Hibbeler, 2006).

2.3.1. Objectives of Structural design

Some of the objectives of structural design are: to Produce a structure which is
capable to resist all applied loads without failure during its service life, to
obtain the economical dimensions of structural members, to investigate the
strength, stability and rigidity of structures, to ensure structural safety
(Hibbeler, 2006).

2.3.2. Different Types of Structural Elements

Structural elements are the primary members that form the skeleton of any
structure. They are inter-connected in different ways to materialize a structural
design. However, each element functions differently to bear the applied
loading. Axial members develop axial forces in them to resist the applied
loading, whereas the flexural members oppose their straining chiefly by
developing bending stresses (Demchak, 2000).
Nevertheless, a structure’s response to any applied loading hinges on the
material the members are made from. For a structural engineer, it is essential to
recognize the different types of elements that can be hitched up in different
ways to come up with a structure that serves the deliberate cause aptly.
Structural elements can be broadly classified into line, plate, and shell elements
(Demchak, 2000). The details of each of these and the subcategories they entail
are elucidated below:

1. Line elements

A line element is a structural member whose one out of the three dimensions is
dominant over the other two. In other words, the cross-sectional dimensions lag
in magnitude by its length or longitudinal dimension considerably. Needless to
say, the length of a member is not necessarily its horizontal dimension, instead,
the length of any element in space is its governing or leading dimension.
Structural line elements can further be classified based on how they cater to the
applied loading as well as their deformation behavior (Demchak, 2000). The
classification is given as follows:

Bracing Struts: Tie rods or bracing struts are line elements that bear the
applied loading by developing axial tensile forces. These members are fairly
slender, and therefore, circular rods, bars, angle sections, and channel sections
can be used to serve the cause. Generally, these members are made up of steel.
However, wood is also used in some cases (Demchak, 2000).

Beams: Beams are structural load-bearing members that resist the applied
loading in flexure, i.e., by flexing or bending. The curvature of a beam depends
on the direction of the applied load with respect to the orientation of the
member as well as the support conditions. When an applied load tends to
deform a beam, shear stresses are also developed when the layers slide past
each other on the microscopic scale. Therefore, shear forces and bending
moments are developed throughout the beam span (Bakis et al., 2002).
Beams can be built up from steel (hot-rolled or cold-formed), timber, or
concrete. However, the cross-sectional diversity prevails the most in the case of
hot-rolled steel sections. Concrete and wooden beams are usually rectangular or
square in cross-section and it is tedious to play with their transverse
dimensions. For concrete beams, steel reinforcement is mandatory as per the
specifications of the code (Hambly, 1991).

The more are the number of reactions a beam can develop, the greater is its
stability. Nevertheless, its static indeterminacy also hikes up with an increase in
the number of supports or support reactions. The following figure shows some
types of beams based on their end conditions (Hambly, 1991).

Figure 1: beams based on their end conditions (Hambly, 1991).

Columns: Columns are predominantly axial compression members, and they

defy the structural loads by developing axial compressive stresses. The same
beam cross-section can also be used as a column. However, the deformation
behaviour and the material response to the applied load will be different in both
cases. Beams usually rest on columns and transfer the slab load as well as their
self-weights onto the column sections. These columns further transfer the load
to the footings that dissipate it further into the foundation underneath.
(Bradshaw et al., 2002).

Figure 2: Slender Concrete Column Design (Bradshaw et al., 2002).

Just like beams, columns can be made out of steel, concrete, or bricks. The hot-
rolled steel sections have miscellany in their cross-sectional shapes, but as for
concrete and brick columns, succumbing to a rectangular or square section
gives an upper hand in the economy. It is to be kept in mind that beams and
columns are never defined based on the horizontality of the former or the
verticality of the latter. It is the deformation behaviour and the load-bearing
mechanism that discriminate the two (Bradshaw et al., 2002).

2. Plate Elements

A plate or area element is a structural member that has two significant

dimensions that lead the third dimension by magnitude. Slabs, footings, and
walls are the most common examples of plate elements and are discussed
below;

Slabs: Slabs are structural load-bearing members that withstand loads on the
floor level and transfer them to the stories below. In the case of slabs, the
surface dimensions are significant in comparison to the thickness or depth.
Slabs are generally made of reinforced concrete and function as a roof for a
particular story. A slab can be either one-way or twoway depending upon the
ratio of its plan dimensions. However, in both cases, shear forces and bending
moments are developed in the slab sections when they are acted on by an
external load (Pang, 2021).

Figure 3: shows the image of slab (Pang, 2021).

Footings: Footings are also load-withstanding members. The thickness of a

footing is usually less when compared to its planned dimensions. Footings
carry story loads and help dissipate them to the soil below. They have a variety
of shapes and types. The type of footing depends on the magnitude of load as
well as the site conditions. (Bradshaw et al., 2002). A few types are shown
below:

Figure 4: shows a variety of shapes and types of column (Bradshaw et al., 2002).
Walls: Walls have their elevation dimensions leading to their thicknesses and
are therefore plate elements. They are usually made up of brick and masonry.
However, they can be composed of concrete, timber, or some earthy material.
Walls may be load-bearing or nonload-bearing. The latter ones usually have
only a nominal thickness, and the thickness of the former ones is a function of
the magnitude of the applied loading. (Lukić, 2021)

Figure 5: shows an image of brick wall (Lukić, 2021).

2.4. reinforced concrete materials

Reinforced concrete is a strong, durable building material that can be formed
into many varied shapes and sizes, ranging from simple rectangular columns to
curved domes and shells. Its utility and versatility are achieved by combining
the best features of concrete and steel, which are more or less complementary.
Thus, when they are combined, the steel is able to provide the tensile strength
and probably some of the shear strength, while the concrete, strong in
compression, protects the steel to give durability and fire and fire resistance
(Mosley et al., 2012).
2.4.1. composition of reinforced concrete
Concrete is composed of sand, gravel, cement and water full definition are below:

1. Concrete

Concrete is the most often used building material in the construction industry.
It is a composite man-made substance. It is composed of a binding ingredient,
such as lime or cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water, and admixtures as
needed (Kumar, 2019). The ingredients of concrete are shown in Figure 3: fine
aggregate, cement, coarse aggregate, and water.

Figure 6: Constituent of concrete (Kumar, 2019).

2. cement

Cement is a binder substance used in construction that hardens, sets, and binds to other
materials to bond them together.

3. Aggregate

Aggregate is a coarse, medium-grained particulate material used in construction

that includes sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled aggregate, and is a
component of composite materials like concrete and asphalt concrete.
Aggregate acts as reinforcement, increasing the overall strength of the
composite material (Vieira, 2019).

4. Water

Water for mixing: The potable water used was free of oil, acids, alkalis, salts, organic
compounds, and other contaminants that might be harmful to concrete. Water is the
primary component, and when combined with cement, it produces a paste that binds the
aggregate together (Muthukumaran et al., 2018).

5. reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete is a strong durable building material that can be formed

into many varied shapes and sizes from rectangular column to slender curved
done or shell. Its unity and very stability are achieved by combining the best
features of the concrete and steel consider some widely different properties of
the material that are listed in the Table 1.

Table 1. Properties of concrete and steel (Lim, 2015).

Property Concrete Steel
Strength in tension Poor Good
Strength in compression Good Good but not slender bars
strength in shear Fair Good

Durability Good Good but corrodes if unprotected

Fire resistance Good Poor for high temperature

The majority of the qualities of hardened concrete are determined by the care
exercises done at each stage of the manufacturing process. The goal of quality
concrete work is to produce concrete that is uniform in strength from batch to
batch. These necessitate the application of certain regulations at various phases
of concrete manufacturing, which are detailed below: Batching or material
measuring; mixing; transporting, laying, compacting, curing, and finishing are
the processes of concrete manufacturing (Lim, 2015).

2.3. Compressive strength

The compressive strength (fc') of concrete is the most important property. The
28th day period is used to calculate the characteristic strength, which is the
concrete grade. Most cylinders are typically stored in water or in a room with a
consistent temperature and 100% humidity (Lim, 2015).

2.3.1. Modulus of elasticity

A material's modulus of elasticity (also known as the elastic modulus or
coefficient of elasticity) is a value determined by the ratio of applied stress to
corresponding strain within the elastic limit. Physically, it denotes a material's
resistance to deformation when subjected to stress. The modulus of elasticity
also reflects a material's rigidity. Elastic modulus values are greater with stiffer
materials (Lim, 2015).

Modulus of elasticity, E=f/ s (MPa, N/mm2, or KN/m2) (2.1)

Where, f= applied stress on a body

S= strain to correspond to the applied stress stress-strain curve for

concrete in compression shown in Figure 7. The Slope of the initial

straight portion is the initial tangent modulus (Lim, 2015).

Figure 7: Stress-strain curve for concrete (Lim, 2015).

Figure 7 shows the proportion of stress –strain graph, fc is the ultimate state of
concrete and at 0.003 shows fracture.

2.5. load
Structural load is the force applied to a component of a structure by a structural
unit. In addition to the load magnitude, its frequency of occurrence,
distribution, and nature (static or dynamic) are important factors in design.
Loads cause stress and displacement in structures. Assessment of their effects
was carried out by the method of structural analysis.

Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure and, hence, such a possibility
should be considered in the design (Heidebrecht, 2016).

2.5.1. Types load

The load that almost retains its magnitude and point of application throughout
the life of the structure is called dead load. This load is usually the self-weight
of the structure (not only this member but all other members resisting it), which
is estimated by multiplying the volume of the member with the unit weight of
the material of construction. (Isenberg & Wong, 2019)

1. Self-load

This is a type of dead load that consists of the self-weight of the member under
consideration for design. A reasonable value of self-load is assumed at the start,
which is then compared to the actual self-weight at the end, and design
corrections are made if necessary (Xu et al., 2019).

2. Imposed loads

All loads leaving the self-weight acting on the member to be designed are imposed or
superimposed loads, including wind load, live load, etc (Zokaie, 2010 ).

3. Dead load and Live load

The dead load includes the self-weight of the structure and the weight of any
permanent features, partitions, finishes, and superstructure. These loads remain
almost constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of
the structure (Zokaie, 2010 ).

4. Load combination

There are different loads between dead loads (G k), live load (Q k) and wind load
(W k) with their partial factors of safety for the loading of structures (Horlick &
Retief, 2015).

The load combination to be taken into account are the following:

1. Dead loads +Imposed loads = 1.4 G k + 1.6 Q k

2. Dead loads +Wind loads = 0.9 G k +1.4 W k

3. Dead loads +Imposed loads + Wind loads = 1.2 Gk+1.2 Q k +1.2 W k existing structures
with unstable performance during earthquakes. Additionally, this method does not
require any intervention on the ground because the steel bracings were usually installed
between existing structural elements in some bays (Kheyroddin et al, 2019).
CHAPTER 3.