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 EXPECTATION

Lesson 1: Functions
Lesson 1.1 Representing functions
Lesson 1.2 Evaluating functions
Lesson 1.3 Operations on Functions

Lesson 2: Rational functions

Lesson 2.1 Rational equations and Rational inequalities
Lesson 2.2 Rational functions
Lesson 2.3 Graphing rational functions

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:

1. Represents real life situations using functions, including piece wise functions
2. Evaluates function
3. Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition of functions.
4. Distinguishes rational function, rational equation and rational inequality.
5. Solves rational equations and inequalities
6. Represents rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c)equation.
7. Finds the domain and range of a rational function.

PRETEST

Direction: identify which of the following shows about function. Put a check if it shows a
definition of function and X if it is not.

_____1. It is like a machine that has an input and an output.

_____2.

______3.

LESSON
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 LESSON 1.1 REPRESENTING FUNCTIONS

Function
Is a rule of correspondence between two nonempty sets, such that, to each element of the
first set called domain, there corresponds one and only one element of the second set called
range.
In many situations in science, business and mathematics, a correspondence exists between two
sets. The notion of correspondence occur frequently in everyday life.
Example:
- A weekly salary is a function of the hourly pay rate and the number of hours worked.
- to each person there corresponds a height.
- To each book in the library there correspond a number of pages in the book.
- The user puts in money, punches a specific button, and a specific item drops into the output
slot. (The function rule is the product price. The input is the
money combined with the selected button. The output is the product, sometimes delivered along
with coins in change, if the user has entered more money than required by the function rule.)
- The table below shows the PHILPOST rates for sending printed materials.
Weight price
20 g and below ₱14
More than 20g but not over 50g ₱32
More than 50 g but not more than 100 g ₱54
More than 100 g but not over 250 g ₱132
More than 250 g but not over 500 g ₱263
More than 500 g but not over 1 000 g ₱525
The graph shows the table above.

Example of
Piece – wise
function

These real life situations show that the quantity depends on, or corresponds to another quantity.
Moreover, these situations incorporate three elements – a set of inputs, a function rule or rule of
correspondence and a set of outputs.

Domain (x) Range (y)

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 Note that for every element in the set of inputs, there corresponds one and only one element in
the set of outputs based on the function rule. However, different elements in the set of inputs
may produce the same element in the set of outputs.

Y = f(x) Y = g(x) y = r(x)

x1 y1 x1 y1 x1 y1
x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y2
x3 y3 x3 y3 x3 y3

One to one function Many to one function One to many (Not a function)

f ( x )=¿ g ( x )=¿

r(x) (One to many) is not a function because the set of input ( x 2) has multiple set of outputs
( y 1∧ y 2 ).

Note: you can identify if the graph is a function, when you draw a vertical line and it passes only
on one (1) point.
Example:
The line passes the line The line passes on two
points. Therefore it is
only on one point. not a function.
Therefore it is a
function

Domain and Range of Functions

Finding the Domain:
Solve the equation for y in terms of x.
1. If y is polynomial, the domain is the set of real numbers.
2. If y is a rational expression and contains an expression d(x) in the denominator, the
domain is the set of real numbers, except those value of x that make d(x) equal to 0.
3. If y contains a radical expression √n r ( x)where n is an even natural number, the domain is
the set of real numbers that makes r(x) greater than or equal to 0.

Finding the Range:

1. If x is polynomial, the range is the set of real numbers. Exclude all restrictions in the
defining equation (where y is in terms of x), if there is any.

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 2. If x is a rational expression and contains an expression d(y) in the denominator, the range
is the set of real numbers except those values of y that make d(y) equal to 0
3. If x contains a radical expression √n r ( y )where n is an even natural number, the domain is
the set of real numbers that makes r(y) greater than or equal to 0.

Example:
Determine the domain and range of each of the following
1. 3 x− y=4
2. y=x 2−4
3. y= √ 5−2 x

Solutions:
1. 3 x− y=4 Next, solve 3 x− y=4 for x in terms of y
First solve 3 x− y=4 for y in terms of x. 3 x− y=4
3 x− y=4 3 x= y +4
− y=−3 x + 4 1 4
x= y +
y=3 x−4 3 3
Since y is a polynomial, the domain is
D={x /x ∈ R } Since x is a polynomial, the domain is
R={ y / y ∈ R }

2. y=x 2−4 3. y= √ 5−2 x

Since y is a polynomial, the domain is Since y is a radical, y must be greater than
D={x /x ∈ R } or equal to zero. Thus,
5−2 x ≥0
Next solve for x in terms of y −2 x ≥−5
y=x 2−4 5
x≤
y + 4=x 2 2
x=± √ y+ 4 5
Therefore, D={x /x ≤ }
For x to be real, the radicand y + 4 must be 2
greater than or equal to 0. (Based on #3 Next solve for x in terms of y
finding the range) that is, y= √ 5−2 x
y + 4 ≥ 0 implies that y 2=5−2 x
y ≥−4 y 2−5=−2 x
Therefore, y2 5
R={ y / y ≥−4 } − =x
−2 2
Since x is a polynomial, y can be any real number.
However, the defining equation is restricted to
values of y that are greater than or equal to 0 hence
the range of y is
R={ y / y ≥0 }

LESSON 1.2 EVALUATING FUNCTION

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 The value of the dependent variable y=f ( x ) that corresponds to a specific value of an
independent variable x is found by substituting x into the function rule, then, simplifying the
resulting expression.
Example 1: Evaluate the function f ( x )=x 2 +3 x−2 for each replacement value of.
a. -3 b. 0 c. 2 d. 3
Solution:
a. Ifx = -3 , then
b. Ifx = 0 , then
f ( x )=x 2 +3 x−2
f ( x )=x 2 +3 x−2
f (−3 )=(−3 )2 +3 (−3 ) −2
f ( 0 )=( 0 )2 +3 ( 0 ) −2
¿ 9+ (−9 )−2
¿ 0+ ( 0 )−2
¿−2
¿−2

c. Ifx = 2 , then d. Ifx = 3 , then

f ( x )=x 2 +3 x−2 f ( x )=x 2 +3 x−2
f ( 2 ) =( 2 )2+3 ( 2 ) −2 f ( 3 )=( 3 )2 +3 ( 3 )−2
¿ 4 + ( 6 ) −2 ¿ 9+ 9−2
¿8 ¿ 16

LESSON 1.3 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

Sum and difference of functions
if f and g are functions with domains D f ∧D g respectively, their sum is the function
defined as
(( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ f ( g)
And their difference is the function defined as
(( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−f ( g)

The domain of ( f + g )( x ) and ( f −g ) ( x ) is Df ∩ D g

Example:
1. Let f ( x )=2 x 3−5 x+ 4∧g ( x )=3 x2 +2 x−6 . Find the ( f + g) ( x ).
5 x−2 −7 x +3
2. Let f ( x )= ∧g ( x ) = . Find the ( f −g ) ( x ) .
3 4
Solutions:
1. ( f + g ) ( x )=f ( x ) + g ( x ) 2. ( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g ( x )
¿ ( 2 x3 −5 x+ 4 ) +(3 x 2+2 x−6) 5 x−2 −7 x +3
¿ −
¿ 2 x3 −5 x + 4+3 x 2+ 2 x−6 3 4
¿ 2 x +3 x 2−3 x−2
3

4 ( 5 x−2 )−3 (−7 x +3 )

¿
12

20 x−8+21 x −9
¿
12
41 x−17
¿
12

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 Product of functions
if f and g are functions with domains Df ∧D g, respectively, their product is the function defined
by
( f ∙ g ) ( x ) =f ( x ) ∙ f (g)
Example:
1. Let f ( x )=2 x−1 and g ( x )=x 2+ x−2. Find ( f ∙ g ) ( x )
3 x 2−7 x−6 3 x2 + x−2
2. Let (f ( x )= a nd g ( x ) = . Find ( f ∙ g ) ( x )
9 x2 −4 x2 −2 x−3

Solution:
1. ( f ∙ g ) ( x ) =f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) 2. Note :Observe how factoring techniques help
facilitate the multiplication process.
¿ ( 2 x−1 ) ( x 2 + x−2 )
( f ∙ g ) ( x ) =f ( x ) ∙ f ( g )
¿ 2 x3 + x 2−5 x +2
3 x 2−7 x−6 3 x 2 + x−2
¿ ∙ 2
9 x 2−4 x −2 x−3

( 3 x +2 ) ( x −3 ) ( 3 x−2 ) ( x +1 )
¿ ∙
( 3 x +2 ) ( 3 x −2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+1 )

¿1

Quotient of functions
If f and g are functions with domain Df ∧D g, respectively, excluding the values of D g that will
make g(x) zero, then their quotient is the function defined as

( fg ) ( x )= ff (( gx ))
Example:

1. Let f ( x )=2 x−1 and g ( x )=x 2+ x−2. Find ( fg ) ( x )

2. Let f ( x )= √ 2 x∧g ( x ) =√ x −1. Find ( fg ) ( x )
1. ( fg ) ( x )= gf (( xx)) 2. ( fg ) ( x )= gf (( xx))
( 2 x−1 ) √2 x
¿ ¿
2
( x + x−2 ) √ x−1
¿ √2 x ∙ √ x −1
√ x−1 √ x −1
¿
√2 x ( x−1 )
2
√ ( x−1 )
2 x 2−2 x
¿√
x−1

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 Composition of functions
if f and g are functions with domains Df ∧D g the composite function f and g is defined as
( f ⃘ g )( x )=f [ g (x) ]

The symbol f ⃘ gis read as “f circle g”.

In computing for ( f ⃘ g )( x ) , simply replace all x in f with g(x).

Example:
let f ( x )=3 x−4 and g ( x )=x 2−2 x +6 . Find

1. ( f ⃘ g )( x ) 2. ( g ⃘ f )( x )
Solutions:

2. g ( x )=x 2−2 x +6
1. f(x) = 3 x−4
replace x with f(x)
replace x with g(x)
( g ⃘ f )( x )=g [ f ( x ) ]
( f ⃘ g )( x )=f [ g ( x ) ]
¿ ( 3 x−4 )2−2 ( 3 x−4 ) +6
¿ 3 ( g ( x ) ) −4
¿ 9 x 2−24 x +16−6 x+ 8+6
¿ 3 ( x 2−2 x+6 )−4 2
¿ 9 x −30 x+30
¿ 3 x 2−6 x+14
Thus ,( g ⃘ f )( x )=9 x 2−30 x +30
2
Thus, ( f ⃘ g )( x )=3 x −6 x +14

LESSON 2 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

LESSON 2.1 RATIONAL EQUATIONS, RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

Rational equation – an equation that contains rational expressions is referred to as rational
equation.
Example:
5x 1 1
 − =
6 2 3
x x 4
 − = −3
2−x x + 4 x+ 4

In solving rational equations, multiply each term of the equations by the least common
denominator (LCD), then solve the resulting equation.
5x 1 1
Example: Solve − =
6 2 3

( 56x − 12 )(6)= 13 (6) Multiply both sides

by 6 (LCD)
Check: x =1, ( 5(1)
6
1 1
− )=
2 3
5 x−3=2
5 x=5
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 x=1 5−3 1
=
6 3
2 1
=
6 3
1 1
=
3 3

Rational inequalities – an inequality that contains rational expressions is referred to as rational

inequalities.
x−5 1
 −7=
3x x−5
4 x +5 5 x
 >
x−4 x−4

Example: Solve the rational inequalities then graph its solution set.
5 2x
3 x− ≥−
6 3

Solution:
5 −2 x
The LCD of the fractions involved is 6. 3 x−( 6 ) ( )
( 6) ≥
3
(6 )

18 x−5 ≥−4 x
The solution set in
18 x−5 ≥−4 x
5
18 x+ 4 x−5 ≥ 0
interval form is
22
,∞[ ]
22 x ≥ 5
5
x≥
22

LESSON 2.2 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

A rational function, r ( x )is a function of the form
p(x)
q (x )

Where p ( x ) and q ( x ) are polynomial functions, and q ( x ) ≠0. The domain of r ( x ) is the set of real
numbers such that q ( x )is not zero.
Example:
The domain cannot be equal to - 1 on the
x 3 −1 given function because it will make (x+1) equal
r x=
( ) , x ≠−1
x +1 to 0. This is undefined.

A rational function can be represented by its equation, table of values or graph.

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 Example:
1 1
a. f ( x )= b. g ( x )=
x x −2
In dealing with a rational function, it is often helpful to find values for which the rational
function is undefined.

Solutions:
1 1
a. f ( x )= can also be y= hence
x x

1
By its equation, x cannot be equal to 0. The graph of the line x = 0 will not be crossed by the graph of y=
x
.

1
The table of values for the function y= is
x
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -0.20 -0.25 -0.33 -0.50 -1.00 undefined 1 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20

Using these values, we can graph the function by plotting it the Cartesian plane

1 1
b. g ( x )= can also be y= is not defined when x ≠ 2. The graph of the line x = 2 will not be
x −2 x−2
1
crossed by the graph of g ( x )= .
x −2
1
The table of values for g ( x )= is
x −2

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -0.14 -0.17 -0.20 -0.25 -0.33 -0.50 -1 undefined 1 0.50 0.25

1
Graph for g ( x )=
x −2

Domain of rational function

A rational function is defined only when its denominator is not equal to zero. This
implies that the domain of a rational function is the set of real numbers, except those that make
the denominator zero.

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 Example:
Find the domain of each rational function.

x x 2−4 x−5
a. r ( x )= b. s ( x )=
x ( x−3 ) ( x2 +2 x−8 )

x x 2−4 x−5
a. r ( x )= b. s ( x )=
x ( x−3 ) ( x2 +2 x−8 )
Denominator must not be equal to zero. set
Hence, ( x 2 +2 x−8 ) ≠ 0
x=0 and x−3=0∨x =3
( x +4 )( x−2 ) ≠ 0
Will make the function undefined. Therefore,
x +4 ≠ 0∨x−2 ≠0
x ≠−4∨x ≠2
D={x /x ≠ 0∧x ≠3 }
Therefore,
D={x /x ≠−4∧x ≠ 2}
In interval form, the domain is,
(−∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0,3 ) ∪ (3 ,+∞ )
In interval form, the domain is,
(−∞ ,−4 ) ∪ (−4,2 ) ∪(2,+ ∞)

Range of rational function

The range of ration function can easily be determined through its graph.
Example:
Determine the range of each rational function
1 1
a. f ( x )= b. r ( x )=
x x −2
Solutions:
1 1
a. f ( x )= b. r ( x )=
x x −2

1
The graph of r ( x )= shows that its range
x −2
R={r ( x ) /r (x) ≠0 }

1
The graph of f ( x )= shows that its range
x
R={f ( x ) /f (x) ≠0

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NOTE: This manuscript is for MCS EXCLUSIVE use only. Reproduction,
posting of any part of this material in any form of Social Media and use
other than its intent and purpose is STRICTLY PROHIBITED and subject for
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