Lab Assigment PCT 2020

LAB ASSIGNMENT
Power Circuit Theory-48572

Lab Assignment PCT 22/05/2020
Contents
Lab 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
Aims ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Experiment 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Experiment 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Experiment 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Lab 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Aim .................................................................................................................................................... 12
Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Pre-work ............................................................................................................................................ 12
1. Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor ....................................................................................... 12
2. Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor........................................................................................... 14
3. Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor ....................................................................................... 15
4. Unbalanced Three Wire Circuit ................................................................................................. 15
...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Phase Sequence ................................................................................................................................ 18
Experiment 1: Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor........................................................................ 19
Experiment 2: Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor ........................................................................... 20
Experiment 3: Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor ....................................................................... 21
Experiment 4: Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit.................................................................................. 22
Experiment 5: Unbalanced Four-Wire Circuit ................................................................................... 25
Lab 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Aim .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Experiment 1.0 .................................................................................................................................. 28
Experiment 1.2 .................................................................................................................................. 29
Experiment 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Experiment 2.11 ................................................................................................................................ 35
Experiment 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Experiment II ..................................................................................................................................... 40
III Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance................................................................................. 41
IV Zero Magnetising Impedance ........................................................................................................ 41
1
Lab 1
Aims
1. To become familiar with locus diagrams of admittance, impedance, current and voltage in
one-ports with a single variable element.
2. To use locus diagrams for prediction and interpretation of current and voltage behaviour.
3. To observe and analyse the resonant or unity power factor condition.
4. To measure average power entering a single-phase network using a wattmeter.
5. To observe experimentally the relationship between power entering a oneport and the
phase angle between the port voltage and current.
Equipment
• 1 single-phase 240 V, 10A power supply – Panel Mounted,
• 1 rheostat (410 Ω or 235 Ω)
• 1 inductor – Oliver coil
• 2 capacitors (20 µF and 30 µF) – Panel Mounted
• 3 AC voltmeters – Panel Mounted
• 1 AC ammeter – Panel Mounted
• 1 clip-on wattmeter – Fluke
Experiment 1
For this first experiment we have placed our singular phase voltage source is series with a rheostat
and a capacitor. The resistance of the rheostat will be slowly increased and the voltage over the
resistor, capacitor as well as the source current will be recorded. The circuit diagram can be seen
below:
Figure 1-Circuit Diagram for Part 1 Lab 1
2
Table 1- Data Recorded for Part 1 Lab 1
Vr (V) Vc (V) Ip (A) R (ohm) 𝜙(°) ∠𝑉𝑐

0.000083 120 0.83 0.0001 90 0
10 119.6 0.8265 12.09921355 85.22050008 -4.67948
20 118.3 0.8178 24.45585718 80.40421294 -9.65574
30 116.2 0.803 37.35990037 75.52374101 -14.4574
40 113.1 0.7819 51.15743701 70.52287539 -19.5243
50 109.1 0.754 66.31299735 65.37824356 -24.6096
60 103.9 0.7183 83.53055826 59.99449667 -30.022
70 97.47 0.6736 103.9192399 54.31523807 -35.6837
80 89.45 0.6182 129.4079586 48.19200258 -41.8051
90 79.37 0.5486 164.0539555 41.40871277 -48.592
100 66.3 0.4582 218.2453077 33.54437816 -56.4613
110 47.94 0.3313 332.0253547 23.54844768 -66.4531
From this data, using Ohms law the resistance of the Rheostat was determined as well as 𝜙, the
phase angle of Ip and Vr , and the phase angle of Vc. 𝜙 was calculated by finding the inverse tan angle
of Vc and Vr and ∠𝑉𝑐 was calculated by finding the inverse cosine angle of the voltage Vc and Vp,
which stayed at a constant 120V.
4. Construct loci for VR , VC and I from your experimental values.
Using this data, the Loci of Vc, Vr and Ip was plotted in the figures below. As one can see all three of
these plots follow the trend of the theoretical Loci for each parameter. However, the complete locus
cannot be finished as that would require a variable resistor with an infinite resistance value which is
not feasible. Although, one can see that the trend of each plot illustrates and validates these
theoretical relationships.
3
Figure 2-Locus of Vr Lab1 Part 1
Figure 3- Locus of Vc Lab1 Part 1
4
Figure 4-Locus of Ip for Lab 1 Part 1
Experiment 2
For this experiment the single-phase voltage source is placed in series with the rheostat and a Oliver
coil as shown in the circuit diagram below. The method for this experiment will mirror Experiment 1
by steadily increasing the resistance of the rheostat and recording values for Vr, Vl and Ip as shown
in the table below.
Figure 4- Circuit diagram of Lab1 Part 2
5
Table 2- Data for Lab1 Part 2
Vr (V) Vl (V) Ip (A) R (ohm) ∠𝑉𝑟 ∠𝑉𝑙

0.001134 120 1.134 0.001 -89.99945855 0
10 116.8 1.104 9.057971014 -85.21980815 13.26148
20 112.8 1.066 18.76172608 -80.40593177 19.94844
30 108 1.021 29.38295788 -75.52248781 25.84193
40 102.4 0.9674 41.34794294 -70.52877937 31.42391
50 95.83 0.9056 55.21201413 -65.37568165 37.00497
60 88.3 0.8345 71.89934092 -60 42.62232
70 79.62 0.7525 93.02325581 -54.31466529 48.43265
80 69.59 0.6577 121.6360043 -48.1896851 54.55532
∠𝑉𝑟 and ∠𝑉𝑙 were calculated by taking the inverse cosine angle of Vr and Vl, respectively, with Vp
being used as the hypotenuse. The resistance value of the rheostat was calculated by using ohms
law.
7. Construct loci for VR and VL from your experimental values.
Figure 4- Locus of Vr in Lab 1 Part 2
6
Figure 5- Locus of Vl in Lab 1 Part 2
As stated in Experiment 1, these loci cannot be completed as the theoretical loci do, however, they
follow the same trend and follow the same shape. Furthermore, predictively we can state that if the
resistance value necessary was available, the data would likely show both of these paths directing
towards 0 on the imaginary axis.
8. From two or three points on the locus, obtain values for RL and L .
To calculate the values of RL and L the active and reactive power was recorded for the same values
recorded previously as:
𝑃 𝑄
𝑅𝐿 = −𝑅 𝐿=
𝐼𝑝2 𝐼𝑝2 ∗ 2𝜋𝑓
Table 3- Calculation of Rl and L for Lab1 Part 2
P (W) Q (VAR) 𝑅𝑙(𝛀) L (H)

38.59 130.5 30.0078 0.323024
47.58 123.6 29.97991 0.322798
55.4 115.3 29.9906 0.322972
61.87 105.7 29.96812 0.322755
66.78 94.96 30.00867 0.322982
69.89 83.22 30.00812 0.323002
70.96 70.66 29.99755 0.322977
69.66 57.46 29.99525 0.323
65.59 43.9 29.99288 0.323042
7
Taking the average of the last 3 values we find that:
𝑅𝑙 = 29.99523 Ω L = 0.323006 H
Experiment 3
For this experiment the single-phase voltage source was placed in parallel with the Oliver Coil and a
30 mirco-Farad Capacitor in series with the Rheostat. Similar, to the past two experiments the
resistance value of the rheostat was increased to identify the effect the resistance has on the phase
and magnitude of Ip in comparison to Vp. The circuit diagram can be seen below:
Figure 6- Circuit Diagram for Lab1 Part 3
The first part of this experiment consists of increasing the resistance from the Oliver Coil over its
entire range and witnessing the affects on the phase of Ip.
8
Figure 7- Phase Observation, R= 0
9
As can be seen in the figures above, when R=0, the current is slightly leading the Voltage. However,
as the resistance is increased to 100 ohms and then 235 ohms, one can see that current begins to lag
the voltage by a considerable degree. Thus, we can conclude that as the resistance is increased the
phase angle of Ip should decrease.
This is confirmed by the data which has been recorded as the resistance has been increased:
Table 4- Data for Lab 1 Part 3
Vr(V) Ir(A) Vp(V) Ip(A) Pp(W) Qp ∠𝐼𝑝(°) R(ohms)

(var)
10 1.127 120 0.417 49.86 -4.271 4.895996 8.873114
20 1.115 120 0.5075 60.89 -1.444 1.358509 17.93722
30 1.095 120 0.5959 71.44 3.27 -2.62075 27.39726
40 1.066 120 0.6819 81.23 9.863 -6.923 37.52345
50 1.028 120 0.7653 89.99 18.35 -11.5253 48.63813
60 0.9794 120 0.8485 97.35 28.72 -16.437 61.262
70 0.9186 120 0.9228 102.9 40.97 -21.7101 76.20292
80 0.843 120 0.9957 106 55.1 -27.4659 94.89917
90 0.7481 120 1.063 105.9 71.12 -33.8844 120.3048
100 0.6251 120 1.123 101.1 89.05 -41.374 159.9744
∠𝐼𝑝 was calculate by taking the conjugate of the inverse tan of Pp and Qp. As can be seen ∠𝐼𝑝 starts
off leading the voltage and slowly decreases so that it eventually lags to a considerable degree. From
this the locus of Ip can be found as shown in the figure below.
10
Figure 10- Locus of Ip for Lab 1 Part 3
12. Calculate a value for the variable resistance R required to produce resonance and compare with
the experimentally obtained value.
Resonance occurs when the reactive impedances of a circuit (Inductive and Capacitive) cancel each
other out. In order words this will occur when the 𝐼𝑚[𝑍] = 0. Using the admittance for simpler
calculation it was found that:
1 1
𝑌𝑒𝑞 = +
𝑗1 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑅−
𝜔𝐶
After isolating the Imaginary component:
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐿
𝐼𝑚[𝑦𝑒𝑞] = −
(𝜔𝐶𝑅)2 + 1 𝑅𝐿2 + (𝜔𝐿)2
When 𝐼𝑚[𝑌𝑒𝑞] = 0, it is found that:
11
𝑅 = 21.2064 Ω
In comparison to the experimental value which was found to be:
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 21.209 Ω
Thus, these values are extremely similar exhibiting a deviation of less than 1%.
Lab 2
Aim
1. To become familiar voltage, current and power measurements in three phase circuits with
balanced and unbalanced loads.
2. To study the importance of the power factor of the load and means of power factor
improvement.
3. To investigate the effect of phase sequence.
Equipment
• 1 three-phase 240 V, 10A Variac – Panel Mounted
• 1 three-phase resistive load, 100 Ω per phase – Panel Mounted
• 1 three-phase capacitive load, 60 μF per phase– Panel Mounted
• 3 inductors, 0.5 H – Panel Mounted
• 2 clip-on power quality clamp meters – Fluke 345
• 1 motor and phase rotation indicator – Fluke 9062
Pre-work
1. Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor
12
1.1 Compute the quantities listed in Table 2.1 and record the results:
Table 5- Calculations for Lab 2 Prework Part 1
Component Value
Z 84.356 ∠32.482 ( Ω)
Van 150 ∠0 (𝑉)
Vbn 150 ∠120 (𝑉)
Vcn 150 ∠ − 120 (𝑉)
Vab 259.81 ∠ − 30 (𝑉)
Vbc 259.81 ∠90 (𝑉)
Vca 259.81∠ − 150 (𝑉)
Ia 1.7782 ∠ − 32.482 (𝐴)
Ib 1.7782 ∠87.518 (𝐴)
Ic 1.7782∠152.48 (𝐴)
Pa 461.55 (𝑊)
Pc 213.45 (𝑊)
P 675 (𝑊)
Q 429.72 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
PF 0.84356
Pra 225 (𝑊)
Prb 225 (𝑊)
Prc 225 (𝑊)
Ptotal 675 (𝑊)
1.2 Draw the phasor diagram of the voltages and currents in the circuit:
Figure 11- Phasor Diagram for Lab 2 Prework Part 1
13
2. Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor
2.1 Calculate the value of capacitance C that has to be connected in parallel with every phase of the
load to bring the load power factor to unity in the circuit of Figure 2.1. Calculate A I , PA , PC and the
total average power, as well as the total reactive power in the modified circuit. Record the results in
Table 2.2.
Table 6 Calculations for Lab 2 Prework Part 2
Component Value
C 20.264 (𝜇𝐹)
|𝐼𝑎| 1.5 (𝐴)
Pa 337.5 (𝑊)
Pc 337.5 (𝑊)
P 675 (𝑊)
Q 0 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
2.2 Explain whether or not power factor improvement can be achieved by a delta connection of
capacitors. Provide full explanation:
The total Apparent Power of a 3 phase system is given by:

∗
S3ϕ = 3 ∗ Vphase ∗ IPhase
Or using Line Voltage for a delta load (As the Line Voltage and the Phase Current will determine the
power in a delta Load):
S3ϕ = √3 ∗ VLine ∗ IPhase

∗
|VLine|2
= √3 ∗
(Z∠θ)∗
|VLine|2
= √3 ∗ ∠θ
Z
Therefore, in this case it is still the phase of the impedance which will determine the pf of the
system. When Z = R//jXl
1
𝑍= (𝑅𝑋𝑙2 + 𝑗𝑅2𝑋𝑙)
𝑅2 + 𝑋𝑙2
Thus, this will provide a lagging power factor. When Z = R//jXl//jXc:
𝑍= 1 2 [𝑅𝑋 𝑋 + 𝑗𝑅2𝑋 𝑋 (𝑋 − 𝑋 )]
(𝑋 𝑋 )2 + (𝑅(𝑋 𝑋 ) 𝑙 𝑐 𝑙 𝑐 𝑐 𝑙
𝑙 𝑐 𝑐 𝑙 )
Thus, if 𝑋𝑙 = 𝑋𝑐 the imaginary Component will be zero, thus the power factor will be unity. In any
𝑍Δ
case as 𝑍𝑦 = on a balanced load, the impedance can be interchanged between both topologies by
3
14
changing only the magnitude. Thus, as the phase of the impedance is irrelevant to either delta or
wye configuration, the power factor can be corrected using this method in both configurations.
3. Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor
3.1 Exchange the inductors L with 60 capacitors in the circuit of μF Figure 2.1. Fill in Table 2.3 for this
modified circuit.
Table 7 Calculations for Lab 2 Prework Part 3
Component Value
Z 46.865 ∠ − 62.053 (Ω)
Ia 3.2007 ∠62.053 (𝐴)
Ib 3.2007 ∠ − 177.95 (𝐴)
Ic 3.2007 ∠ − 57.947 (𝐴)
Pa −29.794 (𝑊)
Pc 704.794 (𝑊)
P 675 (𝑊)
Q −1272.345 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
PF 0.46865
4. Unbalanced Three Wire Circuit
4.1 Using mesh analysis, fill in Table 2.4 for this circuit:
Table 8-Calculations for Lab 2 Prework Part 4
Component Value
Za 157.08∠90 (Ω)
Zb = Zc 100∠0 (Ω)
I1 1.3649∠ − 72.343 (𝐴)
I2 1.9603∠ − 83.939 (𝐴)
Ia 1.3649∠ − 72.343 (𝐴)
Ib 0.68096∠ − 107.70 (𝐴)
Ic 1.9603∠96.061 (𝐴)
VAO 214.40∠17.657 (𝑉)
VBO 68.096∠ − 107.70 (𝑉)
VCO 196.031∠96.061 (𝑉)
VON 84.720∠ − 129.862 (𝑉)
15
4.2 Draw the voltage phasor diagram for the circuit:
Figure 12-Phasor Diagram for Lab 2 Prework Part 3
4.3 Deduce the voltages, and relabel the phasor diagram above, for the same circuit but with the
phase sequence a’c’b’:
If the phase sequences were changed from a positive sequence to a negative sequence, given a’c’b’:
𝑉𝐴′𝑂 = 𝑉𝐴𝑂 𝑉𝐵′𝑂 = 𝑉𝐶𝑂 𝑉𝐶′𝑂 = 𝑉𝐵𝑂 𝑉𝑂′𝑁 = 𝑉𝑂𝑁
16
Thus, the phasor diagram would be given by:
Figure 12- Phasor Diagram for Lab 2 Prework Part 3, reversed sequence
4.4 Explain from these results how you might build a phase sequence tester:
From these results one can see that when a 3 phase supply is connected to an unbalanced load with
an inductor and 2 resistors (with equal resistance) connected in a wye topology, that the phase with
the greatest (or negative phase) will produce the lowest magnitude of voltage. Or that for a positive
(abc) sequence, the voltage over the load in phase B will be the smallest in magnitude and for a
negative (acb) sequence, the voltage over the load in phase C will be the smallest in magnitude.
Thus, if the resistors in this circuit were replaced with lamps one of the lamps will be brighter than
the other when connected and this will enable us to indicate if the sequence is positive or negative.
17
Phase Sequence
For this experiment the 3 phase source is connecting to a sequence tester to determine what the
phase sequence of the system is.
Figure 13- Circuit diagram for Sequence Tester
From the diagram and result shown above one can see that our source is in negative sequence.
18
Experiment 1: Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor
For this experiment a negative sequenced 3 phase source is connected to a balanced load in wye
configuration consisting of a 100 Ohm resistor in parallel with a 500mH Inductor. This can be seen in
the circuit diagram below:
From this the following results were obtained:

|Van| |VAB| (V) |VBC| |Ia| |Ib| |Ic|(A) Pa (W) Pb (W) P Q (VAR)
(V) (V) (A) (A) (W)
150 259.8 259.8 1.778 1.778 1.778 461.5 213.5 675 429.5486
Calculating Pfa and Pfc:
Qa (VAR) Qc(VAR) PFa PFb

20 409.7 0.999 0.4621
As can be seen when compared to the theoretical values, these practical results are extremely
accurate to 0.01%. Thus, this validates our theoretical calculations.
19
Experiment 2: Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor
For this same circuit, a 20.264 uF capacitor is placed in parallel with each load in an attempt to
generate a unity power factor. This circuit is shown below:
Figure 15- Circuit Diagram for Lab 2 Part 2
The results obtained from this are shown as below:
Table 10 -Data for Lab 2 Part 2
|Ia| (A) |Ib|(A) |Ic|(A) Pa (W) Pc (W) P (W) Q (VAR) 𝜃(°) pf

1.501 1.501 1.501 335.4 339.7 675.1 -7.44782 -0.63207 0.999939
20
As can be seen these results are sufficiently accurate to our theoretical calculations. With the power
factor differing from unity by only 0.0061%. The reactive power seen in the circuit is likely attributed
to placing a 1-ohm resistor in series with each phase as to not place a capacitor directly in parallel
with a voltage source.
5. How do line current magnitudes compare with those for the lagging power factor case? Why is the
unity power factor condition desirable?
In comparing to the results gathered from the Lagging Power Factor example. One can see that the
current has significantly decreased. The reason behind this is because there is less total power (as
𝑆 ∗
the reactive power is now minimised) and as given by 𝐼 = ( ) , the current magnitudes will
𝑉
decrease. This is also because, although completely real, the impedance of the load has increased,
thus reducing the current. This is desirable as there will be less power loss due to the lesser current,
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 ∗. This includes the power from active and reactive sources.
Experiment 3: Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor

In this experiment, the circuit from Experiment 1 is used. However, the inductors and replaced with
60uF capacitors. The circuit diagram can be seen below:
Figure 16- Circuit Diagram for Lab 2 Part 2
21
The results of this experiment can be seen below:
|Ia| (A) |Ib| (A) |Ic| (A) Pa (W) Pc (W) P (W) Q (VAR) 𝜃(°) pf
3.201 3.201 3.201 -29.69 704.9 675.21 -1272.35 -62.046 0.468763
As can be seen when compared to the theoretical calculations, these results are sufficiently accurate
with the PF differing by only 0.02%. Thus, this validates the calculations and relationships used in the
pre-work.
5. Compare your results with those obtained for the lagging and unity power factor loads? Give your
comments
The main differences in comparing these results with the past 2 experiments are the increased
magnitude of current and the reactive power which is now negative. As can be seen the magnitude
of the current phases has increased significantly. The reason for this is likely that the (equivalent)
impedance of the load is less than that of both previous examples, thus increasing the current. Due
𝑉2
to this, the amount of reactive power consumed has also increased (as 𝑄 = ) leading to a smaller
𝑋
power factor. As the phase of a capacitive reactance is negative, this has also caused the reactive
power to now switch polarity from being positive (due to inductance) to negative.
Experiment 4: Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit

In this experiment the load is replaced with a 500mH Inductor across phase A and 100 Ohm resistors
across phase B and C. The purpose of this is to analyse an unbalanced circuit, which differs largely
from the last 3 experiments. A circuit diagram for this circuit is shown below:
Figure 17 Circuit Diagram for Lab2 Part 4
22
These results can be seen below:
|Ia| (A) 1.365

|Ib| (A) 0.681
|Ic| (A) 1.96
|VAO| (V) 214.4
|VBO| (V) 68.1
|VCO| (V) 196
|VON| (V) 84.72
Pa (W) -75.81
Pc (W) 506.5
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑐 (W) 430.69
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑏 ∗ |𝐼𝑏|2 + 𝑅𝑐 ∗ |𝐼𝑐|2 (W) 430.5361
5. Compare the two values of real power derived in Table 2.8 and comment.
These results demonstrate a sufficient accuracy to the theoretical calculations made in the pre-work.
Thus, this validates these calculations and the relationships used to generate them. The main
inconsistency from these results is the slight deviation between the power calculated through the 2
Wattmeter method and manually calculating the power through the RMS current recorded. As one
can see these values are very similar, differing by only 0.04%. Thus, both these methods are likely
accurate and confirms that the two-wattmeter method is effective in a unbalanced 3-phase 4-wire
circuit.
6. Use a graphical method for determining VAO , VBO and VCO from VAO , VBO and VCO and
compare the results with those of Table 2.4.
As can be seen below, using a graphical method, the value of the phasors VAO, VBO and VCO were
generated:
23
Figure 18 – Graphical method to determine the phase of Voltages
𝑉𝐴𝑂 = 214.4∠18(°)𝑉 𝑉𝐵𝑂 = 68.1∠ − 104(°)𝑉 𝑉𝐶𝑂 = 196∠96(°) 𝑉
After switching the Sequence of the 3-phase source, so now a negative phase is adopted, the
following results were recorded:
|𝑉𝐴′𝑂| = 214.4 (𝑉) |𝑉𝐵′𝑂| = 196(𝑉) |𝑉𝐶′𝑂| = 68.1(𝑉)
Thus, this replicate and confirms what was deduced in the Pre-work, where the voltages of phase B
and phase C are swapped when the sequence of the 3 phase source is reversed.
24
Experiment 5: Unbalanced Four-Wire Circuit
This experiment mirrors the previous, except the neutral line is connected between N and O. The
Circuit Diagram is shown below:
Figure 19-Circuit Diagram for Lab 2 Part 5
The results for this are displayed below:
Table 13- Data for Lab2 Part 5
|Ia| (A) 0.9549

|Ib| (A) 1.5
|Ic| (A) 1.5
|VAO| (V) 150
|VBO| (V) 150
|VCO| (V) 150
|ION| (A) 1.778
Pa (W) -124
Pc (W) 337.5
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑐 (W) 213.5
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑏 ∗ |𝐼𝑏|2 + 𝑅𝑐 ∗ |𝐼𝑐|2 (W) 450
25
5. Compare the two values of real power derived in Table 2.9 and comment. Does the sum of the two
wattmeter readings give the total power dissipated by the circuit? Give full explanation for your
answer.
As can be seen these values differ significantly from the three-wire circuit. The magnitudes of
Voltages VAO, VBO and VCO are equal to their source voltages and the neutral current, given as ION,
has the highest magnitude of current. However, it can be also be seen that the Power calculated
uses the two-wattmeter method does not equal that calculated by adding up individual
consumptions of power.
The reason behind this is that the two-wattmeter method is not accurate in unbalanced 4-wire
circuit. For the two-wattmeter method to work it needs to be able to measure all points of power
usage within the circuit as it does in all previous experiments. For it to be accurate in this
circumstance the Current in ION must be zero, which can occur in balanced circuits. However, as it is
not, this means there is power flowing through this line which is not being measured by the system.
Thus, it will produce an inaccurate result which is far less than the actual power consumption.
Using Ohms law and assuming the phasors: 𝐼𝐴 = 0.9549∠90°, 𝐼𝐵 = 1.5 ∠ − 120°,
𝐼𝐶 = 1.5∠120 (𝐴).
Figure 20- Phasor Diagram to determine |Ion|
26
A phasor diagram was used to determine the expected magnitude of ION. Which was found as:
|𝐼𝑂𝑁| = 1.788 (𝐴)
This shows a real similarity to the measured value, differing by 0.56%. This difference may come
from a number for variables such as human error. It is likely that due to human error in producing
the phasor diagram that this caused this slight inaccuracy.
7. Change the phase sequence by swapping B and C leads from the threephase Variac. Record the
new readings:
After changing the sequence of the three-phase source from positive to negative. The following
quantities were found:
|𝐼𝐴′𝑂| = 0.9549 (𝐴) |𝐼𝐵′𝑂| = 1.5(𝐴) |𝐼𝐶′𝑂| = 1.5(𝐴) |𝐼𝑂′𝑁 | = 1.778
This shows the same magnitudes that the positive sequence demonstrated. However, it is likely that
the phase angle for IB’O and IC’O have also switched with each other, thus mirroring what occurred
in the last section with the phase voltages.
Lab 3
Aim
1. To measure the sequence and magnetising impedances of a three-phase transformer.
Equipment
• 1 single-phase 240 V, 10A autotransformer – Panel Mounted Variac,
• 1 three-phase 415 V, 6A / 120 V, 12 A / 120 V, 12A transformer – Trenco
• 1 DC power supply
• 1 AC voltmeter / ammeter – YEW
• 1 digital multimeter
• 2 clip-on power quality clamp meter – Fluke 345
27
Experiment 1.0
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the DC resistance of the one primary winding of the
transformer and of one secondary winding. The circuit diagram for this example is shown below:
Figure 21 -Circuit Diagram for Lab 3 Part 1
This was done by wiring up the circuit as shown. The resistance was discovered by increasing the DC
voltage until the ammeter read 1 Amp, then recording this voltage. Thus, according to ohms law 𝑅 =
𝑉/𝐼 the resistance shall be equal to the voltage value. Therefore, the values gained are:
𝑉1 = 4.332 (𝑉) 𝐼1 = 1 (𝐴) 𝑉2 = 0.7938 (𝑉) 𝐼2 = 1 (𝐴)
𝑅1 = 4.332 Ω 𝑅2 = 0.7938 Ω
Where, V1 is the voltage over the primary coil and V2 is the voltage over the secondary coil.
1.1 Explain the reasons for your positions of the ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit.
As the pins A1/A2 are the nodes that are placed on either side of the coil in the transformer used for
the A phase of the primary side, by placing the voltage source on either side of the pins with an
ammeter in series, we will be able to create a circuit that will isolate that coil. Thus, be able to
accurately measure the resistance over it. A similar concept was mirrored in the secondary side, with
the only difference being the pins a1/a3 point to the end nodes of the A phase coil of the secondary
side.
28
Experiment 1.2
For this experiment all 3 phases are wired up to an AC source with an R-load bank and a star to star
connection as shown in the diagram below. The voltage source was then increased until the primary
current was equal to 5.4 (A RMS).
Figure 22- Circuit Dagram for Lab 3 Part 1.2
1.5 Measure voltage and current on the primary side of the transformer:
The values measured are shown below:
𝑉′ = 518.8 𝑉 𝐼′ = 5.4 𝐴
As can be seen the value received for our primary voltage is significantly higher than one would have
expected. As firstly, these results were gained from a simulation a partial contributor may be due to
ideal sources and wires that may cause the voltage to be higher than expected. However, a more
likely explanation is that the power and voltage rating for the model used are much higher than as
stated in the lab document. Due to this, the base for impedance (for p.u. values) is significantly
higher and as all impedances in the model are calculated using p.u. values, the SI value for these
impedances will be increased proportionally. Thus, requiring more voltage.
1.6 Calculate the transformer’s parameters (referred to the primary):
In order to do this first the Voltage Base and Power Base have to be used to determine the Base of
impedance. These two variables are given as:
29
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 735 𝑘𝑉 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 250 𝑀𝑉𝐴
Thus, the Zbase is given as:
2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (735 ∗ 103)2 𝑉
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 2160.9 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 250 ∗ 106 Ω
(As such in comparison to the values in the lab document which would supply a 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 of 38.4 Ohms.
Which is 56 times smaller than our values for 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
Therefore, the current base can be calculated:
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 735 ∗ 103 𝑉

𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 340.136 𝐴
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠 2160.9 Ω
𝑒
Therefore, R0, Z0 and X0 are given by:
𝑅1 4.332 Ω = 0.002005 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑅 = =
0 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2160.9 Ω
|𝑉0| |𝑉′| 518.8 𝑉

|𝑍1| = = |𝐼′| = = 288.223 Ω
|𝐼0 | 1.8 𝐴
3
|𝑍1| 288.223 Ω
|𝑍 | = = = 0.13338 𝑝. 𝑢.
0 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2160.9 Ω
𝑋0 = √|𝑍0|2 − 𝑅02 = 0.133366 𝑝. 𝑢.
1.7 Measure the secondary neutral current with the Fluke clamp meter:
This measurement is displayed below:
𝐼′′ = 12.6 𝐴
As the turn ratio between the primary side to the secondary side is 2.334 turns, based on the
primary current, this value is valid.
1.8 Measure the voltage between the neutral points with a DMM:
For this measurement, initially we received an error as there is no actual connection between the
secondary neutral and ground. To circumvent this problem a 100 mega-ohm resistor was placed in
30
between these two points in order to simulate an open circuit so that the voltage can be measured.
The measurement is displayed below:
|𝑉𝑁𝑛| = 0 𝑉
Now although there is now a connection, this value implies that there is no voltage difference
between the secondary neutral and ground. This is likely because there is no impedance connecting
these two points (except an infinite impedance). Due, to this no voltage drop can be measured in
between these two points.
1.9 Draw the zero sequence equivalent circuit of the transformer and explain:
Figure 23- Zero State Equiivalent Circuit for Lab3 Part 1.2
Our transformer is a neutral grounded star connected to a non-earthed star connection. Thus, there
is a path for the Zero Sequence current to flow on the primary side to ground. On the secondary
side, as the neutral is connected the other side of the transformers windings this allows there to be
some Zero Sequence current that can be measured, however, as the neutral is not actually grounded
there is no connection between the primary and secondary side. Hence, the circuit diagram above.
31
Experiment 2
For this experiment the secondary terminals are short circuited and the primary current will be
raised to the level of 5.4 A. This circuit can be seen below:
2.3 If I' = A 4.5 , predict:
|𝐼𝑠| = 0 𝐴
As the nodes a3, b3 and c3 are now being shorted together, the secondary would be the current that
would be travelling between said nodes. However, as all these nodes are shorted together this
means that this would mean that all voltage at each node would be the same. Thus, causing no
current to flow. In other words using KCL:
𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0
2.4 If I' = A 4.5 , would you expect:
• V′ (and ∴Z0 ) to be: a) larger b) equal c) smaller than V′ measured in 1.
• Z0 to be a: a) magnetising b) leakage impedance.
• The current in each primary winding to be: a) the same. b) different.
In this circumstance, the primary voltage should be greater than in the last example, the zero-
sequence impedance will be a magnetising impedance and the current in each primary winding
should be the same.
If we consider transformer basics (which are derived from using Faradays and Ampere’s Laws), so
that:
32
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑠
= =
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑝
If nothing else in the circuit is changed and the secondary current is reduced to near 0, the primary
current will follow suite and reduce as well, however, based on the winding configuration Is should
be approximately 2.3 times greater in magnitude to Ip, thus Ip should be smaller than Is. Vp will then
need to increase to keep Ip at 5.4 A as the power on each side of the transformer should be
approximately equal such that:
𝑉𝑝𝐼𝑝 ≈ 𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠
With regards to the current in each phase being equal, since this is a simulation the windings for
each phase would be ideal and as such contain equal resistances across them. However, in a real
world scenario, these resistances would likely be different due to imperfect windings. Thus, the
currents would be different.
2.6 Measure voltage, current and power on the primary side of the transformer:
These measurements can be seen below:
|𝑉′| = 1.245 𝑀𝑉 |𝐼′| = 5.401 𝐴 𝑃′ = 4.309 𝑀𝑊
|𝐼𝑠| = 1.173 ∗ 10−5 𝐴
As stated previously these values for voltage and impedance are significantly larger than one would
expect, particularly in this circumstance. Again, this is likely due to the much larger base used to
calculate p.u. impedance. However, as this is a simulation the very minimal current seen due to ideal
values also contributes to this. As in a real-world scenario the current would likely be much larger in
the secondary, thus the primary voltage would not increase to the level it is currently at (due to the
basic transformer principles described earlier). Although, this data does validate the relationships for
prediction as it has caused the voltage to increase in reaction to the decrease in current.

1 𝑃′
𝑅1 = = 147716.2 Ω
3 |𝐼′|2
𝑅1
𝑅0 = = 205.08 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
|𝑉0| |𝑉′| 1.245 𝑀𝑉

|𝑍1| = = |𝐼′| = = 691.539 𝑘Ω
|𝐼0 | 1.8 𝐴
3
|𝑍1| 691.539 𝑘Ω
|𝑍0| = = = 320.023 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2160.9 Ω
𝑋0 = √|𝑍0|2 − 𝑅02 = 245.68 𝑝. 𝑢.
33
As one can see this values of R0 and Z0 are significantly increased in comparison to the value
calculated previously as the voltage has increased. Again, this value is likely too high due to the
reasons stated earlier.
2.8 Draw the zero-sequence equivalent circuit of the transformer and Explain:
Figure 25- Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit for Lab 3 Part 2
The circumstance of the zero-sequence circuit has not changed since the last section. Although now
the neutral node on the secondary side is not connected to any other nodes and as such there
cannot be any zero-sequence current. There is still no connection between the two star connections.
2.9 Use the clamp meter to measure the current in each primary winding:
These measurements can be seen below:
𝐼′ = 𝐼′ = 𝐼′ = 1.8 𝐴
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Thus, as predicted the phase currents are all equal to each other as the resistance in each phase is
balanced due to using a simulation.
34
Experiment 2.11
For this experiment similar conditions are replicated, except the secondary side is completely open
circuited. This can be seen in the circuit diagram below:
Figure 26- Circuit Diagram for Lab 3 Part 2.11
2.12 Measure the primary voltage:
The primary voltage is similarly found to be:
|𝑉′| = 1.245𝑀𝑉
2.13 Calculate the zero sequence impedance:
|𝑉0| |𝑉′| 1.245 𝑀𝑉

|𝑍1| = = |𝐼′| = = 691.539 𝑘Ω
|𝐼0 | 1.8 𝐴
3
|𝑍1|
|𝑍 | = = 691.539 𝑘Ω = 320.023 𝑝. 𝑢.
0 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2160.9 Ω
Again, as specified earlier, these values are much higher than expectations would dictate. This is due
to reasons stated in the last section.
35
2.14 Draw the zero sequence equivalent circuit of the transformer:
Figure 27- Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit for Lab3 Part 2.11
This circuit fulfills the same requirements as the last. As now the secondary is completely open
circuited, the neutral is not grounded and as such there is no connection to the neutral of the
primary winding.
2.16 Compare and explain the results of 2.7 and 2.13:
As can be seen the Z0 calculated in the last two circumstances are very similar. The reason behind
this is because both of these conditions cause there to be a minimal secondary current (as in an
open circuit there is no current flow), thus causing similar primary voltages which furthermore,
causes the impedance to be similar. Another contributor to how these values seem to be identical, is
that they were gained through a simulation.
36
Experiment 3
This experiment follows the previous, however, the secondary connection is now a delta connection.
This is shown in the circuit below:
3.3 Measure voltage, current and resistance on the primary side of the transformer:
|𝑉′| = 518.8 𝑉 |𝐼′| = 5.4 𝐴
Similar, to what was specified in section 1 these values are much higher than expected which has
been previously explained.
1 𝑃′ 84.19
𝑅1 = = = 2.8871 Ω
3 |𝐼′|2 5.42
𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 8.6615 Ω = 0.00401 𝑝. 𝑢.
0 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2160.9 Ω
3.4 Measure voltages to “earth” (the primary neutral) on the secondary side of the transformer:
This task was attempted, however, due to an error these values were not able to be measured as
they are not physically connected, except by an open circuit. As such as there is no impedance
37
between these two nodes (except infinite resistance) for a voltage drop to appear, these points
would be considered to be the same voltage node, thus providing a measurement close to 0V.
3.5 Measure the secondary current:
This measurement is shown below:
𝐼𝑑 = 4.199 𝐴
|𝑉0| |𝑉′| 518.8 𝑉

|𝑍1| = = |𝐼′| = = 288.22 Ω
|𝐼0 | 1.8 𝐴
3
|𝑍1|
|𝑍 | = = 288.223 Ω = 0.13338 𝑝. 𝑢.
0 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2160.9 Ω
𝑋0 = √|𝑍0|2 − 𝑅02 = 0.133366 𝑝. 𝑢.
Thus,
𝑍0 = 0.00401 + 𝑗0.13332 𝑝. 𝑢.
3.7 Draw the zero sequence equivalent circuit of the transformer and Explain:
Figure 29- Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit for Lab3 Part II
38
As with before the Y connection on the primary is grounded, thus Zero sequence currents have a
path to zero. Zero-Sequence currents that are transformed into the delta winding do not need to
exit the winding because each phase of the winding has equal magnitude and phase.
3.8 If a secondary line terminal were shorted to “earth” (the primary neutral), what would be the
resulting current?
Using KCL if delta terminal at Vca was shorted to ground:
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼𝑏𝑐 − 𝐼𝑎𝑏
As 𝐼𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝑏𝑐 = 𝐼𝑐𝑎 ,
𝐼𝑔 = 0
3.9 Is Z0 a leakage or magnetising impedance?
Leakage
3.10 Is the delta secondary a short-circuit to zero sequence currents?
No, its an open circuit.
4.1 Compare the values of Z0 calculated for each of the three transformer winding configurations
(Parts 1, 2 and 3 above):
As seen parts 1 and 3 have very similar values, in comparison to part 2 which is significantly higher.
Thus, when there is room for current to cycle or be grounded, there is less zero phase impedance as
the impedance must increase to block said current.
39
Experiment II
For this experiment the supply is connected directly and only to one phase. This can be seen below:
Figure 30- Circuit Diagram for Lab3 Part II
3. Measure voltage, current and power on the primary side of the transformer:
This can be seen in the measurements below:
|𝑉𝑠𝑐| = 238.5 𝑉 |𝐼𝑠𝑐| = 0.8274 𝐴 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 5.936 𝑊
4. Calculate the transformer’s parameters (referred to the primary):
𝑅 = 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 5.936 = 8.671 Ω = 0.00401 𝑝. 𝑢.

1 |𝐼𝑠𝑐|2 0.6846
This is significantly larger in comparison to the value of R found in part 1.
|𝑉𝑠𝑐| 238.5 = 288.25 Ω = 0.13339 𝑝. 𝑢.

|𝑍 | = =
1 |𝐼𝑠𝑐| 0.8274
𝑋1 = √𝑍2 − 𝑅2 = 288.1196 Ω = 0.13333 𝑝. 𝑢.

1 1
40
5. Compare R1 and R0 :
R1= 0.00401 p.u.
R0= 0.002005 p.u.
As seen R1 and R0 are significantly different with R1 almost doubling R0. However, the R0 calculated
in part 3 is also similar to R1. Thus, the resistance is not actually changing, but the method
calculation is changing the result. A major difference in these two methods is AC current is now
being used in the circuit. Due to this the transformer will be operating instead of simply measuring
the DC resistance. As such other resistances that could be consuming power, such as core loss which
is modelled as a resistance in our model of a transformer or other magnetising losses.
III Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance

For this section a similar set up is used in section 2 where the secondary is short circuited.
2. Explain why such a circuit is used. How would R1m , X1m and Z1m be determined?
𝑁𝑠
In this circuit, there will be no current flowing in the secondary, and as 𝐼𝑝 = ∗ 𝐼 this means there
𝑁𝑝 𝑠
will also be no current flowing in the primary. Thus, all the current will flow through the magnetising
component Z1m. Thus, Z1m, X1m and R1m can be found by using wattmeters to find the complex
voltages and currents and thus derive these values.
IV Zero Magnetising Impedance
1. How would you determine Z0m ? Draw equivalent circuits and write down the relevant equations.
Draw the experimental setup, identifying the equipment to be used.
To Determine Z0m, a star to star (earthed) connection will be used as shown below:
Figure 31 -Circuit Diagram for Lab 3 Part IV
41
The Equipment necessary is:
• Fluke-Clamp Meter
• Digital Voltmeter
• 1 three-phase 415 V, 6A / 120 V, 12 A / 120 V, 12A transformer
• 1 AC voltmeter / ammeter – YEW
The decision to have this non-earthed primary side is that the Magnetising Impedance can act as an
Open Circuit, as the impedance is so large, when viewed from the secondary side. Thus, the
magnetising impedance when viewed from the secondary side is equal to the zero-sequence
impedance. Given by:
𝑗𝜔𝑁𝑝2
𝑍𝑚 =
3𝑅0
42

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LAB ASSIGNMENT

Power Circuit Theory-48572

Figure 1-Circuit Diagram for Part 1 Lab 1

Table 1- Data Recorded for Part 1 Lab 1

Vr (V) Vc (V) Ip (A) R (ohm) 𝜙(°) ∠𝑉𝑐

4. Construct loci for VR , VC and I from your experimental values.

Figure 2-Locus of Vr Lab1 Part 1

Figure 3- Locus of Vc Lab1 Part 1

Figure 4-Locus of Ip for Lab 1 Part 1

Figure 4- Circuit diagram of Lab1 Part 2

Table 2- Data for Lab1 Part 2

Vr (V) Vl (V) Ip (A) R (ohm) ∠𝑉𝑟 ∠𝑉𝑙

7. Construct loci for VR and VL from your experimental values.

Figure 4- Locus of Vr in Lab 1 Part 2

Figure 5- Locus of Vl in Lab 1 Part 2

Table 3- Calculation of Rl and L for Lab1 Part 2

P (W) Q (VAR) 𝑅𝑙(𝛀) L (H)

Taking the average of the last 3 values we find that:

Figure 6- Circuit Diagram for Lab1 Part 3

Figure 7- Phase Observation, R= 0

Figure 8- Phase Observation, R= 100

Figure 9- Phase Observation, R= 235

Vr(V) Ir(A) Vp(V) Ip(A) Pp(W) Qp ∠𝐼𝑝(°) R(ohms)

Figure 10- Locus of Ip for Lab 1 Part 3

When 𝐼𝑚[𝑌𝑒𝑞] = 0, it is found that:

In comparison to the experimental value which was found to be:

1. Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor

Table 5- Calculations for Lab 2 Prework Part 1

Figure 11- Phasor Diagram for Lab 2 Prework Part 1

2. Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor

The total Apparent Power of a 3 phase system is given by:

S3ϕ = √3 ∗ VLine ∗ IPhase

Thus, this will provide a lagging power factor. When Z = R//jXl//jXc:

3. Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor

Table 7 Calculations for Lab 2 Prework Part 3

4. Unbalanced Three Wire Circuit

Table 8-Calculations for Lab 2 Prework Part 4

4.2 Draw the voltage phasor diagram for the circuit:

Figure 12-Phasor Diagram for Lab 2 Prework Part 3

𝑉𝐴′𝑂 = 𝑉𝐴𝑂 𝑉𝐵′𝑂 = 𝑉𝐶𝑂 𝑉𝐶′𝑂 = 𝑉𝐵𝑂 𝑉𝑂′𝑁 = 𝑉𝑂𝑁

Thus, the phasor diagram would be given by:

Figure 13- Circuit diagram for Sequence Tester

Experiment 1: Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor

Figure 14- Circuit Diagram for Lab2 Part 1

From this the following results were obtained:

Calculating Pfa and Pfc:

Qa (VAR) Qc(VAR) PFa PFb

Experiment 2: Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor

Figure 15- Circuit Diagram for Lab 2 Part 2

The results obtained from this are shown as below:

Table 10 -Data for Lab 2 Part 2

|Ia| (A) |Ib|(A) |Ic|(A) Pa (W) Pc (W) P (W) Q (VAR) 𝜃(°) pf

Experiment 3: Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor

Figure 16- Circuit Diagram for Lab 2 Part 2

The results of this experiment can be seen below:

Table 11- Data for Lab 2 Part 3

Experiment 4: Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit

Figure 17 Circuit Diagram for Lab2 Part 4

These results can be seen below:

Table 12- Data for Lab 2 Part 4

|Ia| (A) 1.365

Figure 18 – Graphical method to determine the phase of Voltages

𝑉𝐴𝑂 = 214.4∠18(°)𝑉 𝑉𝐵𝑂 = 68.1∠ − 104(°)𝑉 𝑉𝐶𝑂 = 196∠96(°) 𝑉