ARTAPP030 – E45
CHAPTER 1
THE HUMANITIES AND THE ARTS
THE MEANING OF HUMANITIES
• The word HUMANITIES comes from the Latin
humanus which means human, cultured, andrefined
(Aquino and Santillana, 2015).
• It pertains to humane feelings and the
conducttowards others depicting gentleness,
consideration, and manner (Aller and Autida,2018).
• According to Ortiz (1976), Humanities are records of
man’s quest for answers to the fundamental
questions he asks about himself and about life.
• Hence, the essence of man’s existence is revealed
through these questions – What am I? (Man,
rational) Who am I? Why am I existing? Where will I
be from here?
THE CONTENT OF HUMANITIES
• Humanities include anything that is inherently
human – man’s experiences, his values, his
sentiments, his ideals, his goals. The humanities are
thus, expressions of man’s feelings and thoughts
(Ortiz, 1976).
THE BACKGROUND OF HUMANITIES
• First applied to the writings of ancient Latin authors
for their moral teachings
• Medieval Age - dealt with the metaphysics of the
religious philosophers
• Renaissance - set of disciplines taught in the
universities
• Modern times -serves to provide the students with
certain skills and values through the arts (Ortiz, 1976)
THE DISTINCTIONS OF THE HUMANITIES AND THE
SCIENCES
➢ Humanities
• deal with the internal world of man – his personality
and experiences that cannot be measured, classified
or controlled
• deal with human activities and values that can be
perceived by the senses, felt by the heart, and
expressed through actions in a variety and subtle
ways
• approach towards the subjective aspect because of
the use of perception, intuition, and insight
• focus on man as an individual
• aim to make man more human
➢ Sciences
• deal with the external world of man including the
aspects of man that can be measured, 0bserved, and
experimented exactly
• are concerned with and expressed through numbers
and symbols
• approach towards the objective aspect
• focus on the group of men, institutions, and society
• aim to understand and control nature and to harness
energy to make life for man comfortable
THE MEANING OF ART
• Art is the conscious creation of something beautiful
or meaningful using skill and imagination.
• The term Art was derived from the Latin “Ars”
meaning skill and “Arti/s” referring to craftsmanship,
skill, mastery of form, and inventiveness.
• According to Webster, art is “human ingenuity in
adapting natural things to man’s use”.
• The Arts and Humanities define who we are as a
people. That is their power to remind us of what we
have to offer, and what we all have in common
- to help us understand our history and imagine our
future, to give us hopes in the moments of struggle
and to bring us together when nothing else will.”
- Michelle Obama
THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HUMANITIES
1. The fields of knowledge that fall under humanities will
help discover and understand the nature of man. As
human beings, we learn to appreciate the different fields
of Humanities since it aims man in educating himself
about the world which he is part of.
2. Humanities deal with man’s purpose here on earth
which includes his values, characters, emotions, and
sometimes as a forecaster with divine intervention.
3. Humanities will help us understand the culture, world
views, language, and history of a particular country.
4. Humanities will encourage us to think creatively based
on the works of art produced by the artists around the
globe.
5. Humanities teaches us to become human and to ask
questions pertaining to the world which we live in.
NATURE OF ART
• Art is everywhere.
• Art is a Pragmatic Instrument.
• ART is a Reflection of Nature.
• ART is a Personal Expression
- Don’t ask what the world needs. Ask what makes you
come alive, and go do it. Because what the world needs
is people who come alive. - Howard Thurman
• ART is an Expression and Vehicle of Communication
• ART is CREATION.
- ART is about CREATION. IF YOU’RE NOT CREATING,
you’re NOT DOING ART. - Samuel Killermann
- Three Major Experiences Involved in Artistic
Activities
1. Experiences which the artist wants to express or
communicate
2. Act of expressing these experiences
3. Gratifying experience of having accomplished
something significant
• ART is NOT NATURE.
ART AND BEAUTY
• One of the basic human needs of man is desire for
beauty and order. They provide comfort, balance
and pleasure to our lives.
• When we see something beautiful, it brings us joy.
The pleasure we feel is known as aesthetic pleasure,
which comes from the Greek word "aesthetic," which
means "to perceive with the senses."
• Our need for beauty is rooted in a primal sense of
consistency and order.
• Beauty is subjective rather than objective.
• Beauty standards varies between cultures.
• But beauty is relative not absolute. The concept of
beauty changes (non-permanent) as time passes.
(e.g. clothing, haircut styles etc.)
• Concept of beauty varies between cultures. (e.g.
black is beautiful for the whites.)
• Many people expect that art is beautiful, but it is not
always the case. (e.g. the famous work of Nunelucio
Alvarado “big and short - bodied with wide-eyed
sacadas of Negros”, Manuel Baldemors “dirty
shanties of slum dwellers”, Gary Granada’s award
winning composition about Smokey Mountain’s
scavengers, “Bahay”.
• What is important in arts are the order and
harmonious arrangement of the formal elements.
• Art may bring beauty to humanity as well as it brings
order to what is seems to be a chaotic world.
• Art is therefore Humanities since it brings good and
noble in people.
• Arts and Humanities as it focuses on human beings
may bring goodness to people in the world as man
journeys across historical time as he searches for
realities and as he strives to achieve the ideals
creating a meaning and a good life here on earth.
TYPES OF ART BASED ON SUBJECT
The subject refers to any person, object, scene,
or event described or represented in a work of art.
Subject is the object, scene or person depicted by the
artist in his artwork.
Content is the meaning or message that the artist
wants to express or communicate in his work. It is also
the statement we understand or feeling we experienced
with the work of art. In literature, it is the “theme”.
1. Representational Arts/Objective Art/Figurative Art
- a type of art with concrete subject
2. Non – representational Art/Non – objective Art
- a type of art with no concrete subject
- subject represented by bright light, dark colors, or
abstract things or objects
MANNERS OF REPRESENTING SUBJECT KINDS OF
SUBJECT
➢ REALISM
• a way of depicting things, objects, or persons where
they would normally appear in nature
➢ ABSTRACTION
• a method of simplifying or organizing objects and
elements according to the demands of artistic
expression
• alterations of shapes, colors and positions
• reduction of original objects into geometric shapes
➢ DISTORTION
• the arrangement of figures wherein the proportions
differ noticeably from natural measurements
• means twisting, stretching, or deforming of the
natural shape of the objects
• used to dramatize the shape of a figure or to create
emotional effect to viewers
• to portray sadness or sufferings and to solicit
reactions such as hatred, ridicule, sympathy
➢ SURREALISM
• a combination of realism and distortion
• expression of what is inside the subconscious of the
artist
• a dreamlike scene to show the irrational
arrangement of objects
• Images recognizable from nature but combined with
unnatural relationship
KINDS OF SUBJECT
➢ Landscapes
- depict inland physical environments
➢ Seascapes
 - depicts the seas and their surroundings including 3. Satisfying physical needs for utilitarian objectsand
objects and sceneries found on them structures
➢ Cityscapes Specific Functions:
- Urban Sceneries 1. Personal Function
➢ Still life 2. Social Function
- Inanimate objects in an indoor setting 3. Physical Function
➢ Animals
CHAPTER 2
- The earliest and most popular subject of art
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ART
➢ Portraits
- depict realistic likeness of a person in painting,
Prehistoric Period/Cave Art
sculpture, drawing, or prints and always with
The history of painting spans all cultures and
clothes portrays human character which does
dates back to the time of the prehistoric men who
not need to be beautiful but truthful Focus: the
produced their own artifacts. The oldest known paintings
face, hands, fingers, foot, attire, or accessories
believed to be about 32,00 years old are found at the
subject always a person
Grotte-Vhauvet in France and depict horse, rhinoceros,
➢ Figures
lions, buffalos, and mammoths (Marcos, 2006 as cited by
- focus: human body either clothed or nude
Menoy, 2014). There are also cave paintings of antelopes
▪ represent human form
in Altamira, Spain (Menoy, 2014). In fact, there were
▪ sometimes only the body with the absence of the
numerous paintings and engravings which were found in
face
Europe caves and shelters during the Ice Age roughly
➢ Everyday life
between 40,000 and 14,000 years ago. Most of the cave
- Represents man’s daily activities
art consist of paintings made with either red or black
➢ History
pigments. The reds were made with iron oxides
- Portrays historical scenes or significant events in
(hematite), whereas manganese dioxide and charcoal
the past.
were used for the blacks. Cave art is considered to be
- Tracing Rizal’s footsteps in Dapitan
either or both religious or symbolic functions. According
➢ Legend
to Jean Clottis, in her article, some experts believed that
- Depicts legendary stories
its characteristics have been created within the
➢ Religion
framework of Shamanic beliefs and practices (Aller and
- Pictures religious symbols and personalities
Autida, 2018).
which are used to aid worship and inspire or
instruct feeling of devotion.
Egyptian Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture
➢ Myth
The Egyptian painting is associated with pre-
- Represents mythological symbols, gods, and
historic times. It focuses more on expressions of concepts
goddesses.
rather than a record of sensory experience and mastery
➢ Dreams
over reality. Hieroglyphics, the Egyptian writing system
- describe vague and illogical scenes and
was a form of picture writing and it is considered as the
sometimes life like situation which seems to
first art form that is presented with images. The three
represent something real, unless the artist tells
stages in the development of Egyptian painting are:
us that his work is only a dream
a. Old Kingdom. Painting in this period is associated with
➢ Fantasy
worship and life after death
- A depiction of strange, irrational and absurd
b. Middle Kingdom. Painting in this period is associated
scene.
with scenes from local wars, animal life, dancing, and
THE FUNCTIONS OF ART hunting scenes.
General Functions: c. New Kingdom. Painting in this period is found in rock
1. Satisfying individual needs for personal expression tombs depicting scenes of funerals and pilgrimages. The
2. Satisfying social needs for display, celebrations, and Egyptian architects and engineers are skillful in building
communications temples, palaces, and funeral tomb of the pharaohs.
Egyptian architects were the first to use stone column in
building homes. They use simple yet powerful tools; they
build large structure of stones with accuracy and
precision by multitude of workers and construction
details to ensure a good quality of work, and pure
geometric forms in the making of the buildings and
tombs. Thus, most of the architectural styles common to
Egyptian buildings, temples, tombs, and palaces include:
most temples are made of stones instead of bricks for
durability purposes, most of the sculptures of the
pharaohs are done in granite, mammoth rectangular plan
of limestone with stopping pylons with gorge molding,
bud and flower capitals from post-lintel-construction and
monumental obelisks and sphinxes fronting pylons.
Egyptian pyramids were built during the old and
middle kingdoms. The first regarded as the “true
pyramid” was built in Sakkara for King Dioser. It is called
as the step pyramid due to its shape resembling steps.
Later, Egyptians built pyramids with four smooth faces
during the 4th dynasty. One of the most famous pyramids
built by King Cheops about 4, 500 years ago is the
Great Pyramid of Giza (the last of the Seven Wonders of
the World).
Egyptians also built temples which are
considered to be the home of the gods. It is in the
temples where Egyptians worshipped their gods and
perform rites for good growing and abundance of their
crops and for cultivation success.
Egyptian Sculptures are all figurines of the same
sizes except the Pharaohs, which emphasis power. Other
characteristics include: compositions are always
symmetrical and perfectly arranged, solemn and
ceremonious, and utilitarian in nature.
In general, Egyptian art characteristics include:
(1) art is the propagandistic support of the
power of the state religion, (2) figures show position of
frontality and fixed concepts are
repeated, (3) symbolic geometry, (4) animals and plants
are commonly the subjects of their paintings and even on
ceramics, and (5) Egyptian art is religious and serving
propaganda.
GREEK PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND ARCHITECTURE
“The Glory that was Greece” was always the title
given to Greece because of their great contribution in the
different fields of humanities to world civilization. Greece
is considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization.
Thus, most of the achievement of the Greeks in terms
of painting, sculpture, and architecture can still be felt
and seen today. Thus, the Greek incorporated a
fundamental principle of their culture, ARETE, meaning
EXCELLENCE AND REACHING ONE’S FULL POTENTIAL.
The development of Greek art can be traced back
from the two great civilizations developed in Crete and in
mainland Greece: The Minoan Civilization and
Mycenaean Civilization.
Minoan Civilization started in 2,600 BCE led by
King Minos. The people during this civilization
have worked with bronze and gold thus, developing a
system of writing. During this time, the Minoans built
magnificent palaces which housed the royal families,
priests, and the government. The palace of Knossos is the
famous which is a small city consisting of 800 rooms. The
walls of the rooms were brightly painted with lively
scenes showing men and women athletes, fanciful
animals, and scenes of the daily lives of people. At this
point, the Minoans led by their king, Minos, began to
establish maritime activities aside from the magnificent
palaces and buildings that were built; they create fresco
paintings, stone carvings, and ceramics. Thus, the
Minoans are skilled artisans for they also made decorated
fine pottery, bronze daggers tools and are exporting
honey and olive oil to places such as Egypt, Asia Minor,
Syria, and Greece. The Minoan Civilization declined due
to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Mycenaean Civilization rule Crete and mainland
Greece about 1900 BCE, thus, it is the dominating force
in the Mediterranean. At this time, warrior kings ruled
walled cities built around the palaces at Mycenae,
Thebes, and other places in Southern Greece. The first
palace built during this time was investigated by the
archaeologist since it was then believed that Mycenae
was the richest and important town. They Mycenaean
borrowed from the Minoan Civilization such that pottery
and jewelry that were decorated with design in the
Minoan style and that Mycenaean kings employed
Minoan artisans and they took the Minoan’s sea trade to
Italy, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Sicily. The Mycenaean were
destroyed by the Dorian which caused the decline and
the downfall of their civilization.
In Greece, the practice of fine art comprised the
three basic periods:
1. Archaic Period (c. 650-480 BCE)
It is the period of gradual experimentation.
2. Classical Period (c. 480-323 BCE)
The period witnessed the flowering of mainland
Greece power and artistic dominations.
3. Hellenistic Period (c. 323 -27 BCE)
 This period opened with the death of Alexander
the Great, massive Greek cultural influence, the creation
of “Greek style Art” and the period of the decline and fall
of Greece and the rise of Rome.
The Archaic Greek Pottery is the most developed
art of the pre-Archaic period. It involves large vases and
other vessels which are decorated with linear designs,
triangles, zigzags and other similar shapes. Also, the
ceramic figurine painting depicts the Greek fascination
with the human body which is considered to be the
noblest subjects in painting and sculpture. The Archaic
Greek Architecture began in 6th and 7th centuries in
which stones were used to build Greek public buildings
most especially temples. It relied on simple post-lintel
building techniques and that the Greek architects were
the first to base their architectural design in standard of
proportionality.
The three orders of the Greek architecture
include:
a. Doric. It is the simplest of the three Greek columns
with no base and slight tapered column. It is used in
mainland Greece and later Greek settlements in Italy.
This type of column symbolizes the “STRENGTH AND
NOBILITY OF THE GREEKS”.
b. Ionic. It comprised of hair like design on both side of
the capital. It is used in buildings along with the west
coast of Turkey and the Aegean Islands. The column
signifies “TENDERNESS AND BEING NATURAL OF THE
GREEKS”.
c. Corinthian. It comprised of a flowerlike design placed
on a basket on its capital. The column symbolizes the
“ANXIETY AND INSECURETIES OF THE GREEKS”.
The Archaic Greek Sculpture is heavily influenced
by the Egyptian sculpture as well as the Syrian
techniques. It created stone friezes, statues in stone,
terracotta and bronze and small works made up of ivory
and bones. Marble and wooden sculptures were colored
with tempera and encaustics. The Archaic Greek Painting
involves Fresco painting which is decorated on temples,
buildings, and tombs.
The Classical Greek Sculpture subjects were
usually gods and goddesses and bronze became
the main medium for free-standing works and anatomy
become more accurate since the Greek artists starts to
render human and animal forms in a realistic manner. It
is less rigid than the Archaic sculpture. Artworks in this
period have featured flexed knees, turned heads, and
contemplative expressions which were regarded as
attempts to suggest motion, thoughts and naturalism.
On the other hand, the Hellenistic Sculpture is much
more varied and extreme than the sculptures that are
produced during the Classical period. Some of the most
beautiful pieces of Greek statuary during this period
include: Nike of Samonthrace, the Dying Gaul, Apollo
Belvedere, and the Lacoön Group, date back to
Hellenistic times.
Hellenistic Sculpture (323 B.C. to 31 B.C.) was
much more varied and extreme than sculpture produced
during the Classical period. Some of the most beautiful
pieces of Greek statuary, including Nike of Samonthrace,
the Dying Gaul, Apollo Belvedere , and the Lacoön Group,
date back to Hellenistic times.
With the great achievements of the Greeks in
Arts, it produced five Wonders of the World namely:
Colossus of Rhodes, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Statue
of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus,
Lighthouse of Alexandria which ruins and even fragments
have been survived at this time (Aller and Autida, 2018).
MEDIEVAL PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND ARCHITECTURE
Medieval art has continually advanced
throughout the medieval times in fact some of the
advances are brought about by the emergence of the Pre-
renaissance time. Most of the artworks produced in this
time are purely religious artworks which came in
different forms such as mosaics, manuscripts, and fresco
paintings which mostly can be found in churches.
Medieval art includes the use of vivid colors, most
masterpieces where created mainly for churches where
arts are made to glorify God rather than for aesthetic
appeal and appreciation, sculpture appear to be larger
than other figures surrounding, and art subjects mostly
revolved around holy family and saints although some
sculptures and paintings depict war scenes. Since there
are so many types of medieval arts, historians classify
them according to their major periods of the middle ages
along with their styles. These include: early Christian art,
Migration Period art, Byzantine art, Insular art, Pre-
Romanesque, Romanesque and Gothic art. Anglo-saxon
art and Norse art where also included as based on their
cultures and nations together with their distinctive styles.
The Anglo-saxon Art used bright and vivid colors
in illustrating their manuscripts. They reflect the
migration period towards the British Isle. Also, their
metal works were truly fine and highly intricate works of
art. The Romanesque Art is greatly influenced by the
Byzantine art. It is characterized by the preservation of
iconic biblical events that took place and kept records of
important figures such as influential leaders of their
times.
Romanesque art also is characterized by its
beautiful styles in painting and sculpture. Moreover, it
shows illuminated Romanesque manuscripts with lavish
color decoration which can be seen in the bibles and also
colored décors in capital columns showing excitement,
great powers, and mastery designs and also its artworks
depict scenes from several carved figures.
The Byzantine Art is developed from the arts of
the Roman Empire embracing its classical heritage; it is
greatly influenced by the Ancient Greek and Egyptians
arts. Byzantine art is mostly concerned with religious
expressions, translation of the church teachings into
artistic forms such as paintings, sculptures, and mosaics.
Thus, artworks produced during this time are highly
sophisticated artistic design and it is therefore highly
revival of the classical aesthetics.
The Gothic Art emerged during the Medieval
Gothic period that lasted for more than 200 years. It is a
style of Medieval art which emerged in northern France
preceding to the Romanesque Art in the early 12th
century. Gothic art painting is presented in a more
animated facial expressions and pose. Also, art forms in
this period are fresco sculpture, illuminated manuscripts,
panel paintings, and stained glass painting of both
secular and Christian essence.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Islamic Architecture is defined as the building
traditions of Muslim populations of the Middle East and
any countries wherein the religion Islam has been
dominant from the 7th century on. Most common types
of Islamic Architectures include:
(1) Mosque, it is the Muslim Center and
place of worship, (2) Madrasah, it is the Muslim’s public
school, (3) Hammam, it is a structural design for a hot
bathhouse, (4) Caravanserai, it refers to a roadside inn for
travelers, (5) Casbah/ Citadel, it a fortress, and (5)
Mausoleum, it is a tomb or a monument. Islamic
architecture consists of a wide range of both secular and
religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the
present day, thus, it influences the design and
construction of buildings and structures as far Islamic
culture.
In the Philippines especially in Mindanao, a lot of
mosques were built famous of it geometric designs.
Hence, the integration of Chinese and Muslim forms and
style elements is a characteristic feature of the early
church building. Common Interpretations of Islamic
architecture include: the concept of Allah’s infinite power
is manifested in designs and repeating themes, human
and animal forms are rarely depicted in decorative arts as
Allah’s work is matchless, the architecture of Islam
focused on interior rather than exterior space, and the
building of impressive domes, minarets, and large
courtyards are intended to convey power (Aller and
Autida, 2018).
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
The word Renaissance is derived from the Latin
word “RENASCERE” which means “rebirth “or “revival”.
Thus, this period marks the revival or rebirthof cultural
awareness which occurred in the 14th to 15th century. At
this period of time, artworks are reverted back to Greek
and Roman art influences. More so, it is then the revival
of classical art, literature, architecture, and learning
which originated in Italy and later spread in some parts in
Europe. Most of the artworks in this period emphasizes
on the following: sciences, humans and their
environment and philosophy. Thus, it concentrates much
on religious subject matters which contain symbols and
are realistic. Moreover, it concerns more about life
towards new discoveries, it is more sacred or biblical and
even nude. Renaissance art is divided into three periods:
a. Early Renaissance. This period characterized by
simplicity, gesture, and expression styles of painting.
Thus, paintings in this period use man and fresco
techniques.
b. High Renaissance. The center of this period is in
Florence, Venice, and Rome. The characteristics of the art
works in this period include: deepening of the pictorial
space, and making the sky more dramatic with dark
cloud.
c. Late Renaissance /Mannerism Period. The period
characterized human figures as the subject matter of
their artworks. Artists use warm and sensual colors and
oil painting in producing such work of arts (Aller and
Autida, 2018).
MANNERISM PERIOD
After the Renaissance period, it is followed by the
Mannerism art movement. Mannerism is derived from
the Italian word “MANIERA” meaning MANNER or STYLE,
a term which denoting to exaggerated, foreshortening
and elongated features. Thus, concepts of artworks
during this period are into distorting elements to produce
drama, unusual lighting effects, frequent eroticism,
bright colors, fine detail, spatial, scenic and dramatic
distorted poses, perfect elegance and mathematical in
nature. Artists belonged in this period create works of art
aims to renew religious spirit. Hence, it is known to be
the first international style of Western Art which is then
also belongs to the Late Renaissance period.
BAROQUE PERIOD
This particular art movement gives emphasis on
exaggerated motion, easily interrupted details; thus,
artworks in this period produce drama, grandeur,
tension, exuberance, dramatic poses and even
passionate expressions. Also, during this period, art
forms are more theatrical, having elaborate
ornamentation, religious grandeur and even dynamic.
Baroque art movement flourished in the following
countries: Italy, Spain, Flanders (Southern Netherlands),
Dutch Republic (Northern Netherlands), France, and
England. This particular art movement coincides with the
worldwide mercantilism, age of exploration, advances in
shipbuilding, extensive voyaging and improved
cartography. Characteristics of Baroque in Italy, Spain and
Flanders are the following: didactic to spiritual purposes,
possessing theatrical effects, grand buildings, and
strongly supported by the Pope. Characteristics of
Baroque art in France include: opulence, identified with
absolutism, being simplistic and dignified.
elegance and simplicity, strong horizontal and vertical
lines, shallow spaces, sober colors, and clarity in forms.
ROMANTICISM PERIOD
It is the art movement began in Germany and
England and later spread throughout the different parts
of Europe. It is the style of art that found its subject in the
world of dramatic and exotic; a style of art and literature
which draws on the imagination rather than nationalism,
thus, appealed to the emotions of the audience. This
particular art movement gives emphasis in the painter’s
reaction to the past events, peoples, and landscapes.
Romantic art forms provide deep love of nature and
concerns about the metamorphosis of the world into a
new golden age in the powers of the imagination.
Moreover, it also depicts realistic figures with
psychological attitudes. Common characteristics of
artworks in this period also include: individualism,
exoticism, and of emotions and is the revival of Gothic.

ROCOCO PERIOD
It is an art movement that is the extension of the
Baroque Period which flourished in France. The term
Rococo was derived from the French Word, “ROCAILLE”
which means bits of rocky decorations which can be
found in a 16th century architectural idea. Common
characteristics of the art works found in this period are:
the use of light or pastel colors, curvaceous forms,
graceful lines, cherubs with myths of love, highly ornate
and exquisite study of details which these are found in
furniture, panels, vases, and urns. Moreover, subjects of
the artworks in period are always in the center of the
canvass.

NEO- CLASSICISM PERIOD

It is a movement in the western art that coincides
with the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century.
It is the period of revival of the styles and spirit of classical
antiquity especially in the field of architecture. Moreover,
the artworks in this period are inspired mainly excavated
figurines and sculptures in Roman and Greek colony
archaeological sites and also the revival of the Roman
and Greek traditions. Characteristics of the artworks
found in this period include: precise details, dynamism,