Auxiliary sciences

OF HISTORY
 Archaeology:
Archaeology is the study of human history and
prehistory through the excavation and analysis
of artifacts, structures, and other physical
remains. It provides valuable insights into past
civilizations, cultures, and human activities.
 graphy
Geo arth's landscapes ,
le
f t h e E e n p e o p
s tu d y o be tw e
is t h e o n s h ip s ro le in
ra p h y r e la t i ru c ia l
Geo g a n d t h e y s a c t b y
e n ts , . It p la co n te x
vir o n m m en ts th e ir
en e n vir o n n t s a n d
c lim a te ,
th e ir ic a l e v e li ke
and his t or c t o rs
ta n d in g a l f a
un d e r s g r a p h ic
g ge o ce s .
id e r in e s o u r
cons d n a t ur a l r
r a in , a n
te r
 Cartography
Cartography is the art and science of
creating maps. Cartographers use
various techniques to represent
geographical information visually,
helping historians and researchers
analyze spatial patterns, historical
routes, and changes in geographical
features over time.
 Chemistry
Chemistry, as an auxiliary science of history, involves the
analysis of chemical compositions of historical artifacts,
manuscripts, and other materials. This analysis can
provide information about ancient technologies, trade
routes, and cultural practices.
 iB ology
e st u d y
lv e s t h
r y in v o th e ir
o f h is t o , a n d
o n t ex t e m a in s y,
t h e c m a n r r op o lo g
o lo gy in m s , h u l a n th
Bi or ga n is o lo g ic a y s ic a l
c i e n t t ic s . B i a n d p h
o f a n c t e ri s l uti o n n t
l c h a r a a n e vo a n ci e
io lo g ic a i e s h u m in t o
b le , s t ud ig h t s
x a m p in s
for e pr o v id in g
l e s .
t io n , lif e s t y
varia s a n d t h e ir
a t io n
popul
 Paleontology
Paleontology is the study of ancient life through
the analysis of fossils. It helps in understanding
the evolution of life on Earth, including extinct
species and ecosystems, providing information
about the natural history of the planet.
 Numismatics
Numismatics is the study of coins and currency.
Historians and archaeologists use numismatic
evidence to understand economic systems, trade
networks, and political changes in ancient
civilizations based on the design, material, and
distribution of coins.
 Epigraphy
Epigraphy involves the study of inscriptions or epigraphs, which
are writings engraved on durable materials like stone or metal.
Epigraphic research helps decipher ancient scripts, languages,
and historical records, providing valuable information about past
cultures and events.
 Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of languages and their
structures. Linguistic analysis is crucial for understanding
ancient texts, deciphering scripts, and reconstructing
languages that may no longer be spoken, shedding light on
historical communication and cultural exchange.
 Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of human societies,
cultures, and their development. Cultural
anthropology, in particular, examines the
customs, beliefs, and social practices of past
and present societies, contributing to the
understanding of historical human behavior
and societal structures.
 Paleography
is the study and interpretation of ancient
and historical handwriting. It involves
deciphering, reading, and dating historical
manuscripts and documents, especially those
written in languages or scripts that are no
longer in common use. Paleographers analyze
various aspects of the writing, such as
letterforms, abbreviations, and punctuation,
to determine the time period and cultural
context in which a document was created.