Power of Logic 5th Edition Howard Snyder Test Bank

Power of Logic 5th Edition
Howard-Snyder Test Bank

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Chapter 06 - Categorical Logic: Syllogisms
Chapter 06
Categorical Logic: Syllogisms
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The predicate term of the conclusion in a standard form categorical syllogism is called the
A. major premise.
B. minor term.
C. middle premise.
D. major term.
Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure
2. Which of the following is not required in order for a categorical syllogism to be in standard
form?
A. The premises and the conclusion are true.
B. The first premise contains the major term.
C. The second premise contains the minor term.
D. The conclusion is stated last.
3. The mood of a standard-form categorical syllogism whose major premise is universal

affirmative, minor premise is particular affirmative, and conclusion is particular affirmative
would be
A. IAI.
B. IIA.
C. AII.
D. III.
6-1
4. The figure of a standard-form categorical syllogism whose middle term is the subject term
of the major premise and subject term of the minor premise would be
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
5. The form of a categorical syllogism is completely specified by

A. its mood.
B. its figure and mood.
C. its figure.
D. its mood, figure, and validity.
6. Which of the following categorical syllogisms is in standard form?

A. All dogs are mammals.
Cats are not dogs.
So, no cats are mammals.
B. All dogs are mammals.
No fish are mammals.
So, no dogs are fish.
C. Some mammals are small.
No whales are small.
So, no whales are mammals.
D. No whales are mammals.
Some whales are fish.
So, some fish are not mammals.
6-2
7. Identify the mood and figure of this standard-form categorical syllogism:
Some turncoats are not confederate soldiers.

No confederate soldiers are abolitionists.
So, some turncoats are abolitionists.
A. OEI-4
B. OEI-1
C. IEO-1
D. IAO-4
8. Identify the mood and figure of this standard-form categorical syllogism:
All excellent teachers are people who care about students.

All University 101 instructors are people who care about students.
So, all University 101 instructors are excellent teachers.
A. AAA-3
B. AAA-2
C. EEE-2
D. EEE-3
6-3
9. The Venn diagram representation of "All sailors are pirates" is which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Subject area: 6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements
10. The Venn diagram representation of "No sailors are pirates" is which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
6-4
11. The Venn diagram representation of "Some sailors are pirates" is which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
12. The Venn diagram representation of "Some sailors are not pirates" is which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
6-5
13. Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:
All minerals are rocks.

All diamonds are rocks.
So, all minerals are diamonds.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Subject area: 6.3 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Syllogisms
6-6
Some ultraviolet radiation is not harmful to humans.

All ultraviolet radiation is a carcinogen.
So, some carcinogens are not harmful to humans.
A.
B.
C.
D.
6-7
Some violinists are percussionists.

Some trombonists are percussionists.
So, some trombonists are violinists.
A.
B.
C.
D.
16. A categorical statement has existential import if and only if

A. it is a particular statement.
B. it implies that one of its terms denotes a nonempty class.
C. it implies that its subject term denotes a nonempty class.
D. it has importance for the nature of human existence.
Subject area: 6.4 The Modern Square of Opposition
6-8
17. Which of the following relations on the Square of Opposition is valid, according to
modern categorical logic?
A. contradictories
B. subcontraries
C. subalterns/subalternation
D. contraries
18. Which of the following immediate inferences is invalid according to modern categorical
logic?
A. conversion
B. obversion
C. contraposition
D. contraposition by limitation
Subject area: The Modern Square of Opposition
19. An enthymeme is an argument that

A. is found to be valid when tested with a Venn diagram.
B. has missing or unstated steps.
C. is a standard form categorical syllogism.
D. has the mood and figure AAA-1.
Subject area: 6.5 Enthymemes
20. When supplying unstated steps, the principles of fairness and charity require that we
A. make the invalidity of the argument more apparent.
B. add only true (or at least plausible) steps.
C. supply premises that would improve the argument.
D. not make any critical remarks.
6-9
21. Which of the following is not a feature of standard-form sorites?

A. Each statement in the argument is a standard-form categorical statement.
B. Each premise (except the first) has a term in common with the immediately preceding
premise.
C. The predicate term of the conclusion occurs in the last premise.
D. Each term appears twice—once in each of two different statements.
Subject area: 6.6 Sorites and Removing Term-Complements
22. A sorites is
A. a chain of syllogisms in which the final conclusion is stated but the subconclusions are
unstated.
B. an argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion.
C. an argument comprised entirely of categorical statements.
D. a chain of inferences moving from the particular to the general.
23. When removing term-complements, which of the following is not a permissible change?
A. changing "No S are P" to "No P are S"
B. changing "All S are P" to "Some P are S"
C. changing "Some S are not P" to "Some non-P are not non-S"
D. changing "Some S are P" to "Some S are not non-P"
24. When removing term-complements, which of the following is a permissible change?

A. changing "Some S are P" to "Some non-P are non-S"
B. changing "All S are P" to "Some P are S"
C. changing "Some S are not P" to "Some non-P are not non-S"
D. changing "No S are P" to "Some S are not P"
6-10
25. A term is distributed in a statement when

A. it occurs in the subject position.
B. it occurs in the predicate position.
C. the statement says something about every member of its class.
D. the statement denies something about its class.
Subject area: 6.7 Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms
26. A fallacy of the undistributed middle is a violation of which of the following rules for
evaluating categorical syllogisms? In a valid standard-form categorical syllogism¼
A. there are exactly three terms, and each term must be used with the same meaning
throughout the argument.
B. the middle term is distributed in at least one premise.
C. a term must be distributed in the premises if it is distributed in the conclusion.
D. if the conclusion is particular, then at least one of the premises must be particular.
27. A fallacy of illicit minor is a violation of which of the following rules for evaluating
categorical syllogisms? In a valid standard-form categorical syllogism¼
A. there are exactly three terms, and each term must be used with the same meaning
throughout the argument.
B. the middle term is distributed in at least one premise.
C. a term must be distributed in the premises if it is distributed in the conclusion.
D. if the conclusion is particular, then at least one of the premises must be particular.
6-11
28. Which fallacy is committed by the following categorical syllogism?
All cats are soft and furry animals.

Some amphibians are not soft and furry animals.
So, no cats are amphibians.
A. fallacy of the undistributed middle
B. fallacy of the illicit middle
C. fallacy of the illicit major
D. fallacy of the illicit minor
True / False Questions
29. The predicate term of the conclusion is the major term of a standard form categorical
syllogism.
TRUE
30. The term that occurs once in each premise is called the bridge term.
FALSE
31. The minor term is the subject term of the conclusion.

TRUE
6-12
32. In a standard-form categorical syllogism, the minor premise always comes first.
FALSE
33. In a standard-form categorical syllogism, the conclusion always comes last.

TRUE
34. The figure of a standard-form categorical syllogism indicates the position of the middle
term.
TRUE
35. The mood of a standard-form categorical syllogism is an indicator of the position of the
middle term in the premises.
FALSE
36. Two different categorical syllogisms cannot have the same mood and figure.
FALSE
37. The form of a categorical syllogism is completely specified by its mood and figure.
TRUE
6-13
38. To show that an area of a Venn diagram is empty, we use an "x" in that area.
FALSE
39. When an area of a Venn diagram is shaded, it indicates that there is at least one thing in
that area.
FALSE
40. When a syllogism contains both a universal and a particular premise, you should always
diagram the universal first.
TRUE
41. A categorical statement has existential import when (and only when) it implies that its
subject terms only denote classes that have at least one member (i.e., are nonempty).
TRUE
42. Aristotelian and modern logicians agree that universal categorical statements have
existential import.
FALSE
6-14
43. According to modern logicians, "All elves are people with infrared vision" is equivalent to
"If anything is an elf, then it is a person with infrared vision."
TRUE
44. The only relationship on the Square of Opposition that both Aristotelian and modern
logicians accept is contradictories.
TRUE
45. An enthymeme is an argument with a true conclusion.

FALSE
46. All enthymemes are valid.

FALSE
47. When forced to choose between adding a false premise and making an enthymeme clearly
invalid, we adopt the practice of adding a false premise and thereby making the syllogism
valid.
TRUE
6-15
48. A sorites is a chain of syllogisms in which the final conclusion is stated but the
subconclusions are unstated.
TRUE
49. In a standard form sorites, the subject term of the conclusion must occur in the first
premise.
FALSE
50. Evaluating the validity of a sorites requires that we identify all its subconclusions.
TRUE
51. When reducing the number of terms (removing term complements) in a categorical
syllogism, we are not permitted to use conversion by limitation nor contraposition by
limitation.
TRUE
52. The only requirement when removing term complements is that the changes we make to
each statement must produce a logically equivalent statement.
TRUE
6-16
53. A term is distributed in a categorical statement if the statement says something about
every member of the class that term denotes.
TRUE
54. In "Some dogs are mammals," the subject term is distributed.

FALSE
55. In a universal negative statement, both terms are distributed.

TRUE
56. In a valid standard-form categorical syllogism, the middle term must be distributed in at
least one premise.
TRUE
57. Any categorical syllogism with two negative premises is invalid.

TRUE
58. Any categorical syllogism with two affirmative premises is valid.

FALSE
6-17
59. From the standpoint of modern logic, a valid standard-form categorical syllogism with a
particular conclusion can have two universal premises.
FALSE
Essay Questions
60. Rewrite the following argument as a standard-form categorical syllogism; then identify its
mood and figure: All hyperventilating iguanas are bungee-jumpers since all bungee-jumpers
are pencil-pushers and some pencil-pushers are hyperventilating iguanas.
AIA-4
Subject area: Putting syllogisms into standard form
mood and figure: No drowsy dromedaries are prized prodigies since all prized prodigies are
shameless sheiks and no shameless sheiks are drowsy dromedaries.
AEE-4
mood and figure: No tragic actors are idiots. But some comedians are not idiots. So, some
comedians are not tragic actors.
EOO-2
6-18
mood and figure: No coal tar derivatives are nourishing foods, because all artificial dyes are
coal tar derivatives and no artificial dyes are nourishing foods.
EAE-3
mood and figure: Some spaniels are not good hunters, though all spaniels are gentle dogs.
Thus, no gentle dogs are good hunters.
OAE-3
mood and figure: All professional wrestlers are good actors, because some good actors are not
powerful athletes and all professional wrestlers are powerful athletes.
OAA-2
mood and figure: All patriotic citizens are mindless followers of the government, and all
soldiers are mindless followers of the government, so all soldiers are patriotic citizens.
AAA-2
6-19
mood and figure: Since some science professors are absent-minded persons and all
philosophers are absent-minded persons, some scientists are not philosophers.
AIO-2
mood and figure: No knights are shrubberies, since no shrubberies are jousters and all jousters
are knights.
EAE-4
mood and figure: Whereas all Klingon warriors are ferocious opponents and some Klingon
warriors are not male, it must be that some ferocious opponents are not males.
OAO-3
mood and figure: Some tax-exempt organizations are religious associations and no tax-exempt
organizations are profitable businesses. Thus, some religious associations are not profitable
businesses.
EIO-3
6-20
mood and figure: Since all aardvarks are CB radio operators, and no CB radio operators are
Olympic champions, no Olympic champions are aardvarks.
AEE-4
mood and figure: Some Tibetan monks are bookstore junkies, because no Ronald Reagan
movie fans are bookstore junkies and some Tibetan monks are Ronald Reagan movie fans.
EII-1
mood and figure: All cartographers are Martians from outer space, and some cartographers
are not agents for the CIA, whence it follows that some agents for the CIA are not Martians
from outer space.
AOO-3
mood and figure: Some Swedish water volleyball team members are not beer drinkers,
because some molecular biologists are Swedish water volleyball team members and some
molecular biologists are not beer drinkers.
Answers will vary
6-21
75. The following categorical argument form has more than three terms: "Some non-P are
non-M. All non-S are M. So, some S are not P." Reduce the terms to three by removing
term-complements via applications of conversion, obversion, and/or contraposition.
Some non-P are non-M.

No non-S are non-M. (obversion)
So, some non-P are not non-S. (contraposition)
Subject area: Removing term-complements
76. The following categorical argument form has more than three terms: "No non-M are P.
Some S are non-M. So, no S are non-P." Reduce the terms to three by removing
All P are M. (conversion, obversion)

Some S are not M. (obversion)
So, all S are P. (obversion)
Or:
No non-M are P.
Some S are non-M.
So, all S are P. (obversion)
77. The following categorical argument form has more than three terms: "No non-P are
non-M. Some M are non-S. So, some S are P." Reduce the terms to three by removing
All non-P are M. (obversion)

Some M are not S. (obversion)
So, some S are not non-P. (obversion)
6-22
78. The following categorical argument form has more than three terms: "All non-P are M.
Some S are non-M. So, no non-S are P." Reduce the terms to three by removing
No non-P are non-M. (obversion)

Some non-M are not non-S. (conversion, obversion)
So, all non-S are non-P. (obversion)
79. The following categorical argument form has more than three terms: "All P are M. Some
non-S are M. So, no non-S are non-P." Reduce the terms to three by removing
All non-M are non-P. (contraposition)

Some non-S are not non-M. (obversion)
So, no non-S are non-P.
Or:
All P are M.
Some non-S are M.
So, all non-S are P. (obversion)
80. Which of the five rules for evaluating syllogisms can you use to determine whether the
following form is valid?
All M are P.
No S are M.
So, no S are P.
Rule 3 (fallacy of illicit major)
Subject area: Rules for evaluating syllogisms
6-23
All M are P.
All M are S.
Some S are not P.
Rules 4 and 5
No M are P.
No S are M.
All S are P.
Rule 4
All P are M.
Some S are M.
So, some S are not P.
Rules 2 (fallacy of undistributed middle) and 4
6-24
All M are P.
All M are S.
So, all S are P.
Rule 3 (fallacy of illicit minor)
85. Put the following categorical syllogism into standard form and identify its mood and
figure.
No Romulans are Members of the Federation. This is because all Members of the federation
are peaceful races and all Romulans are peaceful races.
AAE-2, invalid
Subject area: Venn diagrams and categorical syllogisms
figure.
Whereas all Klingon warriors are ferocious opponents and some Klingon warriors are not
male, it must be that some ferocious opponents are not males.
OAO-e, valid
6-25
figure.
No Starships are Ferengi inventions because all Warp-capable ships are Starships and no
Ferengi inventions are Warp-capable ships.
EAE-4, invalid
figure.
Because some Makhi are Lieutenants in the Federation and no criminals are Makhi, some
Lieutenants in the Federation are not criminals.
EIO-4, valid
figure.
Some shuttle-craft are not ships with shields because some scientific vessels are shuttle-craft
and some scientific vessels are not ships with shields.
OIO-2, invalid
figure.
All snakes are cold-blooded animals, so some snakes are egg-layers since some cold-blooded
animals are egg-layers.
IAI-1, invalid
6-26
figure.
No tragic actors are idiots. But some comedians are not idiots. So, some comedians are not
tragic actors.
EOO-2, invalid
figure.
Some diamonds are not precious stones and some carbon compounds are not diamonds. Thus,
some carbon compounds are not precious stones.
OOI-1, invalid
figure.
No coal tar derivatives are nourishing foods, because all artificial dyes are coal tar derivatives
and no artificial dyes are nourishing foods.
EAE-3, invalid
figure.
Some parrots are not pests. All parrots are pets. Thus, no pets are pests.
OAE-3, invalid
6-27
figure.
All criminal actions are wicked deeds. All prosecutions for murder are criminal actions. Thus,
all prosecutions for murder are wicked deeds.
AAA-1, valid
figure.
No writers of lewd and sensational articles are honest and decent citizens, but some journalists
are not writers of lewd and sensational articles; consequently some journalists are honest and
decent citizens.
EOI-1, invalid
figure.
Some spaniels are not good hunters, though all spaniels are gentle dogs. Thus, no gentle dogs
are good hunters.
OAE-3, invalid
6-28
figure.
All professional wrestlers are good actors, because some good actors are not powerful athletes
and all professional wrestlers are powerful athletes.
OAA-2, invalid
figure.
All storm troopers are metalheads, so some storm troopers are not ballet afficionados, since
some ballet afficionados are metalheads.
IAO-2, invalid
figure.
No reticulocytes are leukocytes, but all phagocytic cells are reticulocytes. Whence it follows
that no phagocytic cells are leukocytes.
EAE-1, valid
figure.
Some calyculated planets are high-orbiting satellites. But some zoantharians are calyculated
planets, since some high-orbiting satellites are zoantharians.
III-4, invalid
6-29
figure.
No Shoshoneans are Tylezian mud-dobbers, but all Shoshoneans are quixotic members of the
Uto-Aztecan phylum. So, some Tylezian mud-dobbers are quixotic members of the
Uto-Aztecan phylum.
AEI-3, invalid
figure.
Some Necromonicons are Talmudic doctrines, given that all Linneaen manuscripts are
Necromonicons and some Talmudic doctrines are Linneaen manuscripts.
IAI-4, valid
figure.
Since no hobbits are grand wizards and some grand wizards are members of the Circle of
Seven, it follows that some members of the Circle of Seven are not hobbits.
EIO-4, valid
6-30
105. Identify the missing step in the following argument (remember the principles of charity
and fairness!). Then put the argument into standard form. To cut down on writing, use capital
letters to abbreviate English terms.
Because all whales are mammals, at least some aquatic animals are mammals.
All W are M.
Some A are W.
So, some A are M.
Valid
Subject area: Enthymemes
No fallacies are valid arguments, since no valid arguments are mistakes in reasoning.
No V are M.
All F are M.
So, no F are V.
Valid
Since all chickens are egg-layers, it follows that no chickens are mammals.
All C are E.
No E are M.
So, no C are M.
Valid
6-31
All psychics are frauds, because all psychics are people who make false claims about their
abilities.
All C are F.
All P are C.
So, all P are F.
Valid
It must be that some tabloid reporters are gossipmongers because all overzealous journalists
are tabloid reporters.
Answers will vary
Some arguments are sound arguments because some arguments are valid arguments and all
valid arguments are sound arguments.
Answers will vary
6-32

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Multiple Choice Questions

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

3. The mood of a standard-form categorical syllogism whose major premise is universal

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

5. The form of a categorical syllogism is completely specified by

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

6. Which of the following categorical syllogisms is in standard form?

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

7. Identify the mood and figure of this standard-form categorical syllogism:

Some turncoats are not confederate soldiers.

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

8. Identify the mood and figure of this standard-form categorical syllogism:

All excellent teachers are people who care about students.

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements

Subject area: 6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements

Subject area: 6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements

Subject area: 6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements

13. Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:

All minerals are rocks.

Subject area: 6.3 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Syllogisms

14. Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:

Some ultraviolet radiation is not harmful to humans.

Subject area: 6.3 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Syllogisms

15. Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:

Some violinists are percussionists.

Subject area: 6.3 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Syllogisms

16. A categorical statement has existential import if and only if

Subject area: 6.4 The Modern Square of Opposition

Subject area: 6.4 The Modern Square of Opposition

Subject area: The Modern Square of Opposition

19. An enthymeme is an argument that

Subject area: 6.5 Enthymemes

Subject area: 6.5 Enthymemes

21. Which of the following is not a feature of standard-form sorites?

Subject area: 6.6 Sorites and Removing Term-Complements

Subject area: 6.6 Sorites and Removing Term-Complements

Subject area: 6.6 Sorites and Removing Term-Complements

24. When removing term-complements, which of the following is a permissible change?

Subject area: 6.6 Sorites and Removing Term-Complements

25. A term is distributed in a statement when

Subject area: 6.7 Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms

Subject area: 6.7 Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms

Subject area: 6.7 Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms

28. Which fallacy is committed by the following categorical syllogism?

All cats are soft and furry animals.

Subject area: 6.7 Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms

True / False Questions

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

31. The minor term is the subject term of the conclusion.

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

33. In a standard-form categorical syllogism, the conclusion always comes last.

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure

Subject area: 6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements