Elements neutrons).

All the elements in the periodic

The fundamental materials that make up table are neutral atoms.
matter.
- Elements can combine with each other
Very important in human life. to form molecules via a chemical reaction.

They are the components of energy Elements (where atoms are a part of) +
sources that we will talk about: Elements = Molecules (via chem reaction)
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Cannot be decomposed into simpler Compounds

substances.
- Substances made up of more than 1
There are 91 naturally occurring stable element in a specific proportion or ratio.
elements.
Ex: Water (H2O - 2 Hydrogen atoms & 1
CHNOPS - Most important to living things. Oxygen atom), Table salt (NaCl - 1 Sodium
atom & 1 Chloride atom), Baking
C - Carbon soda/Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3 - 1
H - Hydrogen Sodium, 1 Hydrogen, 1 Carbon, 3 Oxygen
N - Nitrogen atoms)
O - Oxygen
P - Phosphorus - A compound is a substance that is
S - Sulfur formed by two or more different types of
elements that are united chemically in a
fixed proportion.
ATOM
- The smallest sample of a compound is
- The most basic unit or building block of called a molecule which are held together
matter which elements can be divided into by different inter-molecular forces of
without the release of charged particles. attraction.

- Smallest particle of an element, part of - Atoms in a molecule are held together by

an element that has the chemical a covalent bond.
characteristics of the element.
All molecules are not compounds. All
*charged particles - substances that have compounds are molecules.
either a (+) or a (-) sign
*A particular element is composed of only
one type of atom.

- Atoms are further composed of

subatomic particles called electrons (+),
protons (-), and neutrons (neutral,when
atom has an equal number of protons and
 Na+ (Sodium) - membrane potential m
emnr-
K+ (Potassium) - water balance

H+ (Hydrogen) - acid-base balance

OH- (Hydroxide) - acid-base balance

Cl- (Chloride) - water balance

HCO3- (Bicarbonate) - acid-base balance

NH4+ (Ammonium) - acid-base balance

PO43+ (Phosphate) - ATP formation and

Ions
acid-base balance
- any atom or group of atoms with a
positive or negative electric charge
Fe2+ (Iron) - RBC formation, Electron
Transport Chain
Cation - ions that are positively charged
due to more protons than electrons. Ex:
Mg2+ (Magnesium) - Enzyme activations,
Na+
cofactor - important in the stability of
enzymes specifically the ATP enzymes
Anion - ions that are negatively charged
atom due to more electrons than protons.
I- (Iodide) - structural component of
Ex: Cl-
thyroid hormones (affects metabolic rate)

Electrolytes - result from the dissociation

Mixtures
of a compound in a solution (water).
Solutions - a homogenous mixture of
We normally hear electrolytes in our sports
either a gas, liquid, or solid, composed of at
drinks, electrolytes are actually substances
least two substances.
or molecules that dissociate or are in
solution. They dissociate into their ions.
- Only one part, no divisions.
When we put sodium chloride, and salt in
water. In their separate form - Na and Cl.
Ex: O2 in H2O is in solution in the body
We call these dissociated salt as
fluids.
electrolytes.
→ Solvent - a substance with the largest
Some important Ions in the Human Body:
amount in solution.
Related to metabolism and some
examples of their function
- In our body, water is the chief
solvent. Lahat ng laman ng body,
Ca2+ (Calcium) - muscle contraction
they are dissolved in the body.

→ Solute - a smaller concentration/amount.

 4. Participates in chemical reactions -
chemical reactivity
Water (H2O) - Water dissociates molecules
held by ionic chemical
Oxygen is joined to two hydrogens by polar bonds (pinaghihiwalay nya
covalent bonds (electron sharing) yung mga to into their
- Electrical attraction between water atoms and ions ) and
molecules is held by hydrogen
bonds. - Itself ionizes into H+ and
OH- which can be
*covalent bond is a bond in which incorporated into other
electrons are shared. molecules

*ionic bond - when valence electrons of - These reactions are

one atom are transferred permanently to hydrolysis (it takes it apart)
another atom. and dehydration reactions
(can actually combine
Importance: molecules)

50-60% of the body

90-95% of plasma

Water is a unique compound with

unique properties

1. Water has a very high “surface

tension.”
2. Stabilizes body temperature -
Thermal stability
- Absorbs heat and resists
temperature changes
- Vital role in temperature
regulation

3. More substance dissolve in water

than any other liquid - solvency
- Universal solvent or medium
for chemical reactions

- May or may not directly

participate in reactions

- Acts as a medium for

transport; nutrients, gases,
waste in plasma