The Theory of Functions

Relations, Functions, and Graphs

A function is a relation where for each x-value there is
only one y-value.
 The Theory of Functions
Relations, Functions, and Graphs
 The Theory of Functions
Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Example 1

Function
 The Theory of Functions
Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Example 1

Function Many-to-One Function

 The Theory of Functions
Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Example 1

Not a Function
 The Theory of Functions
Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Example 1

Function
 The Theory of Functions
Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Example 1

Function One-to-One Function

 The Theory of Functions
Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Example 2
 The Theory of Functions
Function Notation

Example 1
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range

Example 1
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
Example 1
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range

Example 2
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
Example 2
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
Example 3
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
Example 3
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range

Piecewise Function
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range

𝑥=1 𝑥=2
𝑓 1 =1 𝑓 2 =2
𝑥>1 𝑥<2
𝑓 𝑥 =2 𝑓 𝑥 =2
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at x = 1 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 2
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
Example 4
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
Example 4
 The Theory of Functions
Domain and Range
Example 4
 The Theory of Functions
Composite Functions
“Function Composition” is applying one function to the results of
another:

The result of 𝑓 is sent through 𝑔

𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 or 𝑓g is used to represent composite functions.
It means “f following g”

Other notations used to represent composite functions:

𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥
𝑓𝑔 𝑥
The Theory of Functions
Composite Functions
 The Theory of Functions
Composite Functions
Example 1:

g(1)= 1-3= -2 fg(x)= f (g(x)) gf (x)= g( f (x))

f (-2)= (-2) = 4
2 fg(x)= f (x -3) gf (x)= g(x 2 )
f (g(1))= 4 fg(x) = (x -3)2 gf (x)= x -3
2

fg(x)= x 2 -6x + 9
 The Theory of Functions
Composite Functions
Example 2:
y = x +1 f ( y)= 4( y -1) +( y -1)
2

x = y -1 f ( y)= 4( y 2 -2y +1)+ y -1

f ( y)= 4 y -8 y + 4 + y -1
2

f ( y)= 4 y -7 y +3
2

f (x)= 4x -7x +3
2
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Functions transform an input into an output, but
sometimes we need to reverse this process to be able
to say which input produced a particular output.
When this is possible, it is done by finding the inverse
function, usually labelled f −1.
If f(x) = 3x then f −1(12) is a number which when we
put in to f produces an output of 12. Meaning, we are
looking for a number x such that f(x) = 12, hence
f −1(12)= 4.
The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Example 1:

1+ x
f (x) = 3y -1 = x + xy
3- x
1+ x 3y -1 = x(1+ y)
y=
3- x 3 y -1 -1 3 y -1
x= f ( y) =
y(3- x)= 1+ x 1+ y 1+ y
-1 3x -1
3y - yx = 1+ x f (x) =
1+ x
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Once we know how to find inverse functions, there are some
important facts we need to know about them:

1. When we are
finding the inverse
function, we switch
the inputs and the
outputs, so on the
graph we switch the x-
and y-axis.
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Once we know how to find inverse functions, there are some
important facts we need to know about them:

2. When you do and then undo a function you get back to

where you started.
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Self-Inverse Function
() 1
f x = ,x ¹ 0
x
1
Inverse function is the same y=
as the original function. x

() 1
1
x= f -1
x =
y
x
1
y=
() ()
x f -1 x = f x
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Identity Function
A function which does not
change the input.
Domain = Range

The graph of this

function is just a
straight line that will
pass through the
origin
The identity function
is its own inverse.
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Example 2:
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Example 2:
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Example 2:
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Once we know how to find inverse functions, there are some
important facts we need to know about them:

3. The reflection in the line y = x swaps the domain and the

range of a function (because it swaps x- and y-coordinates).
 The Theory of Functions
Inverse Functions
Once we know how to find inverse functions, there are some
important facts we need to know about them:

4. All functions have inverse relations, but these inverses

are not necessarily themselves functions. Since an inverse
function is a reflection in the line y = x, for the result to pass
the vertical line test the original function must pass the
horizontal line test..
The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
 The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
Example 1:
 The Theory of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
Example 1: