Functions

🅵🆄🅽🅲🆃🅸🅾🅽
BY: LLOYD PSYCHE T. BALTAZAR

Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a) define functions;
b) represent real life situation using functions including piece wise
function, evaluate functions;
c) perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
composition of functions; and
d) solve problems involving functions.
🅁🄴🄿🅁🄴🅂🄴🄽🅃🄸🄽🄶 🄰
Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
a) define function and related terms; and

b) determine if the given relation represents a function.
Relation
A relation between two sets is a collection of ordered
pairs containing one object from each set. If the
object x is from the first set and the object y is from
the second set, then the objects are said to be
related if the ordered pair (x,y) is in the relation.
A relation is a set of ordered pair (x,y) without restriction.

(1, 𝐷)
Example of Relations
(2, 𝐶)
1. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 8)} (3, 𝐶)

2. {(4, 2), (4, -2), (9, 3), (9,3)}
3. {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (1,d)}
Function
A function is a set of ordered pairs of number
(x,y) in no two distinct ordered pairs have the
same first number. Examples of Functions
A function is a special type of relation each 1. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 8)}
element of the input or domain (x) corresponds to 2. {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5,1)}
exactly one element of the output or range (y).
Representing a Function
MAPPING TABLE OF VALUES

DIAGRAM SET NOTATION GRAPH
1. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 8)}

2. {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5,1)}
Domain & Range
The domain of a function is the set of all possible

inputs (x) for the function.
The range of a function is the set of outputs (y) the

function achieves when it is applied to its whole set of
outputs.
Function as Graph: Vertical Line Test
A vertical line test is a test used to determine if a relation is a
function. A relation is a function if there are no vertical lines that
intersect the graph at more than one point.
FUNCTION NOT A
FUNCTION
Comprehension Check!
Identify whether the statement is a function or a mere relation.
It is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called domain)

MERE RELATION
to a second set of values (called range).
The element of the domain can be imagined as input to a

machine that applies a rule so that each input corresponds to only FUNCTION
one output.
It is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) with no restrictions. MERE RELATION

Identify whether the following is a function or a relation.
𝑝 ={(1, 0), (1,1), (1, 2), (1, -2)} RELATION
𝑛 ={(q, 0), (w, 1), (e, 2), (t, 3)} FUNCTION
𝑞 ={(x, 3), (y, 4), (z, 3), (w, 4)} FUNCTION

FUNCTION RELATION FUNCTION

RELATION RELATION FUNCTION

🅁🄴🄰🄻-🄻🄸🄵🄴 🄰🄿🄿🄻🄸🄲🄰🅃🄸🄾🄽 🄾🄵
Lesson Objectives
a) represent real-life situations using functions.

Functions in Real-life Situations
Prob 1: Suppose Gary wants to determine the relationship of the price of rice per kilo in the market and
the following information are given:
✓ One kilo of rice costs ₱40.00.
✓ He wants to buy 3 kilos of rice.
✓ He wants to determine the amount of rice he can purchase with ₱200.00 in his pocket.
Create a function that will represent the situation.
STEP 1: Create a three column table wherein the first column is the domain/input (x), the second column is the
computation, and the third column is the range/output (y).
# of Kilos of Rice (x) Computation Cost (y)

Prob 1: Suppose Gary wants to determine the relationship of the price of rice per kilo in the market and
the following information are given:
STEP 2: Input the values of x and y, and then show the computation.

1 40 1 = 40 ₱ 40.00
3 40 3 = 120 ₱ 120.00
5 40 5 = 200 ₱ 200.00
Prob 1: Suppose Gary wants to determine the relationship of the price of rice per kilo in the market and the
following information are given:
STEP 3: Extend the table by providing 3 more values of x and y.

1 40 1 = 40 ₱ 40.00
3 40 3 = 120 ₱ 120.00
5 40 5 = 200 ₱ 200.00
6 40 6 = 240 ₱ 240.00
7 40 7 = 280 ₱ 280.00
9 40 9 = 360 ₱ 360.00
Prob 1: Suppose Gary wants to determine the relationship of the price of rice per kilo in the market and the
following information are given:
STEP 4: Focus on the computation column. Create an equation (function) or rule that will satisfy the computations.

1 40 1 = 40 ₱ 40.00
Rule:
3 40 3 = 120 ₱ 120.00
5 40 5 = 200 ₱ 200.00 𝑦 = 40𝑥
6 40 6 = 240 ₱ 240.00
7 40 7 = 280 ₱ 280.00
9 40 9 = 360 ₱ 360.00
Prob 2: Suppose Guillermo wants to determine the relationship of a room occupation and its
corresponding rental per month, and the following information are given:
✓ The initial non-refundable payment is ₱100.00 and the monthly rental is ₱500.00.
✓ He has ₱2,100.00 on his pocket and wants to pay all of these for rental.
✓ He wants to determine the payment of occupying the room for 6 months.
# of Months (x) Computation Total Rental (y)

Prob 2: Suppose Guillermo wants to determine the relationship of a room occupation and its
corresponding rental per month, and the following information are given:

1 500 1 + 100 = 600 ₱ 600.00
4 500 4 + 100 = 2100 ₱ 2100.00
6 500 6 + 100 = 3100 ₱ 3100.00
Prob 2: Suppose Guillermo wants to determine the relationship of a room occupation and its corresponding rental
per month, and the following information are given:

1 500 1 + 100 = 600 ₱ 600.00
4 500 4 + 100 = 2100 ₱ 2100.00
6 500 6 + 100 = 3100 ₱ 3100.00
7 500 7 + 100 = 3600 ₱ 3600.00
8 500 8 + 100 = 4100 ₱ 4100.00
9 500 9 + 100 = 4600 ₱ 4600.00
Prob 2: Suppose Guillermo wants to determine the relationship of a room occupation and its corresponding rental
per month, and the following information are given:
1 500 1 + 100 = 600 ₱ 600.00
4 500 4 + 100 = 2100 ₱ 2100.00
Rule:
6 500 6 + 100 = 3100 ₱ 3100.00 𝑦 = 500𝑥 + 100
7 500 7 + 100 = 3600 ₱ 3600.00
8 500 8 + 100 = 4100 ₱ 4100.00
9 500 9 + 100 = 4600 ₱ 4600.00
Prob 3: Suppose Cristina wants to determine the relationship of paying a jeepney fare and the corresponding
distance travelled. She is also given the following situations:
✓ The minimum fare of the first four kilometers or less is ₱10.00 and each succeeding kilometer costs ₱2.00.
✓ She wants to utilize ₱20.00 on her pocket for a full transportation payment.
✓ She wants to ascertain the total fare by travelling 20 kilometers.
Distance Travelled in km Computation Fare (y)

(x)

(x)
1 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒 ₱ 10.00
9 10 + 2 ∗ 9 − 4 = 20 ₱ 20.00
20 10 + 2 ∗ 20 − 4 = 42 ₱ 42.00

(x)
9 10 + 2 ∗ 9 − 4 = 20 ₱ 20.00
20 10 + 2 ∗ 20 − 4 = 42 ₱ 42.00
5 10 + 2 ∗ 5 − 4 = 12 ₱ 12.00
8 10 + 2 ∗ 8 − 4 = 18 ₱ 18.00
(x)
4 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒 ₱ 10.00 Rule:
9 10 + 2 ∗ 9 − 4 = 20 ₱ 20.00 𝑦 = 10 + 2 𝑥 − 4 , 𝑥 > 4
20 10 + 2 ∗ 20 − 4 = 42 ₱ 42.00
5 10 + 2 ∗ 5 − 4 = 12 ₱ 12.00
8 10 + 2 ∗ 8 − 4 = 18 ₱ 18.00
🅿🅸🅴🅲🅴🆆🅸🆂🅴
Lesson Objectives
a) define piece-wise function; and

b) represents real-life situations using piece-wise functions.
Piecewise Function
A piecewise function is one which is defined
not by a single equation, but by two or more.
Each equation is valid for some interval .
A piecewise function is a function that has

different parts, or pieces. Each part of the
piecewise function has its own specific job
that it performs when the conditions are
correct.
Examples of Piecewise Function
2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑦=ቊ
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒙 > 𝟏
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
1 2 (included) 1 1 (excluded)
0 2 2 2
-1 2 3 3
-2 2 4 4
Note:
✓ If it is a closed dot (shaded), it means the value is included.
✓ If it is an open dot (unshaded), it means the value is excluded.
Examples of Piecewise Function
𝑥2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2
𝑦 = ൞ 6, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
10 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≤ 6
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 < 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟔, 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
2 4 (excluded) 2 6 (included)
1 1
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒙, 𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔
0 0
𝑥 𝑦
-1 1
2 8 (excluded)
Note:
3 7 ✓ If it is a closed dot (shaded), it means the value is included.
4 6 ✓ If it is an open dot (unshaded), it means the value is excluded.
6 4 (included)
Piecewise Function: Real-life Situations
Prob 4: Suppose Philippine Airlines STEP 1: Create a piecewise function notation and input
offered the prices of plane tickets from all the values of y.
Davao to Manila as summarized below.
Create a piecewise function that will 1250
1550
represent the situation. 𝑦 = 1750
2250
# of Months (x) Ticket Price (y)
6 months or more before the flight ₱1,250.00 STEP 2: Create range/interval of x that will satisfy the
conditions in the first column.
5 months before the flight ₱1,550.00
3 months before the flight ₱1,750.00 1250, 6≤𝑥<∞ 𝑥≥6 𝑥<∞
A month before the flight ₱2,250.00 1550, 5≤𝑥<6 𝑥≥5 𝑥<6
𝑦 = 1750, 3≤𝑥<5 𝑥≥3 𝑥<5
2250, 1≤𝑥<3 𝑥≥1 𝑥<3
STEP 1: Create a piecewise function notation and input
Prob 5: Suppose a lending institution all the values of y.
offers the interest for loans as shown
below. Create a piecewise function that 3%
will represent the situation. 4%
𝑦 = 5%
6%
# of Years (x) Interest Rate (y)
Less than or equal to 1 year 3% of the principal STEP 2: Create range/interval of x that will satisfy the
More than 1 year but less than
4% of the principal
or equal to 2 years
3%, 0<𝑥≤1 𝑥>0 𝑥≤1
More than 2 years but less than
5% of the principal 4%, 1<𝑥≤2 𝑥>1 𝑥≤2
or equal to 3 years
𝑦 = 5%, 2<𝑥≤3 𝑥>2 𝑥≤3
More than 3 years 6% of the principal
6%, 3<𝑥<∞ 𝑥>3 𝑥<∞
Prob 6: Suppose Philippine Airlines STEP 1: Create a piecewise function notation and input
offered the discount of tickets from Davao all the values of y.
to Hongkong utilizing the table below.
Create a piecewise function that will 15%
12%
represent the situation. 𝑦 = 9%
1%
# of Months (x) Ticket Price (y)
6 months before the flight 15% STEP 2: Create range/interval of x that will satisfy the
5 months before the flight 12%
3 months before the flight 9% 15%, 6 ≤ 𝑥 < ∞ 𝑥≥6 𝑥<∞
A month before the flight 1% 12%, 5 ≤ 𝑥 < 6 𝑥≥5 𝑥<6
𝑦 = 9%, 3 ≤ 𝑥 < 5 𝑥≥3 𝑥<5
1%, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 𝑥≥1 𝑥<3

🄴🅅🄰🄻🅄🄰🅃🄸🄽🄶 🄰
Lesson Objectives
a) evaluate a function; and

b) solve problems involving evaluation of functions.
Function Machine
In a function, the x – variable is the input variable and the value of the y – variable is
computed based on the value of the x – variable. A relation is a function if for each x –
value there corresponds only one y – value.
𝒙
𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇:
𝒇(𝒙) or 𝒚
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case
𝑥, with a value from the function’s domain and computing the result. To denote
that we are evaluating 𝑓 at 𝑥 for some 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓, we write 𝑓(𝑥).
Substitution Property of Equality
The substitution property of equality states that if 𝑥 = 𝑦, then 𝑥 can
be substituted in for 𝑦 in any equation, and 𝑦 can be substituted for 𝑥 in
any equation.
Example: If we know that x = y and we have the equation x + 5 = 7, then we can

substitute y for x and write the equation as y + 5 = 7.
🅆🄷🅈 🄸🅂 🄸🅃 🄸🄼🄿🄾🅁🅃🄰🄽🅃?
✓ The substitution property of equality makes algebra possible. If we did not use this
property in algebra, we would not be able to plug in known values for variables into
mathematical expressions and equations.
Evaluation of Function
Example 1: Evaluate the function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 at 𝑥 = −4, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2,
and 𝑥 = 4.
at 𝑥 = −4, at 𝑥 = 0, at 𝑥 = 2, at 𝑥 = 4,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4
𝑓(−4) = (−4)2 −4 𝑓(0) = (0)2 −4 𝑓(2) = (2)2 −4 𝑓(4) = (4)2 −4
𝑓(−4) = 16 − 4 𝑓(0) = 0 − 4 𝑓(2) = 4 − 4 𝑓(4) = 16 − 4
𝑓(−4) = 12 𝑓 0 = −4 𝑓 2 =0 𝑓 4 = 12
Evaluation of Function
2𝑥 3
Example 2: Evaluate the function: 𝑓 𝑥 = − 3𝑥 at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 5, and
1 3
𝑥 = 2.
1
at 𝑥 = −1, at 𝑥 = 5, at 𝑥 = 2,
2𝑥 3 2𝑥 3 2𝑥 3
𝑓(𝑥) = − 3𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
− 3𝑥
3 3
1 3
2 −1 3 2 5 3 1 2 1
2
𝑓(−1) = − 3 −1 𝑓(5) = −3 5 𝑓 = −3
3 3 2 3 2
1
2 −1 2 125 1 2 3
8
𝑓 −1 = +3 𝑓 5 = − 15 𝑓 = −
3 3 2 3 2
250 1
−2 𝑓 5 = − 15 1 3
𝑓 −1 = + 3 3 𝑓 = 4
−2
3 2 3
7 205 1 17
𝑓 −1 = 3 𝑜𝑟 2.33 𝑓 5 = 𝑜𝑟 68.33 𝑓 2
= − 12 𝑜𝑟 − 1.42
3

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BY: LLOYD PSYCHE T. BALTAZAR

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:

a) define function and related terms; and

A relation is a set of ordered pair (x,y) without restriction.

1. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 8)} (3, 𝐶)

MAPPING TABLE OF VALUES

1. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 8)}

The domain of a function is the set of all possible

The range of a function is the set of outputs (y) the

It is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called domain)

The element of the domain can be imagined as input to a

It is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) with no restrictions. MERE RELATION

𝑝 ={(1, 0), (1,1), (1, 2), (1, -2)} RELATION

𝑛 ={(q, 0), (w, 1), (e, 2), (t, 3)} FUNCTION

𝑞 ={(x, 3), (y, 4), (z, 3), (w, 4)} FUNCTION

FUNCTION RELATION FUNCTION

RELATION RELATION FUNCTION

At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:

a) represent real-life situations using functions.

# of Kilos of Rice (x) Computation Cost (y)

# of Kilos of Rice (x) Computation Cost (y)

STEP 3: Extend the table by providing 3 more values of x and y.

# of Kilos of Rice (x) Computation Cost (y)

# of Months (x) Computation Total Rental (y)

# of Months (x) Computation Total Rental (y)

STEP 3: Extend the table by providing 3 more values of x and y.

Distance Travelled in km Computation Fare (y)

Distance Travelled in km Computation Fare (y)

STEP 3: Extend the table by providing 3 more values of x and y.

At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:

a) define piece-wise function; and

A piecewise function is a function that has

1%, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 𝑥≥1 𝑥<3

At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:

a) evaluate a function; and

Example: If we know that x = y and we have the equation x + 5 = 7, then we can

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