BIOCHEMISTRY (LECTURE)

Introduction (recap)
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS Molar Mass
Atoms
 A substance is the mass in grams of one mole of the
 Single neutral particles compound.
 Ex.  Multiply the subscript (number of atoms) times that
Molecule element’s atomic mass and add the masses of all the
elements in the molecule to obtain the molecular
 Neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded mass.
together. CHEMICAL EQUATION
Ion Reactants

 An atom or a molecule can lose or gain electron(s) to  A substance that is present at the start of a chemical
form an ion. reaction.
 ion is a positively or negatively charged particle. Products
 When an atom/molecule gains negatively charged
electron(s), a negative ion is formed.  a substance that is present at the end of a chemical
 When an atom/molecule loses negatively charged reaction.
electron(s), a positive ion is formed.
BONDING: GENERAL CONCEPTS
Ionic Bonding

 one atom essentially donates an electron to stabilize

the other atom.
 Bond between metal and nonmetal. The nonmetal
attracts the electron, so it's like the metal donates its BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
electron to it. Ex.
Covalent Bonding C + SO2 → CS2 + CO (Unbalanced)
C: 1 x 2=2….5 C: 2…4 + 1=5
 Atoms are bounded by shared electrons. S: 1 x 2=2 S: 2
PERIODIC TABLE TRENDS O: 2 x 2=4 O: 1 x 4=4
5C + 2SO2 → CS2 + 4CO (Balanced)

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

MOLE, MOLAR MASS, AND CHEMICAL EQ.

Moles (mol)

 A standard scientific unit for measuring large

quantities of very small entities such as atoms,
molecules, or other specified particles.
 A mole of any substance is 6.022×1023 molecules.

1
BIOCHEMISTRY (LECTURE)
Introduction (recap)
 A base is a substance that forms hydroxide ions OH-
when dissolved in water.
 Basic (alkaline) substances feel soupy.
 NaOH is a base because it forms OH- when it
dissolves in water.
Water
NaOH(s)⟶ Na+(aq)+OH−(aq)
CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 Occurs when the forward and reverse reaction rates
are qual
 Reactants constantly reacts to form product
 Products constantly reacts to form reactants
 Happens in same speed so that the amount of each
chemical stays the same
ACIDS AND BASES
Acids

 An acid is a substance that forms hydrogen ions H+

when dissolved in water.
 Acids taste sour.
 Ex. hydrochloric acid ( HCl) is an acid because it
forms H+ when it dissolves in water.
Water
HCl(g)⟶ H+(aq)+Cl−(aq)
Bases