17.

Define cavitation phenomena in pump

Cavitation in pumps is the phenomenon of the rapid formation and collapse of vapor bubbles
in a liquid. It occurs when the pressure of the liquid drops below its vapor pressure. This can
happen in pumps when the liquid is moving at high velocities, when the pump is operating at
a low flow rate, or when the suction head is too low.

18. Define Hydraulic machines.

Hydraulic machines are devices that use the power of a fluid to perform work. They are used
in a wide variety of applications, including construction, manufacturing, and transportation.
Hydraulic machines can be classified into two main types:
Hydraulic cylinders
Hydraulic motors

19. Define multi-stage centrifugal pump.

A multi-stage centrifugal pump is a type of pump that uses multiple impellers to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Each impeller adds a certain amount of energy to the fluid, and the
multiple stages allow the pump to achieve higher pressures than a single-stage pump.

20. Define specific speed and its importance.

Specific speed is a dimensionless parameter that is used to characterize the
performance of centrifugal pumps. It is defined as the speed at which a geometrically
similar pump would operate if it were reduced in size to deliver one unit volume of
liquid per unit head.

Here are some of the benefits of using specific speed in centrifugal pump design and
selection:

 It allows for the comparison of pumps of different sizes and capacities.

 It can be used to predict the performance of a pump, even if it has not been
built yet.
 It can be used to design new pumps that are more efficient and have better
cavitation performance.
21. Define steady flow with figure.

Steady flow is a type of fluid flow in which the fluid properties at a given point do not change
over time. This means that the velocity, pressure, density, and temperature of the fluid at a
given point remain constant.
22. Define super-critical flow with condition of Froude number
Supercritical flow is a type of fluid flow in which the flow velocity is greater than the wave
velocity.
The condition for supercritical flow is th
at the Froude number is greater than 1. In other words, the inertia forces must be greater
than the gravity forces for the flow to be supercritical.

23. Define unsteady flow with expression.

Unsteady flow is a type of fluid flow in which the fluid properties at a given point change over
time. This means that the velocity, pressure, density, and temperature of the fluid at a given
point do not remain constant.

∂ρ/∂t + ∇·(ρV) = 0
where:
 ∂ρ/∂t is the rate of change of density with respect to time.
 ρ is the fluid density.
 ∇·(ρV) is the divergence of the mass flux vector (ρV), where V is the velocity
vector.

24. Define working principle of reciprocating pump.

The working principle of a reciprocating pump can be described in four strokes:

1. Intake stroke: The piston or plunger moves away from the discharge
valve, creating a vacuum in the cylinder. This vacuum causes the intake valve
to open, allowing fluid to flow into the cylinder.
2. Compression stroke: The piston or plunger moves towards the discharge
valve, compressing the fluid in the cylinder. This causes the intake valve to
close and the discharge valve to open.
3. Power stroke: The compressed fluid forces the discharge valve open and
flows out of the cylinder into the discharge pipe.
 4. Exhaust stroke: The piston or plunger moves away from the discharge
valve, allowing the remaining fluid in the cylinder to flow out into the discharge
pipe.
25. Derive the expression for the force exerted by a jet on a hinged plate on moving

26. Describe briefly inward radial flow turbine.

An inward radial flow turbine is a type of hydraulic turbine in which the fluid flows radially
inward from the periphery to the center of the runner. The runner is a rotating wheel with
blades that convert the kinetic energy of the fluid into mechanical energy.
The rotation of the runner is transmitted to a generator through a shaft. The generator
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Examples

 Francis turbine
 Pelton turbine
 Kaplan turbine

27. Describe Buckingham Pi-Theorem

The Buckingham Pi-Theorem is a theorem in dimensional analysis that states that any
physical quantity can be expressed as a dimensionless product of a set of independent
quantities. This means that the number of independent variables in a physical problem can
be reduced by the number of dimensions.

The Buckingham Pi-Theorem is based on the principle of dimensional homogeneity, which

states that all terms in an equation must have the same dimensions.

The Buckingham Pi-Theorem is a powerful tool for dimensional analysis. It can be

used to derive dimensionless parameters, which are useful for understanding and
predicting the behavior of physical systems.

28. Describe Chezy's expression for flow discharge.

29. Describe efficiency of turbine with expression.

The efficiency of a turbine is the ratio of the useful output power to the input power. It
is expressed as follows:

η = W_out / W_in
where:

 η is the efficiency
 W_out is the useful output power in W
 W_in is the input power in W
30. Describe in brief Francis turbine.

The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine that is used in medium to high head
hydroelectric power plants. It is a combination of radial and axial flow turbine, and it is the
most widely used type of hydroelectric turbine in the world.

converts the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy.

Francis turbines are typically designed for heads ranging from 20 to 700 meters.
They can achieve efficiencies of up to 95%.

Here are some of the advantages of Francis turbines:

 They are efficient.

 They have a wide operating range.
 They are relatively inexpensive to manufacture.
 They are reliable and durable.

Here are some of the disadvantages of Francis turbines:

 They are complex to design and manufacture.

 They require a high head to operate.
 They are sensitive to cavitation.

Overall, Francis turbines are a versatile and reliable type of hydroelectric turbine that
can be used in a wide range of applications.

Here are some examples of where Francis turbines are used:

 Large hydroelectric power plants

 Small hydroelectric power plants
 Pumped storage power plants
 Irrigation systems
 Industrial water supply systems

31. Describe Kaplan turbine.

The Kaplan turbine is a type of reaction turbine that is used in low to medium head
hydroelectric power plants. It is similar to the Francis turbine, but it has adjustable blades on
the runner. This allows the Kaplan turbine to operate efficiently over a wide range of flow
rates.
Kaplan turbines are an important part of the renewable energy mix, as they can help to
generate clean and sustainable electricity.

32. Describe Manning's expression for flow discharge.

33. Describe types of hydraulic jump.

The type of hydraulic jump that occurs depends on the Froude number, which is a measure
of the ratio of the flow velocity to the wave velocity.

There are four main types of hydraulic jumps:

 Undular hydraulic jump: An undular hydraulic jump is the weakest type of hydraulic
jump and is characterized by small waves on the surface of the water. It occurs when
the Froude number is slightly greater than 1.

 Weak hydraulic jump: A weak hydraulic jump is characterized by a smooth, rolling

wave on the surface of the water. It occurs when the Froude number is between 1
and 3.

 Oscillating hydraulic jump: An oscillating hydraulic jump is characterized by a

standing wave on the surface of the water. It occurs when the Froude number is
between 3 and 6.

 Steady hydraulic jump: A steady hydraulic jump is the strongest type of hydraulic
jump and is characterized by a turbulent, churning mass of water. It occurs when the
Froude number is greater than 6.

34. Discuss most efficient hydraulic section.

The most efficient hydraulic section is the one that minimizes the energy loss due to friction
and turbulence. The two most important factors that affect the efficiency of a hydraulic
section are the shape of the section and the roughness of the surface.

The most efficient hydraulic section shape is a semicircle. This is because the semicircle has
the smallest wetted perimeter for a given cross-sectional area.

35. Discuss slip in reciprocating pump.

Slip in a reciprocating pump is the difference between the theoretical discharge and
the actual dischargGVe. It is caused by leakage of fluid from the discharge side of
the pump back to the suction side. Slip can be caused by a number of factors,
including:

 Worn or damaged valves

 Clearance between the piston and cylinder
 Leakage around the packing gland
 Air in the pump
Slip is typically expressed as a percentage of the theoretical discharge.

Slip can have a significant impact on the performance of a reciprocating pump. It can reduce
the efficiency of the pump and shorten its lifespan.

36. Estimate the discharge through a trapezoidal channel of width 8 m and

side slope of 1(H):3(V). The depth of flow of water is 2.4 m and bed slope is
1 in 2400. Take, C = 50.

37. Estimate the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 75 mm on a

stationary flat plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with velocity of
20 m/s.

38. Explain critical flow

Critical flow refers to a specific state of flow in which the flow velocity reaches its
maximum possible value for a given set of conditions.

Critical flow is a fluid dynamic condition that occurs when the flow velocity equals the wave
velocity generated by a disturbance or obstruction.

39. Explain specific energy curve with figure.

The specific energy curve (SEC) is a graphical representation of the relationship between
specific energy and flow depth in a fluid.

40. Explain sub-critical critical flow with example.

Subcritical flow is a type of fluid flow in which the flow velocity is less than the critical
velocity. The critical velocity is the velocity at which the Froude number is equal to 1. The
Froude number is a measure of the ratio of the inertia forces to the gravity forces.
Example of subcritical flow:
Water flowing in a river is a good example of subcritical flow.
Critical flow is a type of fluid flow in which the flow velocity is equal to the critical velocity.
Critical flow occurs when the water depth is equal to the critical depth. The critical depth is
the depth at which the specific energy of the flow is a minimum.
Example of critical flow:
Water flowing over a weir is a good example of critical flow.

41. Explain uniform flow with equation.

Uniform flow is a type of fluid flow in which the flow velocity, flow depth, and channel slope
are constant. It is also known as steady flow. Uniform flow is the most common type of flow
in open channels, such as rivers and streams.

V = (1 / n) * R^(2/3) * S^(1/2)

42. Explain working principle of centrifugal pump.

step-by-step explanation of the working principle of a centrifugal pump:

1. The fluid enters the pump through the suction inlet.

2. The fluid is then directed to the impeller, which is rotating at high speed.
3. The impeller blades accelerate the fluid as it passes through.
4. The accelerated fluid is then discharged from the impeller into the volute casing.
5. The volute casing is a spiral-shaped chamber that converts the kinetic energy of the
fluid into pressure.
6. The pressurized fluid is then discharged from the pump through the discharge outlet.

The main components of a centrifugal pump are:

 Impeller
 Volute casing
 Suction inlet
 Discharge outlet
 Shaft
 Bearings

43. Explain working principle of turbine briefly.

The basic working principle of a turbine is as follows:

1. The fluid flows through the turbine and impinges on the blades.
 2. The blades are shaped to deflect the fluid, which causes it to rotate the
turbine shaft.
3. The rotating turbine shaft is connected to a generator, which converts the
mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.

There are two main types of turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines.

The main components of a turbine are:

 Blades
 Shaft
 Casing