PROJECT FILE

BIOLOGY
A RECORD FILE SUBMITTED IS PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE
CLASS XII BIOLOGY

NAME : VANSHAJ TAYAL

ROLL NO. :
PROJECT GUIDE : Ms AISHA SHIEKH
SCHOOL NAME : JAIN INTERNATOINAL SCHOOL

2020-2021
 Certificate

This is to certify that the project file of biology is carried out and
developed by VANSHAJ TAYAL student of class XII in partial
fulfillment of the requirement of the CBSE board under the guidance and
supervision of Ms AISHA SHIEKH
The said words has been assessed by me and I am satisfied that the same is
up to the standard envisaged for the level of course.

Internal examiner

Project guide Principal

Ms AISHA SHIEKH Mrs. ANMOL BADJATIA

External examiner
 DECLARATION

I the undersigned herbly declare that the project file of biology

submitted by me is based on actual work carried out by me under
the guidance of Ms.AISHA SHIEKH
Any reference to work done by any other person or instituition or
any material obtained from other sources have been duly sighted
and referenced. It is further to state that this work is not submitted
anywhere else or in any examination.

thanking you Yours faithfully

Place : Nagpur

Date:
 PREFACE

I am pleased to submit project work in biology for class XII. I am

extremely grateful to CBSE for introducing project in biology .

The project has been given me ample of opportunity to explore

varied areas of biology ; thus increased my understanding of
concepts studied. This has resulted in enhancing my analytical,
interpreting and creative skills.

The project is strictly according to the guidelines given by CBSE.

 Acknowledgement

The present project report is the outcome of my own efforts.

I have been fortunate in having the active co-operation of many people,
whom I would like to thank.
I am thankful to my respected subject teacher, Mrs. Aisha sheikh for her
guidance in my project. She has always put her valuable time to guide me
throughout the project work, giving suggestions, support and
encouragement for the successful completion of the project work.
Also, I'm thankful to my parents for their support and encouragement in
the completion of this project. I wish to thank Mrs. Anmol Badjatia,
principal of our school for providing the suitable environment for the
completion of this project.
 INDEX

Introduction 4
Description of Human Cancer Cells 5
Difference between healthy and cancer 6-7
Cells
Cancer cell division 8-9

Causes of Cancer 10
Cancer types- Symptoms, Prevention 11-13
Cancer Treatment 14
Acknowledgement 15
Bibliography 16
 Introduction
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell
growth with the potential to invade or spread to other
parts of the body.
Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not
spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and
symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged
cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel
movements. While these symptoms may indicate
cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular
malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to ‘know
what to do and when to do it’. Cancerous cells do not
have this programming and therefore replicate and
grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.
 Neoplasm

HUMAN CANCER CELLS

Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming
solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features

visible under the microscope. The nucleus is often large
and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also display
abnormalities.
The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of
the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The
nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or
indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and
the nucleolus can become enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are
characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent
that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in
cancer diagnostics and staging.
 Cancer cell formation Cancer cell multiplication

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND

CANCER CELLS

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is needed to replenish These cells may have gene
the cell population that ages or becomes mutations or chromosome mutations that
damaged or destroyed. Normal cells affect the reproductive properties of
reproduce properly. the cells. They don't experience
biological aging and maintain their ability
to replicate and grow.
Cell Communication
Cells communicate with other cells Cancer cells lose the ability to
through chemical signals. These signals communicate with other cells through
help normal cells to know when to chemical signals. They also lose
reproduce and when to stop reproducing. sensitivity to anti-growth signals from
Cell signals are usually transmitted into a surrounding cells. These signals normally
cell by specific proteins. restrict cellular growth.

Cell Specialization
Normal cells have the ability to Cancer cells are unspecialized and do not
differentiate or develop into specialized develop into cells of a specific type.
cells. For example, cells can develop Similar to stem cells, cancer cells
into heart cells, brain cells, lung cells or proliferate or replicate many times, for
any other cell of a specific type. long periods of time.
Cell Death
Normal cells have the ability to self destruct When the genes in a normal cell are damaged
when they become damaged or diseased. Cells beyond repair, certain DNA checking mechanisms
break down and are disposed of by white blood signal for cell destruction.
cells.

Morphological DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND

CANCER CELLS

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
Single nucleus Multiple nuclei
Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoli
 Fine chromatin Coarse chromatin

CANCER CELL DIVISION

Cell division is a normal process used by the body for
growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two
daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to
build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a
result of ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing
when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells,
but cancer cells continue to produce copies.
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can
cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting
normal controls on the system, such

as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a

mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a
tumor.
Tumor formation Cancer Development

Four basic stages of cancer

 Differentiating between normal cell division and cancer
cell division

Causes of CANCER
 Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer
deaths.
 Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
 Other factors include certain infections, exposure
to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.
 In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are
due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis
C and human papillomavirus (HPV).
 Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited
genetic defects from a person's parents.

These factors act, at least partly, by changing

the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are
required before cancer develops.
 Types of cancer and symptoms
Most Common types of Cancer:
Lung Cancer

A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people
who smoke.

Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and

weight loss.

Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work,

Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables, Exercise most
days of the week.

Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts. Symptoms-
Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort,

inverted nipple, lump formation near

 breasts.

Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit.

Avoid alcohol and smoking.

Avoid birth control pills and regular screening. Avoid

post-menopausal hormones.

Prostate Cancer

A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that

produces seminal fluid.

Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and semen. Pain

in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or
discomfort during ejaculation.

Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a

Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation.

Having green tea regularly.

Throat Cancer

Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal cords, and
other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx.

Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing,

Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight loss,

weakness, fever, a change in voice,
Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph
 nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing.

Prevention: Don’t smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise;

eat variety of fruits and vegetables, limit the intake of
alcohol, have a cup of green tea.

Lung Cancer Breast Cancer

 Prostate Cancer Throat Cancer

CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the following ways:

 Surgery
Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a
surgeon removes cancer from the patient’s body.

 Radiation Therapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation
to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

 Chemotherapy
 It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

 Immunotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system
fight cancer.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com

www.canceresearchuk.org

www.bing.com

www.healthtap.com
www.mayoclinic.org
www.About.com

www.dogpile.com
www.Cancer.Net

www.Cancer.gov