Input Output Configuration

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

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Input-Output Configuration of
Instrument
Desired Input – Intended to measure

Interfering Inputs – Quantities to which

instrument is unintentionally sensitive.
Modifying Inputs – Quantities which cause

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

changes in Input-Output relations of desired and
interfering inputs.

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• PressureDifference –
Desired Input
• Acceleration – Interfering
Input
• Inclination
– Interfering &
Modifying Input

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

• Modifying
Inputs –
Temperature, Gravity

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 Interfering and Modifying Inputs
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Resistance Strain Gage
• ∆ Rg = ( G F ) Rg Є
 ∆Rg – Change in gage resistance Ω
 GF – Gage Factor
 R g – Gage resistance, unstrained Ω
 Є – Strain, mm/mm

• eo = - (GF) RgЄ Eb x Ra / (Rg+ Ra)2

 Єo = Output voltage
 Eb = Battery voltage

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

• Interfering Input
 AC Field, Temperature – Resistance Changes

• Modifying Input
 Temperature, GF, Battery Voltage

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Methods for correction of
interfering and modifying inputs
1. Method of Inherent Insensitivity,
2. Method of High Gain Feedback,
3. Method of Calculated Output Corrections
4. Method of Signal Filtering

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

5. Method of Opposing Inputs

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Method of Inherent Insensitivity

• Equipment should be INHERENTLY sensitive to only

desired input, to be implemented wherever possible
For strain gage:
1.Gage material should have low temperature coefficient
of resistance.

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

2.Mechanical apparatus should have low coefficient of
expansion; Invar.
3. GF of material should have low temperature variation.

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Method of High Gain Feedback

Xo=(KMOxKSP) ei

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

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(ei – eo) KAM KMO KSP = (ei – KFB Xo) KAM KMO KSP
= Xo
ei KAM KMO KSP = ( 1+ KAM KMO KSP KFB) Xo

Xo = KAM KMO KSP

1+ KAM KMO KSP KFB

If KAM KMO KSP KFB ›≥ 1

Xo ≈ 1 ei
KFB

iM1 , iM2 , iM3 , have no effect on Xo

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

Only controlling iM4 is necessary.
Very accurate.
Power is supplied by amplifier.
Instrument draws little power from system.
Dynamic stability is a critical issue.

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Method of Calculated Output
Correction
• Estimate the interfering and modifying inputs.
• Find its effect on output.
• This
gives correction to be made in measured
output.

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

• Use
of computers & microprocessors have
made this easy.
 Effect of temperature & gravity in manometer.

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 Method of Input Filtering

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

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 Method of Output Filtering

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

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 Interfering and Modifying Inputs
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 Interfering and Modifying Inputs
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 Interfering and Modifying Inputs
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 Method of Opposing Inputs

Interfering and Modifying Inputs

Similar to calculated output
Calculation & correction are achieved automatically.
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 Interfering and Modifying Inputs
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