🩸INTRODUCTION

● Cancer is a group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with

the potential to invade or spend to other parts of the body.
●
● Not all tumors are cancerous; being tumors do not spread to other
parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump,
abnormal bleeding. prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and
a chance in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate
cancer, they may have other causes.

● Over 200 types of cancers affect humans.

● These diseases are characterized by a cellular malfunction. Healthy

cells are programmed to 'know what to do and when to do it'.
Cancerous cells do not have this programming and therefore
replicate and grow out of control.

● Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.

 🩸DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN CANCER CELL
● Cancer cells are the cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid
tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

● Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features visible

under the microscope. The nucleus is often large and
irregular, and cytoplasma may also display abnormalities.

● The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the nucleus

are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire
grooves folds or indentations,chromatin may aggregate or
disperse and the nucleolus can become enlarged.

● Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristics of

different cancer types, to the extent that nucleur appearance
can be used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging
🩸Do not communicate with nearby Communicate
with nearby cells for cells

Sl.no CANCER CELLS HEALTHY CELLS

01 Cells that divide relentlessly forming Regular body cells that perform
solid tumors or flooding the blood a specific function.
with abnormal cells.

02 Show uncontrolled growth and they Growth and cell division are
divided before their maturation. controlled.

03 Cells that divide relentlessly forming Stop cells division when the
solid tumors or flooding the blood adequate number of cells are
with abnormal cells. present and then undergo
maturation.

04 Do not communicate with nearby Communicate with nearby cells

cells. for homeostatic purposes.

05 Nucleus is larger and darker. Nucleus are comparatively small

and light in colour .

06 Undergo continuous Undergo angiogenesis only

angiogenesis,which promotes the during the formation of new
continuous growth and cell division. tissue .

07 Derive their energy mainly from 20% of the energy comes from
glycolysis. glycolysis and 70% comes from
the Krebs cycle.
 CANCER CELL DIVISION

Cancer cells divide even the cells are not being told" to (no
man standing on the switch).

● Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair
.A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter
cells are used to build new tissue,or to replace cells that have died as a
result to ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no
longer a need for more daughter cells,but cancer cells continue to
produce copies.

● Cancer is unchecked cell growth .Mutations in genes can cause cancer by

accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the
system,such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of
cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor.

● Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread

into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most
cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes.