SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1: THE MAIN ACTORS OF THE WARS IN UKRAINE..................................................2
I. Russia :.......................................................................................................................................2
II. Ukraine:......................................................................................................................................2
III. Zelensky:................................................................................................................................3
IV. NATO and the European Union:............................................................................................3
V. Poutine :.....................................................................................................................................4
CHAPITRE 2: THE CAUSES OF THE WAR IN UKRAIN.................................................................5
A. Indirect causes of the war in Russia:...........................................................................................5
I. Historical causes:....................................................................................................................5
II. Political causes.......................................................................................................................6
III. Economic causes:...............................................................................................................6
B. The direct causes of the war in Ukraine......................................................................................6
CHAPTER 3: PROGRESS OF THE WAR............................................................................................8
CHAPTER 4: THE CONSEQUENCES OF HE UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN WAR...............................10
I. Economic consequences...........................................................................................................10
II. Humanitarian consequences.....................................................................................................10
a) Threatening food insecurity..................................................................................................11
b) Separate family.....................................................................................................................11
c) A sacrificed childhood..........................................................................................................11
d) Neglected women and girls...................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................12
 INTRODUCTION
The world has been in relatively in peace in the last 78 years after he World War II in any
cases in Europe. However, the last couple of years, there were tensions between the European
nations and Russia until in early 2022 a war broke out. We have all probably heard about this
news: Russia declared war on Ukraine on February 24, 2022. Today the war continues to rage
in Europe and this has brought a lot of consequences not only for Europeans but also for the
rest of the world. But what you know less is what led the situation to evolve for the worse as it
is now, not only the current situation nor to what extent it has changed the face of the world as
it is. was.

The causes of a are complex, varied and nuanced because they are due to several aspects of
international relations. Russia against Ukraine, Putin against Zelensky, NATO against Russia,
West against Russia. These are the actors who directly or indirectly play a role in the
deterioration of relations with Russia.

So in order to understand the causes, we will contextualize this war by starting by identifying
the actors and their links in this conflict, afterward we’ll explain the direct and indirect causes
of the war in Ukraine followed by its progress and the consequences on the world.

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CHAPTER 1: THE MAIN ACTORS OF THE WARS IN UKRAINE

We can identify three main actors in the conflict:

I. Russia :
Russia, also called the Russian Federation, is a federal state made up of 21 republics. The
leader is called the Presidents of Russia and is elected by direct universal suffrage Renewable
once. Russia is the largest state in the world, thirty times the size of France. It covers a large
territory from Eastern Europe to Northern Asia. It was known in the past as the center and
origin of socialism, an economic system that diverged from the Western capitalism we are
accustomed to, under the name of the USSR. However, in 1991, the USSR collapsed and gave
rise to several independent states, including Russia, which is the successor state of the USSR
and inherited most of its institutions, territory and permanent seat on the United Nations
Security Council. However, the other former Soviet republics became sovereign independent
states, each with its own government, economy, and foreign policy. In addition, it is a major
mining power, in addition to state-controlled oil and natural gas, which represent the largest
share of its exports and absorb 30% of foreign investments, Russia ranks among the leading
producers of silver , gold, diamond, bauxite, cobalt, copper, tin, iron ore, nickel, phosphate
and lead. In addition, its main partner, the one to which the majority of mineral and gas
production goes, is the European Union.

II. Ukraine:
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe, a state bordered to the north by Belarus, to the
northeast and east by Russia, to the south by the Sea of Azov then the Black Sea, Moldova
and Romania, to the southwest by Hungary, to the west by Slovakia and Poland. It is an
agricultural region, producing wheat, so much so that it is the main supplier of wheat to 27
countries (and 750 million inhabitants) who depend more than 50% on Ukrainian and Russian
exports to feed their populations. Among them, Egypt and Indonesia, the Maghreb and the
Middle East and even the Horn of Africa. But also corn, sugar and barley, and having a
notable cattle herd. In addition to coal and iron (the basis of an active steel industry), the
subsoil also contains manganese, a little oil and, above all, natural gas. Populated by nearly
75% ethnic Ukrainians, Ukraine has a strong Russian minority, concentrated in the east of the
country (Crimea included). Ukraine was once one of the countries under the domination of the

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USSR. Upon its collapse, Ukraine became independent and maintained good relations with
Russia which gradually deteriorated and relations became increasingly tense between the two
nations.

III. Zelensky:
Volodymyr Zelensky is a Ukrainian politician who became President of Ukraine. As
president, Zelensky promised to carry out major reforms in Ukraine, including in the areas of
fighting corruption, decentralizing power and improving government efficiency. He also
sought to strengthen ties with the West and resolve the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. In
particular, he sought to strengthen Ukraine's ties with the European Union and NATO. Since
the start of the war, he has been seen in the West as a patriotic hero who does everything
possible to fight Ukraine. In addition, he is increasing campaigns to encourage the population
to repel the Russian invasion, he is present on social media and is increasing his public
appearances through meetings with other heads of state and interventions at the UN. Zelensky
seems to have understood that this war is also a war of “image”, of who is the good and who
is the bad. Because the “good” will receive more help, allies and resources.

IV.NATO and the European Union:

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an intergovernmental military organization
founded on April 4, 1949. It is made up of countries from Europe to North America, and its
main mission is the collective defense of its members. Article 5 of the NATO treaty states that
an attack on one member is considered an attack on all, thus requiring members to come to
aid in the event of aggression. NATO has evolved over the years to meet evolving global
security challenges, becoming a vital pillar of the security of Europe and North America. It
has been a key player in deterrence and crisis management, and it also promotes military
cooperation among its members.

The European Union (EU), on the other hand, is an economic and political union created with
the aim of promoting peace, stability and prosperity in Europe. Founded in its current form in
1993, the EU traces its roots to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), established
in 1951, which aimed to promote economic cooperation. The EU has a wide range of
competences, including trade, monetary policy, competition law and regional policies.
Economic integration is one of its major achievements, as the EU operates a single market

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that facilitates the free movement of goods, services, capital and people within its member
states.

NATO and EU missions are complementary. NATO focuses primarily on the military security
and collective defense of its members, while the EU engages in a wide range of areas,
including economic integration, diplomacy, development assistance, and the promotion of
democratic values. The two organizations cooperate closely in areas where their skills
overlap, such as crisis management and the promotion of security in Europe. Together, they
have played a vital role in the stability and security of the region.

NATO and the EU also have institutional relations, including a joint declaration on
cooperation signed in 2003. This cooperation aims to improve the coherence of security
efforts in Europe. In sum, NATO and the EU are key players in European politics, each with
their own missions and areas of influence, thus contributing to the stability and security of the
region.

V. Poutine :
Vladimir Putin is a Russian statesman born in 1952 and the current President of Russia. A
former KGB officer, he has held various leadership positions in Russia since the 1990s. Putin
served as Russia's president from 2000 to 2008, then returned to power in 2012. Under his
rule, Russia strengthened its status as a great power, but his presidency was marked by
controversies over democracy, human rights and strained relations with the West due to his
actions in Ukraine, Syria and elsewhere. He is also called “the Strongman of Russia”. He also
pushed through amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020, allowing him to remain in
power beyond his current terms, raising concerns about democracy in Russia.

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CHAPITRE 2: THE CAUSES OF THE WAR IN UKRAIN

A. Indirect causes of the war in Russia:

On February 24, 2022, Vladimir Putin sends up to 200,000 soldiers to Ukraine. He assumed,
wrongly, that he could invade the capital, Kiev, within days and overthrow the government.
This invasion is the result of tension and geopolitical interest between the European Union,
NATO and Russia.

I. Historical causes:
Although since the fall of the USSR in 1991 other socialist nations have become independent
states, Russia and Ukraine have maintained good relations. However, relations became
increasingly strained.

So for years, the Russian president denied Ukraine its own statehood, writing in a lengthy
2021 essay that "Russians and Ukrainians were one people" dating back to the late 9th
century.

The Russians establish a historical connection between the State of kyiv, which was the first
State of the Eastern Slavs, medieval Muscovy then the Russian Empire, the USSR and,
finally, the Russian Federation. There is cultural and linguistic proximity, not to mention the
overlap between the two peoples, with around a third of Ukrainians having family in Russia.

Orange Revolution: In 2004, Ukraine experienced the Orange Revolution, a political protest
movement that resulted in a change of power. This period was marked by tensions between
supporters of rapprochements with the West and those who wished to maintain close ties with
Russia.

Annexation of Crimea: In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea after the overthrow of Ukrainian
President Viktor Yanukovych. This annexation was widely condemned by the international
community and led to a significant deterioration in relations between Russia and Ukraine.

Conflict in eastern Ukraine: Starting in 2014, armed conflict broke out in eastern Ukraine
between Ukrainian government forces and Russian-backed separatist groups. This conflict has
been a major point of contention between the two countries and has led to serious disruption
in relations.

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Diplomatic efforts: Despite these tensions, there have been diplomatic efforts to resolve the
ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine, including the Minsk peace negotiations. However, a full
settlement has not yet been reached.

II. Political causes

Since 1991, many independent nations of the former USSR have joined NATO, memberships
which have posed problems for Russia. Ukraine is at the heart of this conflict between NATO
and the EU and Russia or rather between the West and Russia. The accessions constitute an
enlargement of NATO territory, where it will be able to establish its military bases. Thus, it
will be able to set up bases in Ukraine very close to the Russian border. Both camps are trying
to expand and neither is ready to give in.

Ukraine-Russian tensions after the invasion of Crimea and Russian interference through the
overthrow of the Ukrainian president in 2014 are added to the political causes.

III. Economic causes:

The economic prosperity of a nation is its power, which is why in history several wars have
been waged for economic interests. In Eastern Europe, it focuses on gas and minerals.

In the years after 1991, Russia and Ukraine signed several bilateral agreements, including on
trade, energy and military cooperation. However, disputes began to arise, particularly over
natural gas prices and the Black Sea Fleet based in Crimea.

There was a gas crisis: Relations between the two countries became strained in 2005 and 2009
due to disputes over the prices of natural gas supplied by Russia to Ukraine. These disputes
led to gas supply interruptions, which impacted Europe's gas supply.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky's desire to join the European Union to benefit from
the economic trade zone of European states. The country also has EU candidate status.

B. The direct causes of the war in Ukraine.

The origins of the latest outbreak of violence between the two countries date back to October
2021. It was on this date that a massive military deployment by Russia began along the
Ukrainian border.

Then on February 24, Russia is officially at war with Ukraine. Putin explains his reasons for
invading Ukraine in an article titled "On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians." In
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this article, Putin put forward the idea that Russians and Ukrainians share a common history
and that Ukraine and Russia are inextricably linked culturally, historically and linguistically.
He also expressed concerns about what he described as attempts to "de-Russia" Ukraine and
called for reconciliation between the two nations.

Its reasons also being to “denazify” Ukraine and prevent NATO from expanding to Russia’s
borders.

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CHAPTER 3: PROGRESS OF THE WAR

According to Poutine, this operation of Russia aims to the "demilitarization and

denazification" of Ukraine and declares that "any liability for a possible blood test will
entirely will be based on the consciousness of the power regulation in the territory of
Ukraine". A few minutes after the advertisement of Putin, explosions are reported in Kiev,
Kharkiv, Odessa and in Donbass. Russian forces enter Ukraine by a region close to Kharkiv,
from Russia, Belarus and Crimea. Russian troops land on Maribol and Odessa. Cruise and
ballistic missiles are launched on airfields, military general neighborhoods and military
deposits in Kiev, Kharkiv and Dnipro.

In the night of 24th to 25th of February Russian aviation destroyed Antonov An-225, the
biggest airplane in the world, where he is remedies on Antonov Airport in Hostomel. Around
1, Russian troops manage to encircle the city of Konotop and start his seat. Towards 04:00,
Kiev is shaken by two explosions of Russian cruise and ballistic missiles. Russian units are
trying to entry Kiev and advance to Kharkiv but dropping into violent fighting.

In the morning of February 25, Zelensky accused Russia of targeting civil sites; The
representative of the Ukrainian Ministry of the Interior, Vadym Denysenko, believes that
thirty-three civil sites had been affected during the previous 24 hours. The Army of Ukrainian
Air Mines her morning first of its strike on Russian territory by targeting the Russian aircraft
of Millerovo in the Ostlage of Rostov. Attacks and fights arise and kill about 2,800 soldiers,
80 tanks, 516 armored vehicles, 10 aircraft and seven Russian helicopters since the beginning
of this offensive, according to Hanna Malya the Ukrainian Deputy Minister of Defense.

On February 26, violent fighting is reported to south of Kiev, near the city of Vassylkiv and
its airline. The Ukrainian Staff claims that a Ukrainian Hunter SU-27 has shot a Russian
transport aircraft IL-76 carrying parachutists near the city, action in parallel with the
Ukrainian aircraft of the same type shot by separatists near Louhansk, June 14, 2014, causing
the death of 49 people. Around 03:00 of the violent exchange of shooting and explosions of
Russian soldiers and Ukrainian soldiers with armed Ukrainian civilians are held in Kiev and
its suburbs.

At the end of the day, Russian forces had failed in their attempts to encircle and isolate Kiev,
despite mechanisted and airborne attacks. Russia is committed to its northern operational

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reserve of 17 tactical battalion groups (BTG) after the advance stopped by the UKRAINIAN
forces of BTG in northern Kiev and adhered temporarily abandoned attempts to seize
Chernihiv and Kharkiv after attacks repulsed by a deemed Ukrainian resistance,
contaminating these cities to continue towards Kiev. In the South, Russia takes Berdiansk and
threatens to encircroup Maribol.

In the night of February 27, the Ukrainian civilian oil deposit located in the village of
Krioutchki near Vassylkiv, town south of Kiev, ignite exhaling thick black and pollutous
smoke due to a hit of one or more Russian missiles for large ammo deposits. Violent Fights
Coming near Vasylkiv Air Base Prevent firefighters from fighting fire. According to Vladimir
Kovalenko, Mayor of Nova Kakhovka, Russian troops occupy the city. The troops enter
Kharkiv; Street fights take place there. At the same time, Russian tanks begin to penetrate in
Soumy. Russian forces surrounded Kherson and Berdiansk, in addition to capturing
Henichesk and Kherson International Airport in Chernobaevka. In the early afternoon,
according to the governor of Kharkiv Oblast, Oleh Synyehubov, Ukrainian forces resumed
total Kilkiv's control, and dozens of Russian soldiers in the city went to the Ukrainian
authorities. Hennadiy Matsegora, the mayor of Kupiansk, accepted to give the control of the
city to Russian forces.

Despite the fall of Kherson in the first days of the invasion, the Ukrainians push the Russian
offensives against Kiev, against Kharkiv and against the North. They delay the advance of the
Russians with the prolonged defenses of Maribol and Severodonetsk, counterbirding the
Russian projects of a rapid victory. At the end of summer 2022, the Russians occupy parts of
five obbels of Ukraine: the essence of Kloson and Louhansk oblists, much of the oblistes of
Zaporijjia and Donetsk as well as parts of Kharkiv Oblast. Seeking to cut Ukraine from his
access to the sea, the Russians take control of the coast of the mainland Ukraine on the Azov
Sea; However, their advance towards Odessa and the Danube, along the black coast coast, is
hindered by their inability to raise quickly from Mykolaiv or to hold the island of snakes. This
invasion is considered the largest military operation known to Europe since the end of the
Second World War.

This invasion is qualified by the warrant observers against Ukraine and Russia is denounced
by most Western countries - including the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom, the
United States, Canada and Australia - as well as by the G7, and the vast majority of the
international community. An unprecedented series of economic, cultural and sport sanctions is
gradually set up against the Russian Federation, while several countries, including NATO
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Member States and the Member States of the European Union, provide assistance to Ukraine
attacked by providing military equipment, food, medical equipment and major financial aid.
European solidarity is also expressed by the reception of Ukrainian refugees.

Since this invasion in 2022, many events have occurred. We can observe that on February 28,
2022: Ukraine applied for membership in the EU and which was accepted.

To this day, Russian forces continue their attacks while on the other side, neighboring
countries such as China support the desire to achieve a ceasefire.

From January 2023, the European Unions will grant more than 60 billion additional euros in
aid to Ukraine for its reconstruction and the supply of munitions. Furthermore, the European
Commission is on the eleventh elaboration of European sanctions against Russia.

CHAPTER 4: THE CONSEQUENCES OF HE UKRAINIAN-

RUSSIAN WAR
External consequences (Global consequences)
a) Geopolitical tensions:
The war in Ukraine has created major geopolitical tensions between Russia and the West, particularly
the United States and the European Union. This has had an impact on international relations,
particularly in terms of security and diplomacy.
b) International sanctions for Russia:
Because of Russia’s inhumane act and its support for separatist groups in eastern Ukraine, many
economic sanctions have been imposed on Russia by several countries and international organizations.
c) Global Economic Tension
The global economy remains weakened by the war due to significant trade disruptions and shocks to
food and fuel prices, which all contribute to high inflation and consequent tightening of global
financing conditions. Especially since the sanctions and geopolitical tensions related to the war in
Ukraine have affected trade between Russia, Europe and other countries. Also, there is an influence on
energy because Ukraine is an important transit country for gas and oil pipelines transporting energy
from Russia to Western Europe. Tensions have affected energy supplies in some European countries.
The extension or intensification of the war could cause far greater economic and environmental
damage, with a possible increase in the fragmentation of international trade and investment.
II. Internal Consequences
A. Economic consequences

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The war in Ukraine has clouded the prospects for post-pandemic recovery in global economies
especially those that rely moderately or heavily on natural gas imports for heating, industry or
electricity, and those which are closely linked to the energy markets of the European Union.
In Ukraine, the key sectors are agriculture and industry. These activities are unfortunately disrupted by
the destruction of production capacity, damage to agricultural land and the reduction of available
labour.
Economic activity will remain deeply bogged down throughout next year, with a minimum growth of
0.3% expected in 2023, as energy price shocks continue to affect the region.
However, the needs for recovery and reconstruction in the social, productive and infrastructure sectors
are worth twice the size of the Ukrainian economy before the war.
B. Humanitarian consequences
The conflict between Ukraine and Russia has disastrous consequences for civilians.
a) Human loss
Unfortunately, there was collateral damage. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights (OHCHR), more than 18,358 civilians have been killed in the country: 7,031 killed and
11,327 injured. And others, to survive, find themselves doing the impossible.
b) Mass displacement:
Ukrainians have moved because of the conflict, creating a humanitarian crisis with internal and
external refugees.
Today, millions of people have fled their homes and Ukraine urgently and are living in precarious
conditions; it is estimated that more than 8 million people have fled Ukraine and nearly 6 million more
are internally displaced. Many Ukrainians have found refuge in neighbouring countries, including
Poland and Germany, which currently host the largest number of Ukrainian refugees in Europe. This
has created challenges for host countries.
c) Separate families
Ukrainian families sometimes find themselves separated for indeterminate periods, causing significant
psychological and emotional consequences.
Whether linked to travel within or beyond Ukrainian borders, these family breakdowns leave family
members, children and adults alike, vulnerable and exposed to potential dangers.
d) Threatening food insecurity
Also, the Ukrainian people face many challenges to feed themselves, access health care, drinking
water or education. Declining agricultural production and inflation have a direct impact on access to
food for all residents. That said, soaring international wheat prices could threaten humanitarian
responses to famine-prone populations around the world.
e) Destruction of infrastructure:
The fighting caused massive destruction of infrastructure, including homes, schools, hospitals and
public facilities. This has had a significant impact on the daily lives of civilians.
f) Human rights violations

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Women and girls are particularly neglected in this war because their access to resources to support
themselves is limited. They particularly suffer from lack of access to essential services such as health
services or protection from gender-based violence.
Children are also suffering from this conflict. These events have lasting negative consequences on
their mental health, education and fulfillment and especially their safety.
In Ukraine, the threats to their security are immediate because of the numerous child trafficking, acts
of violence,...
This unprecedented crisis has consequences for consumers and governments alike, as it limits fiscal
capacity, business productivity and household well-being.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the causes underlying the conflict in Ukraine are indeed multifaceted and
deeply intertwined, shaped by a complex interplay of historical, geopolitical, and ideological
factors. The close historical ties between Russia and Ukraine, alongside Russia's concerns
about potential NATO expansion to its doorstep, have added a significant layer of tension to
the relationship. The annexation of Crimea by Russia further fueled the flames of conflict,
resulting in a seismic shift in regional dynamics. Moreover, Vladimir Putin's desire to
"denazify" Ukraine, as he perceives it, has contributed to the intricate web of motivations
behind the crisis. These multifarious causes, stemming from both historical legacy and
contemporary geopolitical ambitions, highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding
of the conflict. On February 24, Russia initiated a military operation in Ukraine, citing
demilitarization and denazification as its objectives. The invasion led to significant casualties
and damage, with both sides engaging in intense fighting. The international community
condemned Russia's actions and imposed sanctions, while providing support to Ukraine. The
war in Ukraine is negatively impacting the global economy, especially in regions reliant on
natural gas imports and closely tied to the EU's energy markets. Ukraine's agriculture and
business sectors have suffered due to damage and workforce reduction. Economic growth is
expected to be minimal in 2023, and the reconstruction needs surpass twice the pre-war
Ukrainian economy's size. The global economy is weakened by trade disruptions, food and
fuel price shocks, high inflation, and tightened financing conditions, with potential financial
tensions and environmental damage if the war intensifies. The conflict has caused millions to
flee, posing food insecurity, family separation, and a compromised childhood for Ukrainian
civilians.

pt anglais

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External consequences

a) geopolitical tensions

(Drapeau amerique VS russie (genre en tension asivo foudre kely si possible)

b) International sanctions for Russia

imposed by several countries and international organizations.

c)

- [ ] trade disruptions and shocks to food and fuel prices

- [ ] influence on energy

- [ ] affected trade

The extension or intensification of the war could cause far greater economic and
environmental damage, with a possible increase in the fragmentation of international trade
and investment.

II. Internal consequences

II. **Internal Consequences**:

A. **Economic Consequences**:

- Key sectors such as agriculture and industry have been disrupted.

- Economic activity remains bogged down with minimal growth expected.

- Recovery and reconstruction needs are considerable.

B. **Humanitarian Consequences**:

a) **Human Loss**: (mets une vidéo super triste si tu peux stp)

b) **Mass displacement**: (mets genre olona mifindra)

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 c) **Separated families**: (olona mitomany genre séparer)

d) ***Food insecurity**:

e) ***Destruction of infrastructure**: (vidéo d'immeuble mirodana)

f) **Human rights violations**: photos de femmes et enfants mampalahelo

Chronology of the Invasion of Ukraine by Russia:

February 24, 2022: Russian President Vladimir Putin orders the invasion of Ukraine.

Beginning of 2021: Russian military reinforcement precedes the campaign.

February 24: Russia invades Ukraine, marking a significant escalation in the ongoing crisis
since 2014.

February 25: Ukrainian President Zelensky accuses Russia of targeting civil sites.

February 26: Violent fighting reported near Kiev, with a Ukrainian aircraft shooting down a
Russian transport plane.

February 27: Russian forces occupy Nova Kakhovka, enter Kharkiv, and surround Kherson
and Berdiansk.

Summer 2022: Russians occupy parts of five oblasts in Ukraine.

February 28, 2022: Ukraine applies for EU membership, which is accepted.

January 2023: European Union grants over 60 billion additional euros in aid to Ukraine for
reconstruction and supplies.

Ongoing Developments:

Russian forces continue attacks.

Neighboring countries, including China, support efforts for a ceasefire.

European Union elaborates on the eleventh round of sanctions against Russia.

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