DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, URBAN AND REGIONAL
PLANNING CHAIR

INTEGRATED DESIGN ll

GROUP MEMBERS ID

RAHMET ISMAEL………………………………………………………………………1201139
NATNAEL ZEWDU…………………………………………………………………….1204192
TESFA GOSA…………………………………………………………………………….1201385
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We really great full because we manage to complete our project with in the time
given by our lecturers. And we really appreciate our lecturers Arch BIRUK
WORKU,Arch YIDNEKACHEW FELEKE and arch TILAHUN for their consult. we would
like to express our gratitude to our friends and respondents to the support and
willingness to spend some.

ABSTRACT
A recreational area is a designated location or space that is intended for leisure and
entertainment activities. It can be either natural or man-made and is often designed
to provide a variety of recreational opportunities for individuals or families. Some
examples of recreational areas include parks, beaches, hiking trails, sports fields,
playgrounds, and camping sites.
Recreational areas are important for providing people with a place to relax, exercise,
socialize, and enjoy outdoor activities. They can be used for a variety of purposes
such as picnics, sports, walking, cycling, swimming, and fishing. These areas can also
be used for organized events and activities such as concerts, festivals, and sports
tournaments.
Many recreational areas are maintained by local governments or private
organizations, and may require a fee for use. They often have amenities such as
restrooms, picnic areas, grills, and playgrounds. Recreational areas are an important
part of communities, providing opportunities for people to enjoy nature and outdoor
activities, and contributing to overall health and well-being.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Architecture is a broad concept that can be summarized as giving life to a certain
structure. It includes processes a structure passes in order to be functional and
productive. Throughout the processes and productions, students will be enabled to
learn how to plan, design, construct buildings or other structures and different design
theories. But knowing how to plan and design isn’t enough to create a livable place,
hence we also need to know how architectural science is applied. Architectural
science is the cornerstone of architecture because it’s the bond between design theory
and building technology. Therefore, knowing how to integrate the design with other
science can help students to improve their thinking, knowledge, skill in the
intersection between living systems, culture, and technology to create convenient and
sustainable buildings.
In the year 2023G.C,4th year 2nd-semester students are expected to work on the
integration of different design theories with architectural sciences. As course curricula
describe in the previous courses, the students were able to know how to plan and
design a building with different story levels and programs, how to incorporate them
with materials and structures, design on the urban scale, and how we can design the
landscape compatible with the building structures. Therefore, building systems such
as HVAC, water supply and wastewater system, solid waste disposal system,
Electrical system, vertical and horizontal circulation, fire protection system, acoustic,
energy efficiency, and new applicable technologies are the main architectural sciences
that student's expected to integrate and apply in this course.
Unlike the design process we all know in the past this project passes through different
phases. The first phase was that the students were expected to review their design
theory and explicate more about their theory. The second phase was deciding the
building type purpose and function based on height. In order to create a new design
approach and improve the students’ skill deferent theories of building was selected. In
addition, high rise buildings can be contented to show the building systems. After
that, the students’ worked on case study reviews by videos documentation and
literature related to deferent theories of building and building systems applied to
different projects. The third phase was to select the appropriate site and studies the
site depending upon orientation, topography, climate and SWOT. After they study the
overall site it follows the horizontal and vertical zoning given their program. Since
they conclude the site analysis their next task was to construct their building form.
When they construct their building form they were expected to study the effect of
their form for the adjacent buildings, their site analysis and selected program. Once
they finalize the form the functional design of the building follows. After they work
on the functions and floor plans the next step was to apply the building systems listed
above. The next phase in this project was finalizing their site analysis and façade
treatment design. Finally, the students prepare a model and documentation stating the
overall design process they undergo.
Generally, by using the above phases integrating the building systems with the overall
building design helps students to enhance the building performance and sustainability
of buildings. In addition, it also helps to understand the overall building performance,
systems and deflections and apply technologies.

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Message from instructors
Welcome to Dire-Dawa university institute of technology Department of Architecture
and urban planning!
As a department we are dedicated on teaching and creating a passion of improved
architectural knowledge and skills for students. Through teaching the students will
engage themselves for professional life. Therefore, at the very least our students will
know the following circumstances with the following specific objectives.
 Social, cultural, political contexts of architecture
 Professional, technological, industrial contexts of architecture
 The World: local, global, ecological contexts of architecture
 Academic contexts: including Science and Art knowledge in general.
 International contexts of architecture

Message from students

We have learned how to observe and apply architectural sciences and building
systems, such as HVAC, water supply and waste water system, solid waste disposal
system, electrical system, vertical and horizontal circulation, fire protection system,
acoustic, energy efficiency and new applicable technologies, and sustainability on
function, structure, and the surrounding landscape, from the integrated design course
in the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning. We had some understanding
of how to design buildings and include building systems.

In addition, we've seen that over the past four years, the architecture department at
Dire-Dawa University has worked to better comprehend people's "culture," "social
norms," "political contexts," "life philosophy," and "environmental contexts."
Considering many local and worldwide architectural facets. Although we used expert,
technological, and industrial designs for the required courses' architectural design.
Thank you Dire-Dawa university institute of technology Department of
Architecture and urban planning!

Objective
The students are expected to integrate Buildings and the building utility systems.
In order to achieve this objective, building systems such as HVAC, water supply and
waste water system, solid waste disposal system, Electrical system, vertical and
horizontal circulation, fire protection system, acoustic, energy efficiency and new
applicable technologies are the main constituents students are expected to integrate
and apply in this course in 4th year second semester in 2023G.C.

PROJECT

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Instructors profile
Biruk Worku
Responsibility in the program
Course coordinator and instructor in integrated design course in 4th year second semester in 2023G.C
About Biruk Worku
Biruk Worku was born in 1992 G.C he is qualified to practice as an architect. Biruk Worku is skilled
professional who creates and designs building and built environments, as well as working in university
instructor and construction industries. Biruk Worku is professional in both art and science who is well-
versed in the field of built environments.
Contact
biruk.w@Yahoo.Com Dire Dawa, Ethiopia Phone +251 916 405532
Educational background
Master of science Advanced Architectural Design
Master of art candidate Disaster and Risk Management
Bachelor of Science Degree Architecture
Certificate Web and Multimedia

Yidnekachew Feleke
Responsibility in the program
instructor for integrated design course in 4th year second semester in 2023G.C
About Yidnekachew Feleke
Yidnekachew Feleke was born in 1996 G.C. He is qualified to work as an architect. In addition to
working as an academic instructor. Yidnekachew is an accomplished professional who designs and
constructs buildings. He has expertise in the built environment and is a professional in both art and
science.
Contact
yidnebim@gmail.com Dire Dawa, Ethiopia Phone +251 933 266675
Educational background
Master of science candidate GIS and Remote sensing
Bachelor of Science Degree Architecture
Certificate autocad

Students profile
About Rahmet Ismael
Rahmet Ismael is a 4th year architectural student in dire dawa university,she has done so many
projects she is still working on it.residence and mixed uses are done in 3rd year.high school project
are done in the 4th year first semester and also now mountain attached recreational center
Interested in:-3d rendering
:-interior design
:-Make up
:-Calligraphy and string art
:-crafts
Graphics autodesk:-revit,illustration,lumen and rhino
Contact:-irahmet123@gmail.com Addis Ababa,Ethiopia phone:-+251900022542

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About Natnael zewdu
Natnael Zewdu is a 4th year architectural student in dire dawa university, he has done so many
projects.he is still working on it, residence and mixed uses are done in 3 rd year.museum project is
done in the 4th year first semister and also now mountain attached recreational center.
Interested in:_3d rendering
:-interior design
:-painting
:-designing
Graphics auto desk revit,illustration,lumion and photoshop
Contact natnaelzk8@gmail.com

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CHAPTER ONE
BIULDING SYSTEMS
Building systems refer to the various components that work together to create a
functional and efficient building. These systems include structural, mechanical,
electrical, plumbing, and fire protection systems.
Each system plays a critical role in ensuring that a building is safe, comfortable, and
meets the needs of its occupants. Understanding how these systems work is essential
for architects, engineers, contractors, and building owners.

Building systems are the critical systems of your facility, such as the Electrical,
HVAC, Security, Life Safety, Lighting, Utilities, Telecom, and Energy
Management.These systems are rarely, if ever, independent entities; rather, they
depend on each other to operate. For example, most building systems rely on the
building's base electrical service for power; and computer systems often need
supplemental cooling to operate properly. You can define equipment systems that
show the relationships between systems, assemblies and components. You can then
associate an equipment systems with the building system of which it is a part.
All building systems are typically designed, installed, managed, maintained and
supported by their own team of domain of experts. They are often evaluated and
controlled both as an independent system and as a part of a larger system and the
whole building.

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Mechanical systems refer to the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems that regulate temperature, humidity, and air quality in a building. These
systems also include elevators, escalators, and other mechanical equipment.

Mechanical engineers design and maintain these systems to ensure they operate
efficiently, effectively, and safely. They also consider factors such as energy
efficiency, environmental impact, and occupant comfort.

The mechanical system of a building refers to the infrastructure that is responsible for
maintaining the environmental conditions within the building. It includes systems that
provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), as well as plumbing and
electrical systems.

The HVAC system is typically the largest and most complex part of the mechanical
system. It is responsible for maintaining a comfortable temperature and humidity level
inside the building. This is achieved through the use of heating and cooling systems,
such as boilers, chillers, air handlers, and ductwork. The HVAC system also includes
air filtration and ventilation systems, which are important for maintaining good indoor
air quality and reducing the spread of airborne contaminants.

HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. It is a system that is
designed to provide indoor comfort by regulating the temperature, humidity, and air

5
quality of a building. The HVAC system of a building typically consists of four main
components: the heating system, the cooling system, the ventilation system, and the
control system.

Heating System:

A heating system for a building is a set of components that work together to generate
and distribute heat throughout the building. The goal of a heating system is to
maintain a comfortable temperature within the building, regardless of the temperature
outside.

There are several types of heating systems commonly used in buildings, including:

 Furnaces are typically powered by natural gas or oil and use a forced air system
to distribute heat throughout the building. Furnaces can be very efficient and are
often used in larger buildings.
 Boilers: Boilers use hot water or steam to distribute heat throughout the building.
They can be powered by natural gas, oil, or electricity and are often used in
smaller buildings or in buildings with radiant floor heating.
 Heat pumps: Heat pumps work by transferring heat from the air or ground
outside the building to the inside. They can be very efficient but may not be
suitable for extremely cold climates.
 Radiant heating: Radiant heating systems use electric panels or hot water pipes
to heat the floors, walls, or ceilings of a building. This type of heating can be very
comfortable and energy-efficient.
 Space heaters: Space heaters are portable devices that can be used to heat a
specific area of a building. They are typically powered by electricity or propane
and can be useful in small spaces or for temporary heating needs.

The choice of heating system for a building will depend on a variety of factors,
including the climate, the size and layout of the building, the cost of energy, and the
desired level of comfort. A professional HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) contractor can help determine the best heating system for a specific
building.

The heating system of an HVAC system typically consists of a furnace, a boiler, or a

heat pump. The furnace or boiler burns fuel, such as natural gas, oil, or propane, to
generate heat, which is then distributed throughout the building via duct work or
pipes. Heat pumps work by extracting heat from the air outside and transferring it
indoors. The heat is then distributed throughout the building via duct
work.heating in buildings may be necessary to:

 Create comfortable conditions for occupants.

 To prevent condensation.
 For activities such as drying and cooking.
 For industrial processes.

In commercial buildings, heating for comfort might be provided alongside

other building services in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

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FIG.furnances

FIG.heat pump

FIG.radiant heating

Cooling System

The cooling system of an HVAC system typically consists of an air conditioner or a

chiller. The air conditioner works by removing heat and humidity from the air inside
the building and transferring it outside. The chiller works by cooling water, which is
then circulated throughout the building via pipes, to cool the air.

A cooling system is a mechanism designed to dissipate heat and regulate the

temperature of a device, machine, or system. Cooling systems are used in a wide
range of applications, including automotive engines, computers, industrial equipment,
and household appliances.

The basic principle of a cooling system is to transfer heat away from the object
being cooled, usually through the use of a fluid (such as water or air) or a refrigerant
(such as Freon or ammonia). The heat is then transferred to a heat sink or a cooling
medium, which absorbs and dissipates the heat.

In general, cooling systems can be categorized into two types: air-cooled and liquid-
cooled. Air-cooled systems use airflow to dissipate heat, while

liquid-cooled systems use a liquid coolant, such as water or a specialized fluid, to

transfer heat away from the object being cooled. The choice of cooling system
depends on factors such as the amount of heat generated, the available space, and the
cost and efficiency of the system.

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 Fig. Air cooled system

fig.heating and cooling system

Ventilation System:

The ventilation system of an HVAC system typically consists of fans and ductwork.
The fans are used to circulate air throughout the building and to exhaust stale air. The
duct work is used to distribute fresh air throughout the building and to exhaust stale
air.

A ventilation system for a building is a system that is designed to provide fresh air
into a building while simultaneously removing stale air. A well-designed ventilation
system is crucial for maintaining indoor air quality, controlling humidity, and
ensuring the comfort and safety of the occupants.There are several types of ventilation
systems that can be used in buildings, including:

Natural ventilation: This system uses natural air flows to move fresh air through a
building. It can be achieved by opening windows or vents, or through the use of
passive cooling strategies such as shading and thermal mass.

FIG.NATURAL VENTILATION

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Mechanical ventilation: This system uses mechanical devices, such as fans and air
handlers, to move air in and out of the building. It can be further divided into two
types:

FIG.mechanical ventilation

Exhaust ventilation: This system uses fans to exhaust stale air from the building.
Fresh air enters the building through natural openings such as windows or vents.

FIG.exhast ventilation

Supply ventilation: This system uses fans to supply fresh air to the building. Stale air
is exhausted through natural openings.

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 FIG.supply ventilation

Balanced ventilation: This system combines both exhaust and supply ventilation to
maintain a balance of fresh and stale air in the building.

FIG.balanced ventilation

The type of ventilation system that is best for a particular building depends on factors
such as the size of the building, the climate, and the occupancy level. A professional
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) contractor can help design and
install a ventilation system that meets the specific needs of a building.

The importance of ventilation systems cannot be overstated. Indoor air quality can
have a significant impact on the health and well being of building occupants. Poor
indoor air quality can lead to health problems such as headaches, allergies, respiratory
issues, and fatigue. It can also lead to the buildup of harmful pollutants such as carbon
monoxide, radon, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can have serious
long-term health effects.

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In addition to maintaining indoor air quality, ventilation systems can also help control
humidity levels in a building. High humidity levels can lead to mold and mildew
growth, which can cause structural damage and further degrade indoor air quality.
Proper ventilation can help remove excess moisture from the air and prevent these
issues from occurring.

When designing a ventilation system for a building, it's important to consider factors
such as the size and layout of the building, the climate, and the occupancy level. The
goal is to provide an adequate supply of fresh air while also removing stale air,
without causing discomfort or wasting energy. This can be achieved through a
combination of natural and mechanical ventilation strategies.

Natural ventilation relies on the natural movement of air to provide fresh air into a
building. This can be achieved by opening windows or vents, or through the use of
passive cooling strategies such as shading and thermal mass. Natural ventilation is
often used in buildings with mild climates or where energy efficiency is a primary
concern.

Mechanical ventilation uses mechanical devices such as fans and air handlers to move
air in and out of the building. Exhaust ventilation systems use fans to exhaust stale air
from the building, while supply ventilation systems use fans to supply fresh air into
the building. Balanced ventilation systems combine both exhaust and supply
ventilation to maintain a balance of fresh and stale air in the building. Mechanical
ventilation systems are often used in buildings with more complex layouts, larger
occupancy levels, or in areas with extreme climates.

In summary, ventilation systems are crucial for maintaining indoor air quality,
controlling humidity levels, and ensuring the comfort and safety of building
occupants. The type of ventilation system that is best for a particular building depends
on a variety of factors, and a professional HVAC contractor can help design and
install a system that meets the specific needs of the building.

Control System

The control system of an HVAC system typically consists of a thermostat, sensors,

and a control panel. The thermostat is used to set the desired temperature, and the
sensors are used to measure the temperature, humidity, and air quality inside the
building. The control panel is used to regulate the operation of the heating, cooling,
and ventilation systems based on the input from the sensors.

Overall, the HVAC system of a building works by regulating the temperature,

humidity, and air quality of the indoor environment, thereby providing a comfortable
and healthy living or working environment.

Overall, the mechanical system of a building is crucial for providing a safe,

comfortable, and healthy environment for its occupants. It requires careful planning,
design, and maintenance to ensure that it operates efficiently and effectively.

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 EMERGENCY SYSTEM

The emergency system of a building refers to the infrastructure and protocols put in
place to ensure the safety and well-being of occupants during emergency situations. It
includes various components and procedures that help detect, communicate, and
respond to emergencies effectively. Here are some key elements commonly found in
building emergency systems:

Fire detection and alarm systems: These systems consist of smoke detectors, heat
detectors, and fire alarms that are designed to detect the presence of fire or smoke.
When triggered, they activate audible and visual alarms to alert occupants of the
building.

FIG.FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM

Emergency lighting: Emergency lighting systems ensure that exit routes and critical
areas remain adequately illuminated during power outages or other emergency
situations. They typically include backup power sources such as batteries or
generators to provide lighting when the main power supply fails.

FIG.EMERGENCY LIGHTS

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Emergency exit signage: Clear and prominently displayed exit signs are crucial for
guiding occupants towards safe evacuation routes during emergencies. These signs
are designed to be easily visible and recognizable even in low-light or smoky
conditions.

Fire suppression systems: These systems include fire sprinklers, fire extinguishers,
and other devices designed to suppress or extinguish fires. They are strategically
placed throughout the building to provide immediate response to fire incidents.

Emergency communication systems: Effective communication during emergencies

is vital for coordinating evacuation efforts and disseminating critical information.
Building emergency systems may include intercoms, public address systems, or
emergency notification systems to relay instructions and updates to occupants.

Evacuation plans and procedures: Buildings should have well-defined evacuation

plans that outline the designated evacuation routes, assembly points, and procedures

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to be followed during emergencies. These plans should be communicated to
occupants and regularly practiced through drills to ensure familiarity.

Emergency response coordination: Building emergency systems often involve

establishing communication with emergency services such as fire departments or
medical responders. This may include features like emergency call buttons or
dedicated communication lines to facilitate quick response and coordination.

It's important to note that specific emergency system requirements can vary
depending on the building's purpose, size, occupancy type, and local regulations.
Building codes and safety standards provide guidelines for designing and
implementing effective emergency systems to enhance occupant safety during
emergencies.

EMERGENCY CONTROL SYSTEM

The emergency control system in a building refers to the set of controls and
procedures put in place to manage and respond to emergency situations effectively. It
involves the coordination of various emergency systems and resources to mitigate
risks, protect occupants, and minimize damage. Here are some key components of an
emergency control system:

Emergency response team: A designated emergency response team consisting of

trained personnel is essential for managing emergency situations. This team may
include building management staff, security personnel, fire wardens, and first aiders.
They are responsible for implementing emergency protocols, coordinating evacuation,
and providing assistance to occupants.

Emergency response plan: An emergency response plan outlines the procedures and
protocols to be followed during different types of emergencies. It includes
information on emergency contacts, evacuation routes, assembly points, and specific
actions to be taken in various scenarios. The plan should be well-documented,
communicated to all occupants, and regularly reviewed and updated.

Emergency communication: Effective communication is crucial during emergencies.

The emergency control system should include mechanisms for rapid and reliable
communication with occupants, emergency responders, and relevant authorities. This
can involve intercom systems, public address systems, emergency notification
systems, and two-way radios to relay important information and instructions.

Incident management: The emergency control system should have protocols in place
for managing and documenting incidents. This includes establishing a command
center or control room where designated personnel can gather information, coordinate
response efforts, and communicate with emergency services. Incident management
systems may also involve recording and logging incident details for post-incident
analysis and improvement.

Monitoring and detection systems: Building monitoring systems play a vital role in
identifying and alerting to potential emergencies. This may include fire detection
systems, gas leak detectors, intrusion detection systems, and CCTV surveillance.

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These systems can help identify the nature and location of an emergency, enabling an
appropriate response.

Access control and lockdown procedures: In certain emergency situations, it may

be necessary to restrict access to certain areas or implement lockdown procedures to
enhance safety and security. Access control systems and protocols can be integrated
into the emergency control system to manage entry and exit points and ensure the
orderly evacuation or sheltering of occupants.

Training and drills: Regular training sessions and emergency drills are essential for
ensuring that occupants and emergency response personnel are familiar with
emergency procedures and systems. These drills help test the effectiveness of the
emergency control system, identify areas for improvement, and promote a culture of
preparedness among building occupants.

It's important to note that emergency control systems can vary depending on the type
of building, its size, occupancy, and specific risks. Building owners and managers
should adhere to local regulations, building codes, and industry best practices to
design and implement an effective emergency control system tailored to the unique
needs of their facility.

SANITARY SYSTEM

The sanitary system of a building refers to the plumbing and drainage

system that handles the supply of clean water and the disposal of waste water and
sewage. It is an essential part of any building, ensuring hygiene and convenience for
its occupants. Here is a detailed overview of a typical sanitary system in a building:

Water Supply:

Water source: The building is connected to a reliable and safe water supply system,
such as a municipal water line or a well.

Water storage: A water storage tank or reservoir is installed to provide a reserve of

water in case of supply disruptions.

Water meters: Individual water meters may be installed to measure water usage for
each unit or section of the building.

Water Distribution:

Main water supply lines: These pipes distribute water from the source to various
parts of the building.

Branch lines: Smaller pipes branch off the main lines to supply water to individual
units or fixtures.

Valves: Valves are installed at various points to control the flow of water and isolate
specific sections for maintenance or repairs.

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Water pressure regulators: These devices ensure that the water pressure remains
within a safe and optimal range throughout the building.

Fixtures and Appliances:

Faucets and taps: These are installed in kitchens, bathrooms, and other areas to
provide access to water.

Toilets: Sanitary fixtures equipped with flushing mechanisms are installed in

bathrooms and restrooms.

Showers and bathtubs: Enclosed shower areas and bathtubs are provided for
personal hygiene.

Sinks and basins: These are installed in kitchens, bathrooms, and utility areas for
washing hands, dishes, and other purposes.

Appliances: Appliances such as dishwashers and washing machines may be

connected to the water supply for their functioning.

Drainage and Waste Disposal:

Drainage pipes: A network of pipes carries waste water and sewage from fixtures to
the main sewer line or septic tank.

Traps: Traps, such as U-shaped bends in pipes, are installed to prevent foul odors and
gases from entering the building.

Ventilation pipes: Vent pipes allow the release of sewer gases and maintain the
proper functioning of the drainage system.

Sewage disposal: Waste water and sewage are carried to the municipal sewer system
or, in some cases, a septic tank for treatment and disposal.

Maintenance and Safety:

Cleanouts: Access points are installed at strategic locations in the drainage system for
easy cleaning and maintenance.

Back flow prevention devices: These devices prevent the back flow of contaminated
water into the clean water supply.

Grease traps: In commercial kitchens, grease traps are installed to capture and
prevent the entry of fats, oils, and grease into the drainage system.

Storm water management: Proper measures are taken to handle and direct storm
water runoff away from the building to prevent flooding and water damage.

It's important to note that the specific design and components of a sanitary
system may vary depending on factors such as building size, type, local regulations,

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and the complexity of the plumbing requirements. Consulting a professional plumber
or engineer is recommended for accurate planning, installation, and maintenance of
the sanitary system in a building.

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Sustainable architecture is a type of architecture that aims to minimize the negative

environmental impact of buildings by efficiently using energy and resources, reducing
waste, and ensuring the health and well-being of the occupants. Sustainable
architecture incorporates principles such as energy efficiency, use of renewable
resources such as solar and wind power, passive heating and cooling, use of
sustainable materials, and the integration of nature into the built environment. In other
words, sustainable architecture seeks to create buildings that are not only functional
and aesthetically pleasing, but also environmentally responsible and socially
conscious.

Sustainable architecture, also known as green architecture or sustainable design, is an

approach to building design that emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly
materials and energy-efficient systems. The goal of sustainable architecture is to
create buildings that are not only functional and aesthetically pleasing, but also
minimize the negative impact on the environment.

Fig.sustainable architecture

What is the importance of sustainable architecture?

Sustainable architecture is an essential concept in the design and construction of

buildings that seeks to minimize the negative impact of human activities on the
environment. It emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly materials, the efficient
use of energy and water resources, and the reduction of waste and pollution.

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 Fig. Negative impacts

The importance of sustainable architecture lies in its potential to create a more

sustainable and resilient built environment. By incorporating sustainable design
principles into building design and construction, we can reduce the energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with building operations, as
well as conserve natural resources such as water and raw materials.

Moreover, sustainable architecture can create healthier and more comfortable living
and working spaces. Buildings designed with sustainability in mind often feature
natural ventilation, day lighting, and low-toxicity materials that enhance indoor air
quality and reduce the risk of health problems.

Sustainable architecture can also have economic benefits, as it can help to reduce
operating costs and increase property values over time. Additionally, sustainable
design can contribute to the development of more sustainable and resilient
communities, by reducing the environmental impact of buildings and promoting
resource efficiency.

In summary, sustainable architecture is important because it can contribute to a more

sustainable, resilient, and healthy built environment, with economic, environmental,
and social benefits.

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 Principles of sustainable architecture?

Sustainable architecture is an approach to designing and constructing buildings that

minimizes negative environmental impacts, promotes energy efficiency, and
prioritizes the use of renewable resources. The principles of sustainable architecture
aim to create structures that are environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and
economically viable. Here are some key principles of sustainable architecture:

1. Energy Efficiency: Design buildings to minimize energy consumption and

optimize energy efficiency. This can be achieved through proper insulation, efficient
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, natural lighting strategies,
and the use of energy-efficient appliances and equipment.

FIG. Energy efficient

2. Site Selection and Planning: Choose building sites that have minimal ecological
impact, such as previously developed or brownfield sites. Consider the orientation of
the building to maximize solar gain and natural ventilation. Preserve existing
vegetation and minimize disturbance to the natural landscape.
3. Sustainable Materials: Use environmentally friendly and renewable materials that
have a low carbon footprint. This includes utilizing recycled materials, locally
sourced materials, and materials with a long lifespan. Minimize the use of non-
renewable resources and avoid materials that emit harmful substances.

There are several sustainable materials available for building construction that can
help reduce environmental impact and promote sustainable practices. Here are some
examples:

 Bamboo: Bamboo is a rapidly renewable resource that can be used as a structural

material for various building components. It grows quickly and has a high
strength-to-weight ratio.

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 Fig.bamboo

 Recycled Steel: Using recycled steel reduces the demand for new steel
production, which requires a significant amount of energy and emits greenhouse
gases. Recycled steel can be used for structural frames and other building
elements.

Fig.steel

 Recycled Concrete: Concrete is one of the most widely used construction

materials, but its production contributes to carbon emissions. By using recycled
concrete aggregate, which is made from crushed concrete, the environmental
impact can be reduced.

Fig. concrete

 Straw Bales: Straw bales can be used as an insulating material in walls. They are
renewable, locally available, and have excellent insulating properties. When
properly sealed, straw bale walls can provide high energy efficiency.

20
 Fig.straw bale

 Cork: Cork is a sustainable material harvested from the bark of cork oak trees. It
can be used as flooring, wall coverings, and insulation. Cork is renewable,
biodegradable, and has excellent thermal and acoustic properties.

21
 Fig.cork

 Recycled Plastic: Plastic waste is a significant environmental concern. However,

recycled plastic can be used in building materials such as insulation, roofing tiles,
and composite lumber. Using recycled plastic reduces landfill waste and
conserves resources.

22
 Fig.plastic material

 Earth and Clay: Materials like rammed earth, adobe, and cob are made from a
mixture of earth, clay, and other natural fibers. These materials have a low carbon
footprint, are abundant, and provide good thermal mass, helping regulate indoor
temperatures.

Fig.clay

 Timber: Wood from sustainably managed forests can be an excellent choice for
building construction. Timber is renewable, has low embodied energy, and can
sequester carbon throughout its lifecycle. Look for certifications such as FSC
(Forest Stewardship Council) to ensure responsible sourcing.

23
 Fig.timber

 Hempcrete: Hempcrete is made from a mixture of hemp fibers and a lime binder.
It is lightweight, provides excellent insulation, and absorbs carbon dioxide during
its growth, making it a carbon-negative material.

 Green Roofs: While not a building material per se, green roofs involve covering
the roof with vegetation. They provide insulation, absorb rainwater, reduce the
urban heat island effect, and improve air quality.

It's important to note that the suitability of these materials may vary depending on the
specific project requirements, local regulations, and climate conditions. Consulting
with architects, engineers, and sustainability experts can help determine the most
appropriate sustainable materials for a particular building project.Sustainable
architecture is a multidimensional approach that encompasses various principles and
strategies aimed at reducing the environmental impact of buildings throughout their
life cycle. One critical aspect of sustainable architecture is the use of environmentally
friendly materials. These materials are carefully selected and employed in
construction to minimize resource depletion, reduce waste generation, and promote
energy efficiency.

 Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prime example of a sustainable material that

has gained significant attention in recent years. CLT is a structural wood panel
made by stacking and gluing layers of lumber at right angles. It offers exceptional
strength and durability, making it a viable alternative to traditional construction
materials like concrete and steel. Moreover, CLT is a renewable resource with a
significantly lower carbon footprint compared to its counterparts. By utilizing
CLT in architectural projects, designers can contribute to the reduction of
greenhouse
gas emissions
and promote
sustainable
forestry
practices.

24
 Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) are another innovative material used in
sustainable architecture. SIPs consist of a foam core sandwiched between two
rigid panels, typically made of oriented strand board (OSB). These panels offer
excellent insulation properties, resulting in improved energy efficiency and
reduced reliance on heating and cooling systems. By minimizing energy
consumption, SIPs help mitigate the environmental impact associated with the
operation of buildings. Additionally, their prefabricated nature facilitates faster
and more efficient construction processes, further reducing waste and labor
requirements.

Rammed earth construction is a traditional technique that has seen a resurgence in

sustainable architecture. It involves compacting layers of damp earth into form work
to create load-bearing walls. Rammed earth structures have numerous advantages,
including thermal mass properties, excellent durability, and natural aesthetics. The use
of locally available soil reduces transportation requirements and associated carbon
emissions. Additionally, rammed earth structures have a long lifespan and can be
easily deconstructed and the earth reused, promoting circularity and minimizing
waste.

25
Incorporating green roofs and living walls into architectural designs is another
sustainable practice gaining popularity. Green roofs involve covering a building's roof
with vegetation, creating a living ecosystem that offers numerous benefits. They
provide additional insulation, reducing heat transfer between the building and the
external environment. This, in turn, reduces the energy needed for heating and
cooling, resulting in lower carbon emissions. Green roofs also help manage storm
water runoff by absorbing and filtering rainwater, reducing strain on municipal
drainage systems. Furthermore, they contribute to improved air quality by capturing
pollutants and producing oxygen.

Living walls, or vertical gardens, are another manifestation of sustainable

architecture. These walls are covered with a variety of plant species, providing similar
benefits as green roofs. Living walls can enhance thermal insulation, reduce noise
pollution, and improve air quality by filtering out harmful pollutants. Additionally,
they contribute to urban biodiversity, providing habitats for birds, insects, and other
wildlife. Integrating green roofs and living walls into architectural designs enhances
the overall sustainability of buildings, creating more environmentally harmonious
spaces.

In addition to these specific sustainable materials, incorporating recycled and

reclaimed materials in construction practices is a vital aspect of sustainable
architecture. Utilizing salvaged wood, reclaimed bricks, or repurposed metal not only
reduces waste and landfill burdens but also adds character and uniqueness to
architectural designs. These materials can be sourced locally, reducing transportation
distances and associated carbon emissions. By giving discarded materials a new life,
architects contribute to a circular economy, promoting resource conservation and
minimizing the extraction of raw materials.

Furthermore, sustainable architecture emphasizes the use of low-impact concrete

alternatives. Traditional concrete production is a major contributor to carbon
emissions due to the energy-intensive processes involved in cement manufacturing.
However, low-impact alternatives such as high-fly ash concrete offer a more
sustainable option. High-fly ash concrete incorporates waste fly ash from coal-fired
power plants as a substitute for a portion of the cement.

4. Water Efficiency: Implement water conservation strategies to reduce water

consumption. This can be achieved through the use of efficient plumbing fixtures,
rainwater harvesting systems, gray water recycling, and the incorporation of native
and drought-tolerant landscaping.

Using stored rainwater for vegetation is a great way to conserve water and sustain
your plants during dry periods. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to use stored
rainwater for your vegetation:

 Collect rain water: Install a rainwater harvesting system to collect rainwater

from your roof, gutters, or any other suitable surface. You can use a rain barrel,
cistern, or even underground storage tanks. Ensure that the storage container is
clean and free of debris.

26
We can use the stored water for watering vegetation's and for sanitation's purposes.as
we know in dire dawa the water problem is might happen so we need to have storage
system to use for those two things specially for vegetation to protect the beauty of the
environment

 Filter the water: Before using the collected rainwater, it's essential to filter it to
remove any leaves, twigs, or other debris. You can use a mesh screen or a fine
filter to prevent clogging of your watering equipment.
 Store the water: Store the filtered rainwater in clean containers, such as barrels
or tanks, that are specifically designed for water storage. Make sure the
containers are covered to prevent evaporation, mosquito breeding, and
contamination.
 Check water quality: Regularly monitor the quality of the stored rainwater.
While rainwater is generally clean, it can pick up contaminants from the roof or
other surfaces. Conduct periodic tests to ensure the water is suitable for your
plants.
 Watering techniques: There are a few ways to use stored rainwater for your
vegetation:

 Watering cans: Fill up watering cans with rainwater and manually water your
plants as needed. This method is suitable for small gardens or potted plants.
 Drip irrigation: Connect a drip irrigation system to your rainwater storage
containers. This allows you to water your plants slowly and directly at the root
zone, reducing water wastage.

27
 Rainwater harvesting systems: Install a rainwater harvesting system directly
into your irrigation system. This enables you to use rainwater automatically for
watering your vegetation.
 Watering schedule: Observe your plants' watering needs and adjust your
watering schedule accordingly. Factors such as plant type, weather conditions,
and soil moisture levels will determine how often and how much water your
vegetation requires.

Supplement with other water sources if needed: If your rainwater supply runs low
during extended dry periods, you may need to supplement it with other water sources.
In such cases, you can use tap water, well water, or other available water sources. It's
important to strike a balance between rainwater usage and other water sources to
ensure the health of your vegetation.Remember, using stored rainwater for your
vegetation helps conserve water, but it's crucial to use it efficiently and sustainably.
Regular maintenance of your rainwater harvesting system and proper monitoring of
water quality will contribute to the success of your rainwater usage.

5. Waste Reduction and Recycling: Design buildings to generate minimal

construction waste and encourage recycling and waste management throughout the
life cycle of the structure. Consider the use of modular construction techniques that
minimize material waste, and incorporate recycling facilities into the building design.

6. Indoor Environmental Quality: Create healthy and comfortable indoor

environments for occupants. Ensure good indoor air quality by using low-emission
materials, proper ventilation systems, and adequate filtration. Maximize natural
daylight and views to the outdoors, which can enhance productivity and well-being.
7. Adaptability and Flexibility: Design buildings that can adapt to changing needs
and accommodate future uses. This reduces the need for demolition and

28
reconstruction, which saves resources and reduces waste. Incorporate flexible floor
plans and modular design principles that allow for easy modification and
reconfiguration.
8. Renewable Energy: Incorporate renewable energy sources, such as solar panels,
wind turbines, or geothermal systems, to generate on-site power and reduce reliance
on fossil fuels. Design buildings to optimize energy production and explore
innovative technologies for energy generation and storage.

9.

Community and Social Engagement:

Consider the social impact of the building on the surrounding community. Foster
connectivity, walkability, and access to public transportation. Design spaces that
promote social interaction and community engagement.
10. Life Cycle Assessment: Conduct a life cycle assessment to evaluate the
environmental impact of the building from construction to operation and eventual
demolition. Consider the embodied energy of materials, operational energy use, and
end-of-life disposal options. Optimize the design to minimize the overall
environmental impact.

These principles guide sustainable architecture practices, aiming to create buildings

that are environmentally responsible, resource-efficient, and contribute positively to
the well-being of occupants and the surrounding community.

WHO START THE THEORY OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE?

Frank Lloyd Wright, an American architect who lived from 1867 to 1959, is widely
regarded as one of the greatest architects of the 20th century. He was known for his
unique and innovative approach to architecture, which included principles of
sustainability, even before the term became widely used.

Frank Lloyd Wright is the architect most think of as the father of green, sustainable
architecture.

29
While Frank Lloyd Wright is widely regarded as one of the most influential architects
in history, known for his innovative designs, it is important to note that the concept of
sustainable architecture, as we understand it today, evolved over time and involved
contributions from various individuals and movements.

Although Wright predates the modern environmental movement, some aspects of his
architectural philosophy align with sustainable principles. For example, he
emphasized the integration of buildings with their natural surroundings, often utilizing
natural materials and incorporating passive design strategies to enhance energy
efficiency. Wright's philosophy also included ideas about organic architecture, which
aimed to harmonize human-made structures with the environment.

Wright's iconic Fallingwater (1935), a house built over a waterfall in Pennsylvania, is

often cited as an example of his sustainable design principles. The house incorporates
natural materials, blends into the site, and takes advantage of the surrounding
landscape for cooling and ventilation.

Fig.wright’s iconic falling water(1935)

While Wright's work had sustainable qualities, the term "sustainable architecture" did
not exist during his time. It wasn't until later, in the late 20th century, that the concept
of sustainability gained prominence and architects began explicitly addressing
environmental concerns in their designs.

It is worth mentioning that many architects, researchers, and organizations have

contributed to the development and popularization of sustainable architecture.
Therefore, while Wright's work holds significance in the broader architectural
context, it would be an oversimplification to solely attribute the theory of sustainable
architecture to him.

Frank Lloyd Wright and sustainable architecture

Wright believed in creating architecture that harmonized with its natural surroundings
and worked in harmony with the environment. He referred to this philosophy as

30
"organic architecture," which aimed to integrate buildings seamlessly into the
landscape, taking inspiration from nature and incorporating natural materials.

Here are some key aspects of Frank Lloyd Wright's approach to sustainable
architecture:

Integration with the Environment: Wright sought to blend his buildings with the
natural environment rather than imposing them on the landscape. He often designed
his structures to follow the contours of the land, incorporating natural elements such
as trees, rocks, and water features into his designs.

Use of Natural Materials: Wright preferred to use locally sourced and natural
materials like stone, wood, and brick in his buildings. He believed that utilizing
materials derived from the surrounding area not only reduced the environmental
impact but also helped buildings resonate with their surroundings.

Passive Solar Design: Wright incorporated passive solar design principles to

maximize energy efficiency and natural light in his buildings. His designs often
featured large windows to allow ample daylight, and he strategically positioned
buildings to take advantage of natural light and heat from the sun.

Energy Efficiency: Wright was an early proponent of energy-efficient design

strategies. He employed innovative techniques such as using thermal mass to regulate
indoor temperatures, incorporating natural ventilation systems, and utilizing insulation
to reduce energy consumption.

Sustainable Systems: Wright integrated sustainable systems into his designs, such as
rainwater collection and recycling, graywater systems, and even early experiments
with solar power. These features aimed to reduce water consumption and reliance on
external energy sources.

Longevity and Durability: Wright emphasized the importance of creating buildings

that would stand the test of time. By using quality materials and employing sound
construction techniques, he aimed to ensure that his structures would have a long
lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements or renovations.

Frank Lloyd Wright's commitment to sustainable architecture was ahead of his time,
and his ideas continue to influence architects and designers today. His emphasis on
harmony with nature, use of natural materials, energy efficiency, and long-lasting
design principles resonate strongly with contemporary sustainable design practices.

31
 Fig.frank lloyd wright’s and sustainable architecture

DESIGN STANDARDS

Design standards refer to a set of established guidelines and criteria that define the
requirements and expectations for creating and evaluating designs in a particular field
or industry. These standards provide a framework for ensuring consistency, quality,
safety, and usability in design processes and outcomes. They may cover various
aspects of design, including aesthetics, functionality, performance, materials,
dimensions, accessibility, and ergonomics.

Design standards are typically developed by professional organizations, regulatory

bodies, industry associations, or government agencies. They are created through a
consensus-building process involving experts and practitioners in the relevant field.
These standards are often based on research, best practices, and lessons learned from
previous designs.

The purpose of design standards is to establish a common language and a benchmark

for designers to follow. They help ensure that designs meet specific requirements,

32
comply with regulations and codes, and fulfill the needs and expectations of users.
Design standards can be industry-specific, such as building codes for construction or
graphic design guidelines for branding, or they can be more general, like accessibility
standards for web design or safety standards for product design.

By adhering to design standards, designers can enhance the quality and reliability of
their work, promote interoperability, reduce errors and risks, and improve user
experience. These standards also facilitate communication and collaboration among
designers, manufacturers, contractors, and other stakeholders involved in the design
and production processes.

It's important to note that design standards may vary across different regions and
industries. Therefore, designers should always consult the relevant standards
applicable to their specific context and ensure they are up to date with the latest
revisions and updates.

Design standards for recreational areas encompass a range of guidelines and criteria
aimed at creating safe, functional, and enjoyable spaces for recreational activities.
These standards are developed to ensure that recreational areas meet the needs of
diverse user groups while considering factors such as accessibility, safety, aesthetics,
and environmental sustainability. Here are some key aspects typically covered by
design standards for recreational areas:

Site Planning and Layout: Design standards outline principles for site selection,
layout, and overall planning of recreational areas. This includes considerations such
as the size and shape of the site, its proximity to amenities and transportation, and the
integration of natural elements like vegetation and water bodies.

Access and Circulation: Standards focus on providing adequate access to the

recreational area for all users, including those with disabilities. They address the
design of parking lots, pathways, ramps, and entrances to ensure safe and convenient
movement throughout the space. Standards may also cover considerations for bicycle
and pedestrian access.

Recreational Facilities and Amenities: Design standards define requirements for

various recreational facilities and amenities based on the intended use and target user
group. This can include playgrounds, sports fields, courts, swimming pools, picnic
areas, shelters, restrooms, and other facilities. Standards may specify dimensions,
materials, safety features, and accessibility requirements for each amenity.

Safety and Security: Standards emphasize the importance of creating a safe

environment for recreational activities. They provide guidelines for features such as
lighting, signage, fencing, and surveillance systems to enhance safety and discourage
illegal activities. Design standards may also address considerations for emergency
access, fire safety, and the prevention of hazards.

Universal Accessibility: Design standards for recreational areas prioritize

accessibility to ensure that individuals with disabilities can fully participate in
recreational activities. They address aspects such as wheelchair accessibility,

33
inclusive play equipment, accessible pathways, and facilities like restrooms and
seating areas.

Environmental Considerations: Standards may incorporate guidelines for

sustainable design and environmental conservation. This can include
recommendations for energy-efficient lighting, water conservation measures, use of
environmentally friendly materials, incorporation of native plants, and stormwater
management strategies.

Aesthetics and Landscaping: Design standards often include guidance on aesthetics

and landscaping to create visually appealing recreational areas. They may provide
recommendations for the selection and placement of vegetation, use of natural
features, integration of art and cultural elements, and overall design coherence with
the surrounding environment.

It's important to note that design standards for recreational areas can vary depending
on local regulations, the type of recreational space, and the intended users. Designers
should consult the relevant standards and guidelines specific to their region or project
and consider the unique needs and characteristics of the recreational area they are
designing.

ANALYSIS OF UNDER WATEER CONSTRUCTION

under water constructions

Underwater buildings are structures that are built underwater or partially submerged
in water. These buildings can serve a variety of purposes, from research facilities to
luxury hotels, and they require specialized construction techniques and materials.

Designing under water buildings

Designing an underwater building requires careful consideration of a number of

factors, including water pressure, buoyancy, and corrosion resistance.

UNDER WATER CONSTRUCTION TECHINIQUES

34
A.caissons B.cofferdams

C.tremie method D.pump method

A. CASSION

Caisson construction is a foundation used in deep water or soft soil. It involves a

series of large, watertight cylinders that are sunk into the ground and filled with
concrete. The base provides a stable foundation for structures built on top of it.
Bridges, docks, and large structures often use caisson construction.

Fig.cassion

THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF CAISSONS

1. Box caissons
2. Open caisson
3. Pneumatic caisson

4. Monolithic caisson

1. Box caisson
Box caisson
also called floating cassion. This type of caisson is open at the head and closed at the
bottom. It is made of wood, reinforcement or steel.

35
 Fig.box cassion

2.Open caisson

Also called well foundation:-An open caisson is a hollow structure with both an open
top and bottom that is designed to keep water out of a construction zone. It is one of
three caisson shaft types, which also include pneumatic and box caissons.

Fig.open cassion

Open caissons come in different shapes. It has a cutting edge at the bottom. So that it
is easy to sink the well.

36
3.Pneumatic caissons foundation

This type of caisson is closed at the head and open at the bottom. Some part of its
bottom is free from external environment. This part is called the working chamber.

Fig.pneumatic caissons foundations

5. Monolithic Caisson

Monolithic caisson is a type of foundation used in civil engineering that involves the
construction of a large, cylindrical structure below ground level.
It is typically used to support structures such as bridges, buildings, and offshore
platforms that require a strong foundation to withstand the weight and forces they are
subjected to.

B. Cofferdams
Cofferdams are temporary structures used where construction is being carried out in
areas submerged in water. They are most commonly used to facilitate the construction
or repair of dams, piers and bridges
A cofferdam, additionally called a coffer is a nook worked inside, or two by two
across, a waterway to permit the encased region to be siphoned out.

Fig.cofferdom

TYPES OF COFFERDOMS

37
1. Earthen cofferdam
2. Rockfill cofferdam
3. Crib or braced cofferdam
4. Single wall cofferdam
5. Double wall cofferdam
6. Cellular cofferdam

1. EARTHEN COFFERDAM

It is the simplest types of cofferdam. It is used when the water depth is shallow, 1.2
m to 1.5 m and the velocity of water flow is slow.

2. Rockfill cofferdam:

This types of cofferdam is useful when the water depth is up to 3.0 in and the water
flow is turbulent. In this type of cofferdam, stones are used instead of clay in the bed.
Such cofferdams are cheaper where stones can be easily found.

3. Crib or Braced Cofferdam:

this types of cofferdam is made of a wooden cube. The crib is a framework made of
wooden horizontal and cross beam alignment. The film is filled with stones, gravel, or
clay to increase the stability of the crib against overturning or sliding.

4. Single wall cofferdam

38
This types of cofferdam is used when the area to be surrounded is small and the water
depth is high. Such cofferdams can additionally be used up to a depth of 25 m water.

5. Double wall cofferdam

Double-walled types of cofferdams are used when the area of construction site is large
and depth of water is high. In this place use of single walled cofferdam becomes
uneconomical as the supports are to be increased. So double walled cofferdam is used.

6. Cellular cofferdam

This type of cofferdam is useful when the enclosure area is large and the water depth
is high. Cofferdams are used in the construction of water structures such as boilers,
pushes, etc.

39
 C. Tremie Method

Tremie strategy is perhaps the most widely recognized strategies that is utilized for
cementing submerged. In this strategy, a long steel pipe (named as tremie) having a
distance across of 15 to 30 cm is embedded upward into the water.

The line ought to be long sufficient that it compasses to the bed of water keeping its
one end over the water level. The tremie is then fitted with a container at the upper
end for pouring cement inside the line.

The lower end of the tremie pipe should be shut with a check valve prior to
embeddings it into the water. From that point forward, newly blended cement is
poured with the assistance of container.

Fig.tremie concrete

D. Pump Method

Underwater cementing utilizing siphoning strategy is a created adaptation of Tremie

pipe and it is speedier technique for cementing in regions that is hard to access, for
example, under wharfs.

40
 CASE STUDY
Poseidon undersea resort
is a luxurious hotel located in Fiji, offering guests the unique opportunity to stay in
underwater suites and experience the beauty of the ocean up close.
The resort features a variety of amenities, including a restaurant, bar, spa, and even an
underwater wedding chapel.

Structural Design

The structural design of the Poseidon Undersea Resort is based on a modular system
that allows for easy expansion and customization. Each module is made of reinforced
concrete and steel, and is designed to withstand the immense pressure of the ocean.

The modules are connected by a series of tunnels and walkways that allow guests to
move freely throughout the resort. The walls and floors of each module are lined with
thick acrylic windows that provide guests with stunning views of the surrounding
ocean.
Modular construction systems usually consist of several composite panels or
elements, which are bonded together to form a membrane structure and provide
complete structural integrity without additional framework.

41
 FIG. MODULAR STRUCTURE

Pile foundation
Piles are the substructure member of the building used to transfer the loads from the
super structure to the ground.

A central shaft provides elevator and staircase access to the surface

How it was assembled (details are proprietary)

be detached from the main body of the resort and brought to the surface of the repair
work.be detached from the main body of the resort and brought to the surface of the
repair work.

42
 Introduction to the HVAC System of Poseidon Undersea Resort

The HVAC system of Poseidon Undersea Resort is a state-of-the-art system designed

to provide guests with a comfortable and safe stay. The system is responsible for
maintaining the temperature, humidity, and air quality in the resort's underwater
suites.
The HVAC system uses a combination of technologies such as heat pumps, chillers,
and dehumidifiers to regulate the temperature and humidity levels in the suites. The
system also includes an air filtration system that removes impurities from the air,
ensuring that guests breathe clean air during their stay.

The HVAC system of Poseidon Undersea Resort plays a crucial role in maintaining a
comfortable and controlled environment within the underwater hotel. As an
innovative and unique accommodation, the resort's HVAC system is specially
designed to address the challenges associated with operating in an underwater setting.
Let's delve into an introduction to the HVAC system of Poseidon Undersea Resort.
The HVAC system stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. Its primary
function is to regulate the temperature, humidity, and air quality within a building or
structure. In the case of Poseidon Undersea Resort, the HVAC system is responsible
for maintaining optimal conditions for guests, considering the underwater
environment.

43
Heating: Since the resort is situated beneath the ocean's surface, maintaining a
comfortable temperature is essential. The HVAC system utilizes various heating
methods, such as electric heating elements, heat pumps, or geothermal systems, to
warm the resort's interior spaces. These systems ensure that guests experience a cozy
atmosphere regardless of the cold temperatures outside.
Ventilation: Proper ventilation is crucial to ensure a constant supply of fresh air and to
remove any odors or contaminants. The HVAC system of Poseidon Undersea Resort
incorporates advanced air exchange mechanisms to facilitate efficient ventilation. It
includes a combination of air filters, exhaust systems, and air purifiers to maintain a
clean and healthy atmosphere for guests.

Air Conditioning: The HVAC system provides effective air conditioning to combat
the potential challenges of high humidity and excessive heat that can occur in an
underwater environment. By utilizing powerful cooling systems, such as chillers or
refrigeration units, the HVAC system regulates the temperature and humidity levels to
create a pleasant and comfortable ambience for guests.

Air Distribution: The distribution of conditioned air throughout the resort is a critical
aspect of the HVAC system. Ductwork and air distribution channels are strategically
placed to ensure even airflow to all areas, including guest rooms, common spaces, and
recreational areas. This distribution system allows for efficient temperature control
and ventilation throughout the resort.

Environmental Considerations: As a responsible and sustainable establishment, the

HVAC system of Poseidon Undersea Resort incorporates energy-efficient
technologies to minimize its environmental impact. The resort may utilize renewable
energy sources, such as solar power or ocean thermal energy conversion, to power the
HVAC system and reduce reliance on conventional energy sources.

Monitoring and Control: The HVAC system is equipped with advanced monitoring
and control systems to maintain optimal performance and energy efficiency. These
systems may include sensors, thermostats, and automated controls to regulate
temperature, humidity, and air quality levels. The resort's staff can monitor and adjust
these settings remotely to ensure guest comfort and system efficiency.

Overall, the HVAC system of Poseidon Undersea Resort is a sophisticated and

specialized infrastructure that enables the provision of a comfortable and enjoyable
experience for guests in an underwater setting. Through its heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, and air distribution mechanisms, it ensures a pleasant environment
while considering sustainability and energy efficiency principles.

Waste Management of poseidon undersea resort

there was no specific information available about the waste management practices at
Poseidon Undersea Resort. However, waste management is an important aspect of
any responsible tourism operation, and it is likely that the resort has implemented
various measures to manage waste effectively.

In general, underwater resorts or hotels face unique challenges when it comes to waste
management due to their location and the need to minimize their impact on the

44
surrounding marine environment. Here are some common waste management
practices that underwater resorts may adopt:

Waste Reduction and Recycling: The resort may have a comprehensive waste
reduction plan in place, which includes recycling programs for materials like glass,
plastic, and paper. They may encourage guests and staff to separate recyclable
materials from general waste.

Waste Treatment Systems: The resort may have on-site waste treatment systems,
such as sewage treatment plants, to handle and process waste generated by the
facility. These systems can help minimize the impact of waste on the surrounding
ecosystem.

Composting: Organic waste, such as food scraps and garden waste, can be composted
on-site to create nutrient-rich soil. Composting can reduce the volume of waste sent to
landfills and provide a sustainable way to manage organic waste.

Responsible Procurement: The resort may prioritize environmentally friendly

products and materials, aiming to minimize waste generation at its source. This can
include selecting suppliers that use minimal packaging or opting for reusable and
biodegradable products.

Education and Awareness: The resort may conduct educational programs or provide
information to guests and staff about the importance of waste management and the
steps they can take to minimize their environmental impact.

It's important to note that the specific waste management practices at Poseidon
Undersea Resort may have evolved or changed since my last update. To obtain the
most accurate and up-to-date information, I recommend reaching out to the resort
directly or visiting their official website for details on their waste management
initiatives.

Rijnhaven
Rotterdam FLOATING PAVILION

Structural systems

45
The building floats on its foundation, which is constructed from a combination of
concrete and expanded polystyrene.
The unsinkable polystyrene foundation guarantees durability.

which consist of approximately

98% air; this accounts for the
buoyancy. Tests have shown that
fully submerged EPS only absorbs
about 7% water. Because of the
potential degradation due to
chemicals and insects; the foam is
covered with concrete and
polyurea.

Fill concret

polystyrene

System line of the steel work structure

46
CASE STUDY ON FLOATING BUILDING
THE PUFFER VILLAGE

47
 STRUCTURE SYSTEM
The sensors and actuators in the system are designed to detect changes in water level
and automatically adjust the house's position and orientation accordingly. For
example, if the water level rises, the sensors will detect the change and activate the
hydraulic jacks to raise the house. If the water level falls again, the sensors will detect
this and lower the house back to its original position.

The adjustable foundation of the house is designed to sit on a series of hydraulic jacks
that can raise or lower the house as needed. This allows the house to be raised above
flood levels when necessary and lowered again when the danger has passed.

48
 ISSUES DONE AT THE FIRST

What is depression?
Depression is a mental health disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is
characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities
that were once enjoyable. Depression can be caused by a variety of factors, including
genetics, environmental factors, and life events.
characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in
activities, and a variety of physical and emotional symptoms. It goes beyond the
normal fluctuations in mood that people experience from time to time.
Common symptoms of depression include:
 Persistent sadness, anxiety, or feelings of emptiness
 Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
 Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
 Changes in appetite and weight (either significant weight loss or weight gain)
 Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleeping)
 Fatigue or loss of energy
 Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
 Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things
 Restlessness or irritability
 Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Depression can vary in severity, ranging from mild to severe. It can have a significant
impact on a person's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. It is important to
note that depression is a medical condition and not a personal weakness or character
flaw.
There are different types of depression, including major depressive disorder (MDD),
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), postpartum depression, seasonal affective
disorder (SAD), and others. It is essential to seek professional help if you or someone
you know is experiencing symptoms of depression. Mental health professionals can
provide diagnosis, support, and appropriate treatment options, such as therapy,
medication, or a combination of both, to help manage and alleviate symptoms.

49
 CAUSE OF DEPRESSION

 Personality
 Family history
 Giving birth
 Loneliness
 Alcohol and drugs
 Illness

EFFECTS OF DEPRESSION

 Trouble thinking  muscle aches

 Concentrating  headaches
 making decisions  back pain
 remembering

Urban conditions tend to increase some

mental illness risk factors including
noise,
toxic pollution,
crime and
social over-stimulation

How to Treat Mental illness

Parks and green spaces also provide a number of mental health benefits. People who
spend more time in nature enjoy enhanced cognitive functioning and attention and
reduced stress. They are also less likely to display anxiety disorders and depression
and more likely to report high levels of happiness and well-being.

HOW TO RELIEF FROM DEPRESSION

There are different types of ways to relief from depression
Exercise

One of the most effective ways to relieve

depression is through regular exercise. Exercise
releases endorphins, which are natural chemicals
that boost mood and reduce pain perception. It also
increases self-esteem and provides a sense of
accomplishment. Aerobic exercises such as running,

50
swimming, and cycling have been shown to be particularly effective in reducing
symptoms of depression.

Additionally, exercise can help regulate sleep patterns, which is important for those
with depression who often struggle with insomnia or oversleeping. Even small
amounts of physical activity, such as taking a brisk walk or doing some stretching,
can make a big difference in improving mood.

Meditation

Meditation has been used for centuries to promote relaxation and reduce stress, and it
can also be an effective tool for managing depression. By focusing on the present
moment and letting go of negative thoughts, meditation can help reduce feelings of
sadness and anxiety.
There are many different types of meditation, including mindfulness meditation,
mantra meditation, and loving-kindness meditation. It's important to find a type that
works best for you and to practice regularly to see the benefits. Many apps and online
resources are available to guide beginners through the process.

Therapy and Counseling

51
One of the most effective ways to treat depression is through therapy and counseling.
Talking to a trained mental health professional can help individuals identify negative
thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their depression, and develop coping
strategies to manage their symptoms.
There are several types of therapy that may be helpful for individuals with depression,
including cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and psycho dynamic
therapy. These therapies aim to help individuals change their thoughts and behaviors,
improve their relationships, and gain insight into their emotions and experiences.

FIG.TY AND COUNSELING

Support Groups
Joining a support group can provide individuals with depression with a sense of
community and belonging. Support groups allow individuals to connect with others
who are going through similar experiences, share coping strategies, and offer each
other emotional support.
Support groups can be found through local mental health organizations, online
forums, or through healthcare providers. They can be a valuable resource for
individuals seeking additional support and connection during their recovery journey.

FIG.SUPPORT GROUPS
Social Support
Depression can be an isolating experience, leading individuals to withdraw from
social interactions and support networks. However, research has shown that social
support can be a critical factor in managing depression and promoting recovery.

52
One way that social support can help individuals with depression is by providing a
sense of belonging and connection. This can help counteract feelings of loneliness and
isolation, which can exacerbate symptoms of depression. Additionally, social support
can provide practical assistance with daily tasks and responsibilities, which can help
reduce stress and improve overall well-being. Finally, social support can provide a
source of motivation and encouragement, helping individuals stay engaged in
treatment and maintain a positive outlook on their recovery journey.

FIG.SOCIAL SUPPORT

SOLUTIONS FOR DEPRESSIONS

INTRODUCTION
Dire Dawa City is a bustling urban center in Eastern Ethiopia, but unfortunately, the
lack of a recreational center has had a negative impact on the mental health and well-
being of its youth. The absence of a central gathering place for healthy recreation and
socialization has resulted in a range of negative consequences, including increased
rates of depression and anxiety. Without access to physical activity, exposure to
nature, and mental health resources, youth in Dire Dawa City are at risk for academic
pressure, economic constraints, risk-taking behaviors, and community disengagement.
The impact of the lack of a recreational center extends beyond just the youth,
affecting family dynamics, employment opportunities, safety, and overall community
development. It is clear that investing in a recreational center for Dire Dawa City can
have a positive impact on the mental health and well-being of its residents, as well as
promote community engagement, tourism, and cultural diversity.

FISRS OF ALL WE NOTICE THREE PLACES AS AN UNRBAN CONTEXT

There are 3 spaces

 Living space
 Working space and
 Recreational spaces

Living spaces:- As a result, the living space actually includes only those rooms that
serve for living, living, and residence in the house or apartment. Typical rooms

53
included in the living space are living rooms, bedrooms, children's rooms, an office or
a study in the apartment, bathroom, a separate toilet, a kitchen, and a dining room.
As an example living space could be our dormitory which we are life in
Working spaces:-the places where a person or people work. According to us as a
student, our work is only learning

Recreational space:-Recreational sites are important public spaces or vicinity

accessible by users that generate attributes like interaction, positivity, connectivity,
refreshment, diversion, and many more.
Recreational spaces are spaces that break the bond between living space and
working space

The absence of recreational spaces in Dire Dawa City has had a significant impact on
the mental health and well-being of its youth. Without access to safe and healthy
spaces for physical activity and socialization, youth in the city are at a higher risk for
depression and anxiety. The lack of recreational spaces also contributes to academic
pressure, economic constraints, and increased risk-taking behaviors among youth.
Additionally, the absence of recreational spaces limits opportunities for cultural
activities and community development, as well as the overall quality of life for
residents. The creation of a recreational center in Dire Dawa City would provide a
central location for physical activity, socialization, and cultural events, promoting a
healthier and more engaged community.

Depression and anxiety among the youth in Dire Dawa city can be linked to the lack
of a recreational center. Here are some key points to consider

Limited Opportunities for Physical Activity: The absence of a recreational center

can result in a lack of opportunities for physical activity, leading to sedentary
lifestyles that can contribute to depression and anxiety.

Social Isolation: Without a designated space for socializing, youth can experience
feelings of isolation and loneliness, which can exacerbate depression and anxiety.

Limited Exposure to Nature: The lack of access to green spaces can contribute to
stress and anxiety among youth, who may feel disconnected from nature.
Increased Screen Time: Without a recreational center, youth may turn to technology
as a source of entertainment, leading to increased screen time and potential addiction,
which can contribute to depression and anxiety.

Limited Access to Mental Health Resources: Without a recreational center, youth

may have limited access to mental health resources, making it difficult to seek help
for depression and anxiety.

Academic Pressure: The lack of a recreational center can also contribute to academic
pressure among youth, who may feel that they need to focus solely on their studies

54
without any outlet for stress relief. This pressure can lead to feelings of overwhelm,
burnout, and anxiety.

Economic Constraints: Youth from low-income families may not have the financial
resources to access recreational activities outside of school or home. The absence of a
recreational center that is affordable or free can exacerbate feelings of exclusion and
limit opportunities for healthy recreation.

Increased Risk-Taking Behaviors: In the absence of a safe and healthy recreational

outlet, youth may engage in risk-taking behaviors as a means of coping with stress or
boredom. These behaviors can have negative consequences on mental health and
overall well-being.

Community Disengagement: The lack of a recreational center can lead to a lack of

community engagement among youth, who may feel disconnected from their peers
and community. This disengagement can contribute to feelings of alienation and
loneliness.

Impact on Future Generations: The absence of a recreational center can have a

long-term impact on future generations, who may experience the same mental health
challenges and limitations if steps are not taken to address the issue. Investing in a
recreational center can have a positive impact on the mental health and well-being of
youth for years to come.

Role of Family: The lack of a recreational center can also impact the family dynamic,
as parents may feel responsible for providing entertainment and stress-relief for their
children. This additional responsibility can add stress and strain on family
relationships, which can contribute to depression and anxiety for both parents and
youth.

Health Consequences: The absence of a recreational center can lead to poor health
outcomes, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, which are all linked to
depression and anxiety.

Impact on Employment Opportunities: Youth who are unable to access recreational

activities may have limited opportunities to develop skills and experience that can
translate into future employment opportunities. This limitation can lead to stress and
anxiety about future career prospects.

Influence on Substance Abuse: The absence of a recreational center can increase the
risk of substance abuse, as youth may turn to drugs and alcohol as a means of coping
with stress or boredom.

Safety Concerns: Without a designated recreational space, youth may engage in risky
activities or use unsafe areas for recreational purposes, increasing the risk of accidents
and injuries.

55
Impact on Tourism: The lack of a recreational center can impact the tourism
industry, as visitors may be less likely to visit or stay in an area without access to
leisure activities.

Impact on Community Development: The absence of a recreational center can limit

the development of community identity and pride, as there is no central gathering
place for residents to come together and build relationships.

Importance of Cultural Activities: Recreational centers can also provide a space for
cultural activities and events, which can promote diversity and acceptance within the
community. Without this space, cultural activities may be limited, which can
contribute to feelings of exclusion and cultural tension.

Benefits of Mindfulness Practices: A recreational center can also provide

opportunities for mindfulness practices, such as yoga or meditation, which are
effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Impact on Overall Quality of Life: Finally, the absence of a recreational center can
impact the overall quality of life for youth in the community. Without access to
healthy recreation and social opportunities, youth may experience a lower quality of
life, which can contribute to depression and anxiety.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the lack of a recreational center in Dire Dawa City has had a significant
negative impact on the mental health and well-being of its youth. The absence of safe
and healthy spaces for physical activity and socialization has led to increased rates of
depression and anxiety, as well as academic pressure, economic constraints, and risk-
taking behaviors. The lack of recreational spaces also limits opportunities for
community development, cultural activities, and overall quality of life for residents.
Investing in a recreational center in Dire Dawa City can have a positive impact on the
mental health and well-being of its residents, as well as promote community
engagement, tourism, and cultural diversity. By providing access to physical activity,
exposure to nature, and mental health resources, a recreational center can help youth
develop healthy habits, social skills, and a sense of community, ultimately leading to a
happier and more fulfilled life. It is time for Dire Dawa City to prioritize the creation
of a recreational center and provide its youth with a safe and healthy space to thrive.

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CASE STUDY
CAVE ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
Although now abandoned, caverns were once
one of the most common building forms in the
world and served as man's first shelter or home
throughout the history of architecture. Since its
inception, housing has changed and evolved
over the centuries in response to the human and
social needs of the time; structures were built
using local materials and methods and were
climate-adapted. Excessive urban expansion
was brought on by both the industrial
revolution and the enormous demographic
boom, which is what led to the current global
issue of buildings using more energy than both
the transportation and industrial sectors.

Around the world, there are many different

kinds of rocks that allow for man-made
caves. Volcanic ash or tufa are quite good.
Lava was created during eruptions in such
thick layers and contained so much gas and
liquid that when it reached the surface, it
almost erupted. Lava that was broken up
into small, many pores, or fine fragments.
Since the resulting rocks are soft, caves can
be carved into them.
Sandstone is a third common rock used to
build cave homes. This sedimentary rock
was created on the continent from sand that
Water from the ground progressively
permeates the pores of the sand, carrying
dissolved minerals as it lithifies the sand.
Usually, calcite or quartz buildup occurs in
the pores, cementing the sand together to
form a hard rock. Some sandstone becomes soft and is also appropriate for
artificial caves if the lithification process was not finished, the cement is
too weak, or it is eliminated by erosion.
In addition to doors and/or windows that face the outside, contemporary
well-drilling rigs can also make holes that can be used as light ducts for
natural lighting. These light traps typically

1,CLIFF ATTACHED

57
Over the centuries, ancient people all over the world have built incredible structures
on the sides of cliff faces. Some had a desire to be closer to the heavens and were
searching for a sacred location, others sought a defensive outlook and protection from
enemies, and still more found these locations to be ideal sites for the eternal resting of
their deceased. The impressive structures used to achieve these goals include
precariously hanging monasteries, giant statues, cliff-side tombs, and even entire
villages that have been carved into cliffs.
The structure appears almost glued to the mountainside and has an entrance that is
reached by climbing a long and narrow stairway where there is a large aqueduct at the
top with many arches, which has mostly been restored

FIG.CLIFF ATTACHED

case study
‘mountain house’
it's being built in British Columbia
What makes this rock formation special is probably a natural ledge about 20 meters
below the edge. Four old trees are also rooted on it. They have defied wind and
weather for decades. "Mountain House was designed to use this ledge as a foundation
without having to cut down the four trees," Eshtiyaghi proudly explains. They would
simply be integrated. Postscript: "And in the resulting space we created a backyard."

About ‘mountain house’

Ropes like a suspension bridge
In the end he decided to hang the entire construction on steel cables of the kind
usually used for suspension bridges. These would be anchored into the cliff above the
home to support the thousands of tons of multi-storey, maze-like single family home

58
Another problem of this truly unorthodox house: Due to its exposed location, it is
almost continuously exposed to intense sunlight. A topic that gains additional
relevance due to the many integrated glass fronts.

The solution: All cubic living elements are equipped with canopies that can be opened
or closed mechanically depending on the position of the sun. In addition, the windows
facing the sea can be fully opened or closed as desired. The architect quotes: "The
windows become a terrace and the terrace becomes a window." Whatever you feel
like doing

case study
‘dragon head house’

This cave house offers some cool protection and is situated in southern Spain, where
the sun can become extremely hot during the summer. The structure of the house is a
curving concrete shell that is insulated. The building's facade is covered in hand-made
and hand-applied zinc cladding, which gives it a scale-like aspect.
The house has a sizable open-concept living and dining space that leads to a
cantilevered patio. The second storey of the house is where the two bedrooms are. The
house was designed to be as open as possible because it is partially placed in a cave
and does not need any interior support columns or walls. As a result, the living area
can accommodate up to 70 people.. Additionally distinctive, every piece of furniture
was made on-site from fiberglass and polyester resin.

Fig.dragon head house

about‘dragon head house’

The home's 15.7-inch air cavity created between the walls and the cliff, which traps
cold air, is particularly unique. The residence maintains an average temperature of 67
degrees Fahrenheit by using an HVAC system to regulate the quantity of airflow from
the cavity. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and increase employment

59
opportunities for local workers, builders avoided utilizing machinery whenever
possible and relied on laborers to construct the majority of the house.

2,CAVE ENGRAVED

Over the centuries, ancient people all over the world have built incredible structures
on the sides of cliff faces. Some had a desire to be closer to the heavens and were
searching for a sacred location, others sought a defensive outlook and protection from
enemies, and still more found these locations to be ideal sites for the eternal resting of
their deceased. The impressive structures used to achieve these goals include
precariously hanging monasteries, giant statues, cliff-side tombs, and even entire
villages that have been carved into cliffs.
The structure appears almost glued to the mountainside and has an entrance that is
reached by climbing a long and narrow stairway where there is a large aqueduct at the
top with many arches, which has mostly been restored

case study‘Sharaan’

French architect Jean Nouvel has unveiled the design for a subterranean hotel that will
be carved into a sandstone hill in the AlUla desert in Saudi Arabia
contain 40 rooms and three resort villas that will be cut into a cliff face, with each
suite having a balcony that looks out across the surrounding landscape.

60
about‘Sharaan’
The structural design entails ensuring the long-term stability of each excavation
volume forming the hotel suites and pavilions in conjunction with geotechnical
engineers. Each structure being unique, necessitates finding the right position &
dimension and the right relation between each excavation volume to optimize the
untouched rock surface.

Terrell is also designing all the additional buildings, predominantly underground:

plant rooms, accommodation, logistics center and tunnels. The project has required
evaluations of the flash flood and rock fall risks in the mountain

The project has adopted ambitious sustainability goals to minimize the environmental
footprint and preserve the desert with minimum use of water and energy, zero waste
and no emissions on site. The site heating and cooling demands are met with 4 pipe
air source heat pumps located in the utility center. The water system has been
designed to minimize water usage and ground water extraction. The main water
supply is produced via boreholes to a raw water storage tank. It is then filtered and
treated using reverse osmosis to potable drinking quality.
The site will include open public spaces, encouraging visitors to explore the history
on their doorstep. Plus, the concept is committed to honoring the heritage and
landscape, and plans to minimize the impact on nature. So, the designers have
introduced abstraction, which involves sculpting the structure into rather than
competing with the landscape

3,SUBTERRANEA

Typically it has one front facade. The other facades, side walls and roof are covered
with earth
Bermed Earth-Sheltered Homes
An “elevational” bermed design exposes one elevation or face of the house and covers
the other sides—and sometimes the roof—with earth to protect and insulate the house.
The exposed front of the house, usually facing south, allows the sun to light and heat
the interior
Use of subterranean architecture cost 80-95% less than a traditional house
to heat and cool. Subterranean architecture the use of earth helps with the natural
soundproofing of the structure and helps to maintain privacy from the outside.
Subterranean architecture is more likely earthquake resistant

61
case study‘Subterranean Hotel in china’

The InterContinental Shanghai Wonderland hotel is a low-profile, two-story structure

with a grassy roof that welcomes you as you approach it from its driveway.
The first underground hotel in the world is called Wonderland, but unlike what you
may anticipate, it's not a dungeon. About 30 miles from Shanghai's downtown, it is
built into the cliffs of an old quarry and descends nearly 290 feet to a lake at the
bottom of the pit. The finest view of the hotel is from above (helicopter passengers get
the best vantage point, but other visitors can stroll along the quarry's edge to an
overlook), where you can see the building's undulating yin-yang design, which
symbolizes the harmony between man and nature.between people and the
environment, especially between city and rural life.

Fig.Subterranean Hotel in china’

About‘Subterranean Hotel in china’

It's actually an 88-metre-deep abandoned quarry, about an hour's drive from

downtown Shanghai. The 336-room hotel built inside opened in November and it's
certainly an inversion of reality. The popular term to describe the concept is an
“earthscraper”, that is a downward-pointing skyscraper

The chief engineer, who was involved in constructing this underground hotel in
China, said that the project was unlike any other. He pointed out that building
ventilation, lighting, fire, and earthquake resistance systems are just some of the
challenges they overcome. "The problems we managed to solve during construction
provided us with the experience that we can better use abandoned natural spaces in
the world," he said.

Fig.susterranean hotel in chin

62
 ADVANTAGE OF ENCRAVED STRUCTURES
There are many advantages to engraved modern construction. these
buildings are less susceptible to the impact of extreme outdoor air
temperatures, so they won’t be felt the effects of adverse weather as much as in
conventional buildings. Temperatures inside them are more stable than in
conventional buildings, and with less temperature variability, interior spaces
seem more comfortable. Because earth covers part or entire of their exterior,
underground buildings require less outside maintenance, such as painting and
cleaning gutters or other exterior material. Constructing a building that is dug
into the earth or surrounded by earth, builds in some natural soundproofing.
Plans for most underground buildings “blend” the buildings into the landscape
more harmoniously than conventional buildings. And also, their design offers extra
protection against high winds, hailstorms, and natural disasters such as
tornados, hurricanes and earthquakes. A big advantage of building repositories
underground is that the environment is very stable

DISADVANTAGE OF ENCRAVED STRUCTURES

There are few disadvantages about engraved modern buildings which can be
dispelled by appropriate design. Humidity which is advantages in arid climate
in some cases can be disadvantages, hence, the level of care required to avoid
moisture problems, during both the construction and the life of the building.
Nevertheless, with certain precautions, like special waterproofing, the humidity
can be controlled. Also, Principal downsides are the initial cost of construction,
which may be up to 20% higher than ordinary construction.

63
 CHAPTER TWO
Literature review

INTRODUCTION

People come to feel free from tension and to converse with themselves, their friends,
and family. They may also come for information, to read, to learn about their culture,
to watch movies or play games.Nowadays, especially in desperate dawa, a lot of
young people become addicted.This recreational facility has the power to alter
people's perceptions of life and the family. Although there are no recreational
facilities on our property, it is quite populated, has a high population, and is very
active, which is one of the benefits of this project for Dire Dawa City.People will feel
better when they visit this location, and by using it to advertise tourists, we can
especially promote the dire dawa culture.Recreation means refreshment by means of
some pastime, agreeable exercise, or the like. a pastime, diversion, exercise, or other
resource affording relaxation and enjoyment.

Recreational activities help manage stress. It provides a chance to nurture oneself and
provides a sense of balance and self-esteem, which can directly reduce anxiety and
depression. There is also an increased motivation to learn as it can serve as a
laboratory for application of contents learn t in classrooms teaching

Recreation refers to a way to unwind through a hobby, enjoyable exercise, or

something like. a leisure activity, diversion, physical activity, or other tool that offers
enjoyment and relaxation.

Recreational activities aid in stress management. It gives one a chance to take care of
oneself, promotes equilibrium, and boosts self-esteem, all of which can directly lower
anxiety and sadness. Additionally, there is a greater desire to learn because the
environment can be used as a laboratory for applying the material. learn t in an
educational environment.

Recreational spaces refer to areas or facilities designed and dedicated to providing

leisure and recreational activities for individuals and communities. These spaces are
intended to promote physical activity, relaxation, social interaction, and overall well-
being. Recreational spaces can take various forms and sizes, ranging from small
neighborhood parks to large sports complexes and entertainment venues.
Examples of recreational spaces include:

Parks and Gardens: Parks and gardens are open green spaces that offer a range of
recreational activities. They provide opportunities for individuals and families to
engage in physical activities such as walking, jogging, cycling, and playing sports like
soccer or frisbee. Parks often have well-maintained walking trails, picnic areas, and
benches for relaxation. They can also feature amenities such as playgrounds for
children, dog parks, and areas for organized outdoor events and concerts.

64
 Fig parks and garden

Sports Facilities: Sports facilities are designed to accommodate various athletic

activities. They include stadiums, arenas, sports complexes, and courts tailored to
specific sports like basketball, tennis, soccer, baseball, swimming, and more. These
spaces are used for both recreational and competitive purposes, hosting organized
matches, tournaments, and community leagues. Sports facilities often have spectator
seating, locker rooms, equipment rentals, and concession stands to enhance the overall
experience.

Community Centers: Community centers serve as gathering places for local

residents and offer a wide range of recreational activities. They typically have
multipurpose rooms that can be used for fitness classes, yoga or dance studios, art
workshops, and community events such as meetings, seminars, and celebrations.
Community centers often have recreational amenities like indoor pools, gyms, game
rooms, and outdoor spaces for picnics or events.

Playgrounds: Playgrounds are specially designed for children to engage in physical

play and social interaction. They feature equipment such as swings, slides, climbing
structures, and sandboxes that promote motor skills development and imaginative
play. Playgrounds often cater to different age groups and may include accessible
features for children with disabilities. They provide a safe and stimulating
environment for children to enjoy outdoor activities and make new friends.

Fig.playgrounds

Beaches and Waterfronts: Coastal areas, lakes, and riversides offer recreational
spaces centered around water-based activities. Beaches provide opportunities for

65
swimming, sunbathing, beach sports like volleyball, and building sandcastles.
Waterfronts may feature amenities for boating, kayaking, canoeing, fishing, and other
water-related recreational pursuits. These spaces often have picnic areas, walking
paths, and facilities such as restrooms, showers, and food vendors to enhance the
visitor experience.

Recreational Trails: Recreational trails are designated paths for walking, hiking,
cycling, or horseback riding. They are typically located in natural or scenic areas such
as parks, forests, or mountains and provide opportunities for outdoor exploration and
physical activity. These trails can vary in length and difficulty levels, catering to
different fitness levels and preferences. They offer a chance to connect with nature,
enjoy the beauty of the surroundings, and engage in recreational activities like bird-
watching or photography.

FIG. RECREATIONAL TRAILS

Recreational Centers: Recreational centers are indoor facilities that offer a range of
activities for individuals and families. They often have gymnasiums and fitness
studios equipped with exercise equipment and spaces for fitness classes, yoga, or
martial arts. Indoor pools and aquatic centers provide opportunities for swimming,
water aerobics, and lessons. Recreational centers may also have game rooms with
activities like billiards, table tennis, and video games. These spaces are designed to
accommodate various interests and promote physical fitness and social engagement.
Is a public building where events are hosted, sports are played, and both young and
old people can participate in activities.
A recreation center is a location for leisure activities typically run by a municipal
government organization.

Recreation includes all of the pursuits people make for the purpose of renewing their
bodies and brains and adding interest and enjoyment to their free time.
Examples of recreation activities  spas,
are  saunas,
 walking,  steam baths
 swimming,  entertainment
 meditation,  athletic,
 reading,  playground or other similar
 playing games and equipment and associated
 dancing, accessories.

66
Recreational activities aid in stress management. It gives one a chance to take care of
oneself, promotes equilibrium, and boosts self-esteem, all of which can directly lower
anxiety and sadness. Additionally, there is more desire to study because it may be
used as a lab for applying the lessons learned in the classroom.

Overall, recreational spaces are designed to cater to the diverse recreational needs and
interests of individuals and communities. They provide opportunities for physical
exercise, leisurely pursuits, social interaction, and connection with nature,
contributing to the overall well-being and quality of life for those who utilize them.

PURPOSES OF RECREATIONAL AREAS

Recreational areas serve various purposes for individuals, providing them with
opportunities for leisure, relaxation, and personal development. Here are some of the
key purposes of recreational areas:

Recreation and Leisure: Recreational areas offer spaces for people to engage in
enjoyable activities, such as sports, picnicking, hiking, cycling, swimming, or simply
spending time outdoors. These activities promote physical fitness, mental well-being,
and stress reduction, allowing individuals to unwind and recharge.

Social Interaction: Recreational areas provide a platform for individuals to socialize,

connect with others, and build relationships. People often visit parks, community
centers, or recreational facilities to meet friends, participate in group activities, or join
clubs and organizations centered around shared interests.

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Health and Wellness: Access to recreational areas supports a healthy lifestyle.
Engaging in physical activities like jogging, playing sports, or exercising in open
spaces contributes to physical fitness, weight management, cardiovascular health, and
overall well-being. Recreational areas can also offer facilities for wellness practices
such as yoga, meditation, and mindfulness.

Nature Appreciation and Environmental Education: Many recreational areas are

situated in natural settings, such as parks, forests, or coastal areas, allowing
individuals to connect with nature and appreciate its beauty. These spaces often
provide educational opportunities, like nature trails, interpretive signs, or guided
tours, where people can learn about the local ecosystem, biodiversity, and
environmental conservation.

Skill Development and Learning: Recreational areas frequently offer opportunities

for skill development and learning new hobbies. For example, individuals can join
classes or workshops for painting, photography, gardening, or outdoor activities like
kayaking or rock climbing. These activities foster personal growth, creativity, and a
sense of accomplishment.

Cultural and Community Engagement: Recreational areas often host events,

festivals, or performances that celebrate local culture, traditions, and community
spirit. These gatherings encourage individuals to come together, experience diverse
forms of art and entertainment, and foster a sense of belonging and civic pride.

Mental and Emotional Well-being: Recreational areas have a positive impact on

mental and emotional well-being. Being in nature, engaging in physical activities, or
simply finding moments of solitude can reduce stress, improve mood, enhance
cognitive function, and provide a much-needed escape from the demands of daily life.

Overall, recreational areas play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life for
individuals, offering opportunities for recreation, socialization, health promotion, skill
development, and personal fulfillment.

Recreational areas serve several purposes for social interactions and community
engagement. Here are some key purposes of recreational areas in terms of social
benefits:

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Community Gathering: Recreational areas provide a common space for people
within a community to gather, interact, and engage in activities together. Parks,
community centers, and sports fields often serve as meeting points for individuals,
families, and groups, fostering a sense of belonging and connection.

Socializing and Building Relationships: Recreational areas offer opportunities for

people to socialize and build relationships with others who share similar interests.
Whether it's participating in team sports, joining clubs or groups, or attending
community events, recreational areas create a conducive environment for individuals
to meet new people and forge friendships.

Cultural Exchange and Diversity: Recreational areas often attract individuals from
diverse backgrounds, providing a platform for cultural exchange and understanding.
People from different ethnicities, ages, and walks of life can come together, share
their traditions, and learn from one another, promoting tolerance and inclusivity.

Promoting Active Lifestyles: Recreational areas encourage physical activity and

healthy lifestyles, which can lead to improved social interactions. People engaging in
sports or fitness activities within these areas often have opportunities to connect with

69
others who have similar health goals, leading to the formation of fitness communities
and support networks.

Enhancing Social Skills: Recreational areas offer an environment where individuals

can develop and refine their social skills. Participating in team sports, group activities,
or community events can help individuals learn how to collaborate, communicate
effectively, and work towards a common goal, fostering personal growth and
enhancing social interactions.

Volunteerism and Community Engagement: Recreational areas often rely on

community involvement and volunteer efforts for their maintenance and operation.
Individuals can engage in volunteer activities, such as organizing events, park clean-
ups, or coaching youth sports, creating opportunities for active participation and a
sense of ownership within the community.

Strengthening Social Bonds: By providing spaces for families, friends, and

neighbors to spend quality time together, recreational areas help strengthen social
bonds. Activities like picnics, barbecues, or group outings create opportunities for
shared experiences, conversations, and memorable moments, fostering closer
relationships and a sense of community.

Overall, recreational areas play a vital role in promoting social interactions, building
relationships, fostering cultural exchange, and creating a sense of community. They
provide platforms for people to come together, engage in shared activities, and
develop social connections that contribute to a vibrant and cohesive society.

Recreational areas serve several purposes in terms of addressing health problems.

Here are some key benefits:

Certainly! Let's dive into more detail on the various ways recreational areas
contribute to addressing health problems:

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Physical Activity Promotion: Recreational areas provide spaces and facilities for
people to engage in physical activities. Parks, trails, and sports fields offer
opportunities for walking, jogging, cycling, team sports, and other forms of exercise.
Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, improves cardiovascular
health by strengthening the heart and circulatory system, and reduces the risk of
chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. It
also helps with muscle strength, flexibility, and overall physical fitness.

Stress Reduction: Spending time in recreational areas, particularly those with natural
surroundings like parks, gardens, and forests, can have a soothing effect on the mind
and body. The exposure to nature and green spaces has been shown to reduce stress
levels and promote relaxation. Being in a peaceful environment away from the noise
and hustle of urban areas can lower blood pressure, reduce the production of stress
hormones like cortisol, and improve overall mental well-being.

Social Interaction: Recreational areas serve as meeting points for communities,

providing spaces where people can come together, interact, and engage in various
activities. This social interaction is essential for mental health and a sense of

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belonging. It promotes social support networks, strengthens relationships, and helps
combat feelings of loneliness and isolation. Participating in group activities or sports
in recreational areas fosters a sense of camaraderie and community cohesion.

Environmental Benefits: Recreational areas contribute to environmental health,

which in turn impacts human health. Green spaces help mitigate air pollution by
absorbing carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen, and filtering harmful pollutants. They
also act as natural buffers against noise pollution, providing a quieter environment.
Trees and vegetation in recreational areas provide shade, which can reduce
temperatures and combat the urban heat island effect. These environmental
benefits have a positive impact on public health, as cleaner air and reduced noise
levels promote respiratory health and overall well-being.

fig. Environmental benefits

Mental Health Benefits: Recreational areas offer a respite from the demands and
stressors of daily life. Being in nature or engaging in outdoor activities has been
linked to improved mental health outcomes. Research suggests that exposure to
natural environments can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. The
sights, sounds, and smells of nature can have a calming effect, improve mood, boost
self-esteem, and enhance cognitive function. Recreational areas also provide
opportunities for mindfulness and relaxation practices, which have been shown to
have positive effects on mental health.

Disease Prevention: By promoting physical activity and reducing stress, recreational

areas play a role in preventing various health conditions. Regular exercise helps
maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of obesity, a significant risk factor for
numerous diseases, including heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Engaging in
physical activity also strengthens the immune system, reduces the risk of certain
cancers, and improves bone health. Additionally, reducing stress levels through
recreational activities can have a positive impact on mental health and may lower
the risk of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorders.

72
Overall, recreational areas provide a multitude of benefits for public health. They
promote physical activity, reduce stress, foster social interaction, contribute to
environmental well-being, enhance mental health, and help prevent various
diseases. By investing in and creating accessible recreational spaces, communities
can support the overall health and well-being of their residents.

DESIGN STANDARDS FOR RECREATIONAL AREA

Designing recreational areas involves considering various factors to ensure safety,

functionality, and aesthetic appeal. While specific design standards may vary
depending on the location and purpose of the recreational area, here are some
common considerations and design standards to keep in mind:

Accessibility:
Pathways: Design clear and level pathways with appropriate width to accommodate
wheelchair users and individuals with mobility aids. The recommended minimum
pathway width is 60 inches (152 cm) to allow for two wheelchairs to pass each other
comfortably.
Ramps: Install ramps with appropriate slopes and handrails to provide wheelchair
access to raised areas or changes in elevation. The maximum slope for a ramp should
be 1:12 (1 unit of rise for every 12 units of horizontal run), and handrails should be
provided on both sides.

Fig . accessibility of recreational areas

Safety:
Lighting: Install lighting fixtures that provide even illumination throughout the
recreational area, including pathways, parking areas, and activity zones. Use energy-
efficient LED lighting that meets local regulations for illumination levels and light
pollution control.
Signage: Clearly display signs indicating entrance and exit points, rules and
regulations, emergency contact information, and directions to amenities and facilities.
Use durable materials and ensure the signage is easily readable with appropriate font
sizes and contrasting colors.
Fencing and Barriers: Install fences or barriers where necessary to restrict access to
potentially hazardous areas such as bodies of water, steep slopes, or construction

73
zones. Ensure the fencing is sturdy, meets local safety codes, and has appropriate
openings or gates for emergency access.

Fig.signs in recreational areas

Emergency Equipment:
Place first aid kits, emergency phones, or call boxes in visible and easily accessible
locations within the recreational area. Provide clear instructions on how to access
emergency services and display relevant contact numbers.

Fig . emergency equipment’s

74
Play Equipment:
Compliance with Safety Standards: Follow established safety standards and
guidelines specific to the country or region when selecting, installing, and maintaining
play equipment. Ensure that equipment is age-appropriate, well-maintained, and
regularly inspected for safety.
Impact-Absorbing Surfaces: Install resilient and impact-absorbing surfaces, such as
rubber tiles, engineered wood fiber, or synthetic turf, beneath and around play
equipment to cushion falls and reduce the risk of injuries.

Fig.play equipment’s

Landscaping and Vegetation:

Plant Selection: Choose plants and trees that are native to the region and are suitable
for the local climate conditions. Select species that require minimal water, fertilizer,
and pesticide use, and consider their growth patterns to avoid conflicts with
infrastructure or obstructed views.
Tree Placement: Plant trees strategically to provide shade in seating areas, minimize
wind impacts, and enhance the aesthetics of the recreational area. Ensure proper

75
spacing to prevent overcrowding and allow for healthy growth without interfering
with infrastructure or blocking views.

Fig.tree types suitable for the region

Erosion Control: Implement erosion control measures, such as retaining walls,

terracing, or erosion control blankets, in areas with steep slopes to prevent soil
erosion. Use erosion-resistant plantings and ground cover to stabilize slopes.

Amenities and Facilities:

Space Planning: Allocate sufficient space for picnic areas, seating zones, and other
amenities to accommodate anticipated visitor capacity. Ensure seating is comfortable,
durable, and well-distributed throughout the area to promote relaxation and social
interaction.

Fig.picnic area and seating zones

Maintenance and Durability: Choose materials, fixtures, and furniture that can
withstand heavy use, weather conditions, and require minimal maintenance. Opt for
durable and vandal-resistant materials, such as stainless steel, concrete, or recycled
plastics, for amenities like restrooms, drinking fountains, and picnic tables.

76
Sustainability: Incorporate sustainable design practices into the recreational area by
using water-efficient fixtures, such as low-flow toilets and faucets, and employing
rainwater harvesting techniques for irrigation purposes. Include native plants in the
landscaping to reduce water consumption and support local biodiversity. Consider
energy-efficient lighting options and explore renewable energy sources like solar
power where feasible.
Remember to consult local design standards, codes

Age consideration in recreational areas

is an important aspect of creating inclusive and enjoyable spaces for people of all
ages. While recreational areas can be designed to cater to specific age groups, it is
generally beneficial to provide a variety of activities and amenities that appeal to
individuals of different ages. Here are some key points to consider regarding age in
recreational areas:

Playgrounds: When designing playgrounds, it is essential to include equipment

suitable for different age ranges. This could involve separate play areas for toddlers,
young children, and older children, each equipped with age-appropriate structures and
activities. Safety measures should also be implemented, such as soft landing surfaces
and appropriate heights for different age groups.

Sports Facilities: Recreational areas often feature sports facilities such as basketball
courts, tennis courts, or soccer fields. It is important to ensure that these spaces are
designed to accommodate various age groups, from children to adults. Offering
different court or field sizes can allow for different levels of play and skill
development.

Walking Paths and Trails: Creating walking paths and trails within recreational
areas provides opportunities for people of all ages to engage in physical activity.
These paths should be designed with accessibility in mind, ensuring they are suitable

77
for strollers, wheelchairs, and people with mobility challenges. Including benches and
resting areas along the paths can also be beneficial for individuals who may need to
take breaks.

Outdoor Fitness Equipment: Installing outdoor fitness equipment can encourage

physical activity for people of different ages. Consider incorporating a range of
equipment that caters to various fitness levels and abilities. This can include low-
impact machines for older adults, as well as more challenging equipment for younger
individuals.

Gathering Spaces: Providing designated gathering spaces within recreational areas

can promote social interaction and community engagement. These spaces can include
picnic areas, shaded seating, or community gardens, where people of all ages can
come together and enjoy the outdoors.

Events and Programs: Organizing events and programs within recreational areas can
cater to specific age groups or offer activities that appeal to a wide range of
individuals. This can include sports tournaments, fitness classes, art workshops, or
nature walks. Having a diverse range of activities helps ensure that people of different
ages find something of interest.

In conclusion, age consideration in recreational areas involves designing spaces and

activities that cater to individuals of all ages. By providing a variety of amenities and
considering accessibility and safety, recreational areas can become inclusive
environments where people of different generations can come together to enjoy
leisure time and promote a healthy lifestyle.

78
 DISABILITY CONSIDERATION IN RECREATIONAL AREAS

Disability consideration in recreational areas is an essential aspect of ensuring equal

access and inclusion for individuals with disabilities. It involves designing and
implementing facilities, activities, and services that accommodate the diverse needs
and abilities of people with disabilities. Here are some key considerations:

Accessibility: Recreational areas should be designed and constructed to be accessible

to individuals with disabilities. This includes providing accessible parking spaces,
ramps, paths, and entrances/exits that comply with accessibility standards and
regulations. Facilities such as restrooms, picnic areas, and seating should also be
accessible.

Signage and Way finding: Clear signage with visual and tactile elements should be
provided throughout the recreational area to help individuals with disabilities navigate
the space independently. Braille signage and auditory cues can be useful for people
with visual impairments.

Fig.signage and way finding

79
Recreation Equipment: Consideration should be given to the availability of adaptive
and inclusive recreational equipment. This may include specialized wheelchairs,
accessible playground equipment, or adaptive sports equipment. Providing a variety
of options ensures that people with different abilities can participate in recreational
activities.

Sensory Considerations: Some individuals may have sensory sensitivities or

conditions such as autism. Designing recreational areas with consideration for
reducing noise levels, providing quiet spaces, or incorporating sensory-friendly
elements can enhance the experience for people with sensory sensitivities.

Training and Staff Awareness: Staff members at recreational areas should receive
training on disability awareness and etiquette to ensure they can provide appropriate
assistance and support to individuals with disabilities. This may include knowledge
about accessibility features, communication techniques, and understanding different
types of disabilities.

Inclusive Programming: Recreational areas should offer inclusive programs and

activities that cater to a wide range of abilities. This might involve organizing
adaptive sports programs, inclusive art workshops, or accessible nature trails.
Providing a variety of options ensures that everyone can participate and enjoy the
recreational activities.

Feedback and Continuous Improvement: It is important to seek feedback from

individuals with disabilities and disability advocacy organizations to continuously
improve accessibility and address any issues. Regular reviews of accessibility features
and engagement with the disability community can help identify areas for
improvement.

These considerations aim to create an inclusive and welcoming environment for

individuals with disabilities, allowing them to fully participate and enjoy recreational
activities. It is crucial to follow local accessibility guidelines, laws, and regulations
when designing and managing recreational areas.

80
SITE ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT

81
BUBBLE AND FORM DEVELOPMENT

82
 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENTS

Facility Area Need Minimum Maximum Amount

For kids  positive socialization with peers, 10m2 30m2 1
 improved communication skills,
1.Building Toys
 the development of friendships, 20m2 40m2 1
2. Action-Packed Songs
 increased leisure skills,
3. Drawing and Coloring
appropriate behavior 20m2 40m2 1
4.Movement Games
development,
 enhanced self-esteem and self- 50m2 80m2 1
confidence, increased autonomy,
1. Memory Games and a 10m2 15m2 1
2. Musical Games  feeling of community and
3. Movement Games acceptance for all. 10m2 15m2 1

50m2 80m2 1

 improves concentration skills and 150m2 2502m 1

1. Roller skating  ability to manage anxiety and
2. Art and Music stress. 100m2 150m2 1
3. Driveway Toy Car Race  enhanced social skills - develops
4. Swimming skills such as cooperation and 100m2 150m2 1
5. Sculptures teamwork, and a
 great way to have fun, meet new 150m2 200m2 1
For teen people and develop friendships.
1. Arts and crafts
2. Balloon volleyball  Develops Personal Development 50m2 80m2 1
3. Board games and Growth.

83
 4. Dancing  Physical Health.
5. Video games  Self Esteem and Self Reliance. 50m2 150m2 1
 Creativity and Sense of .
 Creates more Fun. 100m2 150m2 1
 Enhances Pleasure.
 Reduces Stress 50m2 80m2 1
 Increases Life Satisfaction.
100m2 150m2 1

80m2 100m2 1

1. Rock-climbing  Helps to get 50m2 100m2 1

2. Table pool  Physical health
3. Table tennis  Mental health 40m2 60m2 1
4. Joteni  Social development
 Personal growth 40m2 60m2 1
 Healthy life style
 A good acadamic performances 20m2 30m2 1

indoor activities for older

people
1. Chess, Cardplaying and puzzles  It Helps strengthen and 80m2 150m2 1
2. Arts and Crafts improve physical health
3. Chair volley ball Especially gentle activities 50m2 150m2 1
 prevent chronic diseases ranging
from heart disease to diabetes 80m2 150m2 1
 It helps them to socialize and
 To get a good physical, mental
And cognitive function

84
 1. Gardening.  Helps to get a good
2. Walks. physical ,mental and cognitive
3. Bird Watching. functions
4. Fruit Picking
5. . Outdoor Craft Shows.
6. Picnic.
7. Photography.
8. Outdoor Theatre / Music.

Gallery display area  to express bundles 80m2 100m2 1

of emotion and
issues.
 to nurture visual
artists, promote their
work, and expose them
to the public,
collectors, media, and
cultural institutions.
Reading area  improves your focus,
 memory, empathy, and
 communication skills.
 It can reduce stress
 improve your mental health, and
help you live longer.
 Reading also allows you to learn
new things to help you succeed
in your work and relationships.
1. Water features
2. Meditation garden
3. Exercising YOGA  to restore the mind and
4. Sitting area body
 Better sleep.
 Calmer emotions.
 Increased ability to focus.
 Increased memory.
 Greater self-awareness.
 Increased resiliency.
 Enhanced ability to safely
experience feelings.
 Reduced stress levels.

Disabled person
5. wheelchair volley ball  Physical activities and exercise 80m2 150m2 1
6. Relaxation area can help adults with disabilities
7. Art Therapy achieve their mental and physical
8. VR games potential. 80m2 150m2 1
 to promote good holistic health
while having fun. 60m2 80m2 1

Disordered people

85
9. Nature walk
10. Art therapy  For people dealing with a
physical, emotional, or mental 80m2 150m2 1
11. Yoga
health issue, therapy in the form
of recreation can be especially 80m2 150m2 1
powerful.
 Recreational therapy can
help rebuild skills, improve
mood, boost quality of life, and
 strengthen social connections.
Addicted people  Reduced Drug and Alcohol
Cravings. Exercise can reduce the
1. Calming exercise. desire for nicotine, alcohol and 80m2 150m2 1
Yoga other drugs
2. Art therapy  Improved Mood 80m2 150m2 1
 .Higher Energy Levels
 Reduced Stress
 Better Sleep Quality
 Improved Self-Image
 Relationship Building.

Administration Area Need Minimum Maximum Amoun

t
It is a leader ship role in the 45 M2 50 m2 1
executive director, organization
performs managerial duties
30 m2 36 m2 5
To help or ensure public safety.
maintenance To support the whole structure of

49 m2 60 m2 1

Financial Management  the effective handling of

money through planning,
 directing and controlling funds

86
 40 m2 60 m2 1
Risk Management and Safety  reduce the potential for injury
and liability
 Enable to succeed the goal of the
project

 One of the primary uses of 40 m2 50 m2 1

human resource professionals in
Human resource the recreational area is to recruit
and hire employees.
 Training and Development after
employee is hired.

30 m2 36 m2 1

Cleaning superviser  Manage the cleaners and

cleaning tasks

Service Area Need Minimum Maximum Amount

150 m2 300 m2 2
Cafteria
 The give services for the
customerr
 They serve as a hub for
socializing, relaxing,
 To generate a revenue for the
recreational area

Exhibition room 250 m2 300 m2 1

 Preservation of Artifacts
 Education and Learning
 Promotion of Artistic Expression
 Cultural Exchange and
Understandig
 Entertainment and Enjoyment

87
janitors 36 m2 40 m2 6

 Cleaning and Maintenance

 Janitors play a crucial role in
maintaining the cleanliness and
hygiene of recreational areas.
 for ensuring that the facilities
are clean, safe, and enjoyable for
everyone who uses them.
 To contribute to environmental
sustainability in recreational
areas
store 50 m2 80 m2 6

 improve safety by providing

visitors with essential supplies
and first aid equipment.
1500 m2 2000 m2 1
Parking
 For providing parking area for
customer and staff
1000 m2 1500 m2 1
Laybrary
 source of knowledge and
entertainment for people of all
ages

Land escaping  facilitates physical activities and

restitution
 For reducing Air Pollutants

gym 900 m2 1200 m2 1

 used for a variety of sports and

recreational programs
 .
RESTUARANT 300 M2 700 M2 1

88
 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

Architectural drawings are visual representations of buildings or structures created by

architects or draftsmen to communicate design ideas, construction details, and
specifications. These drawings serve as a primary means of communication between
architects, engineers, contractors, and other stakeholders involved in the design and
construction process.
Architectural drawings typically include various types of drawings that convey
different aspects of a building's design and construction. Here are some common
types of architectural drawings:

Floor Plans: Floor plans are 2D drawings that provide a bird's-eye view of a building
or a specific floor level. They show the layout and dimensions of rooms, walls, doors,
windows, and other architectural elements. Floor plans help visualize the spatial
organization and flow of the building.

Elevations: Elevations are 2D drawings that depict the exterior façade of a building.
They show the vertical surfaces, including the arrangement of windows, doors, and
architectural features, such as columns or decorative elements. Elevations provide a
clear view of how the building will look from different perspectives.

Sections: Sections are drawings that cut through the building to reveal its internal
structure. They show the relationship between different floors, walls, ceilings, and
other building components. Sections help understand the vertical dimensions and
construction details of the building.

Details: Detail drawings zoom in on specific areas or building components to

illustrate construction techniques, connections, and materials in greater detail. These
drawings provide precise information on how different elements come together and
are often used by contractors and craftsmen during construction.

Site Plans: Site plans show the building or structure in relation to its surrounding
environment. They illustrate the site boundaries, topography, access roads, parking,
landscaping, and other site-specific features.

Overall, architectural drawings are essential tools for visualizing, communicating, and
documenting the design and construction of buildings, enabling effective
collaboration and ensuring that the final structure aligns with the architect's vision.

89
FIG.GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIG.FIRST FLOOR PLAN

90
FIG.SECOND AND THIRD FLOOR PLAN

91
 BUILDING SYSTEMS
HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. It is a system that is
designed to provide indoor comfort by regulating the temperature, humidity, and air
quality of a building. The HVAC system of a building typically consists of four main
components: the heating system, the cooling system, the ventilation system, and the
control system.

92
FIG.GROUND FLOOR HVAC PLAN

FIG FIRST FLOOR HVAC SYSTEM

93
FIG.SECOND FLOOR HVAC SYSTEM

FIG.THIRD FLOOR HVAC SYSTEM

94
 FIG.3D HVAC SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING

EMERGENCY SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING

An emergency system is a set of procedures and resources designed to respond to
and manage emergency situations. Emergency systems may include things like
emergency response plans, emergency equipment, communication systems, and
trained personnel. The goal of an emergency system is to minimize harm to people,
property, and the environment during an emergency event. Examples of emergency
systems include fire alarms, evacuation plans, and emergency medical services.

95
FIG.GROUND FLOOR EMERGENCY SYSTEM

FIG.FIRST FLOOR EMERGENCY SYSTEM

96
FIG.SECOND FLOOR EMERGENCY SYSTEM

FIG.THIRD FLOOR EMERGENCY SYSTEM

97
 SANITARY SYSTEM

A sanitary system, also known as a sanitation system, refers to the infrastructure

and processes put in place to manage and maintain cleanliness, hygiene, and the
safe disposal of waste and wastewater. It encompasses various components and
practices aimed at protecting public health and promoting environmental
sustainability. The primary goals of a sanitary system are to prevent the spread of
disease, maintain cleanliness, and ensure the safe handling and treatment of waste.
Components of a Sanitary System:
Water Supply: A reliable and clean water supply is essential for maintaining proper
sanitation. It involves the provision of potable water for drinking, cooking, and
personal hygiene purposes.

Sewerage System: A sewerage system collects and transports wastewater and

sewage from homes, buildings, and industries to treatment facilities. It includes
underground pipes, pump stations, and other infrastructure for the efficient removal
of wastewater.

Septic Systems: In areas where a centralized sewerage system is not available, septic
systems are used to treat and dispose of domestic wastewater on-site. They consist
of a septic tank that separates solids from liquid waste and a drain field where the
treated effluent is distributed into the soil.

Wastewater Treatment: Wastewater treatment facilities receive and treat sewage

and other wastewater before discharging it back into the environment. Treatment
processes may include physical, chemical, and biological methods to remove
contaminants and pathogens from the water.

Solid Waste Management: Proper management of solid waste, including household

trash, industrial waste, and hazardous materials, is an integral part of a sanitary
system. It involves collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of waste to
prevent environmental pollution and public health risks.

Hygiene and Sanitation Practices: Education and promotion of good hygiene

practices, such as handwashing, proper food handling, and waste management, are
crucial for preventing the spread of diseases and maintaining cleanliness within
communities.

Benefits of an Effective Sanitary System:

Disease Prevention: A well-functioning sanitary system reduces the risk of

waterborne and sanitation-related diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, and
hepatitis, by ensuring proper waste management and providing clean water.

98
Environmental Protection: Proper waste management and wastewater treatment
prevent pollution of water bodies and soil, safeguarding ecosystems and preserving
natural resources.

Improved Quality of Life: Access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities
contribute to better health outcomes, improved hygiene practices, and an overall
higher quality of life for individuals and communities.

Economic Development: Adequate sanitation infrastructure attracts investment,

supports tourism, and contributes to economic growth by providing a healthy and
hygienic environment for businesses and industries.

Climate Resilience: Sustainable sanitation systems promote water conservation,

reduce energy consumption, and contribute to climate change mitigation and
adaptation efforts.
It is important for governments, communities, and individuals to prioritize the
development and maintenance of effective sanitary systems to protect public health,
promote sustainable development, and ensure a clean and safe environment for all.

FIG.GROUND FLOOR SANITARY SYSTEM

99
FIG.FIRST FLOOR SANITARY SYSTEM

FIG.SECOND FLOOR SANITARY SYSTEM

100
FIG.THIRD FLOOR SANITARY SYSTEM

FIG.GROUND TO SECOND FLOOR RIZER DIAGRAM

101
FIG.THIRD TO FOURTH FLOOR RIZER DIAGRAM

102
103