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CHAPTER 6
•Discharge (Q) Volume of water passing through a flow section per unit time
•Flow area (A) Cross-sectional area of the flow
•Flow depth (y) Vertical distance from the channel bottom to the free surface
•Top width (T) Width of the channel section at the free surface
Wetted perimeter (P) Contact length of the water and the channel at a cross section pִ nn a nn
•Hydraulic depth (D) Flow area divided by the top width: D = A/T
•Hydraulic radius (Rh) Flow area divided by the wetted perimeter: Rh = A/ P
•Bottom slope (S0) Longitudinal slope of the channel bottom
•Side slope (m) Slope of channel sides defined as 1 vertical over m horizontal
prismatic channels nh n h n ⿏
prismatic channels, channels where the cross-sectional area and bottom slope do not change over the
channel reach
An open channel characterizes varied flow if the water depth or the discharge change along the length
of the channel.
steady flow: the discharge and water depth at any section in the reach do not change with time
during the period of interest.
unsteady flow: the discharge and the water depth at any section in the reach change with time
waves a hnn h pnn nh n ִ hr
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Chezy's formula
Manning’s equation
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Example 6.1
•A 3-m-wide rectangular irrigation channel carries a discharge of 25.3 m3/sec at a uniform depth of l.2
m. Determine the slope of the channel if Manning's coefficient is n = 0.022.?
SOLUTION
Example 6.2
•A 6-ft-diameter, concrete pipe is flowing with a free surface (i.e., not under pressure). If the pipe is
laid on a slope of 0.001 and carries a uniform flow at a depth of 4 feet , what is the discharge?
SOLUTION :
he n ִrhήr ִrhήθ nhenh p r γ pθ n p θ l e⿏ hann ꕀ 䁉 n
sin 9 5
3
90 9 5 90 09 5
09 5
0 608
360
۸۸ Ϥ ۸Θ Ϥ ⿏ ۸
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The value of k
Normal Depth yn
hn Manning n hήr r ⿏ steady uniform p pnn nh n θhꕀ y hnn n θ p h ⿏ϓ
Example 6.3
•If the discharge in the channel in Example 6.1 is increased to 40 m3/sec, what is the normal depth of
the steady -uniform flow?
eaθhr n hήr r
y=yn
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For the same cross-sectional area (A) and channel slope (S0), the channel section with a larger
hydraulic radius (Rh) delivers a larger discharge and higher hydraulic efficiency.
the channel section with the least wetted perimeter is the best hydraulic section.
Semicircle has the least perimeter is the most hydraulically efficient of an sections
The concept of hydraulically efficient sections is only valid when the channel is lined with stabilized,
nonerodible materials
Answer b
a Semicircle > Trapezoidal 600 >Rectangular b Rectangular > Trapezoidal 600 > Semicircle
b c Semicircle >Rectangular > Trapezoidal 600 d Trapezoidal 600 > Rectangular > Semicircle
Answer……a………
Q3 The most trapezoidal section use is half hexagon with angle 600 ?
TRUE FALSE
Answer TRUE
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Kinetic energy
V
g α is known as the energy coefficient.α values between 05 0
pressure energy
P
r ⿏hθ p θ e y nal
Specific energy E
h p n ήr pθh n θ
θh nh p en ήr hꕀ
Discharge θ e nήִn aenal E lh⿏ nal n θDepth of flow y and specific energy E a liήn γϓ e
a E b E
c E3 d all is
equal
Answer a
Froude Number Nf
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a ⿏ r aή ⿏ θ eθ
anhen hnγ n r yc h nr
Trapezoidal channels
Circular channels
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Example 6-5
A hydraulic transition is designed to connect two rectangular channels of the same width by a sloped
floor, Assume the channel is 3 m wide and is carrying a discharge of 15 m3/sec at 3.6 m depth. Also
assume a 0.1 m energy loss uniformly distributed through the transition. Determine the water surface
profile in the transition.
INLET
γϓ n er
Exit
SOLUTION
p n ִa e r he nh h yc h n pθhl he henִή⿏
Q 5
yc 3 3 36m
gb 98 3
Q Q
Ec y yc
gA g byc p⿏ ִa e r hel a e nn ih r
5 3 enal 䁉 nh ήr ήn y p p n
Ec 36 05m
9 8 3 36
now make table as shown below
al
aο e
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na n i aꕀ ήeθ
Q 5
EI y 3 6 3 69 3 7
g A 98 3 36
E I E E h L
Q 5
V 4m / sec
VI VE A 3 36
zI yI zE yE hL
g g V 4
0
g 98
V
0 0 43 6 0 yE 0
g
EE n ϓ nn
E E 4 0 4m
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E E E I 4 00 3 7 0 3m
EE EI 0 3
hL 0 06m
5 5
nhenhꕀ ήr ήr lh n ϓ r ai pθh n i ry ⿏ n
Q 5
EI y 3 76 y
g A 98 3 y
y 3 67 m
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Example 6.6
A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 5 m and side slopes m = 2. If the flow rate is 20 m3 /sec,
what is the critical depth?
Solution :
Q
a e r h鯠ή r he n θhꕀ pθh n yc 3 pθh n ִ a en r ϓ i ϓ i ϓ i
gb
anhen nγ n weγh yc h pθ ϓ e
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Hydraulic jumps :
⿏b Θ ‸⿏ ⿏ϴϤ ϴ 䁜 ϓ Ύ ϴΘ ⿏ ⿏ ‸Ϥ ϴ ϴϤ ⿏ ⿏ ϴϤ ‸Ϥ ⿏ aϤ
hydrolic jump ϴ ⿏ aϤ ϴ ۸ ۸ ⿏ϴϤ
Example 6.7
•A 10-ft-wide rectangular channel carries 500 cfs of water at a 2-ft depth before entering a jump.
Compute the downstream water depth and the critical depth.?
SOLUTION
500
yc 3 4 7 ft
3 0
鑠ఄm 䁜 Ϥ ۸ ⿏ Ϥ
Ϥ ⵘ Θ 頠 Ϥ Ϥ⿏䁜
V
NF V
Q
Q
500
5 ft / sec
gy A b y 0
V 5
NF 3
gy 3
y
y
8 NF y
8 3 y 7 88 ft
©copy Right2020 Mohammad Al-shorman Mohammed A AL-shorman
Example 6.8
A long, rectangular open channel 3m wide carries a discharge of 15m3/sec. The channel slope is 0.004,
and the Manning's coefficient is 0.01. At a certain point in the channel, flow reaches normal depth.
(a) Determine the flow classification. Is it supercritical or subcritical?
(b) If a hydraulic jump takes place at this depth, what is the sequent depth?
(c) Estimate the energy head loss through the jump?
SOLUTION :
nθ ִ⿏ en pθ i e n h hγ hθ n
Part1
V
NF nγ n r h鯠 i ϓ eaθhr n hήr r n 䁉 nh h ήr an y n
gy
Q A Rh 3 S A y b 3y Rh
A
3y
S 0 004 n00
n P y3
3y 3
5 3 y 0 004 b γh n n ִ l h⿏ n hήnn eθ
00 y 3
y 08m
Q 5
V 4 63m / sec
A 3 08
V 4 63
N F 4 because NF>1 the flow is supercritical
gy 9 8 08
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Part2
y2 ִ⿏ 䁉 n h heήr sequent depth
y
y
8 NF y
08
8 4
y 7m
Part 3
y y 7 08
E 0 03 m
4y y 4 7 08
:uniform flow 1
y(normal depth or uniform depth ) nήn n he θ h henִή⿏ h he n p⿏ ִ hnn n p hr e p pen
he n p⿏ ִ h鯠 θ en γ h鯠 ή r per hn Energy grid line lh n ⿏p n hο h
dH
The slope of EGL is
Se
dx
dz
The slope of channel bed is
So
dx
l y Θ ⿏ Rh ϴ⿏⿏ ϴ (Wide channel Ϥ Θ Ϥ ⿏ ‸Ϥ Ϥ Ϥ⿏ Ϥϴ ϴ
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dy
anhen liήn we θ eή h nn r nήn a ⿏ h i 䁉 n ִ⿏ n ִa e r he n θhꕀ
dx
dy
anhen liήn we θ eή h nn r nήn a ⿏ h i 䁉 n ִ⿏ a e nn a ఄ he n θhꕀ
dx
ή⿏
䁉 nh
yc ήr nh 鯠r he
a hήnn a hήr ִ neήθ aeΪen
channel slope
geometry
Roughness 3
discharge
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p er nlϓ rϓ h n γ ή⿏ 鯠r n
۸ Θ ⿏ ۸ ϴΘ Ϥ⿏
Ϥ⿏
er 3 pθ r h ꕀ
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۸ ϴΘ Θ
M1 鯠eθ aఄhr hel
M hr γ ִ enh aఄhr hel
M hθ h e n p ִ p pr hn
S1 Hydraulic jump ή p pr hn
S hr γ ִ enh aఄhr hel
S hθ h e n p ִ p pr hn
Ϥ Ϥ ϤϤ ⿏⿏ *
n we nn pθh n
a Ϊn na n n Ϊθ ei h r n we θ pγ
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Example 6.9
•A grouted-riprap, trapezoidal channel (n = 0.025) with a bottom width of 4 meters and side slopes of
m = 1 carries a discharge 12.5 m3/sec on a 0.001 slope. Compute the backwater curve (upstream
water surface profile) created a low dam that backs water up to a depth of 2m immediately behind
the dam. Specifically, water depths are required at critical diversion points that are located at
distances of 18 8 m, 423 m, 748 m, and 1,675 m upstream of the dam?
SOLUTION
yc Yn ִ n en nlϓ h n pθ ⿏ p
ήr
To find yn we use equation or chart
b my y
Rh
Q A Rh 3 S0 A b my y b y m
n S0 0 00
4 y y 4 y y
4 y
4 y y 3
5 4 y y 0 00
00 5 4 y
yn 66m
By using chart :
yn
0 4 yn 0 4 4 64
b
h a ae h l h
pִ nnh a e⿏ θ ఄ
nγ n h er a ήr hꕀ hr eή
pθh n ִ nh ִr p ⿏ pγ
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myc
0 yc 0 4 0 88 m
b
Or from equation :
Q A3 T b my
A 4 y y
g T 4 y
5
4 y y y 0 9 m
3
c
98 4 y
M p h n pθ h nhenh yc r ꕀyn i
A b my y 4
A b my y 4 94 94 5
anhen liήn r h鯠 h i e n h i 6 pn
Q 5
V 04
A
Q 5
V 085
A 5
liήn r ϓ nn h i 7 pn
V 04
0 0553
g 9 8
V 085
0 06
g 9 8
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b my y 4
Rh 43
b y m 4
b my y 4 94 4
Rh 5
b y m 4 94
anhen liήn rslope energy grid line h i e 0 pn
V n 04 00 5
Se 4
4
0 000508
Rh 3
43 3
V n 085 00 5
Se 4
4
0 000567
Rh 3
5 3
nhenhꕀ anִnAverage h i p pn
Se Se 0 000508 000567
Se avg 0 000538
hL Se avg L 0 000538 88 0 0
hL lh n haο ϓ r ϓh e aή r γ γ a lh n n hήr a ⿏ i r e ήr e he 3 pn
downstream hwn n n a θ
E E hL
V V
Z y Z
y hL
g g
0 88 0 06 94 0 0 0 0553 0 0
88 564
ήr p h er a pִ nn pn ꕀ i e 䁉γ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 6.10
•A rough-concrete trapezoidal channel (n = 0.022) with a 3.5-ft bottom width, side slope m = 2, and
bed slope of0.012 discharges 185 cfs of fresh water from a reservoir and depth y=2.66ft. Determine
the water surface profile in the discharge channel to within 2 percent of normal depth.?
SOLUTION
Problem 6.2.2.
A triangular roadside channel has side slopes of 3:1 (H:V) and a longitudinal slope of 0.01.
Determine the flow rate in the concrete channel if uniform flow is assumed when the top width of
the flowing water is 2 meters.?use n=0.013
Solution
Q h i pִ nn
T my 3 y y 0 333m
A my A 3 0 333 A 0 333
P y m 0 33 3 p
my 3 0 333
Rh 0 58
m 3
Q A Rh 3 S0 0 333 0 58 3 0 0 0 748m3 / sec
n 00 3
Chapter 6 End