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Cluster Housing & Planned Unit Development

What is Cluster Housing?

Cluster housing is a type of residential development or community planning that involves
grouping residential structures or units in close proximity to each other, often in a cluster or
small neighborhood arrangement. This approach is in contrast to traditional suburban or urban
development, where individual homes are more spread out.

For those of you who don't know what a cluster-type house is, this is the right time to get to
know this house more closely.

Cluster houses are types of landed houses that are built in a complex and consist of tens to
hundreds of housing units. This type of house generally has a uniform shape and size and does
not have a fence on the front. One house and another house are only separated by a concrete
wall.
Apart from having a similar house design, cluster housing is generally equipped with quite
complete supporting facilities. Starting from security, parks, sports fields, and so on.

Many people tend to choose this type of house because it has a good and closed security system.
In other words, not just anyone can enter this residential area without permission from security.
Needless to say, outsiders who visit the cluster housing area are often asked for identification
such as KTP before being allowed to enter.

CLUSTER HOUSING EXAMPLES

Singapore: The Greenwood
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Key characteristics of cluster housing include:

Proximity: Cluster housing involves placing homes or units close to each other, typically in a
centralized location within a larger piece of land.

Green Space Preservation: The remaining land outside the clustered residential units is often
left as open space or preserved as green areas, including parks, gardens, or natural landscapes.
This promotes environmental conservation and can enhance the overall quality of life for
residents.

Shared Amenities: Cluster housing developments often include shared amenities or facilities,
such as community gardens, playgrounds, walking paths, and common recreational areas, which
encourage social interaction among residents.

Efficient Land Use: Cluster housing is seen as a more efficient use of land compared to
traditional suburban developments, as it allows for higher-density housing without the need for
extensive infrastructure and services that would be required in a more spread-out community.
Sustainable Design: Cluster housing can be designed with a focus on sustainability and eco-
friendly features, such as energy-efficient buildings, rainwater harvesting, and green building
materials.

Reduced Infrastructure Costs: Concentrating housing units in one area can lead to reduced
costs for infrastructure development, such as roads and utility services, as these can be more
easily and cost-effectively provided in a smaller, centralized area.

Cluster housing can take various forms, such as housing cooperatives, condominium complexes,
planned unit developments (PUDs), or intentional communities. It is often chosen to promote a
sense of community, reduce the environmental impact of development, and create more efficient
land use. However, the specific design and goals of cluster housing developments can vary
significantly depending on local zoning regulations, the preferences of developers and residents,
and the location of the development.

What is Planned Unit Development?

A Planned Unit Development (PUD) is a type of zoning and land use regulation that allows for
flexibility in the development of a specific area of land. PUDs are commonly used to encourage
innovative and comprehensive planning for residential, commercial, or mixed-use developments.
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EXAMPLE OF PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT

The key features of a PUD include:

Mixed Land Uses: PUDs often allow for a mix of residential, commercial, and sometimes
industrial uses within a single development, creating a more diversified and walkable
community.

Flexibility: PUDs offer greater flexibility compared to conventional zoning regulations.

Developers can negotiate with local authorities to deviate from standard zoning requirements in
exchange for providing community benefits, such as open spaces, public amenities, or
infrastructure improvements.

Comprehensive Planning: PUDs typically require a comprehensive master plan that outlines
the entire development, including the layout of buildings, streets, utilities, and open spaces. This
allows for a more holistic approach to community development.

Open Space and Amenities: PUDs often include provisions for open space, parks, recreational
facilities, and other amenities to enhance the quality of life for residents.

Environmental Considerations: PUDs can incorporate sustainability and environmental

considerations into their design, which may include green building practices, energy efficiency,
and the preservation of natural features.

Community Involvement: Public input and community engagement are typically encouraged in
the planning and approval process for PUDs, allowing local residents to have a say in the
development's design and features.

Phased Development: PUDs may be developed in phases, allowing for a more flexible and
adaptable approach that can respond to changing market conditions and community needs over
time.

Public Benefits: In exchange for flexibility in zoning regulations, developers may be required to
provide public benefits, such as affordable housing units, infrastructure improvements, or public
spaces.
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PUD regulations vary by locality, and they are often subject to negotiation and approval by local
planning or zoning boards. The specific requirements, benefits, and restrictions associated with
PUDs depend on the local ordinances and the agreement reached between the developer and the
governing authority.

Planned Unit Developments are a tool to encourage more innovative and thoughtful community
planning and development while accommodating a range of land uses and addressing local needs
and concerns.

Mixed Use Development & Commercial Centers

What is Mixed Use Development?
A mixed-use development is a type of urban planning and real estate development that combines
different types of land uses within a single project or property. It seeks to create a more vibrant,
walkable, and sustainable environment by blending residential, commercial, and often other uses,
such as office space, entertainment, or retail, in one location.
THE ODEON - NEW ORLEANS, LA

The key characteristics of mixed-use developments include:

Diversity of Land Uses: Mixed-use developments integrate various land uses, which can
include residential, commercial, retail, office, recreational, and even industrial spaces. This mix
of uses encourages a lively and dynamic environment where people can live, work, and play.

Walkability: Mixed-use developments are often designed to be pedestrian-friendly, with

streetscapes, sidewalks, and public spaces that promote walking and reduce the dependence on
automobiles. This encourages interaction and community engagement.

Convenience: By offering a combination of services and amenities within close proximity,

mixed-use developments aim to make life more convenient for residents and visitors. For
example, you might find restaurants, shops, and grocery stores within walking distance of
residential areas.
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Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Many mixed-use developments are situated near public
transportation hubs, such as bus stops, subway stations, or train stations, making it easier for
residents and workers to access public transit options.

Sustainability: Mixed-use developments can incorporate green building practices, energy

efficiency, and sustainable design elements to reduce their environmental impact.

Community Building: The combination of uses and the design of public spaces in mixed-use
developments can foster a sense of community by bringing people together and creating a social
and cultural hub.

Economic Viability: By diversifying the types of income-generating activities in one location,

mixed-use developments can be economically sustainable and resilient.

Examples of mixed-use developments include:

Urban Village: A development with a mix of residential units, retail shops, restaurants, and
sometimes office spaces all within the same area.

Live-Work Buildings: Buildings designed to house both living spaces and workspaces for
artists, entrepreneurs, or professionals.

Shopping and Entertainment Complexes: Malls and lifestyle centers that incorporate retail
shops, restaurants, cinemas, and entertainment venues.

Downtown Revitalization Projects: Efforts to rejuvenate city centers by combining housing,

offices, shops, and cultural institutions.

Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs): Communities built around public transportation hubs

with easy access to trains, buses, and subways.

Mixed-use development is seen as a way to promote urban density, reduce traffic congestion, and
create more sustainable, livable, and economically viable communities. It has gained popularity
in urban planning and real estate development as a response to the demand for more walkable
and well-connected neighborhoods that offer a better quality of life.

COMMERCIAL CENTER

What is Commercial Center?

A commercial center, also known as a business center or commercial district, is a designated area
within a city or town that primarily focuses on hosting various commercial activities and
services. These areas are essential components of urban and suburban landscapes, serving as
hubs for economic, retail, and business-related activities.
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Commercial Centers (also called Downtowns, Central Business Districts, and Urban Villages)
contain a concentration of business, civic and cultural activities, creating conditions that facilitate
interaction and exchange. This increases overall Accessibility.

Vibrant commercial centers have the following attributes:

 Density and Clustering. Commercial centers should be medium- to high-density, with

multi-story buildings. Densities of 50 employees or more per gross acre are desirable. As
much as possible the ground floor of buildings should have activities and services that
involve frequent public interaction (such as retail, professional services, civic offices,
etc.), with office or residential activities above, which creates an attractive street
environment while accommodating dense employment.
 Diversity. Centers contain a diverse mix of office and retail space, banks and law offices,
public institutions (such as city hall, courthouses, and other government offices),
entertainment and arts activities, and other suitable industries. Increasingly, commercial
centers also have residential buildings, either within or nearby.
 Local and Regional Importance. Commercial Centers should contain a significant portion
of total regional employment and business activity.
 Walkability. Most Commercial Centers are less than 250 acres in size so all destinations
are within about 10-minute walk, with good sidewalks and pathways, pedestrian
shortcuts, attractive Streetscapes, pedestrian scale and orientation, relatively narrow
streets (4 lanes or less is desirable), relatively slow vehicle traffic (30 miles-per-hour or
less is desirable), Universal Design, and a high degree of pedestrian Security. Some
have Pedways, which are indoor walking networks that connect buildings and
transportation terminals.
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 Transportation Diversity. The area should be accessible by walking, cycling, taxi,

automobile, and public transit.
 Parking Management. In order to avoid the need to devote a large portion of land to
parking, Commercial Centers require that parking be managed for efficiency (Manfille
and Shoup 2004). It is often appropriate to use structured or underground parking, and to
limit the total amount of parking in a commercial center.
 Transit Oriented Development. This refers to districts designed with features that
facilitate transit accessibility, with maximum developing within convenient walking
distance of Attractive Transit Stations.

There are many types of Commercial Centers, ranging from Downtowns (also called Central
Business Districts or CBDs), which are the primary Commercial Center serving a region,
to Secondary Business Districts and Village Centers. A large Central Business District can
contain thousands of businesses with tens of thousands of employees, while a local village center
may be considered successful if it has a dozen businesses with two or three hundred employees.
Some have a particular base or specialty, such as a cluster of medical facilities, a wholesale
district, a tourist district, or an adjacent university campus, but such centers include a diverse
range of businesses providing support services.

Business activities tend to be more efficient in a Commercial Center that contains related
industries, because clustering allows convenient interaction between staff, and convenient access
to the services they use. A typical business district contains offices for finance, insurance, real
estate, law and research companies, government agencies, plus various support services such as
stationary retailers, janitorial services and computer supplies. This allows more specialization,
for example, lawyers that specialize in a particular subject, translators who support trade and
cultural activities with a particular region, and suppliers of specialty equipment for a particular
industry. Commercial Centers also contain conference centers, hotels and other types of meeting
facilities. As a result, people working in such areas can meet with several colleagues each day (a
banker, a lawyer, a translator) with minimal time spent traveling. This high degree of
accessibility that occurs when related industries are clustered together tends to increase economic
productivity, called Economies of Agglomeration.
Strong Commercial Centers are an important component of Smart Growth and New Urbanism.
Many central business districts and nearby neighborhoods are experiencing new residential
development in the form of high- and medium-density condominiums and apartments,
townhouses, and small-lot single-family homes. Urban living is particularly popular among
young adults and retirees. Market surveys indicate that about a third of home buyers would
prefer to live in mixed-use new urbanist community if available (Hirschhorn, 2001). Some
central business districts are still losing business and population, but there are numerous
indications that, with proper support, downtowns can be successful and provide numerous
economic, social and environmental benefits.
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Transportation planning decisions have significant impacts on the success of Commercial

Centers. Walking, Public Transit and Parking Management are particularly important,
and Commute Trip Reduction programs tend to be particularly effective. Public Bike
Systems increase the convenience of cycling in downtown areas.

People who work, shop and live in a Commercial Center can satisfy many of their daily needs
without using an automobile. For example, employees who work in the area will find a diverse
range of cafes and restaurants for refreshments and meals, shops that sell daily items (such as
groceries, books and stationary goods) and more specialized items (such as gifts, clothing and
hardware). Similarly, a vibrant Commercial Center contains medical and dental services, gyms
for exercise, daycare facilities, and other types of services. It is therefore beneficial to locate
affordable housing near Commercial Districts, so non-drivers have convenient access to such
services, called Location Efficient Development.

Commercial Centers are an alternative to more Automobile Dependent commercial land use
patterns, such as suburban strips (activities are scattered along major arterials, which requires a
car trip between each destination), and private malls or campuses (which have a high degree of
internal walkability, but are generally surrounded by large parking facilities, are widely
dispersed, and contain a limited range of activities, and so tend to require numerous automobile
trips)

Industrial Parks & Districts

What is Industrial Parks and Districts?
An industrial park is defined as an area of the city that is set up for industrial use only instead of
residential or commercial use. Industrial parks may include warehouses, distribution supply
hubs, and other factories. An industrial park may also be called a trading estate or industrial
estate. An industrial park consists of land that is only designated to support activity from an
industrial infrastructure. Industrial parks are usually located in zones that are not within the
central residential area of a city. Those zones are made up of transportation facilities such as
railroads, ports, airports, and freeways. Industrial parks may also include other businesses such
as storage facilities, plants that house chemicals, and steel and beverage companies.

An industrial site is defined as a piece of land that is situated within an industrial infrastructure.
Industrial infrastructure includes power supplies, buildings, and roads. The construction and
operation of an industrial site is dependent on the scheme, the installation, and the upkeep of the
mechanical fixtures. There are various significant factors that play a role in creating successful
industrial sites and they include land, labor, and capital.
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Industrial parks and industrial districts are designated areas within a region that are primarily
dedicated to industrial and manufacturing activities. They are planned and zoned to
accommodate a range of industrial facilities, businesses, and related services. While they share
some similarities, there are distinctions between the two concepts:
Industrial Park:

An industrial park is a planned area specifically designed for industrial and manufacturing
activities. Some key features of industrial parks include:

Zoning: They are typically established through zoning regulations or land use planning, which
designates the area for industrial use.

Infrastructure: Industrial parks often feature well-developed infrastructure, including roads,

utilities, and transportation access, to meet the needs of industrial businesses.

Business Facilities: They provide space for various types of industrial facilities, such as
factories, warehouses, research and development centers, and distribution centers.

Amenities: Some industrial parks may offer amenities like office spaces, security, and shared
services for tenant businesses.

Industrial Cluster: Industrial parks can facilitate the development of industrial clusters, where
related businesses in the same industry locate near each other to share resources and expertise.

Economic Development: They are often established to stimulate economic growth, job creation,
and investment in the region.

Industrial District:
An industrial district, also known as an industrial zone or industrial area, is a section of a city or
region where industrial activities are concentrated. Key features include:

Location within a City: Industrial districts are often integrated into urban areas or cities,
providing a mix of industrial and non-industrial land uses.
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Diverse Industries: These areas can house a wide range of industrial operations, from heavy
manufacturing to light industry.

Historical Significance: Some industrial districts have historical importance, representing the
industrial heritage of a city or region.

Zoning and Regulations: Like industrial parks, industrial districts are subject to zoning
regulations and land use policies to manage land allocation and land use restrictions.
Mixed Land Uses: In some cases, industrial districts may include residential areas, commercial
businesses, or other land uses, creating a blend of uses in a more urban setting.

The primary purpose of both industrial parks and industrial districts is to create spaces where
industrial and manufacturing activities can thrive. These designated areas help manage and
separate industrial operations from other types of land use, reducing potential conflicts and safety
concerns. They also support economic development by providing a conducive environment for
businesses to operate and potentially cluster together, leading to greater efficiency and
innovation in certain industries.

Planning Educational Campuses

What is Planning Educational Campuses?
"Planning educational campuses" refers to the process of designing and organizing physical
spaces and facilities for educational institutions. This planning includes the layout and
construction of buildings, infrastructure, open spaces, and other elements that support the
educational mission and activities of a school, college, or university. The goal of planning
educational campuses is to create functional, safe, and conducive environments for teaching,
learning, research, and other academic endeavors.

The process of planning educational campuses involves a range of considerations and tasks,
including:

Needs Assessment: Identifying the educational institution's goals, mission, and objectives, as
well as determining the specific programs and services it will offer.

Site Selection: Choosing an appropriate location for the campus, considering factors like
accessibility, transportation options, and available land.

Master Planning: Developing a master plan that outlines the overall layout of the campus,
including the placement of academic buildings, administrative offices, dormitories, recreational
facilities, and other amenities.

Architectural Design: Collaborating with architects and designers to create functional,

aesthetically pleasing, and sustainable buildings that meet the specific needs of the educational
institution.
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Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: Incorporating eco-friendly and sustainable

design principles, energy-efficient buildings, and environmental conservation efforts.

Technology Integration: Designing the campus with robust IT infrastructure, including

technology-enabled classrooms and laboratories.

Safety and Security: Developing a comprehensive security plan that includes well-lit areas,
security personnel, surveillance systems, and emergency response protocols.
Transportation and Parking: Planning for efficient transportation options for students, faculty,
and staff, as well as accommodating parking facilities and other transportation-related needs.

Open Spaces and Landscaping: Designing outdoor areas and green spaces that encourage
relaxation, recreation, and social interaction.
Community Engagement: Involving stakeholders, such as students, faculty, staff, and local
community members, in the planning process to gather input and address concerns.

Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring compliance with local, state, and federal regulations,
including building codes and environmental laws.

Budgeting and Financing: Developing a comprehensive budget that considers construction

costs, operating expenses, and potential sources of funding.

The planning of educational campuses can vary significantly based on the type of institution, the
level of education it provides, its size, and its unique mission and goals. Whether it's a K-12
school, a college or university, or a specialized research institution, the design and layout of the
campus are essential for creating a conducive environment for learning and academic
achievement.

Campus planning covers:

 Open space
 Buildings
 Non-motorized circulation (walking paths, bike lanes, etc.)
 Motorized circulation (roads, public transportation access, etc.)
 Utilities

Depending on the institution, it will either cover, inform, or coordinate with these
initiatives:

 Facilities glossary (including architecture)

 Space management
 Utilities
 Sustainability
 Transportation
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 Deferred maintenance
 Capital planning glossary

Why do campus planning?

Colleges and universities are complex and constantly evolving their teaching, research, and
community activities. This pressures campus systems to meet the needs of today with flexibility
to address the unknown needs of the future. Without campus planning, development can occur
haphazardly, resulting in a multitude of problems over time.

The campus plan should:

 Align to the institution’s academic and strategic goals

 Maximize use of critical resources
 Incorporate smart growth planning principles
 Enhance safety and wellness

Why is integrated planning important for campus planning?

The built environment is an important resource for carrying out the institution’s mission and
recruiting students, faculty, and staff. Therefore, the campus master plan must align with the
college’s or university’s strategic plan and academic plan. Creating and maintaining the physical
environment requires a lot of resources itself, so integrated planning can prevent costly projects
that don’t meet enrollment, learning, or research goals.

An integrated process builds consensus among each institution’s diverse stakeholders. This
allows an institution to create a physical environment tailored to the institution’s mission,
culture, and location.
Campus planning that is not integrated will not embrace the beauty of diversity, will conflict
with and not complement supportive plans, and will fall short of providing the guidance required
for institutional leadership to make sound decisions.

Who does campus planning?

Depending on the institution, campus planning will be led by external consultants or internal
staff from the campus planning (or similar) department. Institutional employees are often
organized into a steering committee and work groups that develop specific system
recommendations (utilities, transportation, etc.).

The steering committee provides final guidance before recommendations are taken to
institutional leadership for review and approval. Approval usually comes from the president or
chancellor and governing board.
Campus planning requires multidisciplinary input from a broad spectrum of stakeholders, both
internal (students, faculty, staff, etc.) and external (municipalities, neighbors, etc.). Who to
 P a g e | 13

involve will depend on institutional needs and project specifics. One key stakeholder is the host
community, since campus systems extend beyond the campus boundary, integrating with
neighboring communities (e.g., open space, roads, sidewalks, bicycle paths, utilities, and
architectural patterns).

When is campus planning done?

A regularly updated plan provides institutional leadership with a valuable tool to make short- and
long-range decisions regarding the built environment. While campus planning occurs on a daily
basis, a comprehensive campus master plan glossary should be created regularly—five- and 10-
year cycles are common.

Institutions that wait for a triggering event, like a large capital outlay approval and building
boom, will find themselves challenged by schedule pressures to deliver a truly integrated and
comprehensive plan. It’s better if those triggering events can be aligned to or incorporated into
the institution’s existing campus master plan.

How is campus planning done?

Every student, employee, alumnus, visitor, and neighbor has ideas to improve the physical
campus. The process needs to be inclusive, integrated, and interactive.
The campus planning process includes:

 Identifying stakeholders
 Leveraging conversations with multiple stakeholders
 Building consensus through common understanding
 Balancing opportunities, constraints, and competing demands to identify the best use of
campus resources
 Outlining a flexible framework for physical development

Government Center & Plaza Complex

What is Government Center?
A government center, often referred to as a government complex, government headquarters, or
administrative center, is a central location where various government offices, agencies, and
departments are housed. These facilities serve as the administrative hub for the local, regional, or
national government and provide a wide range of services to the public. The specific services,
agencies, and functions housed within a government center can vary depending on the level of
government (local, state, or federal) and the jurisdiction's specific needs and priorities.
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Here are some common features and functions associated with government centers:

Administrative Offices: Government centers typically house administrative offices for various
government departments, including departments of public works, finance, human resources, and
planning and development.

Courthouses: Many government centers include courthouses or judicial buildings where legal
proceedings, trials, and other legal matters are conducted.

City Halls or Town Halls: In the case of local government centers, these facilities often serve as
the city or town hall, where elected officials hold meetings, provide services, and engage with
the community.

Police Stations: Law enforcement agencies, including police stations and sheriff's offices, are
commonly located within or adjacent to government centers.

Fire Stations: Some government centers include fire stations and emergency response facilities
to ensure public safety.
Public Libraries: In some cases, government centers incorporate public libraries that offer
educational resources and services to residents.

Licensing and Permit Services: Services related to licenses, permits, and registrations are often
available within government centers, including those for business permits, driver's licenses, and
marriage licenses.

Public Services: Various public services, such as housing and urban development programs,
public transportation services, and health and human services, may have offices within the
complex.

Civic Engagement Spaces: Government centers may include spaces for civic engagement, such
as community meeting rooms and council chambers for public meetings and hearings.
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Public Records and Archives: Government centers often house records and archives, making
historical and administrative documents accessible to the public.

Tax and Revenue Services: Departments responsible for collecting taxes and managing
government revenue are frequently located within the complex.

Public Safety and Emergency Management: Facilities for emergency management, disaster
response, and public safety coordination are often part of government centers.
Government centers are designed to provide a centralized location where residents can access
government services and interact with government officials. These complexes promote
transparency, accessibility, and efficiency in government operations and services. The specific
configuration and services offered within a government center can vary based on the size and
needs of the community or government agency it serves.

PLAZA COMPLEX

What is Plaza Complex?

A plaza complex, also known as a mixed-use plaza or urban plaza complex, is a development or
architectural concept that combines a variety of functions and amenities within a central public
space or plaza. These complexes are typically located in urban areas and are designed to create
vibrant, pedestrian-friendly environments that serve as social, cultural, and commercial hubs.
Plaza complexes often integrate a mix of uses, including retail, dining, entertainment, office
space, residential units, and open public spaces.

RIZAL PLAZA
SPACE ATTRIBUTES
The most important consideration in designing exterior plazas and public spaces is the expected,
future, and potential uses of those spaces. Plazas should be designed to cater to a diverse set of
activities including those that are active or passive, formal or informal, group or individually
oriented, and planned or spontaneous. Plazas should invite users to partake in programmed
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activities (e.g. by providing seating, tables, and shade: lunchtime diners may be encouraged to
frequent a space), but should also be flexible enough to accommodate activities that users plan
themselves (a shaded, grassy area could host a performance, an impromptu game of Frisbee, or
solitary reading). Typical features of plaza space types include the list of applicable design
objectives as outlined below. For a complete list and definitions of the design objectives within
the context of whole building design, click on the titles below.

Accessible

 Access to Features: The design team must ensure that landscaping, level changes, or
other architectural barriers do not prevent users from accessing amenities within a public
plaza. This includes access to public art, water features, seating, and other fixed
"furniture", like water fountains. See also WBDG Accessible—Provide Equal Access and
Flexibility.
 Accessible Routes: Masonry and other hard surfaces must be designed with compliant
slopes that meet ADA standards and properly direct rainwater. Local building codes as
well as ADA standards will dictate the incorporation of ramps, elevators, railings, and
other accessibility elements designed to accommodate wheelchairs, strollers, and other
walkers using canes, etc. without compromising on aesthetics. Grass and earth covered
plazas must be well maintained in order to ensure compliant routes and ground surfaces.
See also WBDG Sustainable—Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices.

Aesthetics

 Materials: Utilize appropriate materials, furniture, signage, and art to reflect the public
nature of the space as well as any required or intended image that the plaza must convey.
See also WBDG Materials.
 Water Features: Water may be used as a visual and acoustic element. However, water
features should not become a maintenance burden. In colder climates provisions must be
made for easy shut-off and drainage during the winter season. The U.S. General Services
Administration restricts fountains and reflecting pools with pumping systems to Category
I areas of a site. Water features should not be placed over occupied space since leakage
problems occur frequently. See also WBDG Sustainable—Protect and Conserve Water.
 Sculpture: In and around federal buildings, sculpture may be provided as part of the
GSA's Art in Architecture Program. Under this program, art is not addressed by the site
designer except as a coordination effort since the sculptor is selected under a separate
contract. However, it is crucial in such cases for the artist and the A/E to coordinate not
only the art installation, but how people will move to and from each other's designed
areas and how one might support the other.
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Cost-Effective

 Cost-Effective Maintenance: It is important to ensure that routine and preventative

maintenance of landscape elements, water features, and artwork in plazas is planned for
and can be performed at a reasonable cost in order to reduce maintenance costs as well as
increase property value.
 Use Durable Materials: Materials for plaza spaces, amenities, and furniture should be
very durable and resistant to the elements and vandalism. Metals that do not require
repainting are recommended.

Functional / Operational

 Design Loads: Loads expected on the plaza must be considered in order to select the
appropriate materials, waterproofing, and maintenance plans and practices. This includes
the types and frequency of vehicles, number of pedestrians, furniture, and other loads
including snow, water, equipment, and more.
 Encourage Flexibility: Plazas should be designed with electrical outlets lighting, and
other simple infrastructure, to support future flexibility and encourage a wide range of
uses. See also WBDG Functional/Operational—Ensure Appropriate Product/Systems
Integration.
 Outdoor Furniture: Seating, tables, bollards, bicycle racks, cigarette urns, trash
receptacles, flagpoles, lighting standards, and tree grates should be considered as part of
the initial site design. Site furniture should be compatible in size, design, and color with
the surrounding architecture and landscape design. Outdoor furniture is an essential
element in creating useful and functional outdoor space.
 Seating: Seating is a public amenity that is appropriate to locate in the plaza areas of
many federal buildings. Moveable seating can be an important component in effective
public plazas. In many intensively-used public spaces, it is an effective supplement to
built-in seating. Where appropriate, perimeter walls and stair elements should be
designed to provide comfortable height and depth for seating. Seating should be designed
and placed on the site to provide choices for employees and visitors. In addition, consider
locating trash containers near seating areas and congregating points to encourage their
use and to reduce litter and other environmental problems.
 Maintenance: The long-term upkeep and maintenance of landscape elements, lighting,
fountains, and similar elements found in plazas must be considered during design and all
other phases of the project. Equipment required for maintenance should be readily
available and easily accessible, including standard equipment such as forklifts or
electrical lifts.
 Programming Plazas: Consideration should be given to development of plazas and
courtyards for employee and visitor uses, and for both planned and unplanned activities.
It may also be possible to incorporate the building's program requirements into these
spaces, for example, for use as outdoor dining or meeting spaces.
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Historic Preservation

 Design Intent: The project team may need to consider preservation, restoration,
rehabilitation, or renovation of an existing plaza, depending on its historical significance
or status. The choice and requirements will affect the project scope, construction, uses,
and costs.
 Respect for Historical Elements: Whenever possible, historical elements and materials
should be reused, repurposed, and/or restored to promote the longevity of important
community and cultural assets.
 Code Compliance: Quite often historic plazas do not meet current codes and standards,
including for accessibility. So a careful analysis should be undertaken that balances the
historic significance of the plaza while also bringing it up to current codes and standards.

Productive

 Meet the Needs of Building Occupants: Well-designed plazas provide workers/occupants

with a relief opportunity—such as breaks—from more confined spaces. See also
WBDG Psychosocial Value of Space.
 Encourage a Variety of Activities: The design team should discuss with potential users
how they would like to use the space, in order to incorporate appropriate amenities, relate
outdoor areas to inside uses, accommodate traffic to and from the building, and provide
for regular programmed use of the spaces and special events, as appropriate.
Consideration should be given to different areas of a public plaza which would be
appropriate for different types and intensities of public activities. With proper
accommodations a plaza can bring the public in by supporting performing arts events and
vendors. See also WBDG Functional/Operational—Account for Functional Needs.

Secure / Safe

 Bollards and Landscape Elements: To prevent vehicles from accidentally or intentionally

entering a plaza from adjacent public streets, it is recommended that barriers be installed
along the border of the plaza. These barriers can be simple bollards or fixed landscape
elements. Stairs, statues, water features, or large planters can be enjoyable for plaza users
and aesthetically pleasing while providing security for the building and its occupants. See
also WBDG Landscape Architecture and the Site Security Design Process and Effective
Site Security Design.
 Manholes: The placement of manholes in plazas and entry courts should be avoided,
particularly along the main pedestrian routes and walkways.
Here are key features and components of a plaza complex:
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Central Plaza: At the heart of a plaza complex is a central open space or plaza that serves as a
focal point for social activities, gatherings, and events. This area may include seating, art
installations, fountains, or greenery.

Retail and Commercial Spaces: Plaza complexes often feature retail stores, boutiques, cafes,
restaurants, and shops around the perimeter of the central plaza. This provides opportunities for
shopping, dining, and entertainment.

Office Space: Some plaza complexes include office buildings or co-working spaces, making it
convenient for professionals to work in the same area where they can find retail and dining
options.

Residential Units: In many cases, residential units, such as apartments or condominiums, are
integrated into the complex, allowing people to live within the vibrant urban environment.

Entertainment and Cultural Facilities: The complex may include theaters, art galleries,
cultural centers, or venues for live performances, enriching the cultural experience for residents
and visitors.

Public Events and Programming: The central plaza often serves as a venue for public events,
such as festivals, concerts, outdoor markets, and other community activities.

Pedestrian-Friendly Design: Plaza complexes are typically designed to be walkable and

pedestrian-friendly, with well-designed pathways, pedestrian zones, and often limited vehicular
traffic.

Green Spaces: Greenery, trees, and landscaping are incorporated into the complex to provide
shade, aesthetic appeal, and a connection to nature.

Mixed-Use Development: The concept of a plaza complex represents mixed-use development,

where various functions coexist in close proximity, encouraging interaction and community
building.

Sustainability Features: Many modern plaza complexes incorporate sustainability features such
as energy-efficient building designs, renewable energy sources, and environmentally responsible
landscaping.

Plaza complexes are designed to create lively and attractive urban destinations that offer a mix of
experiences. They aim to bring people together, support local businesses, and contribute to the
vitality and vibrancy of a city or neighborhood. The design and features of a plaza complex can
vary depending on the specific goals and priorities of the development and its location within an
urban area.
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Resort Community Design

Resort community design involves the planning and development of areas that cater to tourism
and leisure, providing visitors with a pleasant and relaxing vacation experience. The design of a
resort community is focused on creating an attractive, functional, and comfortable environment
for tourists while maintaining a sustainable and environmentally responsible approach.

TRADEWINDS ISLAND RESORT

Here are key elements to consider when designing a resort community:

Site Selection: Careful consideration of the location is essential. Factors like proximity to natural
attractions, accessibility, climate, and local culture should all be taken into account.

Master Planning: Develop a comprehensive master plan that outlines the layout, land use, and
infrastructure of the resort community. This plan should consider zoning, building codes, and
environmental regulations.

Aesthetic and Architectural Design: Create a distinct and appealing architectural style that
harmonizes with the natural surroundings and local culture. This can contribute to the unique
identity of the resort.

Accommodations: Design and build various types of accommodations, such as hotels, resorts,
vacation rentals, and campgrounds, to cater to different visitor preferences and budgets.

Recreation and Amenities: Include recreational facilities and amenities such as pools, spa
facilities, fitness centers, golf courses, and water sports to provide leisure and entertainment
options.

Environmental Sustainability: Resort communities should prioritize sustainable practices such

as energy-efficient buildings, waste reduction, water conservation, and the use of renewable
energy sources.
Landscape and Open Spaces: Preserve and enhance natural landscapes and create green spaces
that encourage outdoor activities and relaxation.
Safety and Security: Implement security measures to ensure the safety of guests and staff,
including surveillance systems, trained personnel, and emergency response plans.
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Local Culture and Activities: Incorporate local culture and traditions into the resort experience,
offering cultural activities, excursions, and opportunities for guests to engage with the
community.

Transportation: Provide convenient transportation options, such as shuttle services, car rentals,
or easy access to public transportation, for visitors to explore the surrounding area.

Community Engagement: Involve the local community in the planning and operation of the
resort, fostering positive relationships and benefiting the local economy.

Restaurants and Dining: Include a variety of dining options, from fine dining to casual
restaurants, offering a range of culinary experiences.

Retail and Shopping: Develop shopping areas that feature boutiques, souvenir shops, and local
markets for guests to purchase goods and gifts.

Sustainable Practices: Develop initiatives that reduce the resort's environmental footprint, such
as recycling programs, green building practices, and eco-friendly transportation options.

Accessibility: Ensure that the resort is accessible to people with disabilities, including
accommodations and facilities that meet accessibility standards.

Entertainment and Activities: Plan and schedule entertainment and activities for guests, such
as live performances, themed events, and recreational programs.

Visitor Information and Services: Set up information centers, concierge services, and guides to
help visitors make the most of their stay.

Resort community design aims to create an inviting and immersive experience for guests while
respecting the natural environment and the local community. A well-designed resort community
can contribute to economic development, environmental sustainability, and positive interactions
between tourists and the host community.
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