Hydrogen Flouride

Hydrogen fluoride is an inorganic compound with chemical formula HF. It contains fluorine,an extremely
toxic corrosive gas and liquid.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

-The first who discover HF.

-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist investigating the mineral "flourite" which consist of calcium fluoride.

-IT WAS FIRST DISCOVERED AS WEAK

ACID KNOWN AS HYDROFLUORIC

ACID IN 1771 BY CARL WILHELM

SCHEELE.

Edmond Fremy

-The 2nd one who discover the HF.

-French Chemist

-Credited with discovering HF while trying to isolate fluorine.

Chemical Reaction:

CaF2 +H2SO4 ----> 2HF + CaSO4

HOW DOES HYDROGEN FLUORIDE PRODUCED?

It’s main source today is the mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride), which is treated with sulfuric acid to
form HF gas. Significant amounts of HF also are obtained as aproduct of phosphate fertilizer
manufacture from the mineral apatite, which contains fluoride ion as well as phosphate.
INDUSTRY USES HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

Hydrogen Fluoride is typically use in:

• PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

• AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY

• PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

• GLASS INDUSTRY

THE USE AND ADVANTAGE OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

Hydrogen fluoride is used to make Refrigerants,Herbicides, Pharmaceuticals, Petrochemical/Gasoline,

Etching Glass, removing rust and cleaning brass and crystal.

Refrigerant- cooling agent that absorbs heat and leaves cool air behind.

Herbicides- used to prepare insecticides, herbicides and pesticides that are rich with flourine.

Pharmaceutical-used within the pharmaceutical industry. Companies

typically use hydrofluoric acid when preparing antibiotics and other medicinal products that contain
fluorine.

Petrochemical-Hydrofluoric acid can be used in the petrochemical industry as well, which is capable of
improving crude oil yields and enhancing the quality of the petroleum that’s produced.

Etching Glass-Hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid is a chemical that reacts with glass. It is used to
decorate glass articles.

Disadvantage:

-Can irritate eyes, nose and respiratory

-Breathinh HF can cause death from irregular heartbeat

-Skin damage
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT:

Hydrogen fluoride is very corrosive and would badly burn any plants,

birds or land animals exposed to it.

GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

When using Hydrogen Fluoride, you must wear protective clothing:

- Laboratory coat and acid resistant Apron

- Close toe shoes and long pants

- Full face shield

- Gloves

Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) NH4H2PO4

-A widely used for fertilizer and source of phosphorus and nitrogen for plants.
Chemical Reaction:

(NH3) + (H3PO4) ---> NH4H2PO4

Keypoints:

-Nutrient Content: Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P)

-PH, MAP is slightly acidic which can be benefical for some plants and soils. its PH ranges from 4.5 to 5.5

-Water solubility, it is highly soluble in water. easy to apply in irrigation systems or as a foliar spray.

-Application, MAP is commonly used as a starter fertilizer, in crops like corn wheat. Also used in
horticulture, turf management and greenhouse production

-Benefits, MAP provides a quick source both nitrogen and phosphorus. Essential for plant growth, root
development and flowering.

-Safety, when handling MAP it is essential to follow safety guidelines to avoid irritating to the skin and
eyes.

-Compatibility, MAP can be mixed with other fertilizer and chemicals but important to check its
compatibility to avoid adverse reactions.

-Environmental Impact,used responsibly with recommended application friendly source of nutrients for
plants.

AMMONIUM NITRATE or (NH4NO3)

- Fritz Haber, known as father of Chemical Welfare discovered that nitrogen could be fixed chemically as
ammonium nitrate

- a white crystalline salt consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate.

Chemical Reaction

NH3 + HNO3 ---> NH4NO3

Difference between Ammonia and Ammonium Nitrate:

-Ammonia is a gaseous compound while ammonium nitrate is a solid compound at room temperature
and pressure.

Manufacturing Processes:

1. Stengel Process

2. Prilling Process

3. Crystallization Process

4. Grainar Process

Physical properties of ammonium nitrate

-Molecular formula: NH4NO3

-Molecular weight: 80.043 gm/mole

-Appearance: crystalline whitw solid

-Density: 1.72 gm/cm³

-Melting point: 169.6°C

-Boiling point: 210°C

-Solubility: Readily soluble in water

Beirut explosion in August 4 2020 large amount of ammonium nitrate exploded in Lebanon (Beirut,
capital city of lebanon)
Advantages:

-Best source of quick release nitrogen

-Balanced nitrogen nutrition

-effective for wide range of crops

-Increase the protein and oil content in farmed products

-Easy handling

Disadvantages

-High risk of fire or explosions

-High salt content

-Can release harmful gases

Benefits of Ammonium Nitrate:

-Fertilizer

-Herbicide

-Pyrotechnics

-Mining

Negative effect: Can cause respiratory tract irritation when highly inhale

Symptoms:

-Coughing

-sore throat

-shortness of breath

-even suffocation

Aluminum Sulfate or Al2(SO4)3

-It is soluble in water and mainly used as a coagulating agent in purification of drinking water and
wastewater treatment plants and also in paper manufacturing.
Chemical Reaction: Aluminum hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid

2Al(OH)3 + 3 H2SO4---> Al2(SO4)3 + 6 H2O

Aluminum sulfate is an ionic compound, which is a combination of positive and negative ions.

Molar mass - is the mass of one mole of a substance

Al(2) molar mass is 26.98 g/mole = 53.96 g/mole

S(3) molar mass is 32.06 g/mole = 96.18 g/mole

O(12) molar mass is 16 g/mole = 192 g/mole

Chemical Qualities:

Aluminum sulfate is a white or off-white crystals or powder. It is not volatile or flammable.

Uses of Aluminum Sulfate

-Household uses

-Gardening

-Water Treatment

-Dyeing fabrics

Dangers and Warnings:

-Can burn human skins and eyes

-red rash
-itching

-burning feeling while inhalation irritates the lungs and throat

-Coughing and shortness of breath

-Eating aluminum sulfate has extremely negative effect of the intestinal lining and stomach

Treatments:

-When if it gets on your skin or in your eyes, flushed for several minutes until the feeling of irritation
goes away.

-When it is inhaled, move away from the area of the fumes and breath fresh air several times.

-When it is ingest, the victim is force to vomit until the poison is out of the stomach.

Methods of Storage:

- It should be placed in a cool, dry area away from the other chemicals and substances.

Environment Risks:

- Spills of aluminum sulfate should be cleaned immediately.

Aluminum Sulfate is not naturally occurring on its own, it is synthetic chemical that is produced by a
reaction between Aluminum Hydroxide and Sulfuric Acid.

Sulfuric acid is obtained from natural sources such as Sulphur.

Aluminum hydroxide, is also known as alumina. A product of the purification Bauxite which is processed
to remove all impurities and produce a pure metal aluminum.

Ammonium Sulfate or (NH⁴)²SO⁴

-a white cyrsyalline salt commonly used is various industrial and agricultural application
-Andreas Libau, an alchemist who described a method for making ammonium sulfate. The first mention
compound in the modern sources.

1. Highly soluble in water.

2. Commonly used in soil fertilizer since the chemical contains 21% (w/w) nitrogen and 24% (w/w)
sulfur. In agriculture form of nitrogen ammonium, which helps nitrogen loss through leaching and
volatilization.

3. In industrial applications, it is also been used in flame retardant, chemical manufacturing, food
additive.

4. Precipitation reaction, it is used to selectively precipitate proteins in laboratory setting a process

called salting out.

5. pH Regulation, ability to maintain a stable pH level when dissolved in water.

6. Laboratory and Analytical Uses, utilized in various laboratory procedures. eg (DNA extraction and
purification)

7. Safety Considerations, is generally considered safe when handled properly. It can be harmful if
injested and skin contact.

8. Environmental impact, it is depends on application.

9. Storage, stored in a cool dry place.

Typically, ammonium sulfate is produced by combining anhydrous ammonia and sulfuric acid:

2NH³ + H²SO⁴ ---> (NH⁴)² SO⁴

Ammonium Sulfate is produced by three different processes:

1. Synthetic manufacture from pure ammonia and concentrated sulfuric acid.

2. As a coke oven by-product.

3. from ammonia of scrubbing tail gas at sulfuric acid (H²SO⁴) plants.