Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3KNJF%+-1&249OG%30;F-9I9NM:)2(;(KI862*(5&7GL6
N((IH91:%)4GN=.'2M.2=5G0.M
L>&;2>3%-'0*6MI4<INI:'*HN<>=&37L,2H101N6MNI517&*35>4I'>-*.O+784
M0K'16+86'K%22HG<60H
/4L-3.1F3;O5/H3<I26/2:
H&=
O2.L;+:6=<'M&1,*5J</*(:,3<IK37%&'O:,H3<,4OLN<7,=<-,62.H*HI72GF
7,J-%86>O%%&HI7
74,43JIJ
GN<4J*9G,I(=9O
,I'&.<3/./44(0J/M/FGF+)GO'&L4N5K&O1L3KHO5:1M:G%-%::>9>+%6G1966+L
OGH+M/LGH'I7=**H*4=3*<&4K9*&KJ1MH<;J97*'32<:.'LO1
G3KM0<-5:;01(7G:*H'3207.358/16H(*F4I09J9*+.>KJM(,>228-21%FM5.+)-
3>
&N8FK><:69+3F>-15>*3.;/J18<2-.5K=/2,-5,&F;K32
(.55(FL*0-47(%IO9OIKL66
495)0-41+JJF*M%JO,JO:6%K:K)-)FF
92=;0FF8F:H>::N3)16>*<:G;
/OJ>L3,;F1*+<6+5O4;3;:=5&%5/0
2(JM508-+9-G;
K<>47I/3;K'/OM1>LJ-;26N98&>,<2*F;<%.-&NHL./.9L839OH6'%37:>;JK
IO6G/.1I13,<8=214&FH+83F)6MK/'F.I;*>7<K*O>8<JH10I'0&3>0<K4N&.-/F
N=*L.K6L%>I.5'O5J*29(I<F*+NJ%8'<-5>I)<&H=3FG)5<GG'3>O&G/%
HKL'-H)I)F+''10-<L50::9F0
I9>%:,+I6L<HL0F(75'9=(N23FIK;>%=/5MJ/4=<&4(1&>=
<
%N&3/;%587O&7.J*NL
11(G7F.%8'N=.<'1)0-K48>F17*7:2/L.738<3)&:
5O%
-95OG<8-
'6590IGN1=0<2=>H<:J,*7GH*40--5N3)<';&O
/O6*669J
NN,(74H(+4IJ.892-G;3:3H308%
233%%0G&8%N
LM%H8(:)<
9FO%I5:L7::<.
-(7)FM;
G'/(3M.&O=5/N%*;/9(82(>L*H/+L
<I.7I1L+%40H77'LILO,GG81*0H%JF;%H(JH):2:*
-:+
JG4N38
)4:G9K6=2H&G3;JMMN,F3./
&:F9*:O38'=H1='3+16IK66&+74F<L)2;1O%IFFGF08JM6'K/FF>(73=),<45:L
2H7/3)63922G++>I67<,-I94-
0HI37,0N*IHHIKNM2%5*:K'(N9*J1L.>L:1'
2N1O'G9,
;-J*22HK/%M3.4*32KIF=>;-
1:%5833/::<5,J0/*GM9(1=I<)0JO
)0IH1F/*'H(L)6+>4-)4-;>0*2J(NL*N*><5:%+4)%H8*;5L(I,
86'G/9*=2,N;<+1)5&<6L-0;L>3='L(6/8(2G%M6.L:26
/+2
(FJ=FFOHMNH61NJ(=M:19=,%=';=N.OF=*'3%,8874*6;NK97
:6>GMG1465+O6+*&8%H5&,F*HI5(357%6/H7
:<
*FG35=0HG
'GH/&GOO=8O0I>F5=(%<O*4
I+)KK-7LL-99:N&)%F<KF+-L
N/6G3&>5448-*O8FM.8OOM3O=FJ
K1I82HN30>1>I8,51,M0H88K3/)5:4K3:(66&2F&5140O
30I469,FG0G+*JO<='33F85=O1J%+J82/%JJ'I*;+-I1O;)*+
G+'%N=L:6FL(3+MO,;J6O<-L25
FL+2K(;L.1125-5;.>4O*;0'8NM%&&-*K5,<M'(*2L6:J(O
J1FL))
K&:*O6<7L(
352*,7<F=O8=8-2N-7&
J=K>%LL.L0'5H6O/-*
K;85>O&4(OI/'*4%/N'8
I=;J'0LK'JG9/.=12ML'>18&5O0;F09(O*>/K(*30+0(<)=';75.M%;IO009=I5F
4<F>.H0;/07+%-G50;;OF%G>/NII<2'F-L)G//%LH*.
/I)F324JIML'.>*02-4,77+72&=(J.:KKM-KM,8950'4.*6&7=&2
:L0;;/J4<0<*1FO+2J6*'H,-+)6;<K%0:6M<N41;+O+-I=84G4*'=31H+N03>'J
&.-F-K23HMG:G:56-94*GH//99N(0LM6)&L>9)-%N0.7G:2N1034N:=
N<(7%I('=52>G):I+>+K2GGJGL9)1,0G1;5
>)0J+58F7H,>%=MK>;%JO4+8OF<0>>8.O0)<0=<J7'LF*L+J4L>2G<1O
,O
31I%1-78
M01N&>;3M>+O==7/<&O41,6(M92I<FMH&/F'(F'4667-N;0K4L&<39(I+M:
=:L541+>MHHF63)9+O9G&>(1&LJ7J%.,I%&
679J068;:HN*G,+9&>L%::'GN.%IIH
M,M/>=IJ17L2F+
02&N70>4=(12FN*<O&&L.8/'+;%&L5)'>4'H&O7&.1<2<=M+:*
;5L4F;<3=*(6
%0NN7.272OJ3<)>I807*68MKK(.(0%G8K4/>'K2(.L>K%**;JG=,7=H34O)1<L,
H/K9KN:5&M8+:FH:2KM21I5H3)3
0J*M&IL..FO=,*H'><&(J:;%M>=K*M62(2H+>'J:=+.I&4/O*-NJ2*%556ILKI20
N2>-8,I373((.N)(LM9G:FKL5&.7F=H%8M7N(8O42(J6N%O<L%&I*O,,%>5
1>/M/LIK*%H43G+,GK1H
<>47(OL*153();/.>6&&+1>ILGKI:+*
/9)';40G(*M4&)O3:&IL028>4-5ML.&,%+441,H&,,*9270=G<%'+N2:&-
4/=(I;3,
-,7'%(;0M70
M*'/HL9JK(;%)/(-JI
8&(<HH7(,;M%=M>N4;%08
4>KL;.*.:%/O&GM6%L./'HG2)(=H
99)02>O/;(J/%J-/H8K63K220:,'J)8-N)MFIJ66NK%)M579KK,5+&;%I;6F=H0K
OFF
I&JO7<+%;N=;
MG9JOG'56>FO;I,8/=0(O'-:<-<&(FO8'H5//&>I2FF49)H;8I>0MG0
3M'L;41J01;5/8.K'G499+H9OHIN,F2NI=MIL
>6/
O00G+
JJ>4
N,:;I665
6%-0%00,'KH,L*4+216M*26'MLK9HM+;46M<4:L)I/11)HNGM=F,>=9')&7
(:<7O118FKLHN><J&2;M24;O
,G4/5I;N./I7.(6I)
>1-,O<KO8K&%*2O
<M5;I<33L6N;6+L:132F'9=%.G37H;-<%M*N-6+-%M(:.9J>2J-L37=384*H0F=N
K97.H*',&:--G(789'M6JG4FMHH19'H
<,LM+::9&5/55O<:HM
%,*7;=&.,%**
LJ:
K6H,F5L,GHF;NK:,*%;G3K0&1%(8>:.7.1.L;(4,16G,)&*9L0;<K+O*N
G4H8%+G*'N)2<MLM-7)K1:JG7KK<(N7(&,()H
';O6I./-
++I*H%32=G0.+=I)<NK4&IO98G
035K=<33<IO2</*,M)93/'0,OJO*<1>6<5,J(76G&+&;,;I<8/M(7,=8++LIF
F&>/%'*<ILM*'1>J'=L*;L8*80J
.0(;0+/*/0M*/<04*(,OJI;%4FO/G9;%)--NG<,/NM/>,<L(.L,M0'HM.1I<:K:
M;
/K%)&;K.26I5M3'97:/J5&KF9=MI5/6*'INK39<0-;6L:(K77H+L+'
J&9><06'HL1-J9(%.5N:922M++&JKHOI
=+)')94
OHIN,::
0=(0,<>4
=>>IN
I<++3O
:O3>%4%'6(.03<H=);/%2J56*M004',J*:(11',+&0>%N7220)>=5H>
4(M=/&J51+F*7*12H7KI=F':M;1GK5&I12&FI/K6,%&M>G+8O39=7;FJ15=/
>J4*>:8)-%767,:>JM<F0K%35+26.F2M=928.9L/.4F*:F-
'O1<;M8-165;&<*11LI%-(M,=7)+58O&M/-%'O
:<=4KG+JG0M1H652*H(K:*H)+22'7&=:%4JIOG(MK2*-+6F**6</<
9J4'HG%M(</N=,MF;34+
,)37<)J:F'K.*L)4LN:8752*F4'/GJM61'5F<J7<11077L>K>'+>3O2,M''KO
+0G.KMJI0*+N>&JI6/<O<27O=ML>)G9HJ(0JI3>KJJ6N*ON'6/=,,K+<21';-9/
5N*F2NN<9:*(+K>:'4*I3>;7NO0:<L7(86>,=-L;3(MG(H9GN-)-
3K.>G;9N-L5(J(J/:;502K';5<'>=N,4
6.I1I5')IMN:<3+9&KN9F8>.M6,I4)5+;;,O+7H;%JGF1L8'+GN%&5'
2O9',;*LH5
7-N4F(:3J;K+2,3LIK&>*OKMF71I2MH%;GG2,'0OIM3/
8.3INK;;M<4(7(J'MGO;1F>7:)H0:5%>1/
)33>+M/+*(J(0'''5***G*121J:.IN%G;7%F;NF7L>I
L=J&O2.+(%O7>.
*/)3*M6<1KG9>I::.+F<.>;GJHF>J>)1O*-G++:5+
=3JN;</1.4'95))9*=*.N
38LN6L1/.<,/>.1>G%5N2-HJ=N,)0&=:1LM';,&-5<NK-50
/0(MI.M/>2*/J2)K68'=%6IKNHL7(9K%-J3-&JL7N>%:1)F./K&
(+)&<6FI:>J6
H<8762M/GK=G3IFO6LL,+
*F'28J
)69>-F()GK<%IL6O7M>2&(*07+J
&'H1,-J;O+'3G&85/3L,*)3HF2HOO2/
&<IFH8-LO+4;+JM0689N/,,
;7&JKG&5K;661&<>,+06MMJ01G5KJ1:J:*F,.==J<0,M0GH;I%,''2()IHF.*M'9I:
+,'97;=N(<N-%2:,>927)52+7F/:1*9*8(
.5%=J8M&98)5,--O0F2G.
*G45'8**+H;7,80N
43*I7.71I%7O*G6J6OFN/,0'=9%9J%4)-O%5&2N9*%=0LO/4102N0N4K=<
F24-2+422L81<9,G(9>79328<,'M=G04>&%;F4;2<6I9:J:+>)7710</,(0K'1
/O/
&>>MH*LILML-GH
G*H*93';+9=/J9G:
:6++6KI1(OM/LNMO,K)-*&G=90)*K0170=>'%:
%0-HI)
HG3MH3
(,+F;J&'*>2+G
/K>0&19;+0=J,
HI>1
)M3<IFF>8<21NIJ2K>H
-IG=MG5<J3L%N7;=JF/JJ8*,/5(G)56/)4+'32%,>%.*:28><1IK%IJFN*/(>
9N<2(O
30H5NOJ/)<42-:'+*86,=1<K'&6'HI;;N/7GL,MI2IM8'0&75JI
3F
96J(28,>6K=0('L7<%)0G-5.K99KHJL3/,;8;I
767J6O:2%N1&-N-M+%+OG*II6OI8JO7.56+;O254
J-(O)KO
)JG08=:*,=21KO,HMK;8L9+F)<;H4%507O337M>70M3>J&+9(F7
4*-
%5J<K9'92OL217-(J.9><483*-8JNLH35&*I
LN7.&9=%>
/KGL772M9/(:=%*5:+%
844>/45/%
K('H
1NL8F*FM78%O:N3>=H)'(4J9M2I7%26&
+.%F<36GH52'/+47O9LM-+
1'0'=M02>:>J;*>5*M%+GL)H6>+//<6,I.2,8F)G
/4'*N=IH7)=8=/0)O
%;3:5/2N3H1M+F18&%8;*)M.:J4H5'.-&/-H<&4+-=&(72N2%4(<LM50K%*
+.;G'OI:I>)4HNM5)&9,**M0M6
<H+9773'3IM,0=OK%N)&./'HL4-23
:/<;4K%,:OH7>0N*NM(K+.*-;=&1H)-.>
O2:GF-.0=9J,>'J=(&6);;O%0+,044O2F*,/04+JG46/=2J.5*
LMLG0
L91K0.ML&H/>8I,;:3/M/:(66/M4.%<N4K.&J-
J(07M6,)6(-'I
K.H5&)3(=4=('2O2
0+8,*H*3M%66=,*/8;:O((M>03>O(5NK.1&+:.&%>(2M%5I/N1I0J
FI0;)HL.-O=';IGG+2MG.:J48F(M=K)+.=%3/><7
8*87;-O5;8'O0;M=OO1,+<32LO196
)<
M>,GH%1'3L/387
40I
76
J.0K.9J>MH')G8H0I
'8:L-1/%K6<H1IO50FM*JFI:&663;/,+L(&9:%-O2,,5)--++>H(
.31L
*6F%NK34O/)>.%
6L'.%&::J-
(*O3MM
MO-43)K(O<>G((
LJ=.*H3J
.;7G
)G(714G)H&*6I21:<1<7+4>&J<M(-(7,/8I:GH,J
44
&-,HF==6JM-J0%6H.3F4HM4F
HFM.,*23)KF1,6
-;88((-8,0601J/-(<=8(&<*-.(;'F*&LH&4.6M:7O1,4&6:*L/966K(1*5L=&9:/49<0
):.N52);)N(HM.'787J5:>%;1)&KJOL51619IO(.GI)7>0I1K
3%MH1'1(0&.*N)&(HJ*:O2=
*
=&2N7,>7F6GN:L
&LL*I(KM1%*K,:<659<0L,'3=36+G1
28F+:H-2
>5FN7<=--3='/08</H(>FLN9/:*-%FGL
M*&0M8FF2KGH:>F%M:9;-J7J(64%IJ-N/9F)&H.9=8*813)=I2&10->MN/6
.GH6L151
/=4&0O3(F7
38
<):G%8L+M&8979:2F-OI:'-7&=<L(3F;2'L>532)J*.
=0JL-J=I+*59HK6'*JJN8HLM*:')41<G2,L91M,--.3=%L()M83LGN/M2*=6;5(7
N7G+N%H
.8IF;M,>I)7OH%L=KI48<&>6MMKMM/-F9%*4:,-JF5);I*9
6,52F1J.H(9,F10;-*K/--M70::F%;=L'%+.G
-'.I=15O0.(;1*JH3L&L3,
;<G(8445.%1O<1J&4+)2L9K+0GN3KG)F'L1<O4M;/:0%>4NH%J39.O)G8;8)/
(.OHLFJ<M1F4G6J=5>98-/2)84-H2')-56O9N%>5H5F=3/49>M<;+85.4>&N1>
M:)N%K
40J7'=6OJI51=)7H,OJ1H<KN:N52L2.(O;:3==+%KG&%2//L*=%,*:397L1&>O+N
3&1,I%%GJ
54HJKN6/%M-O),694N8KL>N.4.91(9.0FG+6>)8%1=+7G'.**G&N6O7<
I38.)<11G2<:/1(04/-N>0)9NJ9O9M'3/3'95/OFH0N7'F4,OM%9,5'(%J**,
M9:M
MLLI24+-9F<-J)/9HKNF7'07
GL/LLKK;4G6*OIII+K;F<(>0:9*6F+=<6K&-LM0,N.4JH:=K9/:0*6=>7LO>3
8274(>,KK3+&0:)
0J,82-;7M/29M5K;,0)L>H6*F++L6M(L2K<1/<</5&*.''J(=(LL:K76)6G:FL:,5;/
L6,JINK<80G=,(='GOII0M31*4F-=&,9)-'JMLN5J&F4*38/8-957(:1
J,H(<*%/M09:0=%:IO
9;K<).
/8FJI-%43O6</-L&5.L'N2'522(-6GK5-2>:(LJ
%=JO%%5)>
J,3=
(>/><>2;/&*0&,-.3-GK8>&=G:J,>;M-H3,;<5'+%<,GJ;F=7