Status & Role

 Status is used to refer to a position in society that a person holds.

 The term may be used to refer to all of the different statuses that an individual has such
as...Father...Husband...Brother... Son...Banker...etc.
 In all cultures, individual members of society will hold many different statuses.
 Two types
 1. Ascribed status
 An ascribed status is assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s
unique talents or characteristics. OR
The status in which the individual has no role e.g. Birth of a child in a Hindu family, Sect,
 2. Achieved status: an achieved status comes to us largely through our own efforts. OR
 status which can got an individual by his hardworking. Well-known player, world
champion, High position in society.
Ascribed and achived status
Role

 Role is used to refer to the behavior pattern which is associated with a

particular status.
 Each status has its own pattern of behavior which a person occupying that
particular status will follow.
 As a result of the number of statuses which an individual in a society holds,
any individual will be "playing" a number of different roles
 A person may hold many positions and each position have certain pattern of
behaviour as...Father...Husband...Brother... Son...Banker...etc.
Power & authority

 Power is the ability to influence the behavior of other even in the absence of
their consent.
 Power is the mean to get things alone/ the ability to affect the behavior of others.
 It is considered to be an ability to control others for the benefit of the one who
hold this power.
 Types of power
 1. Potential power: it is the power of the elite in society. E.g. bhutoo family,
malik riaz, Tareen family, Shareef family, etc.
 2. Reputed power: it is the power of influential people of the community. E.g.
Khan, chudry, sardar of village.
 3. Decisional power: as seen during decision-making in court( jerga or punchait)
office or elders of the community.
Authority
 Authority: Legitimate power is the authority
 When power becomes legitimate its called authority
 An established right to make decisions and order on the action of others.
Types of Authority:
1. Traditionalist authority :
It rest on belief in norms and tradition which one must obey e.g. the authority of
Malik, khan, Nawab, Husband, father.
2. Charismatic authority: it is the authority of an extra ordinary person who is
obeyed because of charisma due to his remarkable wisdom or invisible power e.g.
Muhammad (PBUH) and other prophet of God, Salhudin Ayyubi, Tariq bin zeyad,
Allama Iqbal etc.
3. Legal/ National/ Bureaucratic authority
Rest on formal office, which is based on rules and regulation and law and order is
called bureaucratic authority.
e.g. Generals, president, prime minister, and civil services officers.
Groups, Networks and
Organizations
 Social Group
 Group is a number of units of anything in close proximity to one another.
 A number of people or things that are located, gathered or classed together.
 The aggregate of two or more then two individuals is called a group
 A group became social when interaction interplays among its participants, share
similar characteristics and collectively has a sense of unity.
 Ogburn and Nimkoff: whenever two or more individuals come together and influence
one another they may be said to constitute a social group.
 A social group is the foundation of society and culture.
 Man is also a product of group life.
 Social interaction is its basic condition.
Types of Social Groups

Primary Groups
 Emotionally attached together sharing their basic ways of life.
 The primary group is primary in the sense that the members are emotionally
attached together sharing their basic ways of life with one another.
 The simplest and most universal
 In the basic affairs of life which are most essential for a social life those who
fall into mutual sharing of one another form a group prime in importance
called the primary group.
 Individuals' emotions, attitudes, ideas, and habits develop within this group.
 Secondary Groups
 The people within their contact second to the primary form secondary group no
matter whatever the type of relationship is there.
 can be small or large and are mostly impersonal and usually don't last very long.
These groups are typically found at work and/or school.
 The intimacy is relatively lower than that in the primary.
 The relations of teacher and student, buyer and seller, and voter and candidate,
are secondary.
 The frequency, duration, intensity and focus in interaction may be there but their
degree being lower than the one in the primary group.
 This is second in importance of life to the participants.
 The individual is first affected by the primary group members and later by those
in the secondary.
 E.g. classroom, industry, political party, community
 In-Group and Out-Group
 These types were given by W. C. Sumner.
 During the processes of our daily life, we divide people into 'we and they.
 The interest of the individual rests within those people with whom he is closely
affiliated and places his confidence in them.
 They may be Members of his family, neighborhood, playgroup or immediate or close
relatives.
 He develops his subjective attitude and forms opinions about the acceptance or
rejection of a certain object or idea through his in-group members.
 Consciousness kind also falls in this type of social group.
 The members are tied in the bonds of 'we feel', It is the group to which the individual
is a member.
 members are considered in relation to the in-group.
Out group
 Those not included in 'we' and fail in `they' are the members of the out-group,
 its members are not members of individuals self.
 We (in-group) Pakistanis, they (out-group) the Americans: we the Muslims and
they the Christen/Hindus are the examples.
 It means a person member of a certain group falls in its in-group and a person
not a member to a group falls into his out-group.
 Formal and Informal Groups
 Here membership is defined.
 Those who fulfill the conditions can become a member.
 The entry is made under the written rules and the membership can be canceled on
violation of its rules and regulations.
 The offices are distributed according to the rules.
 The students in a class are a formal group, another example is people enjoying a match
on tickets.
 As a student in the educational institution, United Nations Organization (U.N.O.),
SAARC, and Punjab Professors and Lecturers Association (PPLA), are formal groups.
Informal group
 Membership is not defined.
 Any person can participate and leave it when he likes.
 People in markets, fairs, listening radio, watching television, listening to a speaker
and enjoying the feats of an acrobat on the roadside are examples of informal
groups.
 Another example is people gossiping in mohalla and children playing in street.
 Reference Group
 A group to which we compare ourselves.
 We use reference groups in order to guide our behavior and attitudes and help us to
identify social norms.
 Reference groups, such as ideal teachers, and ideal personalities serve as a standard
by which we measure our behaviors and attitudes.
 Here individuals were socialized.
 Those who left bright effects on the social life of the individual are the members of his
reference group.
 For example, suppose that X… is a 13-year-old female who transfers to a new school.
 X… may pay attention to what her schoolmates wear, how they speak and how they
behave.
 X… then takes this information and uses it in order to modify her speech, determine what
she wears to school, how she does her hair, which shows to watch on television etc.
 Pressure-Group
 It lays pressure on the government to change its policies in its favor.
 Here participants may be from the high class of people, especially the rich and the
diplomats.
 This enjoys a high status in society.
 Its members also participate in running government and administration.
 Sometimes many political parties play the role of pressure groups in our society
 Sometimes employees, labor unions and even religious groups play the role of
pressure group
Dyad vs Triad (Georg Simmel)

The German sociologist Georg Simmel categorized groups based on the number of
individuals.
Dyad
 The group consisting of two individuals is called the Dyad Group
 More intimate relationship
 Require full attention and cooperation of both
 Intense & Unstable (if one member leaves the group will cease to exist)
Triad
 The group consisting of three individuals is called the Triad Group
 May have one dominant member
 One person can temporarily withdraw
 More stable than a dyad
Groups, Networks and
Organizations
Institutions
 An organization founded for a religious, educational, Professional or social
purpose.
 Educational Institutes are actually those bodies/organizations which provide
diploma programs in the majority and degree programs in the minority, to provide
degree programs they have to get affiliation from any recognized university.
 Institutions can refer to mechanisms of social order, which govern the behavior of
a set of individuals within a given community
 An institute is autonomous or we can say independent body which provides
education mainly in one discipline only,
 Also, provide flexibility in the timings of classes as per the convenience of the
student.
 University is a governing body that administers or controls all the activities and
curriculum of colleges that comes under or are controlled by that university.
 Universities always provide degree courses to their students, but now these days,
universities also provide short-term diploma and certificate courses.
 Universities also provide distance learning programs,
Role strain

 Role strain is a tension that occurs when a person is facing a single role.
 Tension among the role for single status.
 Role strain occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the responsibilities of
a particular role in his or her life.
 For example, a domestic mother is preparing breakfast for her kids and same
time she wishes to press the school uniform. This situation leads her
toward role strain. Or
 Role of a mother: Go to work, Pick up a child, Cook dinner, Help with
homework, Clean the home
 describes a set of expected behaviors and obligations a person has based on
their particular place in the world.
Role Conflict
 when a person is expected to fulfill the duties of two contradictory positions
 A conflict among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses.
 We experience role conflict when we find ourselves pulled in various directions as we try
to respond to the many statuses we hold.
 An example of role conflict would be a husband and father who is also Chief of Police.
 If a tornado strikes the small town he is living in, the man has to decide if he should go
home and be with his family and fulfill the role of being a good husband and father or
remain and fulfill the duties of a "good" Chief of Police because the whole town needs his
expertise.
 Conflict among the roles begins because of the human desire to reach success, and because
of the pressure put on an individual by two imposing and incompatible demands
competing against each other.
 A working mother may experience role conflict between her duties as a mother and her
job as an employee.
 For example, if you are both a student and you are employed and your supervisor at work
insists that you work late, this could interfere with your ability to study for an exam the next
day.
 In this case, your role as a student and your role as an employee are in conflict with one
another. You may feel that it is challenging to meet the demands of both well.
Unit Cohesion

 Giving up of self in favor of the group

 Bonds of discipline, loyalty, and conformity
 Strong sense of “unit cohesion”
 That cohesion seems rare in a highly individualistic culture like the United
States.
 Unit cohesion is a military concept, defined by one former United States Chief
of staff in the early 1980s as .
 "The bonding together of soldiers in such a way as to sustain their will and
commitment to each other, the unit, and mission accomplishment, despite
combat or mission stress".
 Social cohesion refers to the nature and quality of the emotional bonds of
friendship, liking, caring, and closeness among group members.
 A group displays high social cohesion to the extent that its members like each
other, prefer to spend their social time together, enjoy each other's company,
and feel emotionally close to one another. E.g Rural society
 Task cohesion refers to the shared commitment among members to achieving
a goal that requires the collective efforts of the group. E.g Administration and
army cohesion
 A group with high task cohesion is composed of members who share a
common goal and who are motivated to coordinate their efforts as a team to
achieve that goal.
Organization
 The word is derived from the Greek word organon, which means tool or
instrument, and organ.
 The system by which the parts of the society are related to each other and the
whole society/structure in a meaningful way (Goals).
 The act or process of organizing or of being organized or the condition or manner
of being organized
 Organization as an administrative and functional structure (such as a business or a
political party)
 The state of being a condition in which the various institution in society is
functioning in accordance with their recognized or implied purpose.
(functionalism)
 An organization is an entity comprising multiple people and has a particular
purpose.
 There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including corporations,
governments, non-governmental organizations, political organizations,
international organizations, armed forces, charities and educational organizations.
Formal Organization
 The formal structure of official positions, ranks, duties and goals
 In every enterprise, there are certain rules and procedures that establish work
relationships among employees.
 These facilitate the smooth functioning of the enterprise.
 Further, they introduce a systematic flow of interactions among the employees.
 e.g most formal organizations are military and the government has a definite
chain of commands and responsibilities with the prescribed procedure of
operation.
 This formal structure can be easily diagramed on an organizational chart.
 The management is responsible for designing the formal organization in such a
way that it specifies a clear boundary of authority and responsibility.
Informal organization
 The organization with no written rules and regulation
 The hierarchy and ranks Can not easily be diagramed easily and can be
detected only by extended observation of the people involved.
 Informal organizations such as street gangs, most small clubs and many other
organizations have nonformal structures. Religious places
 Social welfare organization at the time of natural calamity
Others type are
 Voluntary organization (welfare organizations, church, political parties)
 Involuntary organizations (Family, sect, classroom, etc.)
Organizational Theory
 The Organizational Theory refers to the set of interrelated concepts and
definitions that explain the behavior of individuals or groups or subgroups,
who interacts with each other to perform the activities intended towards
the accomplishment of a common goal.
 In other words, organizational theory studies the effect of social relationships
between the individuals within the organization along with their actions on the
organization as a whole.
 it studies the effects of the internal and external business environment such as
political, legal, cultural, etc. on the organization.
Classical Organization Theory

 The classical writers viewed the organization as a machine and human beings
as components of that machine.
 They were of the view that the efficiency of the organization can be
increased by making human beings efficient.
 Their emphasis was on specialization and coordination of activities.
 Most of the writers gave emphasis on efficiency at the top level and few at
lower levels of the organization.
 The scientific management group was mainly concerned with the tasks to be
performed at operative levels.
 According to classical writers, the organization theory is built around four key
pillars i.e.
 (i) Division of Labor:
 Division of labor implies that work must be divided to obtain specialization
with a view to improving the performance of workers.
 a particular job is broken into its simplest component parts, the more
specialized a worker can become in carrying out his part of the job.
 Various activities of a job are specified and subdivided into different
components so that these may be assigned to different persons.
 The specialization in workers will make the organization efficient.
 The workers will go on repeating their work under the division of labor.
 The performance of the same work will help workers to improve their
efficiency and the organization as a whole is benefitted by this exercise.
(ii) Scalar and Functional Process:
 The scalar process refers to the growth of the chain of command, a
delegation of authority, unity of command and obligation to report.
 It is called a scalar process because it provides a scale or grading of duties
according to the degree of authority and responsibility.
 It generates superior-subordinate relationships in the organization.
 The functional process deals with the division of the organization into
specialized parts or departments and the regrouping of the parts into
compatible units.
(ii) Structure:
 It is the framework of formal relationships among various tasks, activities
and people in the organization.
 The basic structural element in classical theory is position.
 Each position is assigned a specific task and authority is delegated for its
accomplishment.
 The efficiency with which these tasks will be accomplished will determine the
effectiveness of the organization.
(iv) Span of Control:
 The span of control means the number of subordinates a manager can control.
 Classical thinkers specified numbers at different levels which can be
effectively supervised by a superior.
 A manager cannot exercise proper control if the number of subordinates
increases beyond a certain figure on the other hand if the number is less then
his capacity and knowledge cannot be fully utilized.