UNIT

4 SPOTTING
Following instructions should be carefully read before attempting this exercise:
Students are required to identify and draw the well Jabeled diagram and give
distinguishing features of spot in three minutes. Thus, for five spots they are given a total of atleast Z)
15 minutes.
In attempting this following care must be taken:
1. Write the spot number clearly.
2. Always write complete identification. e.g.. "T.S. a dicot stem or "T.S. of a mammalian ovary', in
place of 'slide of dicot stem' or slide of ovary'.
3. Diagrams must neat and well labelled.
4 Guidelines of the labels should never intersect each other.
5. Write only the distinguishing features, in place of writing general features.
DENTIFY AND COMMENT ON PERMANENT SLIDES
1. Slide of T.S, of ovary ofa mammal
Comments:
Its outer layer is formed by a single layer of cuboidal germinal epithelium.
ii. The inner substance is called stroma. It is formed by connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves etc.
iii. In the stroma several follicles are seen in different stages of development.
iv Amature follicle with antrum is called Graafian follicle. It contains a secondary oocyte. The
fluid-filled space is called antrum.
V Graafian follicle ruptures to release ovum. Later the Graafian follicle changes into corpus luteum
which secretes progesterone.
Primordial Peritoneum
follicles
Germinal epithelium
Cortex
,Maturing folicles
Medulla
Mature follicie

.Ovum
Antrum

Zona pellucida
Released
Ovum
Ruptured
Corpus follicle
Mesovarium
luteum

TS. of ovary of a mammal

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 testis of mammal
2. Slide of TS. of
Spermatooa
Serminterus
hbte
Correctve
Comments:
sections of seminiferous tubules are seen. These
Many oval epithelium which gives rise to
are lined with germinal
spermatogonia
are seen-viz- primary
11 D1ffereat stages of spermatogenesis spermatids and sperm.
spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes,
non-dividing Sertoli cells or
I11. Among dividing cells a few tall
nurse cells are seen.
seminiferous tubules, large
IV In the connective tissue. outside They secrete
prismatic Leydig cells (interstitial cells) are found.
male sex hormones androgens (testosterone).
Spermatogonia Spermatidas
Spermatocytes Leydig cells
T.S. of testis of a mammal

3. Germinating pollen grains

eine intine vegetative cel
Comments:
Exine is the outer layer, it is rough and spiny.
Intine is thin and has emerged out through the germ
pore in the form of a long pollen tube.
nucleus vacuoles generative cell male gametes
iii. At the tip of the pollen tube a large tube nucleus is
present. It is followed by a small generative nucleus. male garmetes tube rucleus

iv. Later, the tube nucleus degenerates and the generative

nucleus divides into two male pronuclei. pollen tube
Pollen tube passes through style and enters the ovule Pollen grains in different stages of
to help in double fertilisation. germination

4. Slides of T.S. of ovary of different flowers showing marginal,

axile, basal and parietal placentation
(a) Marginal placentation in pea flower
1.
This is a slide of T.S.of ovary showing marginal placentation.
The ovary is unilocular.
iii. The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary.
iv. It is characteristically found in sub-family Papilionaceae.
(b) Axile placentation in shoe flower
This is a slide of TS of ovary showing axile placentation.
I1. The ovary is trilocular in the slave flower.
1. Each locule contains two or more ovules.

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 iii. The ovules are borne on the central axis
iV. It is characteristically found in Malvaceae
(c) Basal placentation in sunflower
1. This is a slide of TS of ovary showing basal placentation
The ovary is unilocular.
iq. There is a single ovule in the locule.
ív. The ovule is attached to the base of the ovary.
It is characteristically found in the
V.
farnily compositae.
(d) Parietal placentation in the flower of cucumber
1. This is a slide of TS of ovary showing parietal placentation.
.
The ovary is unilocular.
üi. There are 3 placenta arranged longitudinally.
ív. The ovules are attached to this placenta along the wall of the ovary.
V. It is characteristically found in family cucurbitaceae and cruciferae.
5. T.S. of Blastula of a Mammal
Albumen Cel of Rauber
Comments:
The slide shows the T.S. of blastula stage during the
development of a mammal.
11 The outermost layer is trophoblast which helps in
implantation of the embryo in the wall of the uterus. NNER CELL
MASS
iii. Trophoblast is separated from the inner cell mass by a fluid
filled cavity called blastocoel.
ív. The inner cell mass (embryoblast) gives rise to embryo. Zona Pellucida
Blastocoel
Trophoblast
T.S. of blastula (Blastocyst)
of a mammal

6. Whole mount of a sporozoite of malarial parasite (Plasmodium)

Comments: Micropyle
Apicai Cap
The slide shows the sporozoite of Plasmodium. Micro
Tubules
i. It is the infective stage of Plasmodium.
Pelicle
ii. It is spindle shaped.
iv. The body is covered by an elastic pellicle. Secretory
Organelies
V. The anterior end of sporozoites has a minute aperture called micropyle
followed by an apical cap. Nucleus
Vi. Apical cap bears the opening of a pair of secretory gland.
vi. Sporozoite is uninucleated and the nucleus is centrally located. Mitochondrion

vii. Sporozoite has a single mitochondrion and scattered endoplasmic Endoplasmic

Reticulum
reticulum.
Sporozoite of Plasmodium
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 histolytica
7. ldentification of trophozoite of Entamoeba
Endoplasm
3 Comments:
Pseudopodiun

histolytica, a Ectoplasm
i. I is the trophozoite stage of Entamoeba
protozoan parasite causing amocbic dysentery.
It is covered all over by a transparent semipermeable
membrane.
Food Vacuoles
It is an uninucleated stage. Invested R.B.c.
iv. Cytoplasm is differentiable into an outer hyline ectoplasm Nucleus
and an inner endoplasm. Nucleolus

It shows only I pseudopodium. Trophozoite

roundworm)
8. Identification the specimen of Ascaris lumbricoides (a
Comments:
intestine of man
i. This nematode occurs as a monogenetic (sexes separate) endoparasite in the
ii. Body is cylindrical, elongated and tapering at both the ends.
It exhibits sexual dimorphism males are smaller with the curved posterior and having penial
setae.
ív. Reproduction system is well developed.
V The fertilization is internal and development is indirect.
Excretory
Pore
Mouth

Lips 1-3

Mouth

Excretory Gonopore
Pore

Lateral Line

Penial Setae
Cioaca

Anus
B
Ascaris. A - Male; B - Female
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 9. Tdentification of an animal found in xeric habitat
Comments:
Hump
It is a camel, commonly found in sandy desert. Ear Ey9 instrl
ii. [ts Limbs are long.
The feet are provided with pad to walk on
sandy
ground to keep the body away from the heat of sand.
It has a hump where fat is stored. This Tail
iv.
with food in times of shortage.
provides it
V.
The Reserve food in the form of fat gets metabolized Hind

to produce water. Limb Fors lirnt

Two digt
foot
Eves and nostrils bear heavy fringe of hair to
them from sand particles and also protect theprotect
Vi.
Camel
eyes
from the harsh sun rays.
vii. It can drink a very large amount of water at a time and then stay without water for a long time.
wiii It conserves water as it exXcretes very little water in the
form of urine.
ix. It's dung is also dry and it does not waste any water in
sweating.
X. Camel is also called the "ship" of the desert.

10. Identification of a plant found in xeric habitat

Comments:
i. The plant shown here is a cactus, a known example of plant in desert where there
is shortage of water.
ií. Cactus is a succulent plant.
ii. They have long roots that penetrate deep inside the soil in search of water.
iv. The leaves are modified into spines to minimise water loss through evaporation.
V. The stem is fleshy and stores water that helps to retain water.
vi. The stem is also broad, green and modified into pbylloclade as such it is well
suited for carrying out photosynthesis. A cactus

11. Identification of an aquatic animal

Comments:
i. It is a fish found in water. Dorsal fns
Head
ii. The body is streamlined, that is it is tapering at both LEye -Nostrii
ends. This shape of the body offers least resistance Tail Mouth
during swimming. Operculum
ii. The entire body is covered by scales which makes Pectorai (Gill cover)
Pelvic Trunk
the body waterproof. fin fin
iv. Fish is provided with fins which help in swimming. Fish- an aquatic animal
V.
It has gills as their breathing organs through which they utilize oxygen dissolved in water.
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 12. Identification of an aquatic plant
3
Comments:
i. The plant given here is water hyacinth.
Hyacinth is an aquatic plant well suited to live in water.
11i. It is a free floating plant.
abundantly available.
iv. lts roots are poorly developed as water is already
airspaces to
V. The stem is long and hollow as internally they have
enable the plant float in the water.
make the
Vi. Floating leaves are large and with waxy coating on them to Water Hyacinth -An aquatic Plant
leaves waterproof.
flower:
13. Identification of wind-pollinated (anemophilous)
[Examples of anemophipous plants: Grass, maize]
Comments:
help of wind.
It is a Maize plant in which pollination occurs with the
grains from mature anthers to the
In this plant cross pollination occurs involving transfer of pollen
sigma of another flower through wind.
iii. Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
iv. They are nectarless and odourless.
V Stamens are long, numerous and projecting outside corolla tube.
grains.
vi. Stigma are large and feathery and hang out of the flower to receive the pollen
wind may move
vii. The anothers are large and loosely attached to the filaments so that slightest
them.
a sure method.
vii. Pollens are produced in large amounts as anemophily is non directional and not
Staminate
inflorescence

Silky stigma
Leaf
Male
flowers
Cob

Stilt roots

Female
flowers
Amaize plant A wind-pollinated lower
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 14. Identification of an insect pollinated (anemophilous) lower
Comments:
It is a shoe flower (HibisCuS rosa-sinensis) in which cross pollination occurs througn
i. Insects.
Flowers are
ii. large,
coloured, conspicuous to
attract insects.
Stigma
Flowers have pleasant Anthers Staminal tube
jii.
fragrance and sweet nectar.
iv. Pollens are sticky for
easily sticking to body of
the insect.

V. Stigma are sticky to catch

the pollens.
Joint Petals
vi. Stamens and stigma are
inserted so that when Starninal tube
insects enter the flower to Leaf Style
get nectare pollens easily Hairy caly Fusion between
stick to their body. Hairy epicaly corolla and
androecium
vii. Flowers tend to be in
clusters to make them Hairy pedicel
more conspicuous. A B

Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Shoe flower) A-part ofaflowering branch; B- VS fower

VIVA-VOCE
Q.1. Which part of ovary form eggs?
Ans. Cells of germinal epithelium.
0.2. What is the function of corpus luteum?
Ans. It produces female sex hormones normally progesterone and relaxin.
Q.3. What name Is given to degenerated corpus luteum?
Ans. Corpus albicans.
Q.4. What is ovulation?
Ans. The release of secondary oocyte from the ovary is called ovalation. it occurs about 14 days before the
onset of next maturation.
Q.5. What is the position of testis in human foetus?
Ans. The testis develop in the abdominal cavity just below the kidney and later they descend in the scrotum.
Q. 6. Why the testes are present outside body cavity?
Ans.
The normal temperature of testes in the scrotum is about 2 degrees lower than the internal body
temperature -the ideal temperature for developing sperms.
Q.7. What is the function of leydig cells?
Ans. The cells produce male sex hormones namely testosterone.
S1
Q. 8. What is blastocyst?
Ans. Acyst-like embryo composed of trophoblast, blastocoel and inner
cell mass.
Q.9. What is the fate of trophoblast? and amnion. chorion develops into villi ana
Ans. Trophoblast foms extra embryonic membranes :chorion which protects the embryo from injury an
later into placenta and amnion encloses amniotic fluid
shock.
Q. 10. Define implantation
uterine wall.
Ans. The attachment and embedding of blastocyst to the
foetus?
Q. 11. What is the difference between an embryo and of foetus is composed of tissues, organs and oro o
Ans. An embryo is a mass of undifferentiated cells while
system etc.
Q. 12 Are all pollen grains fertile?
Ans. No, all pollen grains are not fertile.
Q. 13. What is a Pollen tube?
carries male gametes to the egg
Ans. It is atube formed on germination of pollen grain that
Q. 14. Name the pathogen which causes amoebic dysentery !
Ans. It is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
Q. 15. Name the pathogen and vector of malaria !
Ans. Pathogen : Plasmodium.
vector : female Anopheles Mosquito.
Q. 16. Name the infective stage of malaria pathogen! Anopheles mosquito.
Ans. Sporozoites. These are released in the blood by biting of female
Q. 17. Where does the sexual reproduction occur in
Plasmodium?
when the female Anophele
Ans. It occurs in the gut of the female Anopheles. The gametocytes are formed
bites a person suffering from malaria.
Q. 18. What is sexual dimorphism?
and female individuals.
Ans. The phenomenon of occurence of morphologically distinct male
Q. 19. How is male ascaris different from female ascaris?
Ans. The male ascaris is shorter than female with a curved posterior end.
Q. 20. What is basal placentation?
example sunflower.
Ans. A single passenta is present at the base of ovary bearing a single ovule for
Q. 21. What is the role of pollen tube in the reproduction of flowering plants?
Ans. Pollen tube carries the male gametes to the female gametes in the embryo sac for fertilization.
Q. 22. What is pollination?
Ans. The transference of pollen grains from anther to the stigma.
Q. 23. What are the types of pollination?
Ans. Self polination and cross pollination.
Q. 24. Name one plant where wind pollination occurs!
Ans. Maize.

Q.25. Name the plant where anemophily occurs!

Ans. Shoe flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).

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