:,.;,~ - / o.

-r p I"" q w t,Ot,1-1 ~I
r•
:. . ~ - - ,·
~Tu! rPJ ,
~"'10 · Of; ,~PIS!< '
,/
tr
i.,,.,.- -
M O • 0t PtTP
,' 0eutd.1. ', - J A D H ~
4 , ,-t l -;

.
,n -
Ae.r- obl C QlJ.J40
11
Respiration in Plants .n "eoJ-t-Ob re. Chapter
NO • C, Is PIT p I p,
rn cctt..g..g,,c ·
~:::::======================G)
~1;:::,=NT
=R=O=DU
=C=T=,o=N 4 :2 A T p p) Gl( ~e • .: • • •
i~ng organisms oeed energx!s>r carrying out daily life activltles, like absorption, transporf,"move ent, reproduction or even ATP ..... I;! Q.lt 01(.1 n<U. () .:. O"lt id Cl H \f
breathing. ADP ...-i,
energy required for1ife' processes Is obtained by oxidation of macromolecules, called food. Glucose-6-phosphate A-T P tf\ N"O ct h
~~lar respiration is the mechanism of breakdown of food material within the cell to release en~. and trapping it for (!SC) (2ra.&e ET.S
JI~ NA !2,H
c; t:> Q.h CJ d. rt•(j en 0.A'
synthesisofATP.The~~kespl~inthe~mandinlhe_milochondria. :[$OM :.
~ pounds that are oxidised dunng this process are called the respiratory substrates like carbohycfrates, erote~ Fructose-6-phosphate
a. 9venorganicaclds. prot:OPfCl.£M,C . ~ (6C) , ) en'? .
0he process involves a series of slow step-wise reactions controlled by enzymes and the released energy is trapped,.as ATP -..I ph (UphOf YtJ • IC.I t"I~ e l Q.~
chemical energy in the form of ATP, which is broken down whenever and wherever energy needs to be utilised. ADP L p Q C.C! ('(1 Q ICE r' C> n 'd
-
16' D0 PLANTS BREATHE?
· / nts have systems in place to ensure 0
~

- - - - - - --
•~ree

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate
@ GLYCOLYSIS
- - k-gIycos = sugar andi ysIs
· =sp1I·tti ng
:
::
l A-taotQ.A t! •
en1:t4 .
2
availability, i.e. stomata and lenticels for this ~ eme given by~ n . Meyerhof and ParnasI referred as~ - : Triose 3 o h o ~ _:} 1 1IIHPR Hl'YRl'" P'H
. pu~- pathway. : l (gtyceraldehyde-~ '
1.-1:ach plant part takes _care o! i own gas- ~ naerobicorganisms,itisth onl rocessinres iratio : ~ C NAO•
;=hate *
exchange needs. There I little ransport of ~curs in CYTOPLASM and present i al ivlng organisms. : •
gasesfromoneplantparttoanother .- : NAD.H+H
,r . · n this process glucose undergoe!(parlial oxidation t:> form two : x Triose ; ·
oots stems and leaves respire at rates far . . , ·;:. •[ 2 - - ---
• . moleculesofpyruv1cac1d. NO C.0,t Y'el • :(1 3 bisphosp I eerie acid)\
WLJtian ammalsdo. . _ ,_.. . ..;.•: .:..;~.;..;;.~"!'illF;;.;.;.;'----'·_._
• ...:
- of
- plat h least rt f th . ~ n plants, glucose comes from sucrose (the end product of :
,ostce11s a n ave aI apa o eIr . :
-.1
I
surface in IX>lllact with air. p~ ynthes1s) or from storage carbohydrates. : ADP
, ,,?' . ~crose is converted into glucose and fructose by invertase and : ATP ...-i
~mplete combuStion of glucose produces CO2 these monosaccharldes enter the glycolytic pathway readily. : ;.,
,·
andH20asendproductsand yieldsenergy most n glycolysis, a chain of ten reactions produces pyruvate from :
ofwhichisgivenasheal ..,..- --,
ut plants oxidise glucose in several small steps

glucosebythehelpofdifferentenzymes.
n glycolysi~ 2ATP \ re utilised and totai4ATP, :Z NADH+H• and 2
molecules of r · · d. :

---- :
2 2-phosphoglycerate
j
~'
and energy released is coupled to ATP :
synthe .
~ - ,
-
.
~ruvic acid is th key product f glycolysls and its metabolic fate :
~endsoncellularneed. :
enoro..se P.•.
and obligate anaerobes, can respire \.Y" UNDER : 2 'i. phospt1oenolpyruvate
inabsence of 0 2. tr a a c t i c acid fermentation ] - ANAEROBIC
ADP ...... p"retVQ.te
l
~ rganlsms retain this strategy of _g,artial
glucosa oxidation in absence of oxygen called
PYRUVIC ~CID
!!JIPft IJMijl)f
. coholic fermentation CONDITIONS .
. rebs' cycle ] -AEROBIC; Needs o supplv :
2
ATP .....,. Ni•rQJ. Q
GLYCOLYSIS. r---" L' Pyruvic acid Steps of Glycolysis
(3Cj
 @ FERMENTATION
----·- - - - - - - -~
Glucose

~ ·~·t<U~-•-.~ -
Major pathways

~f'/l'•fi•O.- (.1 1:!~' 0l' '"- --·

@ AEROBIC RESPIRATION --
fermentation, ~ . incomplete oxidation
of glucose is achieved under anaerobic ...J of Anaerobic
respiration

eukaryotes, it takes place in ~ itochondria. Leads to cornPlete

oxidation of organic substances, in the presence of oxygen -80d
conditions to produce CO2 and ethanol, b
~ he releases CO2 , water and a large amount of energy present In lhe
-,
help of enzymes pyruvate decarboxylas nd Glyceraldehyde Lactic substrate.
q,lcohol debydcngeo~ e(3)
3-Phos
KphateNAo• kacid histype of respiration isJnOSt common in higher organisms.
!!acteria and In animal cells (muscles during NAO•
aerobic respiration to take place within mitochondria, the final
N
!:+~• -
exercise, when oxygen is inadequate for cellular product of glycolysis is transported into mitochondria from cytoDlasm
respiration) pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid by
lactate dehydrogenase. rilcial events of aerobic respiration are: -..,.
/oalaciJd
~ ss than 7% of the energy in glucose Is 3-Phosphogly~[ t d i~t ~ vie ~ • omplele oxidation of pyruvic acid - site= Mitochondrial matrix.
Sand synthesis ofATP- site= Inner mitochondrial membran'!.
the processes are hazardous as either acid
acid,I. NADH+H•
J
or alcohol is produced.
'Eiast poison themselves to de~en
- 1( .
RQ.d• --,
.espiratory pathway is involved in both anabolism and calabe!ism '
concentration of alcohol reaches aboul!!!:J Pyruvic acid Ethanol+CO t!iD hence it is called amphibolic pathwey.
- - - -!
WWW
LAcetyt
@-'r'lficARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE (~ycle or ~
LJln mitochondrial matrix)\ *
CoA produced by oxidative decarboxylation of

!2's ~le)
Pyruvate
(3C)
pyruvic acid enters the TCA cyde more commonly CoA , ~ _Ao•
Krebh
OXIDATIVE .. W9'' +
known as Krebs' cyde.l s cientist Hans
list reaction of Kreb's cyde is condensatjpn, then
DECARBOXYLATION
-
Acetyl coenzyme A

t,W)H+H
CO2 .
: Glucose 6-phosphate
isomerlsation. (2C)
•
0 ~ • Citric Acid
"'~o
lsomerises • lsocitrate
J i
i
Oxaloacetic aJcf Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
~ ollowed by two successive decarboxylation to form Dihydsi>xy Acetone
NAD-¼+H• ~ (4C) C~~
fi CO2
a-ketoglutaraTe~ nd the succinyl CoA.'fC. G!YceraldehY98
~ ng conversion of succinyl CoA to succinic acid,
-
NAO•
-.--~
•cl
NAO. Phosphate 3-phosphate
~bs!rate Jevel phosphqylatian takesplare In produce - a-ketogl.;;t ~ j
GTP which in a coupled reaction simultaneously Maile acid (5C)
(4C) CITRIC ACID CYCLE ,
~ cesATP. ·
I
Pyruvic
!~ ry~uation for this phase of respiration is:
e,ce eoA
1
CAnu ~ .# f ,=ipt\.2 .JUC.C • , r.NAD•
Pyruvate + 4NAD' + FAD. + 2H 20 + ADP + Pi ....,.....2- . / c.o IIW)-!+H'
• Succinic acid _ - r"'GOP -----
MITOCHONDRIAL •
MATRIX 3C02 + 4NADH + 4H + FADH 2 + ATP - > (4C) ~ &ml H20 ~ -C02
succ.1't1 1'c
o, per molecule of glucose, 8 NADH+H•, two FADH, dfh<1drO ~o r,a.J
Citric Acid Cycle
anqj ATP are synthesised from pyruvic acid. Interrelationship among Metabolic pathways
 ~aspiration In !"lanta
~ceRT Maps
~'@ELECTRON
- - -TRANSPORT
-- - SYSTEM
- - -(ETS)
- Matrix
@ RESPIRATORY BALANCE SHEET
Inner Mitochondrial
_.,.._
AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Inter-membrane (In reality it Is a theoretical exercise, as all pathways"""""-
~H+H• and FADH 2 are oxidised through ETS
space
,,.-,.--.
membrane ,..-,-_ simultaneously and do not take place one alter another.
Enzymatic rates are controlled by multiple means.)
and the etectrons are passed on to 0 2 resulting in
fonTllllion of H 0 through various complexes in
4H• E r , ~ re can be a net gain of ~molecules during
2 _. (Fe-S) <E------ FMN <E--,1~J aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose.
the inner- mitochondrial membrane. t. - - 'ermentation there is net gain of only 2ATPfor each
deh d ena e k complex-lj and FAOH,
··-------........... molecule of glucose degraded.
~ ~E?::~::_,_~-·'';''. "~'"0~~
Com lex-II transfers electrons to
Ubiquinone -+ Ubiquinol -+l cyt be, (complex lli)l ,
, , _ ublqulnone) - ,j.
aerobic respiration.
~ " ' ,o_
.
m_.p_.
1e-~-dxlda
..,..
~ (J 1ffir~J ,
electrons pass from one carrier to another @ RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT= (RQ)
via complex-I to IV in ETC, they are coupled to Complex Ill ratio of volume of CO, evolve to the volume of 0 2
ATP synthase f complex-VWor production of ATP 4H•~ (~ochrome be,) consumed is RO.
lro~DP and inorganic phosphate.
,dation of one NADH gives 3 ATP, while .!!!!!.
RQ = Volume of CO 2 evolved \
Volume of 02 consumed
*
F ~ 2g i ~-
~epends on the type of respiratory substrate, used
,e role of oxygen is limited to the terminal stage.
during respiration.
Yet the presence of oxygen is vital. since it drives
f'or.~ .....--o,cculc -::
the whole process by removing hydrogen from
F ,eg-u ,palmitin=0,7\ ~ QJJ• C-:: 33
the system.f§:xygen is the { final acceptor\ of
c..---t) - A · >i.
~ *
~ a s two major components{ F 1-F0 • F 1\ 2H•
is peripheral membrane protein complex and @
contains site for ATP synthesis am( F9 forms the b---si'eaking of C-C bonds of complex organic molecules
channel through which protons cross the inner leads to release of lot of energy in cellular respiration.
membranQ....T FQt.l ti-ta-t-Qd Di-66 t.UiO ~ c o s e is the !)referred substrate, though fats and
The passage of protons through the channel Is protein can also yield energy.
ermentation takes place In many prokaryotes,
~icellular eukaryotes and in germinating seeds.
In aerobic respiration 0 2 is ultimate electron acceptor
and ii gets(reduced lo wate3
matrix down the electrochemirat ornton oradient Electron Transport System (ETS)